Agriculture

AGRICULTURE

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

The aim of the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination syllabus in Agriculture is to prepare the
candidates for the Board’s examination. It is designed to test their achievement of the course objectives,
which are to:

1. stimulate and sustain their interest in Agriculture;

2. acquire basic knowledge and practical skills in Agriculture;
3. acquire the knowledge of interpretation and the use of data;
4. stimulate their ability to make deductions using the acquired knowledge in Agriculture.

The syllabus is divided into five sections as given below:

A. General Agriculture
B. Agronomy
C. Animal Production
D. Agricultural Economics and Extension
E. Agricultural Technology

DETAILED SYLLABUS

SECTION A: General Agriculture

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES

1. Meaning and Scope of Agriculture Candidates should be able to:

a. Definition of Agriculture use the definition of Agriculture in modern terms as

it relates to production, processing and marketing.

b. Branches of Agriculture differentiate between the various branches of

Agriculture.

c. Types of Agriculture i.e. subsistence differentiate between the various types of

and commercial Agriculture, their advantages and disadvantages and
their respective problems.

2. Importance of Agriculture Candidates should be able to:

i. Provision of raw materials for agro-
allied industries relate agricultural benefits to individual farmers.
ii. Provision of employment
iii. Development of rural areas, etc. relate agro-allied industries to their respective raw
materials.

relate the various contributions of Agriculture to

economic development in West Africa.

3. Agricultural Ecology Candidates should be able to:

a. Ecological zones of West Africa differentiate between the features of the ecological

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TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES
zones in West Africa.

b. Agricultural products of each ecological classify agricultural products according to each

zone ecological zone.

c. Environmental factors and their effects differentiate abiotic from biotic factors affecting
on crop and livestock production agricultural production.

4. Agricultural Genetics Candidates should be able to:

a. First and second laws of Mendel apply the first and second laws of Mendel to
genetics.

b. Cell division differentiate between the types of cell division.

c. Terminologies e.g. locus, alleles, i. determine the outcome of genetic crossing

genotype, dominance involving homozygous and heterozygous
traits.
ii. compute simple probability ratios.

d. Methods of crop improvement e.g. i. give reasons for crop improvement.

introduction, selection, crossing, ii. distinguish between various methods of
quarantine etc. crop improvement, and their respective
advantages and disadvantages.

e. Methods of animal improvement e.g. i. give reasons for animal improvement.

introduction, breeding, quarantine and ii. differentiate between the various
selection: Breeding systems – methods of animal improvement, and
inbreeding, line-breeding, cross- their respective advantages and
breeding, artificial insemination disadvantages.

5. Farm Inputs

e.g. planting materials, agrochemicals, etc. Candidates should be able to:

classify different types of farm inputs and their uses.

6. History of Agricultural Development in Candidates should be able to:

West Africa

a. Agricultural systems e.g. shifting compare various agricultural systems.

cultivation, bush fallowing, etc.

b. Problems of Agricultural development identify the problems, their effects and proffer
e.g. land tenure systems, inadequate solutions
infrastructures, inadequate finance for
agriculture, environmental degradation,
etc.

c. Establishment of national research i. trace the history of research institutes from past
institutes e.g. NCRI, IAR, IAR&T, to present.
CRIN, NIFOR, FRIN, RRI, NRCRI,

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TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES
NIHORT, LCRI, etc. and international ii. assess their role in the development of
research institutes e.g. IITA, ILRI, agriculture.
ICRISAT, WARDA, etc., leading to
increased application of science to the
development of agriculture.

d. Agricultural Development Projects give reasons for the establishment of ADPs.

(ADPs) e.g. RTEP, FADAMA etc.

e. National Agricultural Programmes such evaluate the contributions of national agricultural

as OFN, NAFPP, NALDA, Green programmes.
Revolution, NCRPs, NARP, Project
Coordinating Unit (PCU) etc.

