CHAPTER 1.2 HISTORY OF SCIENCE & TECHNCLOGY (Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of science and technology) To merely understand the discoveries and inventions | Learning Outcomes: that scientists and |> Discuss the interactions technologists have made is between S&T and society Bet es ate throughout history. scientific research, we must : OFF See. its beneite and |2 Discuss how scientific and consequences affecting our technological developments way of life here and now and affect society and the in the future. Throughout eiviroitient, history, science can be sf . viewed. as a continuous |” Identify the paradigm expansion at the expense of shifts in history religion, philosophy and the humanities. Hence, the ways and processes science undertake to produce changes and transformations must be conscientiously scrutinized.et IN THE WORLD: ANCIENT, MIDDLE AND MODERN AGES although recorded as the longest period in the history of men, this period of history is the least we mow about Time and circumstances practically left mo historical evidences of how people lived here and there Batause written records of any lind began from only 5,000 years ago, Ghronclogical events were documented Jengely based om deductions from archaeological findings. Therefore, anything prior to the rst written counts of history is prehistoric. Stone Age (Paledlithic Age, Mesolithic Age and Neolithic Age) — ‘prehistoric period in which stone was widey used ac implements for Imunting. Started during the 6000 BC and ended 2000 BC. Paleolithic Age - consisted of hunter gatherer civilizations ‘hat utilized primitive stone tools +H erectus willed and controlled fire. It was generated through percussion method snd used te ‘produce heat for warmth and for cooking. + idencee of thing, painting sculptures carvings /engravings Mesolithic Age ~ transitional period that gave way to the rise of ehifting- farming civilizations Usage of miosolithe, small stone tools made of fint used as spearheads and arrowheads + Evidences of construction euch a + Developed complex: evidences of numeric counting + Development of metallurgy and ‘metalworking, the art and science of ewvacting mineral ores and smodifjing them for practical use, + Invention of the wheel, primarily ‘in malcing pottery. PREHI6TORIC PERIOD > Furst civizations emerged independently slong the river valleys of Mesopotamia (Tignie-Euphrates Valley), Eeypt (Nile Valley), China (Huang Ho Valley) and India (Inca Valley) » People of the first civilizations developed science and technology az implements in ther search for food and other survival needs, » Barly hominids and primitive human used stone tools > Stone ge and Metal Age Metal Age Bronze Age ~ characterized by the use of ‘copper and tin az the chief materials im the production of implements such as ‘weapons and utensils, Whed was used as implement for transportation mechanics Irom Age - characterieed by the widespread use of iron and stesl whish was used and ‘modified for use such as in religious practices, agricultural usage, artistic toole and weapons and armors,systems and record ecring. ‘The ancient times saw the rise of the worlds first great civilizations. Science and technology during this peried have diverted from being solely for survival needs but also to satisfy curiosity. During this period, Imowledge became increasingly available dus to the creation of proper writing ‘Sumerian Civilization + Invented the world’s first writing system called cunciform; a set of word pictures depicted in symbols made of triangular marks. + Standardized measuring following the sexapesimal (60 as bass) system of counting, ¢g 60 mine is 60 seconds, Eayptian Civilization + Developed the first crude and early version of paper fom the plant papyrus. + Writing was in the form of pictorial symbols Imown as hieroglyphic. + The Pyramids of Giza wonder of he Ancient World) was built during the Golden Age of Sart. Roman Civilization Emperor Hadrian designed the Pantheon, The Colosseum war bult during the reign of Vespasian for gladistorial contests. Vespasian also implemented a public ural system called yespasiano, Babylonia was the ancient region herdering ‘Tigris and Euphrates river, which ance served as the center of commerce and religion in the valley. During the mule of Nebuchadnezzar II the Hanging Gardens of Babylon one of the 7 wonders of the ancient werld) was built ‘Minoan Civilization Situated in the Island of Crate with Knossos as its capital. The Mimomn’s seript qystem was called Linear A, which has not been fully deciphered, ‘Arabic/lalamic Civilization. The Arabic cities prospered by exploiting their strategic location. Muhammad founded tae religion Tolam at the Holy City of Mecca In technology, the Arabs were the first to use glass lens for magnification, (Chinese Civilization + Acupuncture was used to treat nesses + Royal astronomer Chang Heng, invented the earthquake ‘weathercock (which is now the modem-day ssismograph) + Cai Lum invant the