UNEP

I. History
1972: The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held
in Stockholm, Sweden
1972: UNEP was established by General Assembly Resolution 2997
BEWEEN 1974 – 1986: UNEP produced more than 200 technical guidelines or manual
II. Process of formation and development
Over the last thirty years, it has increasingly focused on climate change, helping create or
implement environmental treaties and institutions, such as the UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change.
In 1988, it joined the World Meteorological Organization to establish the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a leading authority on the science of climate change and
options for adaptation and mitigation.
UNEP is also one of several "Implementing Agencies" for the Global Environment
Facility (GEF), the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol, and
the International Cyanide Management Code.
III. Structure
Leaderships of UNEP:
Administrative Council: Reviews the implementation of the resolutions of the United Nations
General Assembly and introduces strategic global action programs in the field of environment.
- 16 seat – Africa
- 13 seat – Asian
- 6 seat – Eastern Europe
- 13 seat – Western Europe
- 10 seat – Latin America; Other Nations
Executive Director: Inger Andersen (born 1958); Mostafa Kamal Tolba (1922–2016)
Secretariat: The Secretariat is headed by the Executive Director elected by the United Nations
General Assembly for a 5-year term. Secretary, Secretariat of Governing Bodies and
Stakeholders
Environmental Coordination Committee: The Environmental Coordination Committee is
composed of the heads of the UN system organizations, chaired by the Executive Director of
UNEP.
8 substantive divisions: Science Division; Policy and Programmed Division; Ecosystems
Division; Economy Division; Governance Affairs Office; Law Division; Communication
Division; Corporate Services Division..
Finance source: Annual budget of the United Nations; Environment Fund.
IV. Principle of operation
Mani goals: UNEP is the only organization of the United Nations system established to provide
directional paths and global action plans to improve the quality of the life without harming the
world
UNEP’s role as catalyst and coordinate has been strengthened since the United Nations Summit
on Environment and Development (1992) adopted Agenda 21
V. Contributions
THE ENVIRONMENT INFORMATION EXCHANGE:
- GEMS - Global guidance system
- GRID - Global information data source
- INFOTERRA - The ground information system
- IRPTC - The international registry of hazardous chemicals
THE INTERNATIONAL TREATIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL FIELDS:
- Convention on Biological Diversity
- Convention on international Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
- The 1985 Vienna Convention on Protection of the Ozone Layer
- UN Framework Convention on climate change
UNEP and Strategic Plan of Biodiversity (2011–2020) and the Aichi biodiversity targets
REGIONAL: Since 2009 UNEP in West Asia and UNDP in Iraq have worked on a large
portfolio of projects, including supporting Iraq with its reporting obligations under the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol
Vietnam – UNEP
Relations:
9/1987: The Convention on Early Notification of the Nuclear Incident
5/1993: Convention on Biological Diversity
1996: Convention on Biological Diversity
6/2002: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

EU
I. History
The European Union is built on the basis of three main factors:
- Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
- The expansion of political cooperation into general foreign and security policy planning
and implementation
- Closer cooperation in the judicial and interior sectors.
This philosophy is the foundation of the Paris Treaty, signed in 1951. The European Coal and
Steel Community (ECSC) was created, with members France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands,
Belgium and Luxembourg. When the Rome Treaty took effect in 1958, these six countries
created the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community,
operating in parallel with the ECSC.
In 1967, all three blocs merged into the European Union (EC), in which the main focus was on
economic and agricultural development.
Denmark, Ireland and the UK became full members of the EC in 1973, Greece joined in 1981,
Portugal and Spain - 1986, Austria, Finland and Sweden -1995.
The Treaty on the European Union, signed at Maastricht in 1991, officially gave birth to the
European Union to replace the EC
The euro currency was officially used by 11 member countries in 1999. Greece, taking time to
meet the standards, joined two years later. Denmark, Sweden and the UK refuse to join the euro
zone, at least for the time being. After a period of transition, the euro completely replaced the
2002 national currency.
II. Process of formation and development
1945 – 1959: A peaceful Europe – the beginnings of cooperation. As of 1950, the European Coal
and Steel Community began to unite European countries economically and politically in order to
secure lasting peace. The six founding countries are Belgium, France, Germany, Italy,
Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The 1950s are dominated by a cold war between east and
west. Protests in Hungary against the Communist regime are put down by Soviet tanks in 1956.
In 1957, the Treaty of Rome creates the European Economic Community (EEC), or ‘Common
Market’.
1960 – 1969 : A period of economic growth. The 1960s is a good period for the economy, helped
by the fact that EU countries stop charging custom duties when they trade with each other. May
1968 becomes famous for student riots in Paris, and many changes in society and behaviour
become associated with the so-called ‘68 generation’
1970 – 1979: A growing Community the first enlargement. Denmark, Ireland and the United
Kingdom join the European Union on 1 January 1973. Arab-Israeli war of October 1973 results
in an energy crisis and economic problems in Europe. The last right-wing dictatorships in Europe
come to an end with the overthrow of the Salazar regime in Portugal in 1974 and the death of
General Franco of Spain in 1975
The European Parliament increases its influence in EU affairs and in 1979 all citizens can, for
the first time, elect their members directly. The fight against pollution intensifies in the 1970s
1980 – 1989: The changing face of Europe - the fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1981, Greece
becomes the 10th member of the EU, and Spain and Portugal follow five years later. In 1986 the
Single European Act is signed
There is major political upheaval when, on 9 November 1989, the Berlin Wall is pulled down
and the border between East and West Germany is opened for the first time in 28 years. This
leads to the reunification of Germany, when both East and West Germany are united in October
1990.
1990 – 1999: A Europe without frontiers. In 1993 the Single Market is completed with the 'four
freedoms' of: movement of goods, services, people and money. The 1990s is also the decade of
two treaties: the ‘Maastricht’ Treaty on European Union in 1993 and the Treaty of Amsterdam in
1999
In 1995 the EU gains three more new members: Austria, Finland and Sweden2000 – 2009:
Further expansion. 11 September 2001 becomes synonymous with the 'War on Terror' after
hijacked airliners are flown into buildings in New York and Washington.
The political divisions between east and west Europe are finally declared healed when no fewer
than 10 new countries join the EU in 2004, followed by Bulgaria and Romania in 2007
A financial crisis hits the global economy in September 2008. The Treaty of Lisbon is ratified by
all EU countries before entering into force in 2009. It provides the EU with modern institutions
and more efficient working methods.
2010 – 2019: A challenging decade. The global economic crisis strikes hard in Europe. The
EU helps several countries to confront their difficulties and establishes the 'Banking Union'
to ensure safer and more reliable banks. In 2012, the European Union is awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize. Croatia becomes the 28th member of the EU in 2013. Climate change is still
high on the agenda and leaders agree to reduce harmful emissions. European elections are
held in 2014 and more Eurosceptics are elected into the European Parliament
The treaties – basis for democratic
cooperation built on law
1952: The European Coal and Steel Community
1958: The treaties of Rome:
• The European Economic Community
• The European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM)
1987: The European Single Act: The Single
Market 1993: Treaty on European Union -
Maastricht 1999: Treaty of Amsterdam
2003: Treaty of Nice
2009: Treaty of Lisbon
III. Structure
The Council of Europe (Charles Michel, Belgian Prime Minister)
Council of Ministers.
European Parliament (EP) (Antonio Tajani, an Italian politician)
European Commission (EC) (Ursula von der Leyen, German Minister of Defense)
European External Action Service
The Court of Justice
The European Central Bank
The European Court of
Auditors
IV. Principle of operation
The Council of Europe (Charles Michel, Belgian Prime Minister): The Council gives
political direction and priority to the whole bloc. The decisions of the Council of Europe are
mainly adopted by consensus.
Council of Ministers: composed of representatives (usually at the ministerial level) of member
states who are policy makers in specific areas and recommend the EC to develop common laws.
European Parliament (EP) (Antonio Tajani, an Italian politician): the main function of the
Council of Ministers to enact legislation, oversee the bodies of the European Union, especially
the European Commission. The Parliament has the power to approve or dismiss European
Commissioner posts, with the authority to approve the EU budget.
European Commission (EC) (Ursula von der Leyen, German Minister of Defense): the
executive body of the bloc. The EC operates independently, has the function of developing and
proposing EU laws, enforcing, applying and monitoring the implementation of EU treaties and
laws, using a common budget to implement the general books of the whole block according to
regulations. Berlaymont Building, headquarters of the European Commission in Brussels
European External Action Service: EEAS operates completely independently and has its own
budget, tasked with proposing foreign and security policies for EU member states to adopt.
The Court of Justice: The Court has an independent role and has the power to reject the
regulations of the organizations of the European Commission and the Governments of the
member countries if these regulations are considered inconsistent with EU law.
The European Central Bank: The system of European central banks (ESCB), which includes
the ECB and the central banks of the 28 members of the European Union, uses the Eurozone
currency management, called the O- Eurosystem, which is comprised of the ECB and governors
of the Eurozone national banks.
The European Court of Auditors: This body has no judicial powers but has the power to:
- Check the accounting records to ensure that the Community's budget is being spent correctly;
- Prepare audit reports for each fiscal year submitted to the Council and the European
Parliament, and to comment on financial legislation and anti-fraud actions.
- European Economic and Social Commission: represents economic and social organizations
such as employers, employees, unions and consumer organizations.
- Regional Committee: representatives of regional and local governments.
- Inspector (Ombudsman): inspection of administrative complaints in the agencies of the Union.
- European data protection controls: privacy of personal information.
- European Investment Bank: finance investment in economic development projects inside and
outside the Union, and supporting small companies through the European Investment Fund.
V. Contributions
One of the big challenges facing the European Union (EU) will be agreeing its next
budget.Every seven years, the EU agrees a long-term spending plan. All EU leaders have to
agree on it unanimously, so the negotiations usually take a long time.The last seven-year plan
was agreed in 2013, for the period 2014-20. And, for the first time in the history of the
organisation, it decided to cut real-terms spending.
On the basis of the long-term plan, every year the representatives of the 28 governments and the
European Parliament agree the precise details of the EU annual budget,
We examined the latest, 2017, budget to find out how much each of the EU countries contributed
and received from the EU.The UK is a net contributor to the EU budget. In other words, it
contributes more to the EU budget than it receives back from it.
In 2017, another nine countries were also net contributors: Germany, France, Italy, The
Netherlands, Austria, Finland, Sweden, Denmark ,Ireland.
Poland was the biggest net recipient of the EU budget (getting more back than it contributed in
the first place), followed by Greece, Romania, Hungary and Portugal.
Luxembourg and Belgium, two of the richest EU countries, are also on the list of EU budget
net recipients, because they receive a high proportion of the funding for administration as many
EU institutions, such as the Commission and the European Parliament, are based there.
Brexit & the European Union
The amount which the United Kingdom contributes to the European Union budget was a key
issue during the Brexit referendum of 2016. Prior to the referendum, the “Leave” campaign
famously claimed that the UK sends the EU 350 million British pounds a week, a figure which
omitted the rebate which the UK receives from the EU as well as public sector receipts. As of
2018, the UK contributed approximately 8.93 billion to the EU budget and received 8.52 billion
back.

