A Advance stick for visually people based on IOT
Chapter 1
Introduction
The study of previously developed systems and analysis of it, let us to define a newly
equipped system which could overcome the disadvantages of the previous systems. So therefore
using the existing technologies we provide a better solution to the stated problem. There are so
many blind people in the society, who are suffering from exercising the basic things of daily life
and that could put lives at risk while travelling. There is a necessity these days to provide security
and safety to blind people. There have been few devices developed so far to help the blind people.
The blind stick is integrated with ultrasonic sensor along with light and water sensing devices. Our
proposed project first uses ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles without touching it using ultrasonic
waves. On sensing obstacles the sensor passes this data/8 to the microcontroller. The
microcontroller then processes this data and calculates if the obstacle is close enough.
In the circuit, a buzzer is attached as a warning signal, whose beep frequency changes
depending on the distance of the target. The smaller the obstacle gap, the more frequent the beep
buzzer is. We can say the length of the beep is inversely proportional to the size. The ultrasonic
sensor is the main feature of this device. The ultrasonic sensor transmits a sound pulse at high
frequency, and then measures the period to obtain the sound echo signal to mirror back. There are
2 circles inside the sensor. One of them transmits the ultrasonic waves and serves as the
transmitter.
An Intelligent Mobility Cane, or “Smart Cane” is a cane designed for the visually
impaired which can offer the user the ability to navigate their surroundings, rather than simply
avoid hitting things. To record information about the obstacles presence in a road, active or passive
sensors can be used. In case of a passive sensor, the sensor just receives a signal. It detects the
reflected, emitted or transmitted electro-magnetic radiation provided by natural energy sources. In
case of using an active sensor, the sensor emits a signal and receives a distorted version of the
reflected signal. It detects reflected responses from objects irradiated with artificially generated
energy sources. These kind of active sensors are capable of sensing and detecting far and near
obstacles. In addition, it determines an accurate measurement of the distance between the blind and
the obstacle.
In our work we tried to overcome some of disadvantage:
• We designed stick to detect obstacles.
• The training of our product isn’t as expensive as training in other product. Our training is
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just description of stick component and usage position.
• We use two facilities to transmit information to the blind. We integrated vibration motor in
the hand of stick and buzzer to alert the obstruction.
• We achieved very fast response time in average dista≤n1c0e0 cm before hitting the
obstacles.
Objective
The main objective is to help visually challenged people to navigate with ease using
advance technology. In this technology controlled world, where people strive to live
independently, this project proposes an ultrasonic stick for blind people to help them gain personal
independence. Since this is economical and not bulky, one can make use of it easily.
Problem Statement
Helping the blind in navigation outdoors as well as indoors is an important issue. Being
self-dependent is the most important trait in an individual in the modern world. The existing
systems help the visually impaired people but they are not effective enough. These systems could
not detect the obstacles they would encounter while moving forward. They are mostly for the
obstacles just lying around. The proposed system will thus aim to solve all these issues and help to
make their lives easy and simple.
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Chapter 2
Literature survey
Approach suggested for use of a blind smart stick without eyes: danger identification,
artificial vision and GPS real time support. With GPS, an artificial intelligence tool, danger
recognition and an audio circuit this system works. The reference stick is used for the indoor and
outdoor use of the blind person. In addition to a GPS navigation system, it has an obstacle detection
system. The GPS navigation system is ready to help people on their way. The hazard identification
programs and GPS navigation programs are processed using a raspberry pi. Audio feedbacks are
provided to the consumer for navigation and obstacle detection [1]. The camera in this project is on
the individual's head; an algorithm is used to spot obstacles. The platform actually uses ultra-sonic
sensors to detect obstacles. The GPS device allows you to hit the correct location. Once an obstacle
is reached or we hit the speech circuit of destination should trigger supplying a sort of expression.
Subsystems are connected to a microcontroller which executes the operations and schedules them.
