UNIT IV

ETHICO-MORAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF

CLIENT EDUCATION
I Introduction
Golden Rule, precept in the Gospel of Matthew (7:12): “In everything, do to
others what you would have them do to you. . . .” This rule of conduct is a summary of the
Christian’s duty to his neighbour and states a fundamental ethical principle. In its negative form,
“Do not do to others what you would not like done to yourselves,” it occurs in the 2nd-century
documents Didachē and the Apology of Aristides and may well have formed part of an early
catechism. It recalls the command to “love the stranger (sojourner)” as found in Deuteronomy. It
is not, however, peculiar to Christianity. Its negative form is to be found in Tob. 4:15, in the
writings of the two great Jewish scholars Hillel (1st century BC) and Philo of Alexandria (1st
centuries BC and AD), and in the Analects of Confucius (6th and 5th centuries BC). It also
appears in one form or another in the writings of Plato, Aristotle, Isocrates, and Seneca.
II Objectives
After completing this unit, the students will be able to:
 Define what is Ethico-Moral?
 Students will highlight the importance of Ethical Principle
 Students will have an idea on values, morals , and ethics.
III Pre-Test
Why is it that students nurse should start practicing and apply those ethical
principles in their everyday life ? Write your answer on space provided.

IV Lesson Proper
Nurses often share in intimate struggles and complexities of life and death decisions with
patients and families within any given clinical unit, practice setting, or designated role.
Knowledge generation from breakthroughs in genetics, genomics, precision medicine, and other
scientific areas test nurses' ability to keep pace with the ethical issues often associated with these
technological developments in both clinical care and research.
Ethical issues also arise in everyday nursing practice. These issues may be concerns affecting the nurse-
patient relationship, including but not limited to, misunderstandings associated with informed
consent; conflict about treatment goals; power differentials between and among healthcare
clinicians, patients, families, and others; lack of supportive resources and policies to guide
practice decisions; truth-telling; and disparities in access to care.

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Ethical Principle

Ethical Principles are tenets that direct or govern actions. They are widely accepted and
generally are based on the humane aspects of society. Ethical decisions are principled: that is,
they reflect what is best for the client and society.

By applying ethical principles, nurses become more systematic in solving ethical

conflicts . Ethical principles can be used as guidelines in analysing dilemmas .; they can also
served as justifications (rationale) for the resolution of ethical problems. Remember that this
principles are not absolute; there can be exceptions to each principles in any given
situations.

SUMMARY OF ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

Ethical Definition Example

Principle

Beneficence The duty to do good to others Treat every clients with respect
and to maintain balance between and courtesy.
benefits
Respect co-workers
Nonmaleficence The principles of doing no harm Always work within your scope
of practice
Keep areas safe from hazards
Justice The principles of fairness that is Treat client’s equally, regardless
served when an individual is of economic, racial or social
given that which he or she is background.
due, owed, deserves, or can or
Know the states laws and your
legitimately claim.
facility’s policies regarding
advance directives
Autonomy Respect of an individual’s right Be sure that clients have
to self-determination; respect for consented to all treatments and
an individual liberty. procedures
Know the state law and
facility’s policies regarding
advance directives
Fidelity The principles of promise Follow federal and state laws
keeping; the duty to keep one’s regarding confidential client
promise of word. information
Veracity The obligation to tell the truth Refuse to participate in any
form of fraud
Report and correct your own
mistakes promptly.

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From the Research of Nelia B. Perez RN,MSN PCU-MJCN Class 2014 #mjcn with the
title .Ethico Moral Aspect of Nursing
Learning Outcomes:
 Discuss the concepts of ethics and morality and their application in the
health care field.
 Describe some ethical theories that may be used to guide ethical decision-
making
 Identify factors that affect ethical decision – making
 Analyze ways in which sociocultural and occupational factors affect ethical
decision-making for nurses
 Outline a framework for ethical decision-making
 Discuss how ethics related to commitments to the patient, commitment to
personal excellence, and commitment to nursing as a profession #mjcn
Values, Morals, and Ethics:
Values: are freely chosen, enduring beliefs or attitudes about the worth of a person,
object, idea, or action (e.g. freedom , family, honesty, hard work). Values frequently derive
from a person’s cultural, ethnic , and religious background; from societal traditions ; and from
the values held by peer group and family. Values form a basic for Behaviour “purposive
Behaviour” ; The purposive behavior is based on a person’s decisions/ choices, and this
decisions/choices are based on the person’s underlying values. #mjcn
Values are learned and are greatly influenced by person’s sociocultural environment
(e.g. demonstrate honesty, folk healer, observation and experience). People need societal
values to feel accepted, and they need personal values to produce a sense of individuality.
Professional values often reflect and expand on personal values. Once a person
becomes aware of his/her values, they become an internal control for behavior, thus a
person’s real values are manifested in consistent pattern of behavior #mjcn.
Watson (1981) outlined 4 important values of nursing:
 Strong commitment to service
 Belief in the dignity and worth of each person
 Commitment to education
 Autonomy
Nurses often need to behave in value – natural way (being nonjudgmental) #mjcn. Nurses
need to understand their own values related to moral matters and to use ethical reasoning to
determine and explain their moral position. Moral principles are also important, otherwise,
they may give emotional responses which often are not helpful. Although nurses can not and
should not ignore or deny their own and the professions values, they need to be able to accept
a client’s values and beliefs rather than assume their own are the “right ones”. This
acceptance and nonjudgmental approach requires nurses to be aware of their own values
and how they influence their behavior #mjcn

