Electronics

16/02/2021

Practice 2, Actual peak value of energy

delivered by CFE
César Gonzales Pozada, César Alejandro Cabrera Cuéllar, Eric Samuel Quiroz Gonzales,
Adair Téllez Aviles

 indicating instruments. They continuously transmit the values

Abstract— For this practice, by means of an oscilloscope and to the controller.
calculations, the estimation of the Peak Voltage is carried out in
order to compare a real case with a simulation or perfect case. In Voltage transformer: A voltage transformer is an electrical
this way it will be observed if the same results are obtained or element that allows the voltage to be increased or decreased in
why different values are obtained will be discussed. an alternating current electrical circuit.
These types of devices can reduce or increase the voltage that
Index Terms—Voltage transformer, Oscilloscope, enters a home or business in addition to allowing the
protoboard, Electrical signals, Electronics. distribution of energy to the different points that make up a
network.
I. INTRODUCTION Oscilloscope probe: It is a device that allows a physical
connection between a signal source or test point (DUT) and an
or this practice, the analysis of a 24 V/5 A transformer is
F carried out, it is said that the power supply must be 127 V
but due to certain factors such as losses in the transfer of
electronic measurement instrument, such as an oscilloscope.

Breadboard: It is a test board in which electronic elements

the magnetic flux, voltage drops in the conductors that make and cables can be inserted with which circuits are assembled
up the coil and heat losses, among other reasons. without the need to solder any of the components.
In this way, an oscilloscope will be used to perform an Breadboards have holes connected to each other by small
analysis of the wave projected on its screen where certain metal sheets.
issues will also be discussed, such as why to select a certain
voltage division or that of seconds.
III. MATERIALS
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
 Oscilloscope
Oscilloscope: An oscilloscope is a measuring instrument for  Protoboard
electronics. Plot a graph of amplitude on the vertical axis and  24V/5A transformer
time on the horizontal axis. It is widely used by students,  Oscilloscope probe
designers, engineers in the field of electronics. It is often
complemented by a multimeter, a power supply, and an
IV. METHODOLOGY
arbitrary or function generator.

Electronics: Electronics can be defined as the study and Exercise 1: "Actual peak value of energy delivered by
application of the behavior of electrons in various scenarios. CFE".
These can be the vacuum, gases and semiconductors subjected
to the action of electric and magnetic fields. In order to determine the actual peak value that is delivered by
CFE in the university campus power supply in a common
Electrical signals: Electrical signals are also called analog power outlet, the voltage signal of a 127 V to 24 V/5 A step-
signals. They can have any reading within the range and are down transformer is monitored, all with the help of an
only limited by the characteristics of the recording and oscilloscope, a protoboard, and an oscilloscope tip.
The first step was to connect the transformer in the protoboard
and in turn take out two connections, the first connection of
one end of a voltage output (approximately 12V) of the

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transformer and the second connection was extracted from the
central output of the transformer.

Fig. 1.1. "First connection for transformer voltage reading". Fig. 1.3. "Second connection of the oscilloscope clamp for
Once the connection is secured, the oscilloscope is turned on transformer voltage reading."
and it is verified that the operation of the oscilloscope and the In each round of connections and tests the behavior of the
clamp are in optimal conditions, then the transformer is corresponding voltage graph was captured, for each case the
connected to the electrical energy, and the alligator clamp is parameters of the oscilloscope were adjusted in order to be
connected to the middle phase of the voltage output of the able to capture as accurately as possible the information of the
transformer, and the oscilloscope tip at the 12V output of the oscilloscope; the result of the readings is presented
transformer. in "Section V, Experimentation and Results".

V. EXPERIMENTATION AND RESULTS

Exercise 1: "Actual peak value of energy delivered by

CFE".

In order to correctly capture the reading data, the parameters

of the voltage graph of the measured signals directly from the
transformer were adjusted, adjusting the scales with the
corresponding knobs in the oscilloscope used in
practice; because the expected output voltage should be the
same, parameter adjustment was necessary only once.
Below are the results for the first measurement:

Fig. 1.2. "First connection of the oscilloscope clamp."

After experimenting with the actual peak voltage delivered in
this first test, the procedure was replicated between the other
end (second coil) of the voltage line (approximately 12V) of
the transformer, the result of this second test is shown in
Figure 1.3.

Fig. 1.4. "Peak-Peak voltage graph of the first connection of

the oscilloscope clamp for transformer voltage reading".
Numerical results of the first voltage reading of the
transformer:
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16/02/2021
𝑉𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘−𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 37.8 𝑉
Thanks to the management of formulas corresponding to the
37.8 𝑉 value of peak voltage and RMS voltage, it was possible for the
𝑉𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 = = 18.9 𝑉 collaborative team to determine the peak value and real RMS
2
18.9 𝑉 that is supplied by the national energy company in Mexico
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 = = 13.3643 𝑉
√2 (CFE); also for its position of the proper use of the
oscilloscope as a measuring tool. Thus remaining as a result of
the practice, that the real peak value of the electric power line
Below are the results for the second measurement: to which the tests described in practice were applied
was 187.4992 𝑉.