Themachine is inexpensive. The accuracy is big. Nevertheless, the difficulty of the concept is high
[2]. A similar study for the unsightly utilizes bursts echoes methodology to provide a warning sound
when the hazards are found. The United States Military uses this technique to monitor the
submarines. The signals hit a hard surface and vary from 21 KHz to 50 KHz. Nevertheless, a strong
demand is met [3]. A further review took into account the efficiency and flexibility of our low-cost
design. A user friendly android platform has been created. Blind people still keep alert at the buzzer
duration and listen to noises. The sound search on Google Maps is extremely accurate and
confidential, not for finding places such as shutdown houses, but for the detection of barriers. Thus,
the software is affordable, quick to use and features a simple design capable of integrating new
technologies [4]. This research requires an ultra-sonic stick powered with GPS. The stick has GPS
which has a SD memory card and holds different locations The person sets the path by means of
GPS to guide the individual to his / her destination [5]. To visually impaired people, a smart stick
has been built to help identify obstacles using infrarot, ultrasonic and water sensors. With the
assistance of these sensors, obstacles within the distance of around 3 m can be observed [6].
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Sr.
Publication Detials Work carried out so far
No.
For the thorough development of the brainy wheel chair
device for Blind Using Raspberry Pi, we need to go
through each and every technical aspect related to it. This
chapter provides an introduction to the area of research. A
Brainy wheel chair for physically and
1) visually impaired Brief Study and Survey has been carried out to understand
various issues related to the project, which involves
providing a smart electronic aid for blind people to
provide artificial vision and object detection, real time
assistance via GPS module by using Raspberry Pi .
Moving ahead from the simple white cane the first
electronic blind stick which got a wide popularity
is the Benjamin C5 Laser cane[ 2] .Thereafter comes
the use of the Mowat sensor which uses the ulstasonic
2)
Smart Stick for Visually Impaired for detection of any obstacle[3]-[4]. Just as the Mowat
sensor there is also one other type of ETA popularly
known as the Sonic Path finder which has two
transmitting and three receiving transducers for
detection of the obstacle
Physically challenged persons those who are suffering
from different physical disabilities face many challenging
problems in their day-to-day life for commutating from
one place to another and even sometimes they need to
Design of Voice Controlled Smart
3) Wheelchair for have to be dependent on other people to move from one
Physically Challenged Persons place to another. There have been many significant efforts
over the past few years to develop smart Wheelchair
platforms that could enable the person for its ease of
operation without any ambiguity.
An efficient reintegration of the disabled people in the
family and society should be fulfilled; hence it is strongly
needful to assist their diminished functions or to replace
4) Smart Cane Assisted Mobility for the the totally lost functions. Assistive technology helps in
Visually Impaired
neutralizing the impairment. Recent advancements in
embedded systems have opened up a vast area of research
and development for affordable and portable assistive
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devices for the visually impaired.
The objective of this study is to improve the quality of
life for the visually impaired by restoring their ability to
self-navigate. In this paper we describe a compact,
wearable device that converts visual information into a
5) A Navigation Aid for the Blind Using tactile signal. This device, constructed entirely from
Tactile-Visual Sensory Substitution
commercially available parts, enables the user to perceive
distant objects via a different sensory modality.
Preliminary data suggest that this device is useful for
object avoidance in simple environments
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Chapter 3
Requirement analysis
Software Requirement
1) Arduino IDE
2) Programming language :- Embedded C
Hardware requirement
1) Ultrasonic Sensor HPSR04:-
Features :
1) Supply Voltage:5V(DC)
2)Supply Current:15mA
3)Distance: 2cm-400cm
4)Output: 0-5V(output High when Obstacle detected in Range)
2) Arduino Nano
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Features
1) Processer : ATmega328p
2)Storage : Flash,EEPROM
3)Memory: SPRAM
4)Digital I/O Pin: 14
5)USB:mini-USB Type –B
6)Operating Voltage:5 Volts
3) Buzzer
Features
1) The Frequency range is 3,300Hz
2) Operating temperature ranges from- 20 Degree C to +60 degree C
3)The Supply Current is below 15mA
4)The sound pressure level is 85dBA or 10cm.