ARAB LEAGE
I. History
Demonym(s): Arabs
Year of foundation:
1945
Headquaters: Cairo, Egypt
Parliament: Arab
Parliament Type: Regional
organization
The Arab League, formally the League of Arab States, is a regional organization in the Arab
world, which is located in Africa and Western Asia.
The Arab League was formed in Caiso 22 March 1945 initially with 6 members: Egypt, Iraq,
Transjodan (renamed Jordan in 1949), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria. Yemen joined as a
member on 5, May 1945.
Currently, the League has 22 members but Syria’s participation has been suspended since
Noverbem 2011.
Following adoption of the Alexandria Protocol in 1944, the Arab League was founded on 22
March 1945. It aimed to be a regional organization of Arab states with a focus to developing the
economy, resolving disputes and coordinating political aims.
05/08/1942: Launching what was know as the “Arab Unity Consultations” phase.
07/10/1944: The Arab Unity Consultations led to the signing of the Protocol Alexandriaby the
heads of governments of Egypt, Trans-Jordan, Syria, Iraq and Lebanon.
03/03/1945: “The Political Sub-Committee” established upon the recommendation of the
“Alexandria Protocol”.
22/03/1945: The Heads of Governments of five Arab states, namely: Iraq, Trans-Jordan, Syria,
Lebanon and Egypt, signed the final version of the “Charter of the League of Arab States”.
II. Process of formation and development
– The emotional urge for the unity of the Arabs.
– The separatism of the States which had been created by the post - war settlements.
★ TYPICAL EVENTS
29/05/1964: The first Palestinian National Council convened in East Jerusalem.
02/06/1964: The Palestinian Liberation Organization was founded during this meeting.
1976: PLO was accepted in the Arab League
- The Beirut summit on March 28, 2002
- The League adopted the Arab Peace Initiative, a Saudi-inspired peace plan for the
Arab-Israeli conflict. The initiative offered full normalization of the relations with Israel.
In exchange, Israel was demanded to withdraw from all occupied territories.
- The Peace Initiative was again endorsed at 2007 in the Riyadh Summit.
1979-1987: Egypt's membership was suspended after it signed a peace treaty with Israel.
1987-1/2003: Arab leaders decided to renew diplomatic
ties with Egypt.
1/2003- 22/2/2011: Eritrea joined the Arab League as an observer.
22/2/2011- 27/08/2011: Libya was suspended from the Arab League
27/8/2011- 12/11/2011: The Arab League voted to restore Libya's membership by accrediting a
representative of the National Transitional Council.
12/11/2011- 29/03/2015: The League passed a decree that would suspend Syria's membership
but the government did not yield to the League's demands and The League agrees to create joint
military force
III. Structure
- Headquaters
- The Principal Institution
- The Council of the League
- The Treaty of Joint Defence and Economic Co-operation
- The Joint Defence Council
- The Economic & Social Council
- The Committees
- The Secretariat General
HEADQUATERS: Al-Tahrir Street
Used for the Arab temporary parliamentary sessions.
Used for Arab Minister summits
THE PRINCIPAL INSTITUTIONS:
 - The Council of the League: Composed of representatives from the member states.
● Holds general sessions twice a year.
● Controls & coordinates the League’s activities
● Has 7 special committees
● The presidency of the Council rotates among member states.
● The secretary-general is appointed by two-thirds majority
- The Joint Defence Council: Set up after the signing of the Treaty for mutual defence and
economic cooperation in 1950.
● At the 2007 summit, the Leaders decided to reactivate their joint defence and
establish a peacekeeping force .
● At a 2015 summit in Egypt, member states agreed in principle to form a joint
military force.
- The Economic & Social Council: Replace the Economic Council - created following the
Treaty in June 1950.
● To establish the objectives of, and to promote the means for the economic and
social development of the Arab world.
● It also coordinates the activities of the specialized agencies which have been set
up in the framework of the League of Arab States.
- The Committees:
Ad hoc” Committees
● Responsible for carrying out specific tasks.
● Dissolved when their mandate has been carried out.
Committees set up by the main institutions of the League.
● Economic Committees, Social Committees, etc.
● The lifetime of these Committees is linked to the timing of the Session.
- The Secretariat General: Aims at promoting coordination in the specialized fields.Serves
as a communication platform between the Secretary General of the Arab League, the
activities & programmes of the Secretariat General and other specialized Joint Arab Action
Organizations. Represents the Arab world at the international level.
COMMITTEES: legal, cutural, social, communications, health, economic, political
IV. Principle of operation
1. Committed to respecting the established government in each member state and to guaranteeing
its sovereignty and independence.
2. To maintain and strengthen the solidarity among the Arab states in the face of external threats.
3. To ensure cohesion and peace between the member states.
4. To ensure the cooperation of member states in various areas.
GOVERNANCE:
1. Based on principles that support and promote a unified Arab nationalism and a common
position among Arabic states on various issues.
2. Based on the duality of supra-national institutions and the sovereignty of the member states.
 V. Contribution
1. Social & Education
Made advances in the educational systems & promote child welfare
Encourage measures against crime and drug abuse
Advanced the role of woman in Arab societies
Presere culture heritage
2. Regional peacekeeping:
Establish pact
Acts as a regional alternative to the United Nations
Establish military forces: The Arab League force in Kuwait, The symbolic Arab security force,
The Arab Deterrent Force
Establish constraints: Legal constraints, Political constraints
★ ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION:
1. Better Oil Trade
2. Telecommunication:
Orascom & Etisalat
3. Intercommunication
4. Vast fertile lands in
the Southern part of
Sudan
Another contribution: Recognised Israel as a sovereign state
In 2015, The League showed their support in Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen against
the Shia Muslim Houthi faction and loyal forces to former Presiden Ali Abdullah Saleh.
The league also has been united in its support for Palestine than Israel but has come under
increasing criticism in recent years for failing to do enough for the Palestinians and for Iraq
★ GLOBAL CONTRIBUTION: Economy, Peacekeeping
Cooperates closely with the United States (1958) (1989=>2016: Memorandum of
Understanding)
The League of Arab States shares a common mission with the United Nations: promoting peace,
security and stability by preventing conflict, resolving disputes & acting in a spirit of solidarity
and unity. In doing so, the two organizations also work together to expand economic opportunity,
advance respect for human rights and build political inclusion.