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 There are situations that individual has to values about their life, health illness, and
death How do your values influence the nursing care you provide ? You should explore your
own values and beliefs regarding such situations as the following: An individual’s right ro
make decisions for self when conflicting with medical advice( Abortion, End-of-life issues,
Cloning) #mjcn .
The process of becoming more conscious of and naming what one values or
considers worthy is known as “value clarification” Ethical delima
Why? #mjcn .
The purposes of value clarifications: This increase our self- awareness or
understanding of our and assist us in making choices, It facilitates decisions making, because
we have a better grasp of our own value system. Consequently, this will be helpful when you
are faced with an ethical dilemma. Ethical dilemma occurs when an individual must choose
between two unfavorable alternative ( e.g. assisted suicide)
“#mjcn . Ethical dilemma usually have no perfect solution and those making decisions may
find themselves in the position of having to defend their decisions. Value conflict occurs
when we must choose between two things, both of which are important to us…….Give
examples
It’s the nurses role to help the clients identify values and clarify them….But How???? #mjcn
Helping clients identifying their values. List of alternatives
 Examine possible consequences of choices
 Choose freely
 Feel good about the choice
 Affirm the choice
 Act of the choice
 Act with the pattern: never impose your personal values never offer an opinion #mjcn
Morals and Ethics
Morals: is similar to ethics and many people use the two words interchangeably
(closely associated with with the
1. Morals and Ethics • Morals: is similar to ethics and many people use the two words
interchangeably (closely associated with the concept of ethics) • Derived from the Latin
“mores”, means custom or habit. • Morality: usually refers to an individual‟s personal
standards of what is right and wrong in conduct, character, and attitude. • Morals: are
based on religious beliefs and social influence and group norms #mjcn
• Ethics is a branch of philosophy (the study of beliefs and assumptions) referred to as
moral philosophy. • Derived from the Greek word “ethos” which means customs,
habitual usage, conduct and character. • Ethics: usually refers to the practices, beliefs, and
standards of behavior of a particular group such as nurses. It also refers to the method of
inquiry that assists people to understood the morality of human behavior (study of
morality) #mjcn
• In both, we describe the behavior we observe as good, right, desirable, honorable,
fitting or proper or we might describe the behavior as bad, wrong, improper,
irresponsible, or evil. [Such perceptions are based on values] • There are times when a
differences in values and decisions can be accepted • Differences in values and decisions
put people into direct conflict. What to do in such situation? #mjcn

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 • Be constructive (rather than destructive) in the methods you choose to work toward
resolving the differences • Listen carefully without interruptions • Seek clarification using
gentle questioning • Respect cultural differences • Be attentive to body language •
Explain the context of your point of view and try to picture the other person‟s expective
of what you are saying #mjcn
2. Comparison of morals and ethics Morals • Principles and rules of right conduct • Private,
and personal • Commitment to principles and values is usually defended in daily life •
Pertain to an individual„s character Ethics • Formal responding process used to determine
right conduct • Professionally and publicly stated • Inquiry or study of principles and
values • Process of questioning, and perhaps changing, one‟s morals • Speaks to
relationships between human beings #mjcn
3. Moral development • Moral development is a complex process that is not fully
understood • It is the process of learning what ought to be done and what ought not to be
done • Different approaches to moral development exists: • Kohlberg‟s theory • Gilligan
#mjcn
4. Moral distress • When the nurses are unable to follow their moral beliefs because of
institutional or other restriction. • The distress occurs when the nurse violates a personal
moral value and fails to fulfill perceived responsibility. • Moral distress represent
practical, rather than ethical dilemmas. #mjcn
5. Moral outrage - Occurs when someone else in the health care setting performs an act the
nurse believes to be immoral. - Nurses do not participate in the act. - Nurses not
responsible for wrong but perceive that they are powerless to prevent. #mjcn
6. Kohlberg Approach • Directly affected by Piaget‟s theory of cognitive development •
Focuses on the structure of though about moral issues rather than the specific content of
moral values. • Emphasizes fairness, rights and autonomy in a justice framework • Moral
development progresses through three levels: • Level I: premoral or preconventional level
• Level II: conventional level • Level III: post conventional, autonomous or principled
level #mjcn #mjcn
7. Gilligan‟s theory • Focuses on a care perspectives • Organized around the notions of
responsibility, compassion (care), relationships • The ethics of justice (fairness) is based
of the idea of equality “everyone should receive the same treatment”. By contrast, the
ethics of care is based on a premise of nonviolence: that no one should be harmed or
abandoned #mjcn
• Process of developing an “ethics of care”
• Stage I: caring for oneself
• Stage II: caring for others
• Stage III: caring for oneself and others • Each stage ends with a transitional period (a
time when the individual recognizes a conflict or discomfort with some present behavior
and considers new approaches) #mjcn