7. Roles of Government and NGOs in Candidates should be able to:

Agricultural Development

a. Development of fiscal policies evaluate the effects of government policies on

favourable to agricultural production agricultural development.
e.g. import duties, ban on importation,
e.t.c.

b. Agricultural laws and reforms e.g. Land identify agricultural laws and their effect on
Use Act. agricultural production.

c. Government programmes aimed at i. identify the various agricultural incentives

agricultural development e.g. subsidies, provided by the government.
credit facilities, e.t.c.
ii. assess their effects on agricultural development.

d. Provision of infrastructures e.g. compare the various infrastructural facilities

transport systems, communication provided by government and their uses.
systems, e.t.c.

e. Contribution of NGOs to agricultural examine the roles of NGOs in the development of

development agriculture.

SECTION B: Agronomy

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES

1. Rocks and Soil formation Candidates should be able to:

a. Rock formation Identify the major types of rocks and their formation.

b. Factors affecting rock weathering and identify major types and properties of soils; factors
soil formation and processes of soil formation.

c. Physical properties of soil differentiate between the horizons in a soil profile.

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TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES

i. Soil profile
i. differentiate between the components of soil.
ii. Soil components, texture and ii. compute the proportion of soil components.
structure iii. analyse soil into its component parts.
iv. determine the water-holding capacity of soil.

d. Chemical properties of soil determine the soil pH.

i. Soil acidity and alkalinity
ii. Chemical components of soil e.g.
silicate

2. Soil Water and Soil Conservation Candidates should be able to:

a. Soil water: its importance, sources, i. compare capillary, gravitational and hygroscopic
movement, management and water.
conservation. ii. determine water-holding capacity, wilting points
and plant available/unavailable water.
iii. Identify the methods of soil water management
and conservation.

b. Soil conservation: meaning and i. identify the causes of erosion and leaching.
importance, causes, effects, ii. determine control methods.
prevention and control of leaching,
erosion, continuous cropping,
burning and oxidation of organic
matter.

c. Irrigation and drainage methods. i. classify irrigation and drainage systems.

ii. examine the importance and challenges of
irrigation and drainage.

3. Soil Fertility Candidates should be able to:

a. Macro and micro-nutrients and their i. classify plant nutrients.

roles in plant nutrition: carbon, water ii. identify factors affecting their availability.
and nitrogen cycles.

b. The living population of the soil examine the roles of soil flora and fauna in
(flora and fauna), and their roles in maintaining soil fertility.
soil fertility.

c. Maintenance of soil fertility: i. compare the different methods of maintaining

Methods of maintaining soil fertility soil fertility.
e.g. use of cover crops, application of ii. differentiate between organic and inorganic
organic manures, etc. fertilizer, and their methods of application.
iii. determine common fertilizer ratios.

d. Nutrient deficiency symptoms e.g. i. identify the deficiency symptoms and their
chlorosis, sickle leaves, stunting, causes.
apical necrosis etc. ii. suggest remedies.

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TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES

4. Land Preparation and Soil Tillage Candidates should be able to:

a. Principles and practices of land i. compare the different methods of land

preparation and soil tillage preparation and soil tillage in relation to
different groups of crops.
ii. state the advantages and the disadvantages of the
different methods of land preparation and soil
tillage.

b. Factors affecting choice of tillage give reasons for the choice of tillage methods.
methods: Zero tillage, minimum
tillage, etc.

5. Plant Forms and Functions Candidates should be able to:

a. Parts of monocot and dicot crop i. identify crop plant parts and their functions.
plants and their functions ii. distinguish between monocot and dicot crop
plants.

b. The anatomy and morphology of the identify various storage organs of crop plants.
storage organs of common crop
plants

6. Growth, Development and Candidates should be able to:

Reproduction

a. Gametogenesis examine the process of gamete formation.

b. Pollination Identify the different types of pollination.

c. Fertilization analyse the process of fertilization.

d. Embryo formation and development trace the process of embryo formation and
development to the formation of seeds and fruits.

7. Plant Propagation Methods Candidates should be able to:

a. Sexual: the use of seeds, seed i. classify crops propagated by sexual methods.
viability, viability test, seed rate and ii. determine seed viability and seed rate.
seed germination iii. differentiate between types of seed germination.
iv. examine the conditions for seed germination.

b. Asexual (vegetative propagation) e.g. classify crops into different vegetative propagation
cutting, budding, grafting, layering, methods.
e.t.c.

c. Nursery and nursery management i. determine appropriate nursery sites, types; their
advantages and disadvantages.
ii. apply the techniques of transplanting seedlings

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TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES
8. Cropping Systems, Planting Patterns Candidates should be able to:
and Plant Densities

a. Cropping systems: Monocropping, i. identify and compare cropping systems.

mixed-, multiple-, inter-, relay-, strip- ii. apply different cropping systems to solve
and rotational cropping problems in agriculture.

b. Planting patterns: differentiate between the various planting patterns.