ASEM

I. History
ASEM (Asia Europe Conference) is an informal forum for dialogue and cooperation, founded in
1996. The original members consisted of 15 European Union countries (Belgium, Denmark,
France, Finland, Germany, Austria, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Cambodia, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, Great Britain and 7 ASEAN countries (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam), three Northeast Asian countries (China, Japan and South Korea)
and the European Commission Due to the expansion of the European Union in May 2004, the
ASEM summit was held in Hanoi from September 8 to 9. October 2004 admitted 10 new EU
member states and three ASEAN member countries (Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar) According
to a statement of the Foreign Relations Council (GAERC) of September 13, 2004, Myanmar's
participation was passed with the prospect that the participation of the Myanmar Government at
the ASEM Summit would be lower than Government. Also, Europe will take advantage of
opportunities to cooperate with Asian countries in resolving human rights issues in Myanmar.
1. Circumstances of ASEM: At the 3rd Europe-East Asia Summit in Singapore in October
1994, Singapore's Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong launched the initiative to host an Asia –
Europe Summit to increase understanding and promote cooperation between the two
continents.
Europe and Asia, creating a counterbalance in the relationship between the major
economic centres of the EU – US – Japan and developing Asian countries.
2. March 1996 Bangkok, Thailand. The Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) was formally established
at the initiative of Singapore and France, and under the active support of ASEAN. This is an
informal forum for dialogue between the Heads of Government of ASEM member countries.
3. Membership: ASEM has doubled its original membership from 26 to 53 (22 Asian and 31
European members)
ASEM has four permanent members of the Security Council of the United Nations, 12 countries
in the G20 group, and 4 BRICS countries.
Current Asem coordinators (2020):
Asia Coordinator:
-ASEAN Group: Singapore
-Northeast Asia, South Asia and South Pacific Group ( NESA): Russia
Europe Coordinator:
-Europe External Service (EEAS)
-Croatia
II. Process of formation and development
ASEM through the High-Level exams:
ASEM 1: 01- 02/03/1996 Bangkok, ThaiLand. the theme “Creating a new comprehensive Asia –
Europe partnership for a stronger development”
ASEM 2: 03 - 04/04/1998 London, England. Asia is experiencing a financial-monetary
crisis. The theme of ASEM 2 was raised as “Asia and Europe: A New Partnership”. At ASEM 2,
the document “Asia – Europe Cooperation Framework” (AECF) was approved. Also at ASEM 2,
the Asia-Europe Perspectives Group was formed, tasked with building a mid to long-term vision
to help guide ASEM's progress into the 21st century.
ASEM 3: 20 - 21/10/2000 Seoul, Korean. a milestone of the ASEM process as it enters the New
Millennium. The theme of ASEM 3 is defined as “Partnership for prosperity and stability in the
New Millennium”. The document “Asia – Europe Cooperation Framework” (AECF) has been
added and approved; sets the vision, principles, goals, priorities, and mechanisms for the ASEM
process in the first decade of the 21st century.
ASEM 4: 20 – 22/09/2002 Copenhagen, Danmark. in a profound change in world situation after
the 11/9 terrorist attacks on America. The theme of ASEM 4 is “Unity and growth in diversity”.
Economic cooperation is valued with the establishment of a Working Group for Close Economic
Partnerships to draft a program to promote closer economic partnerships between Asia and
Europe.
ASEM 5: 08 – 09/10/2004 Hanoi, Vietnam. an important milestone in ASEM cooperation
because it is the first Summit of an expanded ASEM, with the three countries Cambodia, Laos
and Myanmar and 10 new EU members were admitted and attended ASEM 5. With the theme
“Towards a more vivid and substantive Eurasian partnership”, the Conference discussed
and adopted the “Statement of the Owner”, “The Hanoi Declaration on closer Eurasian
economic relations” and the “ASEM Declaration on dialogue between cultures and civilizations”
guide ASEM cooperation in the coming time.
ASEM 6: 10 – 11/09/2006 Helsinki, Finland. With the theme “10 years ASEM: Global
Challenges – Common Response”.
ASEM 7: 24 – 25/10/2008 Beijing, China: This 7-time ASEM Summit has the theme “Vision
and action: Towards a win-win solution” The Conference is expected to adopt three documents:
The Chairman's statement, the Beijing Declaration on sustainable development and the Asia –
Europe Cooperation Framework (AECF).
ASEM 8: 04 – 05/10/2010 Brussels, Belgium.With the theme “The quality of life for the
happiness and dignity of all people” will focus on discussing 5 main contents:
-Enhancing the efficiency of global economic governance;
-Sustainable development; -Global issues; -Regional issues;
-People exchange, strengthening ASEM image and future ASEM.
ASEM 9: 05 – 06/11/2012 Vientiane, Laos. The theme of the Conference was “Friends for
peace, Partner for prosperity”. including the 4th ASEM membership expansion, officially
admitting Bangladesh, Norway and Switzerland Thus, after 16 years of establishment, ASEM's
position, size and potential continue to be strengthened, from 26 members to 51 members
ASEM 10: 10 – 16/07/2014 Milan, Italy. With the theme “Partners responsible for sustainable
growth and security”
ASEM 11: 15 – 16/07/2016 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. With the overarching theme is “20 years
ASEM: Partners for the future through connection”.
ASEM 12: 18 – 19/10/2018 Brussels, Belgium. Boilers g focused on the theme “Europe & Asia:
Global Partners for Global Challenges”.
-Since the end of World War II, NGOs have had an increasing role in international
development
-The number of NGOs worldwide is estimated to be 10 million Russia had about 277,000
NGOs in 2008 -India is estimated to have had around 2 million NGOs in 2009
 -China is estimated to have approximately 440,000 officially registered NGOs
-About 1.5 million domestic and foreign NGOs operated in the United States in 2017
III. Structure
The essence of ASEM is a forum for dialogue, complementary activity to other organizations or
multilateral forums
Ex: promoting dialogue among ASEM members on issues of the United Nations, Trade
Organization
World trade, emerging issues of global and regional economic and trade, etc., aiming to reach the
consensus and common views of ASEM members in the above forums.
ASEM's activities are characterised by a high-level dialogue activity, where all the basic issues
of ASEM will be discussed and approved at the Summit (Summit)
ASEM's activities are currently not institutionalized. Cooperation activities are organized
through two Asian coordinating countries and two European embryonic coordinators for
two-year terms. The coordinator countries meet as needed (usually 2-3 times per year) through
working groups specializing in each political or economic field. The ASEM coordinating body in
each country is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3 main pillars of cooperation:
-Politics- security
-Financial- economics
-Society- cultural
IV. Principle of operation
Base on the ASEM framework document, the Asia-Europe Cooperation Framework (AECF), the
operational principle of ASEM are Defined as Follows:
-Relation between member based on aqual parnership, mutual respect and mutual benefits
-ASEM will be an open and evolving process; the expansion of the munber of members must
be a consensus of the heads off states;
-Strengthen information and mutual understanding through dialogue; identify priority areas
for coordination;
-Implement cooperation activities equally in all 3 fields: strengthening political dialogue,
strengthening economic cooperation and promoting cooperation in other fields;
- ASEM will be maintained as a voluntary, non-institutionalized process, the activities of
ASEM will be to support and facilitate activities in other international forums;
- Promote dialogue and cooperation between businesses and residents between the two
regions; to encourage cooperation between scholars and researchers between the two regions.
V. Contribution
VIETNAM &
ASEM
-Since 1996, ASEM has played an important role in Vietnam's economic integration process.
-Vietnam has attracted many ODA funds from ASEM countries, (Japan, France, Korea)
-In which, Japan accounts for about 40% of ODA capital from countries committed to aid
other least-developed countries.
 -Vietnam has organized many important activities
-Vietnam came up with 12 initiatives and co-authored 16 initiatives
The political field
-Vietnam has sent delegations to Ministerial Conferences, ASEM SOM meetings, and
coordinator meetings
-Contribute to the efforts to protect common peace, combat the risk of war and the arms race,
in the principle of respecting international law,…
The economic filed
-Vietnam has sent delegations to all ministerial conferences of economic and financial sectors
and Meetings of high-ranking Trade and Investment officials within the ASEM framework.
The financial filed
-Vietnam has actively exchanged finance, participated in most cooperation programs such as
cooperation in prevention of money laundering, exchange of experience in public debt
management .

NATO

I. History
- NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
- Established in 1949.
- Original purpose was to organize Western power, defense against Joseph Stalin’s expansionist
ambitions and Soviet military Power.
- On 4 April, 1949, the US did join and the North Atlantic Treaty was signed in Washington. DC
by 12 countries.
3 main purposes
- To maintain friendly relations and economic cooperation.
- To consult together where the territory or independent of any of them is threatened.
- To come to the aid of any one of them.
II. Process of formation and development
III. Structure
1. Military command structure (Civilian Personnel, Military Personnel)
-1949: Creation of the military committee
-1966: Creation of the nuclear planning group
- The Military Committee sits at the top of NATO’s military structure
-NATO has two top military commanders: The Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR)
and The Supreme Allied Commander, Transformation (SACT).
SUPREME ALLIED COMMANDER TRANSFORMATION
- TRENDS AND FUTURE THREATS
- CAPABILITY DEVELOPMENT
- EDUCATION
- EXERCISES
- LESSON LEARNED
2. Civilian structure
NATO is an alliance of sovereign nations and its decision-making body is the North Atlantic
Council
the Council, which decides by consensus, establishes NATO’s political guidelines, provides
political leadership of operations, adopts NATO’s budgets and, in general terms, makes all the
decisions necessary for the smooth running of the Alliance. It meets at the level of Heads of State
and Government, Ministers and - at least once a week - at the level of the Permanent
Representatives of the nations.
The Council’s discussions are prepared by specialized committees
and are chaired by the NATO Secretary General
The Secretary General is assisted in his work by the International Staff, of which he is the head.
The International Staff is divided into several divisions
each of which is headed by an Assistant Secretary Genera
IV. Principle of operation
1949-1990s:
-During the Cold War
To act as powerful deterrent against military aggression. In this role, NATO’s success was
reflected in the fact that, throughout the entire period of the Cold War, NATO forces were not
involved in a single military engagement. For much of the latter half of the 20 th century, NATO
remained vigilant and prepared
-After the Cold War
NATO began to assume an increasingly proactive role within the international community.
Before engaging in its first major crisis-response operation in the Balkans, NATO conducted
several operations: Operation Ace Guard (3/1/2991-8/3/1991), Operation Allied Goodwill I and
II (4-9/2 and 27/2-24/3/1992), Operation Agile Genie (1-19/5/1992).
1990s-2000s
-NATO in Bosnia and Herzegovina
April 1992: violent conflict started in Bosnia and Herzegovina
August 1995: compel an end to Serb-led violence in the country, UN peacekeepers requested
NATO airstrikes
With the signing of the Dayton Peace Accord in December 1995, NATO immediately deployed a
UN-mandated Implementation Force (IFOR) comprising some 60.000 troops. Operation Joint
Endeavour was followed in December 1996
In light of the improved security situation, NATO brought its peace-support operation to a
conclusion in December 2004 and the European Union deployed a new force called Operation
Althea.
NATO’s first counter- terorism operation
On October 4th 2001, once it has been determined that the 9/11 terrorist attack in New York and
Washington DC had come from abroad, NATO agreed on a package of eight measures to
support the US.
On the request of US, the Alliance launched its first-ever counter-terrorism operation called
Operation Eagle Assist from mid-October 2001 to mid-May 2002.
2000s- now
-NATO in Afghanistan
-NATO in Kosovo
V. Contributions

AU
I. History
The African Union (AU) is a continental body consisting of the 55 member states that
make up the countries of the African Continent. It was officially launched in 2002 as a successor
to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU, 1963-1999).
In May 1963, 32 Heads of independent African States met in Addis Ababa Ethiopia to
sign the Charter creating Africa’s first post-independence continental institution, The
Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The OAU was the manifestation of the pan-African vision
for an Africa that was united, free and in control of its own destiny and this was solemnised in
the OAU Charter in which the founding fathers recognised that freedom, equality, justice and
dignity were essential objectives for the achievement of the legitimate aspirations of the African
peoples and that there was a need to promote understanding among Africa’s peoples and foster
cooperation among African states in response to the aspirations of Africans for brother-hood and
solidarity, in a larger unity transcending ethnic and national Differences. The guiding philosophy
was that of PanAfricanism which centred on African socialism and promoted African unity

II. Process of formation and development

In total, 4 summits were held in the lead up to the official launching of the African Union, the:
+ Sirte Summit (1999), which adopted the Sirte Declaration calling for the establishment of
the AU
+ Lomé Summit (2000), which adopted the AU Constitutive Act
 + Lusaka Summit (2001), which drew the road map for implementation of the AU
+ Durban Summit (July 9, 2002), which launched the AU and convened its first Assembly
of Heads of State and Government.
The decision to re-launch Africa’s pan - African organisation was the outcome of a consensus by
African leaders that in order to realise Africa’s potential, there was a need to refocus attention
from the fight for decolonisation and ridding the continent of apartheid, which had been the
focus of the OAU, towards increased cooperation and integration of African states to drive
Africa’s growth and economic development.

