MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY

3rd Quarter Reviewer

Communication
• the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information or to express
your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else
• the exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can result in understanding

Components of Communication

1. Source – imagines, creates, and sends the message

2. Message – the meaning produced by the source for the receiver or audience
3. Channel – the way in which a message travels between source and receiver
4. Receiver – receives the message from the source
5. Feedback – messages the receiver sends back to the source
6. Environment – atmosphere in which messages are sent
7. Context – involves the setting, scenes, and expectations of the individuals involved
8. Interference – also called noise, can come from any source

Media and Information Literacy

Media Literacy
- the ability to read, analyze, evaluate and produce communication in a variety of media forms.

Information Literacy
- the ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, effectively use and communicate information
in its various formats.

Technology (Digital) Literacy

- the ability to use digital technology, communication tools or networks to locate, evaluate, use, and create information.

Evolution of Media

Prehistoric Age
People discovered fire, developed paper from plants and forged equipment or weapon through stone, bronze,
copper and iron.

Industrial Age
People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron production and manufacturing of
various products (including books through the printing press).

Electronic Age
People harnessed the power of electricity that led to electrical telegraphy, electrical circuits and the early large-
scale computers (through vacuum tubes, transistors and integrated circuits). In this age, long distance communication
became possible.

New (Digital) Age

People advanced the use the microelectronics in the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and
wearable technology. In this age, the Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the social
network. Moreover, voice, image, sound, and data are digitalized.

Types of Media

1. Print media – newspapers (tabloid, broadsheet), magazines, flyers, billboards, books, novels, etc.
2. Broadcast media – radio (AM, FM), television
3. Film/cinema – independent productions, mainstream movies
4. Video games – single player, multiplayer, mobile, computer, etc.
5. New media – digital media that are interactive, incorporate two-way communication, and involve some form of
computing

Media Convergence - the merging of different types of mass media such as Traditional Media, Print Media, Broadcast
Media, New Media and the Internet, as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms
Roles and Functions of Communication and Media

Mass Media – refers to channels of communication that involve transmitting information in some way, shape or form to
large numbers of people

Media Effects – are the intended or unintended consequences of what the mass media does

Roles and Functions of Communication and Media

1. Inform citizens of what is happening (monitoring function)
2. Educate the audience (meaning and significance of facts)
3. Provide a platform for public discourse (public opinion and expression of dissent)
4. “Watchdog” role of journalism
5. Channel for advocacy for political viewpoints

Sources of Information

1. Primary Sources
- records of events or evidence as they are first described or actually happened without any interpretation or commentary
- information that is shown for the first time or original materials on which other research is based
- display original thinking, report on new discoveries, or share fresh information

Examples:
theses, dissertations, scholarly journal articles (research based), some government reports, symposia and conference
proceedings, original artwork, poems, photographs, speeches, letters, memos, personal narratives, diaries, interviews,
autobiographies, and correspondence

2. Secondary Sources
- offer an analysis or restatement of primary sources
- often try to describe or explain primary sources
- tend to be works which summarize, interpret, reorganize, or otherwise provide an added value to a primary source.

Examples:
textbooks, edited works, books and articles that interpret or review research works, histories, biographies, literary criticism
and interpretation, reviews of law and legislation, political analyses and commentaries

3. Tertiary Sources
- index, abstract, organize, compile, or digest other sources
- are usually not credited to a particular author
- some reference materials and textbooks are considered tertiary sources when their chief purpose is to list, summarize or
simply repackage ideas or other information

Examples:
dictionaries/encyclopedias (may also be secondary), almanacs, fact books, Wikipedia, bibliographies (may also be
secondary), directories, guidebooks, manuals, handbooks, and textbooks (may be secondary), indexing and abstracting
sources

Camera Techniques
Legal, Ethical, and Societal Issues in Media and Information

Intellectual Property (IP) - refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and
symbols, names and images used in commerce