Broadcasting, row spacing and
drilling

c. Plant densities: single, double and i. examine the various types of plant densities and
multiple stands their effects on crop yield.
ii. compute plant density per hectare.

9. Crop Husbandry Candidates should be able to:

Common and scientific names, gross i. apply the different methods of crop propagation,
morphology, anatomy of storage organs, husbandry, harvesting, processing and storage
methods of propagation, husbandry for each crop.
practices, harvesting, processing and
storage, common diseases and pests, ii. identify common diseases and pests and their
economic importance of the following effects on crop yield.
groups of crops.
iii. determine the economic importance of each of
Group 1: Cereals e.g. maize, guinea corn, the crops.
rice e.t.c.
iv. relate their importance to national economic
Group 2: Legumes e.g. cowpea, development.
groundnut, soyabean e.t.c.

Group 3: Tubers e.g. yam, cassava, sweet

potatoes e.t.c.

Group 4: Vegetables and Spices e.g.

tomatoes, egg plant, pepper,
onions, okra, cabbage,
Amaranthus sp. e.t.c.

Group 5: Fruits e.g. citrus, pineapple,

pawpaw e.t.c.

Group 6: Beverages e.g. cocoa, kola,

coffee e.t.c.

Group 7: Oils e.g. oil palm, coconut, shea

butter e.t.c.

Group 8: Latex e.g. para rubber, gum

arabic e.t.c.

Group 9: Fibres e.g. jute, cotton, sisal

hemp e.t.c.

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TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES

Group 10: Sugars e.g. sugarcane, beet

e.t.c.

10. Pasture and Forage Crops Candidates should be able to:

a. Study of gross morphology, methods i. classify common grasses and legumes used as
of propagation and husbandry of pastures and forage.
common pasture grasses and ii. differentiate between pasture and forage crops
legumes. Establishment, by their common and scientific names.
maintenance, conservation and uses iii. distinguish between the various methods of
of pastures and forage crops. conserving pastures e.g. hay- and silage-
making.

b. Study of natural grasslands and their relate different vegetational zones to their dominant
distribution in West Africa pasture species.

c. Range management determine range types and utilization of range

resources in Nigeria.

11. Floriculture Candidates should be able to:

Identification, establishment, maintenance i. distinguish between common ornamental trees,

and uses of ornamental trees, shrubs and shrubs and flowers.
flowers ii. determine their uses and maintenance.

12. Weeds Candidates should be able to:

a. Gross morphology, methods of i. identify weeds with their common and

reproduction, dispersal and effect of scientific names.
weeds ii. classify weeds according to their mode of
dispersal.
iii. Identify the characteristic features of weeds.

b. Weed control methods – weeding, apply various weed control methods.

mulching, cover cropping, tillage,
herbicides and trap cropping

13. Crop Diseases Candidates should be able to:

a. Identification of disease–causing distinguish between common store and field disease

organisms both in store and in the – causing organisms.
field.

b. A simple account of diseases caused i. relate various disease-causing organisms to the

by fungi, bacteria, nematodes and damage caused, symptoms and their mode of
viruses; symptoms, the nature of the spread.
damage, methods of transmission and ii. apply appropriate control methods.
common methods of control.

c. Side effects of application of relate each control method to its side effect.
preventive and control methods e.g.

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TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES
pollution, poisoning and distribution
of ecosystem.

14. Crop Pests Candidates should be able to:

a. General account of pests of i. identify the various field and store pests.
agricultural plants both in the field ii. assess their economic importance.
and in the store, their types, iii. relate various prevention and control methods
importance, principles and methods to different pests.
of prevention and control

b. Life cycles of: biting insects e.g. i. describe the life cycles of various insects.
grasshopper; boring insects e.g. ii. apply the knowledge of the life cycles of insect
weevils; sucking insects e.g. aphids pests to their prevention and control.
and cotton strainer.

c. Common pesticides and their side i. differentiate between common pesticides.

effects ii. examine their mode of action on pests.