Constitutive Act of the African Union lay out some of the major objective of the AU which
are:
- Achieve greater unity and solidarity
- Accelerate the political and socio-econimic integration
- Promote peace, security and stability
- Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good
governance
- Enable the continent to play its rightful role

III. Structure
The Assembly (determines common policies); the Executive Council (coordinates and
makes decisions on common policies); the Permanent Representatives Committee (assists the
Executive Council); the Financial Institutions (consisting of the African Central Bank, the
African Monetary Fund, and the African Investment Bank); the Commission (the secretariat); the
Human and Peoples Rights Court (ensures compliance with the law); the Specialized Technical
Committees (assist the Executive Council in substantive matters); the Economic, Social and
Cultural Council; the Pan-African Parliament (implements policies); the Peace and Security
Council (makes decisions on prevention, management and resolution of conflicts).
Above all that, the AU Commission is the key organ, a central role in the day-to-day
management of the African Union. The current Chairperson of the AU Commission is Moussa
Faki Mahamat from Chad, who took office on 14 March, 2017.

IV. Principle of operation

AU Goals and Principles
1. Personal integration
AU is planned to be a forum to promote regional integration and African unification through
socio-economic integration, continental research: science and technology and the development of
common positions. on issues of mutual interest. The AU also AU is planned to be a forum to
promote regional integration and African unification through socio-economic integration,
continental research: science and technology and the development of common positions. on
issues of mutual interest. The AU also established institutions of solidarity among African
peoples, coordinated action with subregional economic communities and built a common front in
international negotiation and cooperation.
2.Peace and Security
The AU member states recognize that "the scourge of conflicts in Africa is a major factor
hindering the continent's socio-economic development. AU's is the establishment of a collective
security system that promotes peace and security for development on the continent. Relevant
organizations include those that maintain collective security.
3. Human rights protection
One reason given by the member states to establish the AU was their determination to "promote
and protect the rights of people and people, strengthen democratic institutions and cultures, and
ensure preservation. good governance
4. No interference
Unilateral interference between Member States is seen as a common security threat on the
continent.
In addition to the direct principle ‘non-interference of any Member State’ in the internal affairs
of another, the standard of non-interference is embodied in many organizational principles.
Member State is party to any treaty or alliance that is inconsistent with the principles and
objectives of the Union "and prohibits" any Member State from allowing use of its territory as a
basis. to topple against another Member State. The AU's non-interference principle is based on
the principles of equality of sovereignty and interdependence among member states and respect
for the boundaries that exist through achieving independence
5. Involvement
- Intervention in the member states of the AU forms an unprecedented principle in international
law. AU is authorized to intervene in a Member State at the discretion of the Council regarding
serious circumstances, namely: war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity.
- The AU member states also agreed on the right of ‘request intervention from the Union to
restore peace and security. This is a case of inviting intervention. The AU Council is the ultimate
decision-making body.
6. Respect for democracy and the rule of law
- Africa's New Development Partnership (also known as NEPAD) is one of the frameworks
introduced by African States to link respect for civil and political rights with the right to
development. The AU member states have adopted the principle of ‘Condemn and rejects
unconstitutional changes by governments. The rejection of sanctions is also a principle adopted
by the AU members to strengthen their commitments to the rule of law
7. Funding AU
- The funding sources of AU are mainly: member countries and donors. Aside from the
contribution of the member states, AU is still dependent on External Funds. This source mainly
comes from Official Development Assistance (ODA).
- However, the African Union is looking for greater financial independence.
 V. Contributions

APEC

III. Structure
APEC's working level activities and projects are guided by APEC Senior Officials from the 21
APEC member economies. These activities and projects are carried out by four high level
committees:
-Committee on Trade and Investment
-Senior Officials' Meeting Committee on Economic and Technical Cooperation
-Economic Committee
-Budget and Management Committee

1. Policy Level
1.Economic Leaders’ Meeting (ELM)
2.Ministerial Meeting
3.ABAC
4. Sectoral Ministerial Meetings

5. Senior Offcials’Meeting (SOM)

2. Committees and Word Groups
SOM has four committees and 11 working groups. The four committees are consisting of
Committee on Trade and Investment, Economic Committee, SOM Committee on Economic and
Technical Cooperation and Budget and Management Committee.
The 11 working groups include Agricultural Technical Cooperation Working Group, Energy
Working Group, Fisheries Working Group, Health Working Group, Human Resources
Development Working Group, Industrial Science and Technology Working Group, Marine
Resource Conservation Working Group, Small and Medium Enterprises Working Group,
Telecommunications and Information Working Group, Tourism Working Group, Transportation
Working Group and SOM Special Task Groups.
Committee on Trade and Investment (CTI)
The Committee on Trade and Investment coordinates APEC's work on the liberalization and
facilitation of trade and investment. The Committee on Trade and Investment also works to
reduce impediments to business activity through its Sub-Committees and Experts' Groups.
SOM Committee on Economic and Technical Cooperation
The SOM Committee on Economic and Technical Cooperation assists APEC Senior Officials in
coordinating and managing APEC's economic and technical cooperation agenda, as well as
identifying initiatives for cooperative action by member economies.
 Economic Committee (EC)
The Economic Committee (EC) has a mandate to promote structural reform within APEC by
undertaking policy analysis and action-oriented work. The EC progresses this mandate in close
coordination with other relevant APEC groups; for instance, the Competition Policy and Law
Group (CPDG) and the Finance Ministers' Process (FMP)
Budget and Management Committee (BMC)
The Budget and Management Committee advises the SOM on budgetary, administrative and
managerial issues. It also monitors and evaluates project management aspects of the operations
of Committees and Working Groups and makes recommendations to SOM for improved
efficiency and effectiveness.
Working Groups
Working Groups carry out APEC's work in specific sectors as directed by APEC Economic
Leaders, APEC Ministers, APEC Sectoral Ministers and Senior Officials.
SOM Special Task Groups/Ad-hoc Groups
Senior Officials set Special Task Groups to identify issues and make recommendations about
important areas for APEC's consideration. Ad-hoc Groups have also been established in APEC
to provide topical and relevant information or to fulfill important tasks not being covered by
other groups.

IV. Principle of operation:

The 21 APEC member economies jointly work towards the realization of free and open trade and
investment in the Asia-Pacific by 2020 and the establishment of greater regional community
to address the economic and social dimensions of development--a commitment made by APEC
Leaders in 1994 known as the Bogor Goals.
Non Discrimination
(i) Application of competition and regulatory principles in a manner that does not discriminate
between or among economic entities in like circumstances, whether these entities are foreign or
domestic.
Comprehensiveness
(ii) Broad application of competition and regulatory principles to economic activity including
goods and services, and private and public business activities.
(iii) The recognition of the competition dimension of policy development and reform which
affects the efficient functioning of markets.
(iv)) The protection of the competitive process and the creation and maintenance of an
environment for free and fair competition.
(v) The recognition that competitive markets require a good overall legal framework, clear
property rights, and non discriminatory, efficient and effective enforcement.
Transparency
(vi) Transparency in policies and rules, and their
implementation. Accountability
(vii) Clear responsibility within domestic administrations for the implementation of the
competition and efficiency dimension in the development of policies and rules, and their
administration
The Three Pillars of APEC's agenda focus on:
1. Trade and Investment Liberalization
APEC members take actions to reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade and investment that
boosts job creation, incomes and growth. Collaboration is guided by APEC's Regional Economic
Integration agenda and includes the advancement of bilateral and regional trade agreements
and the long-term goal of a Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP).
2. Business Facilitation
APEC members pursue measures to reduce the time, cost and uncertainty of doing business in
the region and open new economic opportunities including for small firms, women and
youth. APEC's Structural Reform agenda supports the development and harmonization of
policies that improve market access and efficiency, and uphold public interest such as the
safeguarding of health and safety.
3. Economic and Technical Cooperation (ECOTECH)
ECOTECH builds the technical capacity of APEC's diverse members to promote trade,
investment and robust, secure and sustainable economic growth that widely benefits the region's
people. Priorities include strengthening anti-corruption, cross-border education and skills
training, emergency preparedness, energy security, environmental protection, defense against
pandemics and infrastructure development, among others.
V. Contributions
Promoting Regional Economic Integration and Trade
APEC has grown to become a dynamic engine of economic growth and one of the most
important regional forums in the Asia-Pacific
Making it Easier to Trade Across Borders:
In 1994, APEC Leaders committed to achieving the Bogor Goals of free and open trade and
investment by 2020 through reducing trade barriers in the region and promoting the free flow of
goods, services and capital among APEC economies. Since then, members have made
measurable progress in achieving these goals.
Making it Easier to do Business
APEC launched its Ease of Doing Business Action Plan in 2009, with the goal of making it
cheaper, easier and faster to do business in the region
For example, APEC has expedited the time it takes for a company to build a new factory or
office building
Structural Reform:
To improve behind-the-border barriers to trade, APEC has been working to foster transparency,
competition and better functioning markets in the Asia-Pacific through regulatory reform,
improving public sector and corporate governance, and strengthening the legal infrastructure.
Since 2004, APEC has implemented predictable and transparent regulatory practices across the
region. Connecting the Region
-Connect the region through improving physical infrastructure linkages, people mobility and
institutional ties across the Asia-Pacific.
-Improving information technology and transportation infrastructure to making it easier for
students, business people, and tourists to travel around the region.
APEC Business Travel Card
Over 340,000 travelers use the APEC Business Travel Card which provides pre-approved
frequent business travelers with visa clearance and fast-track entry through special APEC lanes
at major international airports in the region.
Inclusive Growth: Ensuring Everyone is On Board
In addition to supporting small businesses, APEC is working to ensure all members of the
Asia-Pacific can participate in the growing economy
Global
Bogor ‘s goal:
The Bogor Goals adopted from the 2nd APEC Summit in 1994, in Bogor, Indonesia, defined
APEC as a free and open area for trade and investment by 2010 in exchange for developing
economies and 2020 for developing economies.
APEC 2017 - Vietnam's victory and free trade:
Vietnam has left a good impression when Vietnam successfully organizing APEC 2017,