Moral/ethical principles (concepts) • Are statements about broad, general philosophic

concepts such as autonomy and justice • They provide the foundation for moral values,
which are specific prescriptions for actions (e.g. “people s
hould not lie” (rule) is based on the moral principle of respect of autonomy for people.
#mjcn
Basic ethical concepts
1. Rights
2. Autonomy
3. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
4. Justice
5. Fidelity
6. Veracity

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The standard of best interest #mjcn
Basic ethical concepts Rights
• Rights form the basis of most professional codes and legal judgments
• Self-determination rights
• Rights and cultural relativism
• Rights of the unborn
• Rights of privacy and confidentiality #mjcn
Basic ethical concepts Autonomy
• Involves the right of self- determination, independence, and freedom.
• It refers to the right to make one‟s own decisions
• Respect for autonomy means that nurses recognize the individual‟s uniqueness, the
right to be what that person is, and the right to choose personal goals
• Nurses who follow the principle of autonomy respect a client's right to make decisions even
when those choices seem not to be in the client‟s best interest #mjcn
Basic ethical concepts Autonomy….. (continue) • Respect for people also means treating
others with consideration • In the clinical setting, this principle is violated when a nurse
disregards client's subjective accounts of their symptoms (e.g. pain) • Patients should give
informed consent before tests and procedures are carried out #mjcn
Basic ethical concepts Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Beneficence: means “doing
good” • Nurses should implement actions that benefit clients and their support persons.
However, in an increasing technologic health care system, doing good can also pose a risk of
doing harm (e.g. intensive exercise program). Nonmaleficence: means the duty to do no
harm. • This is the basic of most codes of nursing ethics. • Harm can mean deliberate harm,
risk of harm, and unintentional harm. • In nursing, intentional harm is always unacceptable. •
The risk of harm is not always clear • A client may be at risk of harm during a nursing
intervention that is intended to be helpful (e.g. medication) #mjcn
Basic ethical concepts Justice • Is often referred to as fairness • Nurses frequently face
decisions in which a sense of justice should prevail (succeed) • E.g. busy unit, new admission
#mjcn
Basic ethical concepts Fidelity • Means to be faithful to agreements and responsibilities one
has undertaken • Nurses have responsibilities to clients, employers, government, society, the
profession, and themselves • Circumstances often affect which responsibilities take
precedence at a particular time #mjcn
Basic ethical concepts Verasity • Refers to telling the truth • As a nurse should I tell the truth
when it is known that doing so will cause harm? • Does tell a lie when it is known that the lie
will relieve anxiety and fear? • Should I lie to dying people? #mjcn
Basic ethical concepts The standard of best interest • Applied when a decision must be made
about a patient‟s health care and the patient is unable to make an informed decision #mjcn
Ethical theory :
• An ethical theory provides a framework within which agents can reflect on the
acceptability of actions and can evaluate moral judgments and moral character #mjcn
1. Teleology
2. Deontology
3. Institutionism
4. Ethic of caring #mjcn
Teleology: looks to the consequences of an action in judging whether that action is right
or wrong.
Deontology: proposes that the mortality of a decision is not determined by its
consequences. It emphasizes duty, rationality, and obedience to rules The difference
between Teleology and Deontology can be seen when each approach is applied to the
issue of abortion #mjcn
Example: Teleology approach/abortion: saving the mother‟s life (the end, or
consequence) justifies the abortion (the mean, or act)
Deontology approach/abortion: consider any termination of life as a violation of the rule
“do not kill” and therefore, would not abort the fetus, regardless of the consequences to
the mother #mjcn