paper and the Greece served ax the foundation of cultural and Philosophical development in the wart Thales of WSletus ~ Pather of Philosophy, said that mature war composed ef or conversible ta Anauazerar~ arguad shat matter waz compared of countless tiny particles Enpedocies ~ viated that nature of earth, fire, air and water Hippocrates — Pather of Greck Medicine, wat fret to regard medicine az ccience apart trom ‘sagen Galen Grane phycician, mace the Sect seeps for the advancement of anatomy. Ansodle~segarded az Father of many sciences, pioneered ard discovered information on variety, Archimasies ~ performed experiments ‘which led te the discovery of the laws of levers and pulleys that rerulied in the Eevention ‘of machines mhereef. Paper-maicins process.le ae ‘MEDIEVAL ERA ‘The Middle Ages is generally imown as the period between the Ancient Times and the Modern Tinaes. It witnessed the rise of the Christian empire of Byzantium; the Islamic empire of the dvsbs: the Tine dynasty in China; Nara culture in Japan; and the Mayans in Central America ‘The power of the Catholic Church served az a unifying force in Europe. The most notable invention during the Medieval Bra was the Printing Press of Johannes Gutenberg in Germany. It was the frst movable metal pe printing press. The Gutenberg Bible, was recorded as the ‘world’s oldest mechanically printed book. RENASSAINCE ERA Renaissance is the history of waste Europe which served as the period of rebirth. This period regarded the Publication of books and the teennalosy of Printing most impact, The renirth began Twi he publication of two books which shook the ancient foundations of dnowiedge, Nicolaus Copernicus — Polish astronemer ‘eho published On the Revolutions af Heavenly Spheres. it challenged the centuries-old geocentric universe of Piolemy. Copenicus proposed the heliocentric theory of the universe which was not readily accepted and sctualyy rejected by the Catholis Church, ‘Andreea Veosliua — recognized as the founder of modem medicine, surgeon and mutomist Vesalus published On the Fabric of the Human Body, Vesalius laid out in’ detail the firet scientifically accurate deseription of human anatomy. Leonardo da Vinci ~ was a great Talon cgtiet and inventor. He anticipated and drew up plans of future inventions such as the hheticopter, submarine, machine gun and motor ca. Galileo Galilei - was a major scientist prosecuted by the Church for hasty fupporting the eiccentrie system, He conducted scientific expariments on gravity fad falling objects, improved the telescope and discovered celestial bodies. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (17% Century) One legacy of the Rensissance that pushed forward the spread of acientific Imowladge war ‘the emphasis on the supremacy of reason over yeligion. And while no conflict existed between science and religion, Galleo's defense of the Copernican Theory launched the Scientific Revolution, Francis Bacon - English statesman who ‘promoted observation and eqerimentation a= the proper way of deductive reasoning in the conduct of scientific method. Tycho Brahe - Danich astronomer who studied geometric calculations and mathematical precision: on celestial observations. Johannes Kepler — German astroncmer who made the “crucial discovery thet orbits of planets were not circular but elliptical, based 6 the works of Brahe, John Napier — Scottish mathematician who Yonac Newton — English physicist who arrived at theories on revolutionary hypotheses on astronomy and physics. Invented calculus. Explained the properties of light in the bookz meas So te — tity cairn ane aes ees, ee eee in clocks. = improved the magnification Hana Li cf telescopes. Jan Swammerdam — invented microscope and Giscovered red blood corpuscles. Anthony van Leeuwenhoek - invented snioroscope and discovered animaloules. William “Harvey - published diagrams of Inman circulatory system. Robert Hooke - discovered celle, a term that ‘ne used to refer to thin layers of cari under his microscopeBvangelista mathematician barometer, INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION _(18* Century] From the dewn of history. people relied con physical Inbor, either directly or with fools held or with animals guided by Juman hands. Gradually, power of production was supplied by human muscle with assistance fom simple machines, The phenomenal process of doing work fom human muscles to matiines wes aptly called Industrial Revolution, James Watt — Scottish engineer who invented the Svet satisfactory condensing Toriceli - —_ttalian ‘who invented the steam engine Benjamin Franklin — American statesman who experimented on eles Luigi Galvani pioneered Bigslectromagnatio by putting to Gifwrent metal: im contact with for muscle ‘Alessandro Volta - Italian physicist who ‘successfully invented electric battery. ‘Michael Faraday — British physicist who conducted ‘experiments en electromagnetism and in accordance with Ousted and Ampere's works, eventually inventing the first