UN
I. History:
II. Process of formation and development
1948-1949, establishment of the United Nation Truce Supervision Organization
(UNTSO), United Nation Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)
1956, the earliest armed peacekeeping operation deployed successfully to address the
Suez crisis.
1960, the first large – scaled mission launched in the Republic of the Congo. 1988, the
UN peacekeepers were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
⇨ With the end of the Cold War, the strategic context for UN Peacekeeping changed
dramatically
1989 - 1994: Rapid increase in numbers
-Shifted from “traditional” to “multidimensional” mission.
-Rapidly increasing the number of peacekeeping operations. With a new consensus and a
common sense of purpose, the Security Council authorized a total of 20 new operations
between 1989 and 1994, raising the number of peacekeepers from 11,000 to 75,000.

The mid-1990s: A period of reassessment

- The reputation of UN Peacekeeping suffered
 - They limited the number of new peacekeeping missions and begin a process of
self-reflection to prevent failures from happening again.
- In the meantime, UN peacekeepers continued their long-term operations in the
Middle East, Asia and Cyprus. With continuing crises in a number of countries
and regions, the essential role of UN Peacekeeping was soon emphatically
reaffirmed.

Road to the 21st century: New operations, new challenges

- The UN Peacekeeping reformed. The aim was to strengthen our capacity to
effectively manage and sustain field operations.
- They could perform more complex tasks.

III. Structure:
1. Head of Department
The Under-Secretary-General for Peace Operations is Mr. Jean-Pierre Lacroix
2. Three main offices of DPO
-Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions
The Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions (OROLSI) supports rule of law components
in United Nations peace operations and special political missions as they work with national
authorities to protect civilians, extend State authority, re-establish law and order and stabilize
conflict and post-conflict situations. OROLSI provides expertise and integrated guidance in the
key areas of police, justice, corrections, security sector reform, mine action and the reintegration
of ex-combatants into civilian life.
-Office of Military Affairs
The Office of Military Affairs (OMA) works to deploy the most appropriate military capability
in support of United Nations objectives; and to enhance performance and improve the efficiency
and the effectiveness of military components in United Nations peacekeeping missions.
-Policy, Evaluation and Training Division
The Policy, Evaluation and Training Division (DPET) is mandated to develop and
disseminate the policy and doctrine guiding the work of peacekeeping. In addition, the division
has the responsibility to evaluate, at the request of the heads of the departments, how those
policies are being applied, gather lessons learned and best practices, and use that information to
guide the development, coordination and delivery of standardized training, so as to complete the
learning cycle. DPET is also responsible for developing and maintaining strategic cooperation
with various UN and external partners.
In addition, DPO shares with the Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs
(DPPA) eight regional divisions that are managed by three Assistant Secretaries-Generals that
cover the Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia and the Pacific.

IV. Principles:
 1.Consent of the parties
2.Impartiality
3. Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate

V. Contribution:
Protect Civilians:
● Protection of civilians mandate
● Child protection
● Conflict-related Sexual Violence
Build Rule of Law and Security Institutions:
● Policing
● Mine action
● Disarmament, demobilization and demobilization
● Security sector reform
● Corrections
● Justice
Prevent Conflicts:
● Quick Impact Projects for communities
● Conflict and natural resources
Promote Human Rights
Empower Women
Deliver Field Support

WORLD BANK
I. History:
The World Bank, also known as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD), is an international organization established after World War II
The world Bank is the world’s largest source of development assistance, providing nearly $30
billion in loans annually to its client countries.
The main focus is on helping the poorest people and the poorest countries
The bank is also helping countries to strengthen and sustain the fundamental condition

II. Process of formation and

development The purpose of world bank
The world bank provides low-interest loan, interest-fee credit, and grants
The bank’s stated purpose is to “Bridge the economic divide between poor and rich countries”
To achieve this goal, the bank focus on several area
-Overcome poverty by spurring growth, especially in Africa
-It also manages international financial crises and promotes open trade
-Work with partners to bring an end to ADIS
 -Help reconstruct countries emerging from the war, the biggest cause of extreme poverty
-Provide a customized solution to help middle-income countries remain out of poverty.
-Share its expertise with developing countries
-Work with the Arab league on three goal. They are to improve education, build infrastructure,
and provide micro-loan to small businesse
III. Structure:
-Handled by an executive consisting of 22 directors
-The President of the Bank is president of the entire World Bank Group. The Chairman is
responsible for chairing the meetings of the Board of Directors and the general administration
of the Bank
-The President of the Bank is always a US citizen to be US
-The Vice Presidents of the Bank are the main managers, in charge of areas, sectors, networks
and functions. There are two Executive Vice Presidents, three Senior Vice Presidents and 24
Vice Presidents.
-The Board of Directors is composed of the President of the World Bank Group and 25 CEOs
IV. Principles:
Provides low-interest loans, interest-free loans and grants to developing countries for a variety of
purposes including investment in education, health, public administration , infrastructure,
financial and private sector development, agriculture and natural resource environmental
management
Main activities of the world bank:
-Promote socio-economic growth in developing countries through technical assistance, project
loans to governments.
-Mobilizing investment capital from international financial markets and using them in
development projects in developing countries
-All world bank loans must be repaid at interest rates higher than market rates
V. Contribution:
The World Bank is comprised of two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA).
- Fund creation
IBRD creates capital sources for loans to developed countries through the sale of AAA rated
shares on the world financial market. While IBRD makes a small margin of profits from these
loans, its greater revenue stream comes from lending the funds it owns. This source of capital
includes reserves accumulated over many years and contributions of 185 shareholders (are
member countries) of the World Bank. IBRD's revenues are also used to pay for the World
Bank's operating costs and to support IDA activities and debt relief programs for poor countries
- Providing loan sources
Through IBRD and IDA, the World Bank offers two types of loans and credit: investment
activities and activities related to development policies. Countries use first-class credit and capital
to invest in goods, labor, and services to support social and economic development projects in a
variety of sectors. The second type of loan and credit is used to provide quick disbursements to
support certain policies of a country and its administrative reform programs.
- Manage trust funds and provide non-refundable aid
Government and private donors deposit money into trust funds held at the WB.These funds are
used For a variety of development purposes, WB also mobilizes external funding to finance
IDA's non-profit activities and grants, as well as funding sources for support activities.
technology to meet the special needs of developing countries. IDA grants are often used for the
following purposes: gaimr or debt relief for poor countries that cannot repay debt. , improving
water sanitation, advocating for immunization programs, combating HIV/AIDS, and supporting
civil society to create initiatives to reduce emissions and the greenhouse effect.
- Providing consulting services
WB also plays a role in providing situation analysis services, consulting and providing
information to member countries to help these countries develop socio-economic
- Capacity building
The World Bank has a role to enhance the capacity of the partners, human resources in
developing countries, and its own staff to help them acquire the necessary knowledge and skills.
to provide technical assistance, improve government performance and service delivery, to
promote economic growth and sustain poverty reduction programs.
The debt crisis of the early 1980s—during which many developing countries were unable to
service their external debt to multilateral lending institutions
The reasons:
╸ a slowdown in the world economy
╸ high interest rates
╸ a decline in commodity prices
╸ wide fluctuations in oil prices
⇨ The bank had become increasingly involved in shaping economic and social policies in
indebted developing countries
WTO
In brief, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization
dealing with the global rules of trade. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as
smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.
I. History:
The WTO precursor General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), was established by a
multilateral treaty of 23 countries in 1947 after World War II in the wake of other new
multilateral institutions dedicated to international economic cooperation—such as the World
Bank (founded 1944) and the International Monetary Fund (founded 1944 or 1945). A
comparable international institution for trade, named the International Trade Organization never
started as the U.S. and other signatories did not ratify the establishment treaty, and so GATT
slowly became a de facto International organization.
HEADQUARTERS: Geneva, Switzerland
FUNCTION:
Functions

The WTO’s overriding objective is to help trade flow smoothly, freely and predictably. It does
this by:
● administering trade agreements
● acting as a forum for trade negotiations
● settling trade disputes
● reviewing national trade policies
● building the trade capacity of developing economies
● cooperating with other international organizations

II. Process of formation and

development: GATT:
- In 1944, 44 countries (mostly proposed by the US) meeting at Bretton Woods to decide to build
the world financial system → establish the Bretton Woods financial system, including:
+ International Monetary Funding - IMF: how to distribute money to ensure the stability
of the international monetary system - the system of exchange rates and international
payments that allows countries and their citizens to trade with each other.
+ World Bank (World Bank)
→ both established and put into use
Proposal to establish International Trade Organization (ITO): later renamed WTO
- In 1947, a conference was held in Geneva to draft the ITO Charter and negotiate to establish
GATT;
- ITO charter was agreed in Geneva 3/1948 but did not come into operation
—> GATT entered into force on January 1, 1948.
WTO:
- Is an organization empowered by the whole world to manage world trade.
- A complete organization with full features of 164 members.
- 1994, the 8th round of negotiations - the Uruguay round to establish the WTO with the
succession of GATT;
- Become a specific organizational structure (GATT constitutes 80% of the WTO)
- Officially effective from January 1, 1995.
⇒ Become an agreement on trade in goods.
III. Structure:
The highest authority of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which must meet at least every
two years.
Below this is the General Council (normally ambassadors and heads of delegation based in
Geneva but sometimes officials sent from members’ capitals) which meets several times a year
in the Geneva headquarters. The General Council also meets as the Trade Policy Review Body
and the Dispute Settlement Body.
At the next level, the Goods Council, Services Council and Intellectual Property (TRIPS)
Council report to the General Council.
Numerous specialized committees, working groups and working parties deal with the individual
agreements and other areas, such as the environment, development, membership applications and
regional trade agreements.