VII. CONCLUSIONS
A. General conclusion

This practice allows initially knowing certain theoretical

concepts that facilitate the procedure since it is known in more
detail how to interact and the operation of a transformer,
breadboard or oscilloscope.
On the other hand, the interpretation of the results and the
correct analytical calculation once the data (obtained with the
oscilloscope) are available, since initially a rule of 3 was
Fig. 1.5. "Peak-Peak voltage graph of the second connection implemented but later the same result was obtained with the
of the oscilloscope clamp for transformer voltage reading". ends of the transformer (AB , BC), the experimentation was
carried out with both parts and a similar result was reached,
Numerical results of the second voltage reading of the varying only in decimals, with this it was even possible to
transformer: obtain an average, giving a value very close to the one
𝑉𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘−𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 37.2 𝑉 obtained initially.
37.2 𝑉 Finally, it was verified that there are certain differences
𝑉𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 = = 18.6 𝑉 between the real values and the ideal values, since they can be
2
18.6 𝑉 varied in a non-negligible value but not so insignificant, as it
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 = = 13.1521 𝑉 is in the peak voltage.
√2
B. Individual conclusion
Once the two RMS voltages corresponding to the 2 voltage
outputs (one for each coil of the transformer) were obtained, César Alejandro Cabrera Cuéllar
the value of the actual peak voltage administered by CFE to
the public energy network, or in this case to the energy This practice allows a deeper understanding of the differences
network of the university campus, was determined, the final between a simulation or an ideal case with a real case, since
process was as follows: there will be differences due to certain issues, both
manufacturing and human error, since it is known that some of
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 13.1521 + 13.3643 = 26.5164 𝑉
the windings found in the coil may have more or less turns, as
well as receive more or less voltage supply
5:1 transformation ratio
Adair Téllez Aviles

𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑑𝑒 𝐶𝐹𝐸 = 26.5164 𝑉 ∙ 5 = 132.582 𝑉 This practice allowed me to realize that the electric power
supply has different values, for which it could be said that a
𝑉𝑃𝐸𝐴𝐾 𝑑𝑒 𝐶𝐹𝐸 = 132.582 𝑉 ∙ √2 = 187.4992 𝑉 voltage gain is obtained, in addition to the differences between
a real case and an ideal case.
VI. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Exercise 1: "Actual peak value of energy delivered by
CFE".
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Eric Samuel Quiroz González [5] at al. (2016). Qué es una Protoboard?. febrero 11, 2022, de 330ohms Sitio
web: https://blog.330ohms.com/2016/03/02/protoboards/
The development of the practice captivated me since knowing
the correct data and interpreting it can tell us a lot about the
behavior of a system or a signal. I was quite interested in
knowing that CFE sometimes gives away energy.

Cesar Gonzalez Pozada.

At the end of the practice I feel satisfied to have been able to

determine the real peak voltage value that is supplied by CFE,
since the knowledge and formulas seen in the field of
electronics were used, and with the tutorship of Dr. Martin
Valtierra in the use of the oscilloscope it was possible to
conclude the practice satisfactorily.

C: Individual contribution

César Alejandro Cabrera Cuéllar

For this practice I participated in its development in person,

while for the report I developed the introduction, conclutions,
resume and theoretical background.

Adair Téllez Aviles

In this practical contribution in the investigation of the

theoretical framework as well as in the methodology.

Eric Samuel Quiroz González

For this practice I developed the experiment in person and

contributed to the discussion of the results.

Cesar Gonzalez Pozada.

For this practice I carried out the writing of the methodology

and experimentation and I collaborated in the homework done
in the laboratory.

REFERENCES
[1] Final Test S.A. de C.V.. (2022). ¿Que es un osciloscopio?. 11-02-2022, de
FiNAL TEST Sitio web: https://www.finaltest.com.mx/product-p/art-
9.htm
[2] Anónimo. (2022). Qué es la electrónica y cuál es su importancia. 11-02-
2022, de Aprende INSTITUDE Sitio web:
https://aprende.com/blog/oficios/reparacion-electronica/que-es-la-
electronica/
[3] Anónimo. (2022). señales electricas. 11-02-2022, de StuDocu Sitio web:
https://www.studocu.com/cl/document/universidad-tecnologica-de-
chile/proyecto-electrico/01-senales-electricas-y-formas-de-
ondas/6323980
[4] et al. (2019). ¿Qué es un transformador eléctrico y cómo funciona?.
febrero 11, 2021, de tecsa Sitio web:
https://www.tecsaqro.com.mx/blog/que-es-un-transformador-electrico/