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 Institutionism: summarized as the notion that people inherently know what is right or
wrong; determining what is right is not a matter or rational thought or learning (e.g. the
nurse inherently knows it is wrong to strike a client, the nurse does not need to be taught
this or to reason it out) The preceding three theories are based on the concept of fairness
(justice) #mjcn
Ethic of caring: it is based on relationships. Caring is a force for protecting and enhancing
client dignity Caring is of central importance in the client- nurse relationship (e.g. nurses
use trust- telling to affirm clients as a persons rather than objects and to assist them to
make choices and find meaning in their illness experiences) #mjcn
Guidelines for Ethical Reasoning  Stay open-minded. Challenge your own views. It‟s
not enough just to hold a position, you must be able to support it with good reasons. 
Challenge the views of others if you disagree with them, but do so respectfully and
considerately.  Philosophical discussion loses most of its value if it‟s used as a place to
dominate or show off.  Philosophical discussion is best done as a community enterprise,
where all the discussants work together to get closer to the truth. #mjcn
Nursing Codes of Ethics • A code of ethics is a formal statement of a group‟s ideals and
values. • It is a set of ethical principles that is shared by members of the group, reflects
their moral judgments over time and serves as a standard for their professional actions. •
Codes of Ethics are usually higher than legal standards • International, national, state
nursing associations have established codes of ethics #mjcn
Nursing Codes of Ethics (purposes)
1. To inform the public about the minimum standards of the profession and to help them
understand professional nursing conducts
2. To provide a sign of the profession‟s commitment to the public it serves
3. To outline the major ethical considerations of the profession
4. To provide general guidelines for professional behavior
5. To guide the profession in self-regulation
6. To remind nurses of the special responsibility they assume when caring for clients.
Nursing Codes of Ethics (elements)
• Nurses have four fundamental responsibilities:
1. to promote health, to prevent illness, to restore health, and alleviate suffering.
2. Nurses people and practice
3. Nurses and the profession
4. Nurses and the co-workers #mjcn
What is Ethical Decision Making?
• When faced with an ethical dilemma the objective is to make a judgment based on well-
reasoned, defensible ethical principles.
• The risk is poor judgment i.e. a low-quality decision
• A low-quality decision can have a wide range of negative consequences #mjcn
Two Types of Ethical Choices
• Right vs wrong: choosing right from wrong is the easiest
• Right vs right • Situation contains shades of gray i.e. all alternative have desirable and
undesirable results
• Choosing “the lesser of two evils”
• Objective: make a defensible decision #mjcn

Factors that influence Ethical Decision Making (EDM )

1. Codes for Nurses
2. The patient‟s rights
3. Social and cultural attitudes
4. Science and technology
5. Legislation
6. Judicial decisions
7. Funding
8. Personal religious and philosophic viewpoint #mjcn

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 Factors in the work environment that affect Ethical Decision Making
1. Status as an employment
2. Collective bargaining contracts
3. Collegial relationships
4. Authoritarian and paternalistic background
5. Ethics committees in health care 6. Consumer involvement in health care #mjcn
A framework for Ethical Decision Making (EDM)
1. Identify and clarify the ethical problem
2. Gather data
3. Identify options
4. Make a decision
5. Act and assess
Making Moral Decisions--Some Inappropriate Ways:
• Appeal to Authority
• Appeal to Law
• Appeal exclusively to self-interest #mjcn
Some Guidelines for Making Ethical
1.situation will affect what moral conclusions you will make)
2. Be as clear as you can about the facts, both empirical and philosophical
3. Consider the relevant moral principles and rules, and make your best judgment.
Ethics Committees With the increasing complexity of ethical issues in health care, ethics
committees have been created to assist in making ethical decisions in clinical settings.
Ethical committees can:
1. Provide structure and guidelines for potential problems.
2. Serve as an open forum for discussion and debate.
3. Function as a patient advocate by placing the patient at the core of the committee‟s
deliberations.

Moral Principles:
1. Golden Rule
2. The principle of Totality – The whole is greater than its parts
3. Epikia – There is always an exemption to the rule
4. One who acts through as agent is herself responsible – (instrument to the crime)
5. No one is obliged to betray herself – You cannot betray yourself
6. The end does not justify the means
7. Defects of nature maybe corrected
8. If one is willing to cooperate in the act, no justice is done to him
9. A little more or a little less does not change the substance of an act.
10. No one is held to impossible