Types of Intellectual Property

1. Copyright - a legal term used to describe the rights that creators have over their literary and artistic works
2. Patent - an exclusive right granted for an invention; provides the patent owner with the right to decide how - or whether
- the invention can be used by others
3. Trademark - a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises
4. Industrial Design - constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article; may consist of three-dimensional
features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two-dimensional features, such as patterns, lines or color
5. Geographical Indications and Appellations of Origin - signs used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and
possess qualities, a reputation or characteristics that are essentially attributable to that place of origin
Intellectual Property Laws in the Philippines
1. RA 8293 (Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines) – shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists,
inventors, artists and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the
people, for such periods as provided in this Act
2. RA 10173 (Data Privacy Act of 2012) – one’s personal data is treated almost literally in the same way as their own
personal property, and thus should never be collected, processed and stored by any organization without your explicit
consent, unless otherwise provided by law
3. RA 10175 (Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012) - sanctions content-related offenses performed using a computer
system, such as cybersex, child pornography, and libel
4. RA 10627 (Anti-Bullying Act of 2013) - finds applicability in school-related bullying, student-student bullying in particular,
which covers those uttered in social media

Fair Use
- means you can use copyrighted material without a license only for certain purposes
- includes commentary, criticism, reporting, research, and teaching

Guidelines for Fair Use

1. Most of the content you create must be your own.
2. Give credit to the copyright holder.
3. Don't make money off the copyrighted work.

Creative Commons
- an American non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon
legally and to share
- released several copyright-licenses known as Creative Commons licenses free of charge to the public

Creative Commons Guidelines

1. Attribution: You must credit the creator.
2. Non-Commercial: You can't make a profit.
3. No Derivative Works: You can't change the content.
4. Share Alike: You can change the content, but you have to let other people use your new work with the same license as
the original.

Digital Citizenship
- the norms of appropriate, responsible technology use (http://www.digitalcitizenship.net/)
- a holistic and positive approach to helping children learn how to be safe and secure, as well as smart and effective
participants in a digital world

Netiquette
- set of rules for behaving properly online
- respecting other users’ views and displaying common courtesy when posting your views to online discussion groups

1. Remember the human.

2. Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life.
3. Know where you are in cyberspace.
4. Respect other people’s time and bandwidth.
5. Make yourself look good online.
6. Share expert knowledge.
7. Help keep flame wars under control.
8. Respect other people’s privacy.
9. Don’t abuse your power.
10. Be forgiving of other people’s mistakes.
Plagiarism
- the act of using another person's words or ideas without giving credit to that person
- the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own

Types of Plagiarism

(Sources Not Cited)

1. The Ghost Writer – the writer turns in another’s work, word-for-word, as his or her own
2. The Photocopy – the writer copies significant portions of text straight from a single source, without alteration
3. The Potluck Paper – the writer copies from several different sources, tweaking the sentences to make them fit together
while retaining most of the original phrasing
4. The Poor Disguise – the writer has altered the paper’s appearance slightly by changing key words and phrases
5. The Labor of Laziness – the writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from other sources and make it all fit
together
6. The Self-Stealer – the writer “borrows” generously from his or her previous work

(Sources Cited but Still Plagiarized)

1. The Forgotten Footnote – the writer mentions an author’s name for a source, but neglects to include specific
information on the location of the material referenced
2. The Misinformer – the writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it impossible to find them
3. The Too-Perfect Paraphrase – the writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in quotation marks on text that has
been copied word-for-word, or close to it
4. The Resourceful Citer – the writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations appropriately, but the
paper contains almost no original work
5. The Perfect Crime – the writer properly quotes and cites sources in some places, but goes on to paraphrase other
arguments from those sources without citation

Digital Divide
- a term that refers to the gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern information and
communications technology (ICT), and those that don't or have restricted access
- can include the telephone, television, personal computers and internet connectivity

Prepared by:

Mr. Jonathan V. Villabroza

Teacher I