dynamo. Hans Osreted — Danizh scientist who ‘nd expanded Faraday's works Ieading to the invention of electric motor ‘Andre Ampere — French physicist who explained magnetic affect. ‘Samuel Morse — used clectromamets snd practically produced the frst {telegraph and developed the Morse Code system of signals ‘Alexander Graham Boll — invented the telephone and carried out the frst telephone conversation ‘Thomas Edison - invented the incandaseent light bulb, phonograph, motion picture equipment among others, Heinrich Hertz, - produced electromagnetic waves through space and utilized them to broadcast and receive dio waves. ‘Marconi - adapted Herte's works and crested a system of radiotelegraphy, ‘which became basis of the modem radio. George Stephenson - developed the first steam-powered locomotive i97H CENTURY 10th centixy wiinessed the vise of modern industry. An unending stream of mew products drove the emerging world. This century was considered ac the age of machine tools Jobn Dalton - published the atomic theory. Lonis Pasteur — developed pasteurization, a method of food preservation by ling bacteria. Dmitri Mendeleev - formulated the Periodic Table of Elements Hermann von Helmholtz — invented the ophthalmoscope. Henri Becqueral - discovered radioactivity. Marie Curie & Pierre Curie — discovered the Slement radium, ‘Joseph Thomson - discovered clectron. Harl Benz - made the first automobile Rudolf Diesel - developed the frst diesel engine 20TH CENTURY 20th century is one of the most noticesble in history in terms of technological advancements and scientific discoveries. With extensive use of the scienliic method and research finding, science and technology progressed rapidly. The Space Race betwesn USA and Soviet Union proved thet the sky is not the limit, with expeditions of men reaching fa far as the moon, Astronomy Big Beng and Steady State Theory - explained the origin and evolution of the Space probes closely observed the planets launched by the Soviet Union in 1957 ‘Yuri Gagarin — the first man to joumey in outer spare Neil Armstrong - first human to walk in another celestial bed, the moon, through the ‘Apollo 1 mission.> DNA Stmeture - the double helix was determined and clucidated by the Rosalind Franidin, Maurice Willins, James Watson and Francis Crick, ‘Vaeeine - the first vaccine was developed by Jonas Salk for polio. Spanish Flu — lolled an appronimate of 20 to 100 milion people from 1912-1919. HIV a viral cisease which arose in Arica and results in AIDS. Engineering and Prectuction Home appliances increaced dvamatically ue to the svallabiity of electricity. Washing machines, dryers, reirigeraters, Geetric stoves and vacuum cleaners ‘became popular. Cassette tapes, transistor radio, CDs, VCRs and VHS were made. New materials such as stainless steel, Velcro, silicone, Teflon, polyethylene, nylon, PUC became widespread in application. Thousands of chemicals were developed for industy and home application. Physics and Chemistry ‘Abert Einstein explained physical phenomena and published his Theory of Estey Wolfgang Pani — developed the Pauth Eontision principle, cnplaising the state of electrons in an stom in quantum state Woes naesten keine J quantum mechanios and published Sacertainty Principle Gilbert Lewis ~ suggested that a chemical ond is a paix of electrons shared by tro toms. Levis Structures. Miele Bohr ~ proposed the Bohr model of heaton Social Sciences Ivan Pavlov — proposed the theory of Classical Conettionine. IW re Wont: Ancien, IDOLE ANO MODERN AGES Technology Computers were developed and improved from the classical abacus Intel developed a microprocessor that mate computers smaller, cheaper, and more user-friendly Bill Gates founded Microsoft, which would eventually tum out to be one of the biggest corporations in techno-science Steve Jabs & Steve Womiak introduced Apple in 1976. Internet was created for defenserslated research imown as ARPANet or Advanced Research Projects Aggy Network. ‘Tim Bemers Lee invented the World Wide Web. Henry Ford devised a system of mast production for Model T in 1908 which made cars availahle and affordable to the Artificial Intelligence was invented that gave computers the capacity to perform human-like intellectual processes. Mader Al festures specifically desimed computers that can respond similarSy t humans.History OF STS IN THE PHILIPPINES: PRECOLONIAL S&T There is a very lle liable written information about Philippine society, culture and technology before the arrival ot the Spaniards in 1521. The ear Fuipinos had attained a generally simple level of technological development, compared With those of the Chinese and Japanese, but this was suiliient for their needs af thet period of ime. Rrchacslopicd ndings indicate that tedam men fom the Acian manland fst San See get meee eee Chemals to ive in Palmwan and Baton Ground £0,000 years ago, Fer about 40,000 Juea) ny me Stata tone © wenpone WF stine Waeer but eventually developed fechniques for sawing, drling and