References:
-Rick Daniels; Frederick Wilkins; Ruth Grendell: Fundamentals of Nursing (Nursing
Foundations) Volume 1
-Nursing Crib@2021. All Rights Reserved
Determinants of Learning Health Education FB opens in a new window
-HE - Health Education Perspective opens in a new window
UPLOADED BY- Jorelyn Frias
-https://www.britannica.com/topic/Golden-Rule
-Ethico Moral Aspect of Nursing Nelia B. Perez RN,MSN PCU-MJCN Class 2014 #mjcn

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 UNIT V
Health Education Team
A. Role of the Nurse as a Health Educator
Nurse educators play a vital role in ensuring that the next generation of nurses is prepared to
meet the growing demand for healthcare services. Nurse educators are also instrumental in
shaping the future of the nursing profession, encouraging a focus on holistic patient care and
illness prevention, as well as promoting community health.
Nurse Educators’ Vital Role in the Future of Nursing
Jun 30, 2017 | Blog, News, Sponsored Post
The nationwide nursing shortage isn’t slowing down anytime soon, as the baby boomer
population continues to age and average life expectancy increases, building demand for medical
care. That’s not all—the U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts nearly 1.1 million new
registered nurses (RNs) will be needed by 2022 in order to replace 500,000 retirees and fill
100,000 new RN positions each year.
This is good news—and an ideal opportunity to advance your nursing career to become a nurse
educator. After all, who is going to train all these new nurses?
Nurse educators play a vital role in ensuring that the next generation of nurses is prepared to
meet the growing demand for healthcare services. Nurse educators are also instrumental in
shaping the future of the nursing profession, encouraging a focus on holistic patient care and
illness prevention, as well as promoting community health. Right now there is a strong need for
educators — 83 percent of nursing programs sought to hire new faculty in 2015.

Why are nurse educators so important?

Nurse educators serve an important role within the hospital system. Having professional nurses
who are trained to deliver information to other nurses, who understand their challenges and how
to convey critical and lifesaving knowledge is essential to a hospital’s success. A nurse educator
can help mitigate mistakes, streamline processes, shorten new hire ramp time and identify
opportunities to improve processes and mitigate risks to the patient, nurse and hospital.

As registered nurses return to school and new students seek entry to BSN programs, colleges and
universities are under increased pressure to find qualified faculty to educate and train future
nurses. Thus, nurse educators’ skills and experience are continually in demand, and essential for
expanding the RN workforce to meet the healthcare needs of current and future generations.
How are nurse educators preparing nurses for the future?
Nurse educators are instrumental in shaping the future of healthcare by providing their students
not only with the technical skills that they need to be successful in their field, but also the refined
skills and depth of knowledge that will help advance quality of patient care.
• The importance of community nursing:
As the focus of patient care shifts from acute care to prevention models, a nurse’s role expands to
health education and advocacy, community care, agency collaboration and political and social
reform. Today’s nurses need to understand their evolving role in the community and how to
provide holistic care for patients. As a nurse educator, you help nurses understand the principles
behind the work that they do and how they can proactively contribute to the health and well-
being of the communities they serve.
• Essential leadership skills:
Good leaders aren’t born—they’re made! Nurse educators help prepare today’s nurses for future
leadership roles by introducing management and organizational theories that will allow nurses to
take initiative in a variety of roles. In addition, nurse educators help students learn how to
improve patient-care quality, how to make cost-effective decisions and how to evaluate patient
outcomes to improve future practice.
• How to implement evidence-based practice:
Nurse educators can also help nurses learn how to critically evaluate new research. This is an
important skill that allows nurses to become more effective decision-makers and problem-solvers
and help improve patients’ health and well-being.

9
Becoming a nurse educator:
Becoming a nurse educator doesn’t mean that you have to forgot your clinical work; many nurse
educators continue to care for patients in addition to their teaching duties. In order to become a
nurse educator, you must obtain your MSN. Educational opportunities such as Herzing’s MSN-
Nurse Educator program empower students to fulfill the ongoing and vital need for quality
instructors in the field.
Helping to shape the future generation of nurses is a truly rewarding career, and one that is
essential to ensuring quality healthcare for our nation. By choosing to pursue a career in nursing
education, today’s nurses can help pave the way for a healthier future.
1. Giver of Information term that was identified in 1948 by US
educational theorist Kenneth D. Benne, 1908-1992 and 20th-century US
social psychologist Paul Sheats following studies of discussion groups
conducted at the National Training Laboratories. INFORMATION
GIVER: "An information giver is a person who freely imparts
knowledge.".
term that was identified in 1948 by US educational theorist Kenneth D. Benne, 1908-
1992 and 20th-century US social psychologist Paul Sheats following studies of
discussion groups conducted at the National Training Laboratories. INFORMATION
GIVER: "An information giver is a person who freely imparts knowledge.". Related
Psychology Terms.