15. Forest Management (Silviculture) Candidates should be able to:

a. Importance: Source of wood, pulp, relate various forest products to their uses.
fibre and other forest products

b. Conservation: regulation, exploitation, i. compare different forest conservation methods.

regeneration, afforestation, agro- ii. apply the various methods appropriately.
forestry and management systems;
taungya, alley, ley, e.t.c.

SECTION C: Animal Production

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES

1. Forms and classification of major farm Candidates should be able to:

animals in West Africa

a. Species, breeds, distribution and uses. i. classify various breeds of farm animals.
ii. locate where they are found.
iii. Identify the uses of different species of farm
animals.

b. External features of cattle, sheep, identify their characteristic features.

goat, pigs, rabbits and poultry

2. General terminologies in animal Candidates should be able to:

production

Common terms used in animal husbandry, distinguish between the various terms in animal
e.g. calving, kidding, castrate, tupping, husbandry.

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TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES
veal, mutton, e.t.c.

3. Anatomy and physiology of farm Candidates should be able to:

animals

a. Functions of tissues and organs of distinguish between various functions of tissues and
farm animals organs of farm animals.

b. Animal body systems e.g. digestive compare different body systems in farm animals.
(ruminants and non-ruminants),
reproductive, respiratory, urinary
(excretory) and nervous systems.

c. Effect of environmental changes on determine the effects of climate change on farm

physiological development of farm animals
animals e.g. climate change
(temperature, relative humidity, light,
e.t.c.)

4. Reproduction in farm animals Candidates should be able to:

a. Gametogenesis, oestrus cycle, signs i. give an account of the process of reproduction

of heat and heat periods, secondary in farm animals.
sexual characters, gestation periods, ii. determine the role of hormones in
parturition and the role of hormones reproduction.
in reproduction.

b. Development, nourishment and birth trace the development in farm animals from
of the young. Mammary glands and fertilization to birth and care of the young.
lactation in farm animals.

c. Egg formation, incubation and trace the process of egg formation and incubation in
hatching in poultry. poultry.

5. Animal nutrition Candidates should be able to:

a. Feed nutrients and functions identify the various feed nutrients, their sources and
functions.

b. Feeds and feeding: Simple ration i. differentiate between the types of animal feeds
formulation – balanced ration, and their formulation.
common pasture/forage crops e.g. ii. relate the various types of rations to different
guinea grass, elephant grass, giant classes of livestock.
star grass. Andropogon sp,
Calopogonium sp. Hay and silage
preparation, different types of rations,
namely maintenance ration and
production ration.

c. Nutrient deficiencies: Causes and i. trace symptoms to nutrient deficiencies in farm

symptoms of malnutrition and their animals.
correction in farm animals. ii. apply appropriate corrective measures to
nutrient deficiencies in farm animals.

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TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES
6. Livestock management Candidates should be able to:

Housing, feeding, sanitation and apply the different management practices for farm
veterinary care of ruminants, pigs, rabbits animals.
and poultry under intensive, semi-
intensive and extensive systems of
management from birth to slaughter.

7. Animal Health Candidates should be able to:

a. Animal diseases (pathology) i. identify diseases of farm animals and causative

i. Environmental factors agents.
predisposing animals to diseases; ii. classify livestock diseases based on symptoms
causal organisms, symptoms, and mode of transmission.
transmission and effects. iii. apply appropriate preventive and curative
ii. Preventive and curative methods measures against diseases caused by these
for diseases caused by viruses, pathogens.
bacteria, fungi and protozoa.

b. Parasites (parasitology) i. classify livestock parasites.

i. Life cycles and economic ii. determine their role in disease transmission.
importance of livestock parasites iii. trace life cycles of parasites from egg to adult
e.g. endoparasites, ectoparasites stage.
and disease vectors.

ii. Prevention and control apply appropriate prevention and control methods
- dipping against livestock parasites.
- spraying
- deworming
- sanitation

8. Fisheries and Wildlife Candidates should be able to:

a. Fish culture systems; Common types i. identify the common types of fishes in West
of fishes e. g Tilapia, Catfish, etc. Africa.

i. Extensive systems: inland and ii. differentiate between various systems of fish
deep-sea fishing, lakes and rivers. farming in West Africa.

ii. Semi-intensive systems: dams iii. determine the factors to be considered in

intensive fish farming.
iii. Intensive systems: fish ponds –

Factors to consider in ponds

establishment and pond
management e.g. pond
fertilization, liming and desilting.

b. Fish harvesting and processing i. assess the advantages and disadvantages of

methods different fish harvesting and processing
methods.
i. Use of drag nets, hook and line, ii. determine the appropriate methods of catching
etc. fish.
ii. Curing, sun-drying and smoking.