WTO Secretariat

The WTO Secretariat, based in Geneva, has around 620 staff and is headed by a Director-
General. It does not have branch offices outside Geneva. Since decisions are taken by the WTO’s
members, the Secretariat does not itself have a decision-making role.
The Secretariat’s main duties are to supply technical support for the various councils/
committees and the ministerial conferences, to provide technical assistance for developing
economies, to analyse world trade and to explain WTO activities to the public and media.
The Secretariat also provides some forms of legal assistance in the dispute settlement process
and advises governments wishing to become members of the WTO. The annual budget
contributed by members is roughly 197 million Swiss francs.
IV. Principles:
Five principles are of particular importance in understanding both the pre-1994 GATT and the
WTO:
Non-discrimination. It has two major components: the most favored nation (MFN) rule
and the national treatment policy. Both are embedded in the main WTO rules on goods, services,
and intellectual property, but their precise scope and nature differ across these areas. The MFN
rule requires that a WTO member must apply the same conditions on all trade with other WTO
members, i.e., a WTO member has to grant the most favorable conditions under which it allows
trade in a certain product type to all other WTO members. [38] National treatment means that
imported goods should be treated no less favorably than domestically produced goods and was
introduced to tackle non-tariff barriers to trade
Reciprocity. It reflects both a desire to limit the scope of free-riding that may arise
because of the MFN rule and a desire to obtain better access to foreign markets. A related point
is that for a nation to negotiate, it is necessary that the gain from doing so be greater than the
gain available from unilateral liberalization; reciprocal concessions intend to ensure that such
gains will materialize.
Binding and enforceable commitments. The tariff commitments made by WTO
members in multilateral trade negotiation and on accession are enumerated in a legal instrument
known as a schedule (list) of concessions.[60] These schedules establish "ceiling bindings": a
country can change its bindings, but only after negotiating with its trading partners, which could
mean compensating them for loss of trade. If satisfaction is not obtained, the complaining
country may invoke the WTO dispute settlement procedures.
Transparency. The WTO members are required to publish their trade regulations, to
maintain institutions allowing for the review of administrative decisions affecting trade, to
respond to requests for information by other members, and to notify changes in trade policies to
the WTO. These internal transparency requirements are supplemented and facilitated by periodic
country-specific reports (trade policy reviews) through the Trade Policy Review Mechanism
(TPRM).[61] The WTO system tries also to improve predictability and stability, discouraging
the use of quotas and other measures used to set limits on quantities of imports.[38]
Safety values. In specific circumstances, governments are able to restrict trade. The
WTO's agreements permit members to take measures to protect not only the environment but
also public health, animal health and plant health.

V. Contribution:
- Dispute settlement is the central pillar of the multilateral trading system, and the
WTO’s unique contribution to the stability of the global economy.
Without a means of settling disputes, the rules-based system would be less effective
because the rules could not be enforced. The WTO’s procedure underscores the rule of
law, and it makes the trading system more secure and predictable. The system is based
on clearly-defined rules, with timetables for completing a case. First rulings are made by
a panel and endorsed (or rejected) by the WTO’s full membership. Appeals based on
points of law are possible.

- Building trade capacity in developing economies.

Over three-quarters of WTO members are developing or least-developed economies. All

WTO agreements contain special provisions for them, including longer time periods to
implement commitments, measures to increase their trading opportunities and support to
help them build the infrastructure needed to participate in world trade.
- Technical assistance and training

The WTO organizes hundreds of technical cooperation missions to developing

economies annually. It also holds many trade policy courses each year in Geneva for
government officials. Regional seminars are held regularly in all regions of the world,
with a special emphasis on African countries. E-learning courses are also available. In
2019, some 22800 participants benefited from WTO training aimed at improving
understanding of WTO agreements and global trade rules.

IMF
I. History:
The IMF was established in 1944 in the aftermath of the Great Depression of the 1930s. 44
founding member countries sought to build a framework for international economic cooperation.
Today, its membership embraces 190 countries, with staff drawn from 150 nations.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for
all of its 190 member countries. It does so by supporting economic policies that promote
financial stability and monetary cooperation, which are essential to increase productivity, job
creation, and economic well-being. The IMF is governed by and accountable to its member
countries.
Membership : IMF's members have grown from 29 at its inception in 1945 to 185 at present.
The latest member country is Montenegro who joined the IMF in January 2007. Countries must
first join the United Nations to be eligible for IMF membership.
The IMF headquarters is located in Washington D.C., U.S.A.
I. Process of information and development:
The IMF has played a part in shaping the global economy since the end of World War II.
Cooperation and reconstruction (1944–71)
- As the Second World War ends, the job of rebuilding national economies begins. The
IMF is charged with overseeing the international monetary system to ensure exchange
rate stability and encouraging members to eliminate exchange restrictions that hinder
trade.
The end of the Bretton Woods System (1972–81)
- After the system of fixed exchange rates collapses in 1971, countries are free to choose
their exchange arrangement. Oil shocks occur in 1973–74 and 1979, and the IMF steps in
to help countries dDebt and painful reforms (1982–89)
 - The oil shocks lead to an international debt crisis, and the IMF assists in coordinating the
global response deal with the consequences.
Societal Change for Eastern Europe and Asian Upheaval (1990–2004)
- The IMF plays a central role in helping the countries of the former Soviet bloc transition
from central planning to market-driven economies.
Globalization and the Crisis (2005 - present)
- The implications of the continued rise of capital flows for economic policy and the
stability of the international financial system are still not entirely clear. The current credit
crisis and the food and oil price shock are clear signs that new challenges for the IMF are
waiting just around the corner.
II. Structure:
The Board of Governors, comprising one governor from each member country, is the highest
decision-making body of the IMF. The Board of Governors usually meets once each year at the
IMF/World Bank Annual Meetings.
The International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC), consisting of 24 members,
which reflects the composition of the IMF's Executive Board, acts as the advisor to the Board of
Governors. It meets twice each year to review issues relating to the Board of Governors'
functions in supervising the management of the international monetary and financial system as
well as make recommendations to the Board of Governors.
The day-to-day work of the IMF, as guided by the IMFC, is carried out by the Executive Board
and IMF staff. The Managing Director is Chairman of the Executive Board and Head of IMF
staff.
★ The IMF employs three main functions – surveillance, financial assistance, and technical
assistance – to promote the stability of the international monetary and financial system.
Surveillance: The IMF closely monitors each member country's economic and financial
developments and holds a policy dialogue with a member country on a regular basis (also known
as Article IV Consultation), usually once each year, to assess its economic conditions with a
view to providing policy recommendations.
Financial Assistance: The IMF lends to its member countries facing balance of payments
problems in order to facilitate the adjustment process and restore member countries'
economic growth and stability through various loan instruments or "facilities". An IMF
loan is usually provided under an "arrangement," requiring a borrowing country to undertake the
specific policies and measures to resolve its balance of payments problem as specified in a
"Letter of Intent." Most IMF loans are primarily financed by its member countries through
payments of quotas. Thus, the IMF's lending capacity is mainly determined by the total amount
of quotas. Nevertheless, if necessary, the IMF may borrow from a number of its financially
strongest member countries through the New Arrangements to Borrow (NAB) or the General
Arrangements to Borrow (GAB) to supplement the resources from its quotas.
Technical Assistance: The IMF provides technical assistance to help member countries
strengthen their capacity to design and implement effective policies in four areas, namely, 1)
monetary and financial policies, 2) fiscal policy and management, 3) statistics and
4) economic and financial legislation. In addition to technical assistance, the IMF also offers
training courses and seminars to member countries at the IMF Institute in Washington D.C., and
other regional training institutes (Austria, Brazil, China, India, Singapore, Tunisia and the United
Arab Emirates).
III. Principles:
Since its creation, the IMF’s principal activities have included stabilizing currency exchange
rates, financing the short-term balance-of-payments deficits of member countries, and providing
advice and technical assistance to borrowing countries.
The IMF has three critical missions: furthering international monetary cooperation, encouraging
the expansion of trade and economic growth, and discouraging policies that would harm
prosperity. To fulfill these missions, IMF member countries work collaboratively with each other
and with other international bodies.
Quotas : Upon joining the IMF, each member country is assigned an initial quota comparable to
its relative economic size to the global economy and those of existing member countries . Quotas
are denominated in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) 1/ General quota reviews are conducted at
regular intervals – usually every five years, allowing the IMF to assess the adequacy of quotas in
terms of members' needs for liquidity and its ability to finance those needs.
A member's quota determines its voting power and access to IMF financing. The quota
largely determines a member's voting power in IMF decisions. Each IMF member has 250 basic
votes plus one additional vote for each SDR 100,000 of quota. In general, a member can borrow
up to 100 percent of its quota annually and 300 percent cumulatively.
IV. Contribution:
Supporting economic policies that promote financial stability and monetary cooperation, which
are essential to increase productivity, job creation, and economic well-being.
It seeks to promote economic growth and financial stability and plays a key role in helping turn
around struggling economies.
Monetary support includes financial loans, but the organization also provides technical
assistance.
- Provides Loans to Member Nations
Its most important function is its ability to provide loans to member nations in need of a bailout.
The IMF can attach conditions to these loans, including prescribed economic policies, to which
borrowing governments must comply.6

- Fills Deficit Gaps

If a country has a balance of payments deficit, the IMF can step in to fill the gap.6

- Technical Support and Assistance

It serves as a council and adviser to countries attempting a new economic policy.7 It also
publishes papers on new economic topics.