2.Facilitator of Learning is a teacher who does not operate under the

traditional concept of teaching, but rather is meant to guide and assist students
in learning for themselves - picking apart ideas, forming their own thoughts about them,
and owning material through self-exploration and dialogue. A learning facilitator helps
others utilize their own knowledge and abilities to achieve their learning objectives. As a
learning facilitator, you are different from a traditional teacher; instead of working in a
classroom and explaining procedures or skills through lectures, you engage students in
developing their skills by using their own knowledge to discover new information. You
guide your students through the learning process, assisting them at their own pace.
Learning facilitators work in a variety of fields, including technology, education, or
business and lead workshops and other training exercises. Qualifications to pursue a
career as a learning facilitator include proficiency in the industry in which you want to
work and experience developing one-on-one and group training programs.
3.Coordinator of Teaching in Nursing - the patient coordinator is
responsible for educating patient about their health condition. Giving health teaching is
part of the nursing responsibilities.
4.Advocate for the Client - a client advocate is broadly an employee or a
centralized office which advocates for the clients wants and needs. They can assist client
directly, but their more essential functions are in forming a bridge between customers and
organization team members

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 B. Role of the Other Members of the Health Team
Each healthcare provider is alike a member of the team with special role. Some
team members are doctors or technicians who help diagnose disease. Others are experts
who treat disease or care for patients physical and emotional needs. The health care teams
include the following:
 Doctors
 Physician Assistance
 Nurses
 Pharmacists
 Dentist
 Technologist and Technicians
 Therapist and Rehabilitation specialist
 Emotional, social, and spiritual support providers
 Administrative and support staff
 Community health workers and patient navigators

C. Role of the Family in Health Education

Families provide the support and conditions needed for healthy living, prevention
of disease and opportunities for early diagnosis and treatment to avert or delay
complications.
Interventions for health to be effective, must necessarily take into accounts the
social determinants of health.
Families have long been a focus in health and illness. Historically, families have
been
viewed both as the source of illness and poor health and as the social unit responsible for
the health and well being of its members. Much of the early research on the role of the family
in health and illness relied on reports from the mother and/ or wife, who was seen as the major
health care provider in most families. Studies in psychology and medicine initially focused
on
the family as the source of physical and psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia. With
the
advent of a national emphasis on prevention via Healthy People initiative, the family gain
additional attention The provision of basic needs shelter, food, health, and illness care-is one.

References:

dailynurse.com/nurse-educators-vital-role-future-nursing/

11
 UNIT VI
Future Directions for Client Education
Future Directions for Client Education‘ Tomorrow holds a lot of possibilities’.
This holds true to everyone as well as, t o h e a l t h c a r e a n d c l i e n t e d u c a t i o n . W i t h t h e
a d v e n t o f g r o w i n g t e c h n o l o g y , globalization and changing course of living,
education and health care is also expected to go on an extra mile from what it was
before. New and enhanced health education for clients and patients are waiting to be realized
and applied. Moreover, e n h a n c e d d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f t e a c h i n g s a n d i n f o r m a t i o n a r e
g r o w i n g t h r o u g h computer-based instruction and applications of recorded programs. New
techniques and materials for learning can also now be utilized by the professionals and clients. I t
i s b e l i e v e d t h a t w i t h g r e a t e r a d v a n c e m e n t s c o m e s h e a l t h i e r c l i e n t s . Wellness
of an individual will be put into much focus and attention through careful and convenient
tracking and monitoring of the individual’s habits, daily activities, and lifestyle. Nurses
and health educators will have more opportunities to apply empirical, aesthetic, personal
and ethical wellness knowledge to their patients and clients. In addition, third-party
reimbursement is expected to increase as the cost-benefit ratios establish the cost
effectiveness of customer education. This helps in accomplishment of payment for
home health and allow educators and social workers to work and assist their clients
commendably. There is no doubt that a bright future is awaiting ahead for the health care
and health education to the people. More efficient teaching and learning, better
monitoring and checking of health status and lifestyles, as well as well-organized flow of
money and payment proves that future directions for client education just gets better
and better. With all the directions, plans and improvements for the future, high quality
care, education and healthier people will be attained.
A. Greater Emphasis on Wellness
Wellness is the act of practicing healthy habits on a daily basis to
attain better physical and mental health outcomes, so that instead of just surviving,

To understand the significance of wellness, it’s important to understand how it's linked to health.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is defined as being “a state of
complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity.” Several key areas of your lifestyle are considered dimensions of overall Wellness.
They include: social connectedness, exercise, nutrition, sleep and mindfulness. Each one has an
impact on your physical and mental health. By making simple and healthy choices on a daily
basis, you will be well on your way towards reducing stress, having positive social interactions
and achieving optimal wellness.

