Stock
Market
Ayten Ayman
Grade 9 IGCSE (Pink)
What is stock market?
A stock market ,equity market or share
market is the aggregation of buyers and
sellers of stocks also called as shares
which represent ownership claims on
businesses these may include securities
listed on public stock exchange as well
as tock that is only traded privately
such as shares of private companies
that are sold to investors through equity
crowdfunding platforms. Investments
are usually made with an investment
strategy in mind
How Stocks are Traded – Exchanges and OTC
Most stocks are traded on exchanges such as the
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or the NASDAQ.
Stock exchanges essentially provide the
marketplace to facilitate the buying and selling of
stocks among investors. Stock exchanges are
regulated by government agencies, such as the
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in the
United States, that oversee the market in order
to protect investors from financial fraud and to
keep the exchange market functioning smoothly.
Although the vast majority of stocks are traded
on exchanges, some stocks are traded over-the-
counter (OTC), where buyers and sellers of stocks
commonly trade through a dealer, or “market
maker”, who specifically deals with the stock.
OTC stocks are stocks that do not meet the
minimum price or other requirements for being
listed on exchanges.
OTC stocks are not subject to the same public
reporting regulations as stocks listed on
exchanges, so it is not as easy for investors to
obtain reliable information on the companies
issuing such stocks. Stocks in the OTC market are
typically much more thinly traded than
exchange-traded stocks, which means that
investors often must deal with large spreads
between bid and ask prices for an OTC stock. In
contrast, exchange-traded stocks are much more
liquid, with relatively small bid-ask spread.
Most sucessful stock market are
New York Stock Exchange
Shanghai Stock Exchange
Tokyo Stock Exchange
Hong kong Stock Exchange
London Stock Exchange
NEW YORK STOCK MARKET
The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is
the largest stock exchange in the world by
market capitalization. It is based in the
United States and has a market cap of a
staggering $24.3 trillion. The NYSE is
known for its long and storied history,
dating back to 1792 when it was founded
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under a buttonwood tree on Wall Street.
Today, it is home to some of the world’s
most prominent companies, including
giants like Apple, Microsoft, and Berkshire
Hathaway.
The NYSE’s success can be attributed to
its strict listing requirements, strong
regulatory framework, and global
recognition. It provides a platform for
both domestic and international
companies to raise capital and gain
exposure to a vast investor base.
NYSE Top company traded with
Floor Brokers
Floor brokers are employees of member firms
who execute trades on the exchange floor on
behalf of the firm's clients. As of 2017, there were
205 floor brokers among the 152 NYSE Member
Firms (85 Electronic, 5 DMM, 45 Brokerage) on
the NYSE. They act as agents, buying and selling
stock for the public (institutions, hedge funds,
broker/dealers). Floor brokers are physically
present on the trading floor and are active
participants during NYSE’s opening and closing
auctions, as well as throughout the trading day.
They also have the ability to participate
electronically, and are able to access all markets
and trade multiple asset classes to provide clients
with a complete trading picture.
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Shanghai stock exchang
China’s Shanghai Stock Exchange
(SSE) was founded on November
26 1990 and it is the third-
largest stock exchange globally,
boasting a market cap of $6.93
trillion. The SSE plays a crucial
role in China’s economic growth
and is a key driver of the nation’s
financial development. As China’s
economy continues to expand,
more companies are listing on
the SSE, attracting both domestic
and international investors.
The growth of China’s middle
class and its increasing
participation in the stock market
have contributed to the SSE’s
rise. Additionally, the
government’s efforts to reform
and open up its financial markets
have attracted global investors
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looking to gain exposure to
China’s growing economy.
Top company worked with
Alibaba Group: A multinational
conglomerate known for e-
commerce, retail, internet, and
technology. It operates various
online marketplaces, including
Alibaba.com and Taobao.
Tencent Holdings A Chinese tech
giant with interests in social
media, online gaming, e-
commerce, and various internet
services. It's well-known for
platforms like WeChat and QQ.
Industrial and Commercial Bank
of China (ICBC):** The largest
bank in the world by total assets.
It provides a wide range of
financial services, including retail
and corporate banking.
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Tokyo stock exchange
The Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE)
boasts a rich history, founded in
1878, making it one of the oldest
and most established stock
exchanges globally. As a pivotal
player in the Asian financial
landscape, the TSE has played a
crucial role in shaping Japan's
economic trajectory.