polishing hard stones: Filner ad also learned to build boats for fhe coastal trade. By the tenth century AcD., ths had baci a highly developed technology. In fact, the early Spanish Ghroniclers took neta of the reed panic bout warship called earncoe, These bosts wore wal sited be bei bale ae By the tenth century A.D., the inhabitants of Butuan were trading with Champs fMietnam those of Mat (Mindoro) wat China. These indicate that regular trade relations “and barter between tet countries had been wall established during {he tenth to te hiteentn centuries By the time the Spaniards came to colonies fhe Philippines in 1505; they found many scattered, autonomous wllage communities (caled barangays) al over the archipelaep These were Henahip geups of saciat unis rather than political units, Gn ta winle, tne precdoniel Filpinos were sl fighly ‘supersious. The Epeniaeas Soe eeepc er platen Srership. Aithough the Fipinos bnew how ree en wa ee eer cen gate ae teybeyin, tis was manly used for TERE ot ies. Thr tam ot te have developed a writen literary tradition tt that tne SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD (1521-1898) in 1521, Ferdinand Magellan discovered the Fhilippines for Spain. The colonization ‘has largely contributed to the development of S&T im the country. The beginnings of modem scence and technology in the Philippines can be traced to the Spanish xegine, The Spaniards established schools, ‘hospitals and started scientific research and these Had important consequences for the wise of the countrys professions. Several expeditions from Mexico have been sant for yeligous conversion In 1571, Manila was established as the capital of the central government of the Gavemar-ganeral. Taere was very litte develonment in Philippine agriculture and industry during the frst two centuries of Spanish rule. This ‘was largely due to the dependence of the Spanish colonizers on the profits from the Galleon cr Manila-Acepulco trade, which Jasted from 1565 fo 1813, Roads for horses and coaches were built to connect provinces and towns. Stone churches were built az religious centers Stone walls and fortifications wore also “built. Son Lazaro Hospital in Manila is considered the cldest in the Far East, established in 1578 and still exists today. In 1602, Roman alphabet was introduced and ‘Spanish and Tagalog texts were published. Academic institutions were mandated to be ‘built, snd this sparked the progress of science in the country. The frst educational Jn 1802, Becuela de Nautica was organized and offered courses in navigation, meteorclogy and cosmology. ES / ES‘Throughout the Spanish regime, the royal and pontifical University of Santo Tomas remained as the highest institution of Jeaming. Run by the Dominicans, it war established at a college in 1611 by Fray Miguel de Benavides. It initially granted degrees in ‘theology, philosophy and humanities In 1876, the UST granted the bachelor's deges in phanmacy to its Grst six graduates in the school of pharmacy. Among them was Leon Ma Guerrero, ‘who is ususlly referred to as the "Father of Fhilippine Fharmacy" because of his extensive work on the medicinal plants of the Philippines and their uses. Fagher education during the Spanith regime ‘was generally viewed with suspicion and feared by the colonial authorities as encouraging conspiracy and rebellion smong the mative Filpinos. Fer this reason, only the more daring and parsevering students were able to undertaice advantaged studies ‘The prosperity that resulted fom increased commerce betwen the Philippines and the rest of the world through the Suez Canal enabled Filipino students to gv te Europe for professional advanced studies. These included Jose Rizal who was able to pursue studies in Medicine and specialize = in ophihslmology in Spain and Germany; Graciano Apacible who studied medicine in Madrid: Antonio Luna who obtained his PhD. in pharmacy in Madrid and Inter worked with ranotmed scientists in Ghent and Paris; Jose Algienrino who too up engnedring i Belgium, and others Meteorological studies were promoted by Jeruits who founded the Manila Observatory in 1865. The Observatory colleeted and made avaliable typhoon and climatological observations. Thess observations grew in umber and importance co that by 1879, it became possible for Fr. Federico Faura to issue the rst public typhoon weming In 1901, the Observatory was made a antral station of the Philippine Weather Bureau which was set up by the American eslonial authorities rapidly during the American regime. This was made possible by the simultaneous government encouragement and Support for an extensive public education syste. The Americans introduced 2 system of ‘secularized public school education as soan as lull govemment wae set up in the islands. On 21 January 1901, the Filippine Commission, Which acted as the exccutive and legclative body for the Philippines until 1907, promulgated Act No. 74 cresting a Department of Public Instruction in the Philippines, It