LIVING IN THE IT ERA refers to all computer applications and

devices.
Information Communication Technologies (ICT)
● is the combination of computer-based EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION - STONE
technologies (such as computing devices AGE TO MODERN AGE
and smartphones) with communication
technologies (such as telephones, cell Caveman
phones and the internet). - the whole journey of communication started
● it refers to all the hardware, software, and - used to gather around fire to discuss their
systems essential to communicate day to day activities.
electronically.
● refers to technologies that capture, transmit Smoke Signal
and display data and information - the first long distance communication.
electronically and includes all devices, - It was used in Northern America where each
applications and networking elements that tribe has its own signaling system.
allow people to connect in a digital world. - A smoke from top of the hill signified
● An ICT system refers to the overall set-up, danger.
consisting of hardware, software, data and - It was also used in Ancient China.
its users. ICT systems as a whole include: - The soldiers stationed at the Great Wall
People, Procedures, Hardware, Data, would alert for danger using smoke signals
Software. from tower to tower.
● the technology required for information - In this way they could transmit messages as
processing, in particular, the use of far as 750km within a few hours.
electronic computers, communication - The smoke signal is still used in the Vatican
devices and software applications to convert, to indicate the selection of a new Pope.
store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve
information from anywhere, anytime. Pigeons
- Due to their natural homing ability pigeons
INFORMATION were extensively used for long distance
● knowledge obtained from reading, communication.
investigation, study or research. - The Pigeons were used by Persians,
Romans, Greeks, Mughals.
COMMUNICATION - In the 19th Century Pigeons were also used
● act of transmitting messages. to transmit stock quotations from one city to
● It is a process whereby information is another.
exchanged between individuals using - Cher Ami, a homing pigeon, was awarded
symbols, signs or verbal interactions. the French War Cross for her services during
world war.
TECHNOLOGY - The TV series Game of Thrones has shown
● the use of scientific knowledge, experience the use of a Raven instead of pigeon for long
and resources to create processes and distance communication. \
products that fulfill human needs.
● Aiding Communication Telephone and fax Pony Express
machines are the devices used in extending - From ancient times Kings have been using
communication. human messengers to relay messages.
● Spreading information to broadcast - was a first of its kind mail service delivering
information such as news or weather reports messages, mails, newspapers and small
effectively. Radio, television, satellites and packages by horseback using small relay
the World Wide Web (www) are powerful stations.
tools that can be used. - It is regarded as the first courier service.
- It was used in the mid 19th Century to
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
communicate between the East Coast and
● refers to devices (hardware) and algorithms
West Coast of America.
or programs (software) used to store,
retrieve and process data. In simple terms, it
The Semaphore flag - Early 20th century radio systems transmitted
- was used in maritime trade during the late messages using continuous waves only.
19th century. - Amplitude modulation was demonstrated for
the transmission of voice and music but with
- The word semaphore is derived from the little success.
Greek word sema meaning sign and phero - World War 1 accelerated the development of
meaning bearer. radio for military communication.
- After the war commercial radio broadcasting
telegraphy system began in1920 and was a big hit.
- conveying information at a distance by - World war 2 again accelerated the
means of visual signals with hand-held development of wartime purposes for
flags, rods and disks. aircraft and land communication.
- It is still used during underway
replenishment at sea and is an acceptable Telephone
mode of communication for emergencies.
- Telegraphy was the greatest breakthrough in - until now real time communication was
the field of communication. confined to diplomatic purposes or for
- Although the smoke signal and semaphore broadcasting.
flags were different forms of telegraphy, the - Still telegram was the Fastest one to one
harnessing of electricity in the late 19th communication used by common people.
Century gave birth to electric telegraphy. - In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented
- Morse code is still used globally as a mode the telephone.
of communication. - At first, the benefits of a telephone exchange
- Till a couple of decades ago Telegraphy was were not exploited.
the most popular form of long distance - Instead telephones were leased in pairs to a
communication. subscriber, who had to arrange for a
- The US discontinued the use of Telegraph in telegraph contractor to construct a line
2006. India's BSNL owned telegraph service between them, for example between a home
ended in 2013. It was reportedly the world's and a shop.
last existing true electric commercial - It was a luxury that only rich people could
telegraph system. afford.
- Later telephones took advantage of the
RADIO exchange principle already employed in
telegraph networks.
- The term Radio in Latin means Beam of - Each telephone was wired to a local
light. telephone exchange, and the exchanges were
- In 1864 James Clerk Maxwell showed wired together with trunks.
mathematically that electromagnetic waves - Networks were connected in a hierarchical
could propagate through free space. manner until they spanned cities, countries,
- The effects of electromagnetic waves were continents and oceans.
observed before and after Maxwell but no - This was the beginning of the public
one could detect its presence. Switched Telephone Network or PSTN.
- In 1886 Heinrich Hertz established the - The major progress took place after the
existence of Electromagnetic Waves. second world war.
- In 1888 he demonstrated that one could
produce and detect electromagnetic waves 4 Ages:
which we today call as radio waves.
- In November 1894 Jagadish Chandra Bose 1. Pre-mechanical Age (3000 BC-1450 AD)
at Town Hall of Kolkata ignited gunpowder ● The earliest age of information
and rang a bell kept at a distance using a technology
microwave. ● It is the age in which there were no
- During the same time an Italian Scientist kinds of computer systems
Guglielmo Marconi made an electric bell ● The first human communicated
which went off during lightning. only through speaking and pictures
- This was just the beginning of a whole new drawings
era of distant communication.
 ● First information explosion