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Start with small changes within each dimension and take it one day at a time – you don’t have to
run a marathon or go on a restrictive diet to implement wellness into your everyday life! We've
listed a few examples for each dimension:

Social Connectedness Connecting with friends or loved ones is a great way to help improve your
physical and mental health. Take 10 minutes out of your day to call someone you’ve been
thinking about. This is a great way to connect and catch up with the people that matter the most
to you.
Exercise Even 20 or 30 minutes of daily exercise can have a positive impact on your overall
sense of well-being and help improve your mood. Don’t know where to start? Try a brisk walk
on your lunch break or opt for the stairs instead of the elevator when you can.
Nutrition By adding wholesome ingredients to your plate, you’ll be taking steps towards
becoming a healthier you. Some food for thought: pack an apple and some raw veggies in your
bag to keep as a handy snack. This may help you avoid vending machines or fast food when
you’re on the go.
Sleep Consider your sleep hygiene. Avoid caffeine after 12pm, include quiet and calm activities
before going to bed, and wake up at the same time every day – these are simple ways you can
begin your journey towards becoming a successful sleeper.
Mindfulness Did you know that practicing mindfulness is good for the body and mind, helps
with focus and also changes the brain? Take a moment right now to consider your own mind and
how you are feeling. The more you tap into your own thoughts, the more you may become aware
of how you react to stressful events – so start practicing mindfulness today!
Medically reviewed by Elizabeth Pappadopulos, PhD, Global Medical Affairs, Pfizer

B. Increased Third-Party Reimbursement

This means that a third-party, such as your health insurance plan, reimburses
you for healthcare costs. (ex. PhilHealth for government)
Strategies for increasing third-party reimbursement for nutrition counseling ...
In phase 2, two strategies were used to increase reimbursement:
A healthcare reimbursement plan, sometimes called a health reimbursement
arrangement, is a health benefit where employees are reimbursed by their company for their
medical expenses.

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 UNIT VII

Filipino Cultural Characteristics and Health Care Beliefs and Practices in

Health Education
Health Behaviors

Response to Illness

Filipino older adults tend to cope with illness with the help of family and friends, and by faith in
God. Complete cure or even the slightest improvement in a malady or illness is viewed as a
miracle. Filipino families greatly influence patients’ decisions about health care. Patients
subjugate personal needs and tend to go along with the demands of a more authoritative family
figure in order to maintain group harmony. Before seeking professional help, Filipino older
adults tend to manage their illnesses by self-monitoring of symptoms, ascertaining possible
causes, determining the severity and threat to functional capacity, and considering the financial
and emotional burden to the family.

“Seeking medical advice from family members or friends who are health professionals is also a
common practice among Filipino older adults and their family members, especially if severe
somatic symptoms arise.”

They may even resort to utilizing traditional home remedies such as alternative or
complimentary means of treatment. They may discuss their concern with a trusted family
member, friend, spiritual counselor or healer (Yeo, 1998). Seeking medical advice from family
members or friends who are health professionals is also a common practice among Filipino older
adults and their family members, especially if severe somatic symptoms arise (Anderson, 1983).

Coping Styles

Coping styles common among elderly Filipino Americans in times of illness or crisis include:

• Patience and Endurance (Tiyaga): the ability to tolerate uncertain situations

• Flexibility (Lakas ng Loob): being respectful and honest with oneself

• Humor (Tatawanan ang problema): the capacity to laugh at oneself in times of

adversity

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 • Fatalistic Resignation (Bahala Na): the view that illness and suffering are the
unavoidable and predestined will of God, in which the patient, family members and even
the physician should not interfere

• Conceding to the wishes of the collective (Pakikisama) to maintain group harmony

Responses to Mental illness

Indigenous traits common among elderly Filipino Americans when faced with illness related
to mental conditions:
• Devastating shame (Hiya)
• Sensitivity to criticism (Amor Propio)
Common Perceptions of Filipinos about Mental Illness
• Unwillingness to accept having mental illness, which leads to the avoidance of needed mental
health services due to fear of being ridiculed
• Involvement of other coping resources such as reliance on family and friends or indigenous
healers, and dependence on religion which can diminish the need for mental health services
• Prioritizing of financial and environmental needs which preclude the need for mental health
services
• Limited awareness of mental health services resulting in limiting access
• Difficulty in utilizing mental health services during usual hours because of the unavailability of
working adult family members
• Mental illness connotes a weak spirit, and may be attributed to divine retribution as a
consequence of personal and ancestral transgression
• Lack of culturally oriented mental health services
Though such coping mechanisms, perceptions and traits may help elderly Filipino Americans
adjust initially to their illnesses, these tactics also pose barriers and impede implementation of
necessary treatment intervention in a timely fashion
Health Beliefs and Behaviors
Different Asian cultures apply various models in perceiving and interpreting symptoms and
illness. These models influence their decisions to seek medical treatment and services. A key
principle shared by many Asian cultures is a holistic view of health, with an emphasis on balance
and harmony between the individual’s mind, body, and environment (Trinh- Shevrin, 2009).
There is a considerable intra-cultural diversity among Filipino Americans with regards to health
beliefs and health practices.