UNFCCC
I. History:
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established an
international environmental treaty to combat "dangerous human interference with the climate
system", in part by stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. It was signed by
154 states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED),
informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. It
established a Secretariat headquartered in Bonn and entered into force on 21 March 1994. The
treaty called for ongoing scientific research and regular meetings, negotiations, and future policy
agreements designed to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that
food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a
sustainable manner.
⇒ The objective of the Convention is to stabilize greenhouse gas accumulation at a level that
would prevent hazardous effects.
II. Process of information and development:
2015 - Intensive negotiations took place under the Ad Hoc Group on the Durban Platform for
Enhanced Action (ADP) throughout 2012-2015 and culminated in the adoption of the Paris
Agreement by the COP on 12 December 2015. More on the Paris Agreement.

2014 - At COP 20 in Lima in 2014, Parties adopted the ‘Lima Call for Action’, which elaborated
key elements of the forthcoming agreement in Paris. More on the Lima Call for Action.

2013 - Key decisions adopted at COP 19/CMP 9 include decisions on further advancing the
Durban Platform, the Green Climate Fund and Long-Term Finance, the Warsaw Framework for
REDD Plus and the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage. Under the Durban
Platform, Parties agreed to submit “intended nationally determined contributions”, known as
INDCs, well before the Paris conference. More on the Warsaw Outcomes.

2012 - The Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol is adopted by the CMP at CMP 8. More on
the Doha Amendment. Several decisions taken opening a gateway to greater ambition and action
on all levels. More on the Doha Climate Gateway.

2011 — The Durban Platform for Enhanced Action drafted and accepted by the COP, at COP17.
More on the Durban outcomes.

2010 — Cancun Agreements drafted and largely accepted by the COP, at COP 16. More on the
Cancun Agreements.

2009 — Copenhagen Accord drafted at COP 15 in Copenhagen. This was taken note of by the
COP. Countries later submitted emissions reductions pledges or mitigation action pledges, all
non-binding.

2007 — IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report released. Climate science entered into popular
consciousness. At COP 13, Parties agreed on the Bali Road Map, which charted the way towards
a post-2012 outcome in two work streams: the AWG-KP, and another under the Convention,
known as theAd-Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Cooperative Action Under the Convention.
More about the Bali Road Map.

2005 — Entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol. The first Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto
Protocol (MOP 1) takes place in Montreal. In accordance with Kyoto Protocol requirements,
Parties launched negotiations on the next phase of the KP under the Ad Hoc Working Group on
Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP). What was to
become the Nairobi Work Programme on Adaptation (it would receive its name in 2006, one
year later) is accepted and agreed on. More about the Nairobi Work Programme.

2001 — Release of IPCC's Third Assessment Report. Bonn Agreements adopted, based on the
Buenos Aires Plan of Action of 1998. Marrakesh Accords adopted at COP 7, detailing rules for
implementation of Kyoto Protocol, setting up new funding and planning instruments for
adaptation, and establishing a technology transfer framework.

1997 — Kyoto Protocol formally adopted in December at COP 3. More about the Kyoto
Protocol.

1996 — The UNFCCC Secretariat is set up to support action under the Convention. More on the
Secretariat.
1995 — The first Conference of the Parties (COP 1) takes place in Berlin.

1994 — UNFCCC enters into force. An introduction to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change.

1992 — The INC adopts UNFCCC text. At the Earth Summit in Rio, the UNFCCC is opened for
signature along with its sister Rio Conventions, UNCBD and UNCCD. More about the two other
Rio Conventions: UNCBD and UNCCD.

1991 — First meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) takes place.

1990 — IPCC's first assessment report released. IPCC and second World Climate Conference
call for a global treaty on climate change. United Nations General Assembly negotiations on a
framework convention begin.

1988 — The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is set up. More about the science of
climate change.

1979 — The first World Climate Conference (WCC) takes place.

III. Structure:
The graph above “Key interlinkages of the UNFCCC workstreams and secretariat organizational
structure” provides an overview of the secretariat divisions and how they are connected, how
they interact and how they will contribute to the implementation of the secretariat’s work
programme.

Specifically, intergovernmental engagement will be focused on providing ongoing operational

oversight to the established processes and bodies, which in turn will be focused on delivering in
full as guided. The secretariat, in support of Parties, presiding officers and the elected
chairs/co-chairs of the bodies, provides a critical link in ensuring the effective coordination of
this effort.

The data, information and knowledge generated through the established processes and bodies
will be used to inform future action and to foster deeper and broader engagement with relevant
actors, whose expertise and experience can be used to enhance all the established processes and
bodies.
IV. Principles:
Article 3 of the UNFCCC sets forth the principles guiding the implementation of the Convention.
These principles are derived from or consistent with the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment
and Development.
- Article 3 (1):
+ Principle of fairness
+ Shared but different responsibilities
- Article 3 (2): Taking into account the needs and circumstances of developing countries
- Article 3 (3): Precautionary principles
- Article 3 (4): Sustainable development
- Article 3 (5): Principles of free trade
In addition to their guiding nature, these principles also shape specific commitments. For
example, with the principle of shared but distinct responsibilities, Article 4 of the UNFCCC
provides for commitments common to all members and specific commitments for developed
countries.
V. Contribution:

One of the achievements of the UNFCCC has been to establish a reporting framework which
provides information on greenhouse gases emissions and removals using common categorisation
and definitions. This framework encourages reporting of data from most of the countries that are
party to the Convention. This data provides essential input to:
 ● Climate scientists (looking at the relationship of greenhouse gas emissions and
removals to temperature change and other environmental factors) in predicting whether
climate change and the speed of climate change pose a significant risk to humans or the
environment
● Tracking progress in historical emissions and removal trends. Allowing policy makers
and environmental groups to identify successes in, and challenges to, reducing
emissions and increasing removals
● Prioritising actions for emission reduction and removal increase

NGOs
I. History:

NGOs went through three waves of development. First is the emergence of 1914. NGOs started
to transform from the mid-eighteenth until the mid-nineteenth century. Elements that had an
impact on the growth of NGOs during this period included the role of East-West contacts,
enlightenment ideas and the effects of the Industrial Revolution. In the late 19th century,
cross-border civil society influenced national and international policies and developed new
technologies for cross-border lobbying. But even before the outbreak of World War I,
cross-border civil society officials declined, despite the surge in INGOs during the first decade of
the 20th century.

Second is the period from 1914-1939. The period from the outbreak of World War I to the
outbreak of World War II was generally regarded as a period of stagnation in solidarity, but in
the end, it helped facilitate the development of INGO and address a wide range of issues,
including those resulting from conflicts and their aftermath. International NGOs were important
to the anti-slavery and women's suffrage movements and peaked at the time of the 1932–1934
World Disarmament Conference.

The third period is from 1939 to the present day. During this period, World War II had a similar
impact as World War I, including stimulating the formation of new international NGOs outside
Europe and dealing with the consequences of the conflict. US-based NGOs played a particularly
significant role in the peace settlement, including the creation of new intergovernmental
organizations, and the human rights provisions of the United Nations Charter; within this the
term became popular with the 1945 founding of the United Nations in 1945. Oxford Committee
for Famine Relief, founded in Britain in 1942 and CARE - a major international humanitarian
agency - founded 1954 are one of the largest NGOs that were established during this period. The
Cold War and decolonization contributed in turn provided context for the formation of new
INGOs that were more geographically dispersed. In the 1990s, intergovernmental conferences,
the globalization of neoliberal economies, and the Internet provided great opportunities for
cross-border civil society and facilitated the formation of INGO's large-scale cross-border
coalitions.