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TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES
iii. identify the various methods of fish
preservation.

iii. Fishery regulations identify the various fishery regulations in Nigeria.

c. Wildlife management i. identify animals found in West African game

reserves.
Habitat conservation, feeding, ii. give reasons for the establishment of game
domestication, harvesting, processing reserves.
and wildlife regulations. iii. Identify the common wildlife regulations.

9. Bee-keeping (Apiculture)
Candidates should be able to:

a. Meaning and importance of apiculture relate bee-keeping to economic development.

b. Types of bees e.g. exotic and differentiate between various types of bees.
indigenous bees

c. Methods of bee-keeping e.g. traditional classify methods of bee-keeping.

and modern bee-keeping

d. Equipment and safety measures in bee- identify bee-keeping equipment, their uses and
keeping necessary precautionary measures.

SECTION D: Agriculture Economics and Extension

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES

1. Factors of agricultural production Candidates should be able to:

a. Land i. understand the meaning of land and state its

i. Types of land ownership in West uses.
Africa ii. identify the various forms of land ownership.
iii. examine the effects of land ownership on
agriculture.
iv. differentiate between the various features of
land and their effects on land use.

b. Labour differentiate between the types and sources of labour

and their effects on agricultural production.

c. Capital compare the sources of capital and associated

problems.

d. Management determine the functions of a farm manager in an

agricultural enterprise.

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TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES

2. Basic Economic Principles Candidates should be able to:

a. Demand and supply i. relate demand to supply in agricultural

production.

ii. interpret geographical representation of

demand and supply.

b. Production function: i. relate input to output.

Input/input, Output/output
Input/output relationships; stages of ii. deduce economic concepts from graphic
production, concepts of diminishing representation.
returns, scale of preference and choice.

c. Characteristic Features of Agricultural i. distinguish between the common features of

Production; agricultural production and produce.
Smallness of farm holdings: biological ii. compute elasticity of demand and supply.
limits of farm production and
susceptibility of farm production to
climate, seasonality of farm productions,
price elasticity in demand and supply of
agricultural produce.

3 Labour Management Candidates should be able to:

a. Labour relations: Supervision, etc. identify the various ways of achieving labour
efficiency.

b. Types of labour: Permanent labour etc. differentiate between the various types and sources
of labour.

c. National labour laws and regulations. apply national labour laws and regulations.

4 Farm Management Candidates should be able to:

a. Qualities, functions and problems of a identify the qualities, functions and problems of a
farm manager. farm manager.
b. Records and record-keeping: Types and i. differentiate between the types of farm records.
importance of record-keeping – livestock
records, profit and loss account book. ii. give reasons for keeping farm records.
c. Stock evaluation: determine gross and net margins, appreciation,
depreciation and salvage value
i. gross and net profits in farm
management.
ii. Appreciation, depreciation and savage
value

d. Agricultural insurance: i. examine the relevance of agricultural insurance

i. Meaning, importance and types of ii. determine the appropriate agricultural insurance

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TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES
agricultural insurance scheme

ii. Problems of agricultural insurance determine the problems associated with agricultural
insurance.

5 Marketing of Agricultural Produce Candidates should be able to:

a. Importance of Marketing. evaluate the importance of agricultural marketing

b. Marketing channels. i. classify marketing agents and their functions.

ii. determine the various ways in which
marketing channels pose problems in
agricultural production.

c. Characteristics of agricultural products determine the characteristics of agricultural products

affecting their marketing. affecting their marketing.

6 Agricultural Extension Candidates should be able to:

a. Meaning and importance. identify the importance of agricultural extension.

b. The role of Agricultural Development analyse the roles of government and non-
programmes, universities, research governmental organizations in agricultural extension
institutes and farmers’ organizations education.
(Cooperative societies).

c. Extension methods including differentiate between the various extension methods.

demonstration plots, use of visual aids,
mass media, etc.

d. Problems of agricultural extension in i. examine the problems of agricultural

West Africa and possible solutions. extension in West Africa.
ii. provide possible solutions.