Filipino Americans who have been in the U.S for a long time are more acculturated to the
American health system than those who recently migrated. The less acculturated immigrants
adhere more to traditional systems of medicine and prefer indigenous healing practices, such as
the use of complementary and alternative medicine.

Studies of health practices among Filipino Americans suggest that people originally from rural
areas in the Philippines are more knowledgeable regarding home remedies, traditional healing
techniques, and supernatural ailments, whereas those coming from the urban areas rely more on
Western medical interventions and over-the-counter medications. However, healing practices in
both groups are utilized simultaneously as well (Montepio, 1986/1987; Vance, 1999). Filipinos,
especially those who migrated late in life, have the tendency to self-diagnose, self-medicate, and
seek alternative therapies. This practice causes great concern to most health care providers, since

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these older adults only seek medical care when their illness is already very serious or in an
advanced stage, leading to missed opportunities for optimal treatment. Community-based efforts
to promote equitable access to health care for Filipino American older adults through outreach
using the support of Filipino American societies ( e.g. Knights of Columbus) will likely lead to
earlier diagnosis and treatment.

UNIT VIII

New Technologies, New Settings and Environmental Linkages

HELI encourages countries to address health and environment linkages as integral to economic
... and generally healthy living and working environments.
Water, health and ecosystems · Climate change · Priority risks · Impact assessment

Environmental health can be integrated into sustainable development by: Improving

environmental quality for the poorest populations with the greatest burden of environmental
diseases, by reducing exposures to air pollution in homes and villages from biomass burning, and
providing clean water and sanitation. (ex. of diseases that the people will acquire in air pollution;
respiratory disease - asthma, allergies, COPD) ; infected water ( diarrhea, nausea and vomiting,)
A Clean Environment Is Essential for Healthy Living: The more you don't care about our
environment, the more it will become polluted with contaminants and toxins that have a harmful
impact on our health. Air pollution can cause respiratory diseases and cancer, among other
problems and diseases.
What are environmental linkages?
What is Planning and Environmental Linkages (PEL)? PEL is a study process approach that is
typically used to identify transportation issues, along with environmental concerns, in a corridor
or a specific location. ... PEL studies can be used to make planning decisions and for planning
analysis.
PEL is a study process approach that is typically used to identify transportation issues, along
with environmental concerns, in a corridor or a specific location. It is generally conducted
before any project construction phasing is identified, and before specific problems and solutions
are known.

PEL studies can be used to make planning decisions and for planning analysis. These decisions
and analyses, for example, can be used to identify and prioritize future projects, develop the
purpose and need for a project, determine project size or length, and/or develop and refine a
range of alternatives.

The PEL process can be useful to discover needs and desires when a corridor crosses multiple
jurisdictions, and can be used as a prioritization tool. For example, a PEL study for a corridor

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could result in identification of multiple potential projects (i.e., capacity improvements for a
portion of a corridor, and intersection improvements). Those can then be prioritized for
implementation.

PEL studies should be able to link planning to environmental issues and result in useful
information that can be carried forward into the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
process. The adoption and use of a PEL study in the NEPA process is subject to determination
by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA).

COURSE PLAN AGREEMENT FORM

I acknowledge that I received the course plan for Health Education (NCM 102)

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I have read the course plan and I understand the remote learning policies, instructions,
expectations and rules (e.g. online submission of requirements, downloading of digital
references, attendance, and attitude and grading system) as stated in the course plan of this
course.
If I have any questions or concerns, I will contact and consult my instructors for further
explanation.
I understand that I am responsible to complete the online assignments, assigned class
presentations, skills performance via video, quizzes and outputs by the due dates.
I agree to be prepared for and attend class on each scheduled meeting.
PRINTED NAME: __________________________________________ SIGNATURE:
______________
DATE: _________________ CONTACT NO: _____________________
Email address: (Please write exactly and eligibly) ____________________________
NAME OF PARENT/GUARDIAN with signature:
___________________________________________
RELATIONSHIP: ____________________________ CONTACT NO: _____________
COMPLETE ADDRESS: __________________________________________________

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