II. Process of information and development:

III. Structure:
The structure of NGOs is divided into two main parts
1. Top management
Three entities:
-The Board of Directors: a legal requirement in most countries in order to get it officially
registered with the local authorities.
-The General Assembly: Depending on the NGO's by-laws, members of the General Assembly
can also participate in the meetings by proxy, usually deferring to the Executive Director to cast
their vote when needed.
The Executive Director: who may also be called by other names such as CEO. He or she is
responsible for the overall direction in which the NGO moves, and the responsibility for
managing the day-to-day activities of the NGO and report to the Board.
2. Staff menber
-Administrative activities are led by an administrative manager.This manager may have several
staff members assisting him/her, including a Finance Assistant.
-Communications and dissemination activities are the responsibility of a staff member the level
of a manager. The Public Relations assistant works closely with both the Finance Assistant and
Membership Coordinator on one hand, and the Programme Manager on the other, to publicize its
activities and build a "brand name" for the NGO.
- Programme and project activities of an NGO are led by a manager. It may be assisted by
several Project Assistants, Training Assistants, and other Assistants
IV. Principles:
NGOs operate in many different ways, however, it can be considered into 1 of 2 types: Some
owners organize campaign in order to make political pressure. Others mainly conduct
programmes and activities
Ex: Oxfarm is an anti poverty organization which has some programmes to provide food and
goods for those who had suffered disability
V. Contribution:
In regional
-Cultural and social funds
This is a foreign non-governmental organization, but classified into a separate area of the cultural
fund - the commune usually does not directly implement humanitarian assistance projects or
development projects
- Foreign non-governmental organizations with religious backgrounds.
These functions were born very early and started working in Vietnam very early. At first, they
considered evangelization and improved education as the main thing, after gradually shifting to
attaching importance to both religious and life affairs and nowadays, most of them use their life
to do religious work
- Foreign non-governmental organizations, specializing in the fielddisaster s of
humanitarianism, charity, solid development, recovery
Foreign non-governmental organizations of this type have a wide range of activities, mainly
those established after World War II, such as the OXFAM family of foreign NGOs. ,
organizations supporting children, CARE, Action Aid, Physicians without borders,
environmental protection organizations such as WWF; organizations fighting for women's rights
In Global
NGOs in Bangladesh can continue playing the role of catalyst in the attainment of
sustainable economic growth and development provided, an endurable, warm and dependable
relationship is there between the Government and NGOs where both are working for the benefit
of the people with numerable activities
Many researchers support NGOs’ activities because of their proximity to remote
communities and to the poor their efficiency and low cost of operations e.g., micro-credit
programs ,their promotion of sustainable system development and their potential role for
organizing and representative bodies in civil societies.The rapid growth of NGOs is also seen as
a consequence of governments’ failure to alleviate poverty, growing levels of bureaucracy and
corruption and a lack of accountability of government

QUESTION

1. International Monetary Fund (IMF) vs. the World Bank: What's the Difference?
The main difference between the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank
lies in their respective purposes and functions. The IMF oversees the stability of the
world's monetary system, while the World Bank’s goal is to reduce poverty by offering
assistance to middle-income and low-income countries.
2. IMF vs. WTO vs. World Bank: What’s the Difference?
The International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the World Trade
Organization (WTO) are highlighted in the financial press or on television nearly every
day. From loans to Greece to trade deals in Asia, these organizations make headlines
across the globe. Understanding these entities and their missions will provide greater
insight into how these organizations help to shape the global economy.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a global organization with 190 member
countries currently based in Washington, D.C. The fund's purpose is to promote financial
stability and economic growth among other objectives.
The World Trade Organization (WTO is also a global association with 164 member
countries. The organization's purpose is to promote fair trade between nations.
The World Bank is also an international organization and has a goal to reduce poverty
through financial assistance.
3. How do international organizations help countries?
International organizations play a powerful role in helping countries to achieve multiple
noble aims, including boosting economic prosperity, promoting social development,
improving levels of well-being, preserving human rights, providing humanitarian
aid, protecting the environment, and safeguarding peace.

ĐỀ THI TÌM TRÊN MẠNG

1. Which international organization was founded in 1945 with the stated objective of
'saving succeeding generations from the scourge of war'?Hint
A. NATO
B. WTO
C. Red Cross / Red Crescent
D. United Nations
2. During its largest expansion in 2004, which country did not join the European
Union?Hint
A. Poland
B. Slovakia
C. Lithuania
D. Norway
3. Which are the founding members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
(SCO)?Hint
A. China, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan
B. China, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan
C. China, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
D. China, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan
4. Which organization was the predecessor organization for the African Union (AU), which
was established in 2002?Hint
A. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
B. Organization of African Unity (OAU)
C. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC
D. There was no predecessor organization to the African Union
5. What does OAS stand for?Hint
A. Organization of Arab States
 B. Organization of African States
C. Organization of Asian States
D. Organization of American States
6. In which city is NATO headquartered?Hint
A. New York
B. Brussels
C. London
D. Paris
7. What would be a correct description of the OECD?Hint
A. OECD is an organization of the least-developed countries in the world
B. OECD is a sub-organization of the United Nations, concerned with protecting Children's
Rights
C. OECD is an organziation of Oil-Exporting countries
D. OECD is an organization of democratic, highly developed countries
8. OSCE is the successor organization to which international conference?Hint
A. OECD
B. CSCE
C. Council of Europe
D. Arab League

9. Which country became a WTO member in 2002?Hint

A. Russia
B. Iran
C. Lybia
D. China

10. The United States is a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Community.

A. True
B. False
11. The Association of South East Asian Countries (ASEAN) was founded in which city and
in which year?Hint
A. Singapore, 1995
B. Jakarta, 1988
C. Bangkok, 1967
D. Manila, 1976
12. Which organization effectively controls the world market for crude oil?Hint
A. OECD
B. OPEC
C. OSCE
 D. SPECTRE

13. What is SAARC?Hint

A. An association of South Asian countries
B. A fictional privately funded terror organization in James Bond novels
C. South American Andean Regional Council
D. A sub-organization of the United Nations concerned with agriculture

14. The United States has never held membership in which of the following
organizations?Hint
A. Council of Europe
B. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
C. World Trade Organization
D. United Nations

15. The UNASUR free trade organization combines MERCOSUR with the what other
organization?
A. Andean Community
B. Carribbean Community
C. Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)
D. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

ĐÊ TRÊN MẠNG
1. What was the first generally recognized international organization?
A. Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine
B. World Trade Organization
C. League of Nations
D. Organization of American States

2. What global organization was founded in the Treaty of Versailles and sought to
guarantee global peace through "collective security"?Hint
A. United Nations
B. League of Nations
C. Freedom House
D. SEATO

3. What were the three organizations envisioned by the negotiators at the United Nations
Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire in 1944?
A. International Monetary Fund (IMF), European Central Bank (ECB), and the World
Trade Organization (WTO)
 B. International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (World Bank), and the World Trade Organization (WTO)
C. International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (World Bank), and the International Trade Organization (ITO)
D. International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (World Bank), and the Bank for International Settlements (BIS)

4. What organization is made up of mostly former British colonies?

A. Commonwealth of Nations
B. League of Nations
C. Organization for African Unity
D. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
5. What two security organizations dominated the Cold War Era?
A. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Commitern
B. The Security Council and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
C. The Anti Comintern Axis Organization and the League of Nations
D. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Warsaw Pact

6. How many representatives to the International Labour Organization (ILO) does each
participating country have?
A. 3
B. 1
C. 4
D. 2

7. What security organization was founded to contain Communist advances in Asia by the
Manila Pact of 1954?
A. Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
B. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
C. Australia New Zealand United States Security Organization (ANZUS)
D. East Asian Security Organizations (EASO)

8. What large international organization had its humble beginnings with the European
Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)?
A. European Union (EU)
B. Western European Union (WEU)
C. European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)
D. European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
9. What organization promotes free trade between Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and
Paraguay?
A. SAFTA
B. APEC
C. OAS
D. Mercosur

10. What international organization is effectively a cartel seeking to control prices and
quantities of oil on the world market?
A. OECD
B. CPLP
C. NATO
D. OPEC

11. What is the organization founded as a cooperative forum between the nations of
Scandinavia?
A. Northern European Treaty Organization
B. Scandinavian Union
C. Nordic Council
D. Organization for Baltic Cooperation

12. What "technical organization" is charged with coordinating postal policies with its
members?
A. International Mail Organization (IMO)
B. United Nations Conference on Postal Regulations (UNCPR)
C. World Postal Organization (WPO)
D. Universal Postal Union (UPU)

13. What international organization is charged with coordinating safety regulations for
international ships?
A. United Nations Committee for Law of the Seas (UNCLoS)
B. World Ship Safety Union (WSSU)
C. International Maritime Organization (IMO)
D. International Shipping Union (ISU)

14. What UN specialized organization is charged with facilitating the sharing of weather
and climate information?
A. International Weather Union (IWU)
B. World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
C. United Nations Committee on Meteorological Information (UNCMI)
 D. World Weather Union (WWU)

15. What specialized UN organization, established in 1964, deals with financial, trade and
development issues?
A. Universal Council on Trade and Development (UCTD)
B. World Trade Organization (WTO)
C. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
D. International Organization to Promote Trade and Development (IOPTD)

16. What organization is charged with developing policies to protect patents throughout
the world?
A. Universal Patent Organization (UPO)
B. World Patent and Trademark Office (WPTO)
C. World Patent Organization (WPO)
D. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

17. What international organization seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy?
A. International Nuclear Power Organization (INPO)
B. International Protocols for Atomic Energy (IPAE)
C. World Nuclear Organization (WNO)
D. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

18. Where are the headquarters of the UN specialized organization the United Nations
Environmental Program?
A. Geneva, Switzerland
B. Nairobi, Kenya
C. Montevideo, Uruguay
D. Dayton, Ohio, USA

19. What is the name of the loose confederation for Eurasia founded after the fall of the
Soviet Union?
A. Russian Imperial Federation (RIF)
B. Union of Former Soviet Republics (UFSR)
C. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
D. Eurasian Treaty Organization (ETO)

20. What is the name of the international organization charged with prosecuting war
crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity?
A. International Court of Justice (ICJ)
B. International Criminal Court (ICC)
 C. World Court for Genocide (WCG)
D. United Nations Court of Genocide (UNCG)

ĐỀ TRÊN MẠNG
1. The oldest intergovernmental organization is the Central Commission for
Navigation on the Rhine. When was it founded? → 1815
2. Who is the current United Nations Secretary General? → Attonio Gutterest
3. What is the current estimated population of the European Union?-->
510m https://www.indiabix.com/general-knowledge/world-organisations/ (link
bài)
ĐỀ TRÊN MẠNG
1. The chairmanship/presidency of the UN Security Council rotates among the
Council Members
A. every 6 months
B. every 3 months
C. every year
D. every month
2. Which of the following is not a chief organ of the United Nations Organisations?
A. International Labour Organisation
B. Security Council
C. International Court of Justice
D. General Assembly
3. The office of the UN General Assembly is in
A. Vienna
B. New York
C. Paris
D. Zurich