Over the years, the TSE has
become a symbol of Japan's
economic prowess, housing some
of the country's most influential
and globally recognized
corporations. Among the top
companies listed on the TSE are
industry giants such as Toyota
Motor Corporation, known for its
leadership in the automotive
sector; Sony Corporation, a
powerhouse in entertainment and
electronics; and SoftBank Group, a
key player in telecommunications
and technology investments.
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The TSE's success is reflected not
only in the prominence of its listed
companies but also in its impact
on the international financial
stage. With a diverse range of
industries represented, the TSE
contributes significantly to Japan's
economic vibrancy and innovation.
Ranked among the world's leading
stock exchanges, the TSE's global
standing is a testament to Japan's
economic strength and resilience.
Its influence extends beyond
regional boundaries, making it a
hub for domestic and international
investors seeking opportunities in
the dynamic Japanese market.
While these details offer a
snapshot of the Tokyo Stock
Exchange's historical significance,
its ongoing success and influence
are best understood by referring
to the latest reports, financial
analyses, and official
communications from the
exchange.! The Tokyo Stock
Exchange (TSE) boasts a rich
history, founded in 1878, making it
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one of the oldest and most
established stock exchanges
globally. As a pivotal player in the
Asian financial landscape, the TSE
has played a crucial role in shaping
Japan's economic trajectory.
Over the years, the TSE has
become a symbol of Japan's
economic prowess, housing some
of the country's most influential
and globally recognized
corporations. Among the top
companies listed on the TSE are
industry giants such as Toyota
Motor Corporation, known for its
leadership in the automotive
sector; Sony Corporation, a
powerhouse in entertainment and
electronics; and SoftBank Group, a
key player in telecommunications
and technology investments.
The TSE's success is reflected not
only in the prominence of its listed
companies but also in its impact
on the international financial
stage. With a diverse range of
industries represented, the TSE
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contributes significantly to Japan's
economic vibrancy and innovation.
Ranked among the world's leading
stock exchanges, the TSE's global
standing is a testament to Japan's
economic strength and resilience.
Its influence extends beyond
regional boundaries, making it a
hub for domestic and international
investors seeking opportunities in
the dynamic Japanese market.
Hong kong stock exchange
The Hong Kong Stock Exchange
(HKEX) has a compelling history,
founded in 1891, and has since
evolved into a global financial
powerhouse. It serves as a vital
platform for companies to raise
capital and investors to participate in
the dynamic Hong Kong market.
Among the top companies listed on
the HKEX are conglomerates like
Tencent Holdings, known for its
dominance in the tech and gaming
industries, and Alibaba Group, a
leading e-commerce and technology
giant. These companies contribute to
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the exchange's international
recognition and solidify Hong Kong's
position as a key player in the global
financial arena.
The HKEX's success is underscored by
its strategic location, acting as a
bridge between East and West,
facilitating international trade and
investment. It plays a pivotal role in
connecting Chinese enterprises with
global investors, fostering economic
growth and innovation.
Ranked among the world's major
stock exchanges, the HKEX is a
symbol of Hong Kong's financial
prowess. Its influence extends
globally, attracting a diverse range of
companies and investors seeking
opportunities in Asia's vibrant and
rapidly growing markets
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London stock exchange
The London Stock Exchange (LSE) has
a storied history dating back to 1698,
making it one of the oldest stock
exchanges globally. Renowned for its
longevity and resilience, the LSE
stands as a cornerstone of the
international financial landscape.
Hosting a diverse array of companies,
the LSE features prominent listings
such as British American Tobacco,
Unilever, and HSBC Holdings. These
companies exemplify the exchange’s
role as a hub for globally recognized
corporations spanning various
industries.
Situated in the heart of London, the
LSE serves as a vital financial center,
attracting investors and businesses
from around the world. Its strategic
location and historical significance
contribute to its reputation as a
leading global exchange.
Ranked among the world’s premier
stock exchanges, the LSE reflects the
economic vitality of the United
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Kingdom. Its international appeal lies
in its ability to connect investors with
a broad spectrum of businesses,
offering a platform for capital raising
and investment.
NYSE SHANGHAI STOCK EXCHANG
HONG KONG TOKOYO STOCK
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