WRITING AND ALPHABETS MODERN PRINTING PRESS

PETROGLYPHS ● Invented by Johannes Gutenberg in 1450
- signs or simple figures carved in ● With movable metal-type
rock.
- used to tell a story, to map their 1ST TABLE OF LOGARITHMS
terrain, etc. ● Invented by John Napier
IDEOGRAPHS ● To simplify and speed up the calculations
- Drawing or symbols to present
ideas and concepts. SLIDE RULE
CUNEIFORM (3000 BC) ● Invented by William Oughtred
- the first true written language and a mechanical analog computer built in 1622
the first real information system ● made of bamboo and plastic
- devised by the Sumerians in ● Perform direct multiplication and division
Mesopotamia
PASCALINE
Advances in writing during Pre-mechanical Age: ● Invented by Blaise Pascal
● Phoenicians created symbols that expressed ● Contributed the following:
single syllables and consonants, the first true - Theory of probability
alphabet (2000 BC) - Research on fluids
● Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet and - Clarification of concepts such as
added vowels; Romans gave the letters Latin pressure and vacuum.
names to create the alphabet we use
today(around 600 BC) STEPPED RECKONER
● Invented by Gottfried Leibniz
PENS AND PAPERS ● Calculating machine designed in 1671 and
● SUMERIANS - stylus and clay (3000 BC) built in 1673
● EGYPTIANS - papyrus plants (2600 BC) ● Could multiply 5 to 12 digit numbers
● CHINESE- made papers from rags (around
100 AD) JACQUARD LOOM
● Invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard
BOOKS AND LIBRARY ● The basis of the modern automatic loom
● MESOPOTAMIA - religious leaders kept used in the textile industry
the earliest book
● EGYPTIANS - kept scrolls CHARLES XAVIER THOMAS
● GREEKS - fold sheets of Papyrus vertically ● French Inventor and Entrepreneur
into leaves and bind them together(600 BC). ● Invented the first Mechanical Calculator in
1820
Advances in numbers during Pre-mechanical Age: ● arithmometer
● The first numbering system similar to those
in use in today were invented in Hindus who CHARLES BABBAGE
created a nine-digit numbering system ● Father of the Computer
(100-200 AD) ● Conceived the first automatic digital
● The concept of zero “0” was developed computer.
(around 875 AD) ● Invented the Speedometer and the
locomotive cow catcher
ABACUS
● The first ever calculator LADY AUGUSTA ADA LOVELACE BYRON
● Was man’s first recorded adding machine ● English Mathematician
Invented in Babylonia and popularized in ● First Computer Programmer
China
3. Electromechanical Age (1840-1940)
2. Mechanical Age (1450 and 1840) ● this period ushered in a new age in
● Connections between our current communications and information.
technology and its ancestors
● Lasted for almost 400 years
THE BEGINNING OF 4. Electronic Age (1940-present)
TELECOMMUNICATIONS ● having or operating with the aid of
many small components, especially
Alessandro Volta microchips and transistors, that
- Italian physicist who invented the voltaic control and direct an electric
battery in the 8th century. current.
- Voltaic battery is the first electrical battery
known as Voltaic Pile. ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR
Telegraph AND CALCULATOR (ENIAC)
- Invented by Samuel F.B. Morse ● was the first high-speed, digital computer
- revolutionized long-distance capable of being reprogrammed to solve a
communication. full range of computing problems.
- It works by transmitting electrical signals ● the FIRST electronic computer used for
over a wire laid between stations. general purposes, such as solving
Telephone numerical problems.
- Invented by Alexander Graham Bell ● It was invented by JOHN PRESPER
ECKERT and JOHN MAUCHLY at the
Electromechanical Computing University of Pennsylvania to calculate
● Tabulating machine artillery firing tables for the United States
- Invented by Pehr and Edward Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory.
Scheutz in 1853
- capable of processing fifteen-digit
numbers, printing out results and
rounding off to eight digits.
● Comptometer
- Invented by Dorr Felt
- Is a type of mechanical (or
electro-mechanical) adding
machine
● Comptograph
- Invented by Dorr Felt
● Punch Cards
- Developed by Herman Hollerith
(the father of information
processing).
- developed mechanical tabulators
using PUNCHED CARDS to
tabulate huge bodies of data very
quickly.
- is a piece of stiff paper that can be
used to contain digital data
represented by the presence or
absence of holes in predefined
positions.
Otto Shweiger
● inventor of the first efficient four function
calculator (1893).
● millionaire

Vacuum Tube
● Invented by Lee De Forest
● is a device that controls electric current flow
in a high vacuum between electrodes to
which an electric potential difference has
been applied