SECTION E: Agricultural Technology

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES

1. Farm surveying and farmstead Candidates should be able to:

planning
examine the relevance of farm surveying to
a. Meaning and importance agriculture.

b. Common surveying equipment, their uses classify common surveying equipment, their uses
and care and care.

c. Common survey methods differentiate between the common survey methods.

d. Principles of farmstead planning. apply survey principles to farmstead outlay.

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Identify the factors to be considered in farmstead

planning.

2. Simple farm tools Candidates should be able to:

i. identify simple farm tools.
ii. use and maintain farm tools.
iii. compare the advantages and disadvantages of
simple farm tools.

3. Farm machinery and implements Candidates should be able to:

a. Types identify common farm machinery and implements.

i. Machinery e.g. tractor, milking
machine e.t.c. i. classify farm machinery according to their
ii. Implements uses.
ii. Operate farm machines and implements.

b. Uses and maintenance of farm machinery apply appropriate maintenance routines on

and implements farm machines and implements.

4. Mechanization and sources of farm Candidates should be able to:

power
a. Sources of farm power e.g. animal and compare the advantages and disadvantages of
machines various sources of farm power and their application.

b. Advantages and disadvantages of distinguish between the advantages and

agricultural mechanization disadvantages of mechanization.

c. Problems and prospects of mechanized assess the problems and prospects of mechanized
agriculture in West Africa agriculture in West Africa.

5. Processing and storage Candidates should be able to:

a. Processing: traditional and modern i. identify the importance of agricultural

methods of food processing e.g. gari, rice processing.
and groundnut processing, etc. ii.differentiate between the various methods of
processing agricultural produce.

b. Storage i. Identify and compare different storage

methods.
ii. apply appropriate storage methods to different
crops.

6. Introduction to biotechnology Candidates should be able to:

Basic terms, e.g. tissue and anther culture i. use basic terms in biotechnology.
in vitro fertilization and genetic ii. provide reasons for the importance and
engineering application of biotechnology.

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7. Application of ICT in agriculture Candidates should be able to:

a. Features of computers identify the various components of a computer.

b. Uses of computers in agriculture: disease

and weather forecasting, ration use the computer to enhance agricultural practices.
formulation, database and simulation
studies, etc.

c. Use of communication gadgets e.g. use communication gadgets to improve agricultural

mobile phone, internet, etc. production.

8. Introduction to agricultural research Candidates should be able to:

and statistics

a. Basic concepts in planning agricultural use basic concepts in agricultural experiments.

experiments e.g. hypothesis, treatment
and control, etc.

b. Interpretation of results, e.g. measures of i. draw inferences from experimental results.

central tendency and experimental errors. ii. compute simple measures of central tendency.

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RECOMMENDED TEXTS

Adeniyi, M. O. et al (1999) Countdown to Senior Secondary Certificate Examination Agricultural Science, Ibadan:
Evans

Akinsanmi, O. (2000) Junior Secondary Agricultural Science, UK: Longman.

Akinsanmi, O. (2000) Senior Secondary Agricultural Science, UK: Longman.

Anthonio, Q. B. O. (1999) General Agriculture for West Africa, London: George Allen

Are, L. A. et al (2010) Comprehensive Certificate Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools, University
Press Plc.

Egbuna, C. K. et al (2014) Extension Modern Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools (2010), Extension
Publication

Emmanuel C. A. (2003) A Dictionary of Agriculture, Benue: Agitab Publisher Makurdi

Falusi, A. O. and Adeleye, I. O. A (2000) Agricultural Science for Junior Secondary Schools Books 1- 3, Ibadan:
Onibonoje

Komolafe, M. F., Adegbola, A. A., Are, L. A. and Ashaye, T. I. (2004) Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary
Schools 1, 2 and 3, Ibadan: University Press Ltd.

Philips T. A. (1986) Agricultural Notebook, Lagos: Longman

STAN (1999) Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools, Lagos: Longman

Daramola A. M. et al (1999) Exam Focus Agricultural Science for SSCE and JME

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