provided for the establishment of schools that ‘would give free primary education, with English 5 the medium of instruction Subsequent establishment of public educational institutions eventually led to the creation of the drst state university in the county, University of the Philippines. ‘Act im 1935 cresting the National Research (Council of the Philippine Islands (NCP). Aside from working for the promotion of scientific research, the NECP actively participated in the Gelbersiions and drafting of provisions affecting science and industry in the 1054 (Constitutional Convention COMMONWEALTH ERA In 1938, the Philippine Commonwealth was inaugurated and ushered im a period of fwansition to political independence. The Constitution asloowiedged the importance of promoting scientific development for the economic development ty incorporating a provision [faticle XI, Section 4) The State ‘Shall promote scientific research and invention, Bris and Letters shall be under its patronage." Tae government, which was by this time completely under Filipins management, continued to expand its public school system £2 eecommodate the increasing number of schoolehildren. On the whole, higher eduction was provided mainly by the private sector. By 1986, there were 425 private schools recomized by the government, 64 of which we institutions at the College level and 7 were universities. These were Canto Escolar University, Far Easter University, National University,> Philippine Women's University, Silliman University, University of Manila and the University of Santo Tomas. Together with the University of the Philiprines these had a total of 19,975 college students in all universities in the country In spite of all these efforts, the Commonweaith government was unable to achieve its goal of economic self reliance. This was primarily becouse foreign trade and tariff policies remained under the contral of the American government, Moreover, the Pacific War fpeslee out im 1941 and the Philippines was occupied by Japanese troops. ‘The occupation of the Philippines by the Japanese during the War brought educational and scientific activities practically to 2 halt as able bodied Gtisens joined the resistance movement. Manila, which was the center of all educational and scientific activities, was rend to the ground, destroying everything that had been built up before i was im this condition thet the Philippines became an independent state SINCE INDEPENDENCE ‘The Science Act crested the National Science Development Board (NSDB) to fomaulate policies for the development of scionee and coordinate the work of science agendes. In 1982, NSDS was further reorganized into 'a National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) composed of four research and Deelopment Councils; Failipine Counc for Agriculture and Resources Research snd Development; Philippine Counel fer Industry and Energy Research Development; Philippine Councl for Health Research and Development and the NRCP. In 1987, lander Aquino’s administration, the NSTA ‘was reorganized into the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). DOST iss centyal agency manated to provide direction, leadership and coordination of al scientiis and technological activities inthe country es INTHE PHILIPPINES < Science Education Institutions (SEI) wes crested fo accomplish the task of administering scholarships, awards and grants in S&T and ‘formulating plans for the promotion and development of S&T Science and Technology Information Institute was craated to establish and develop 2 S8T databank and brary. Fhilippine Council for Advanced Science and Technology Research and Development was a sectoral council of the DOST tasked for the jon of @ national system of advance S&T. Philippine Atmosphere Geophysical and Astronaut Services Administration wa established to give envionmental protection and utlize scientific information to ensure safety of tae nation. CURRENT STATE OP Sef IN THE PHILIPPINES. According to the Technology Index of 1982, the S&T in the Philippines is defined to be -O.1 compared to the USS, the worlds technclogy leader, which is 100. Tas technology index iz Gefmed as the average of the sum of the number of patente and registration of new designs, technology trade, value added in manufacturing and the export of technclogy- intensive goods. The Fhilippines also ranks ow in terms of technological capacity. This is sean in the shortage of scientists and engineers doing RAD (research and development), and of the inadequate national resources and budget devoted to R&D. all these factors translate to ihe, mabe paiea! gented! Ga the Philippines, which Wewise indicates litle or no ecenemic significance, With regarde to the type of bacie technologies: Materials Technology, Equipment Technology, Energy Technologies Information Technologies, Life Technologies and Management Technologes, the Fhilippines has only @ pre-operative capability in the third. ‘wave of development in these technologies,