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Chapter 4
Project Design
E-R model Diagram
Figure.4.1 E-R model Diagram
Block Diagram
Figure 4.2.1 Block Diagram level 1
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Block Diagram level 2
Figure 4.2.2 Block Diagram level 2
Flow chart Of Proposal
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Chapter 5
Existing system
The main aim of this project is to provide a simple, affordable yet an efficient solution for
the visually impaired. The idea behind the design of the stick was to keep it structurally similar i.e.
Thin, lightweight and easy to handle, yet give an active feedback to the user regarding hazards in his
walking path. The smart white cane uses the ultrasonic sensors arranged in such a way that it detects
pits, potholes, downfalls, a staircase ( up and down), low lying and knee level obstacles and even
those above the waist. The user is notified about the same by the pre-recorded sound messages and a
haptic feedback in form of vibrations. This can considerably alleviate the risk of the user injuring
himself.so avoid this acciendent we try to modify this stick. Which will be more easy to use for
blind people and more help full for there family to get known the location of user with the help of
gps.
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Chapter 6
Proposed system
We have many reasons to design smart stick for blind; firstly, the blind to feel free, isn't
surrounded by wires as in belt and its content. Secondly, is easy to use because it is familiar and
affordable. Thirdly, to be able to detect obstacles that exist on the ground (this is not available in
glasses), which he walks indoor and outdoor is faced by obstacles such as puddles and sidewalks.
As we can see in Fig. 3 an Arduino UNO is used to control all the sensors. The complete board is
powered by a 9V battery which is regulated to +5V using a 7805 Voltage regulator. The Ultrasonic
sensor is powered by 5V and the trigger and Echo pin is connected to Arduino UNO pin 9 and 10
The output of the board is given by the Buzzer which is connected to pin 11 and Motor which is
connected to pin 13.
Ultrasonic sensor, arduino are tested individually as well as integrated. As ultrasonic sensors work
on principle of echo, studying of its reflection on different obstacle is very important. The
measurement cycle starts with transmitting the 10µs high level pulse to the sensor trigger pin to start
ranging (T1), then the sensor will send out ultrasonic signal with 40 kHz and 450µs (T2) and then
wait to capture the rising edge output by echo port (T3) from 150µs: 25ms, depending on measured
distance as . In case of no obstacle (no signal reflected) it waits 38ms before it restarts transmission.
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We have many reasons to design smart stick for blind; firstly,
the blind to feel free, isn't surrounded by wires as in belt and its content. Secondly, is easy to
use because it is familiar and affordable. Thirdly, to be able to detect obstacles that exist on the
ground (this is not available in glasses), which he walks indoor and outdoor is faced by obstacles
such as stairs, puddles and sidewalks. The smart stick, as shown in Fig. 2, is basically an
embedded system integrating the following: pair of ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles in front of
the blind from ground level height to head level height in the range of 400 cm a head, infrared
sensor to detect upward and downward stairs. Ultrasonic sensors and infrared sensor collect real
time data
and send it to 18F46K80 microcontroller. After processing this data, the microcontroller actives the
motor to vibrate and invokes the right speech warning message stored in ISD 1932 through an
earphone. Water sensor to detect water spreads, rechargeable battery to power the circuits.
Ston
Puddl
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6.2 Actual Working
Fig. Actual Working
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Chapter 7
Implementation and Code
7.1 Project Code
// Example by Hisham Marzouk
//Officialhrm.com
int trigPin = 2; //Trig - green Jumper
int echoPin = 3; //Echo - yellow Jumper
long duration, cm, inches;
int buzzer = 4;
void setup() {
Serial.begin (9600);
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(5);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
cm = (duration/2) / 29.1;
inches = (duration/2) / 74;
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Serial.print("Distance : ");
Serial.print(cm);
Serial.println();
if (cm < 20)
{
tone(buzzer, 1000); // Send 1KHz sound signal...
delay(1000); // ...for 1 sec
noTone(buzzer); // Stop sound...
delay(1000); // ...for 1sec
}
delay(350);
}
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Chapter 8
Result and Output
Fig. Actual Model
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Chapter 9
Testing Technique
Black Box Technique
Black box testing is a type of software testing in which the functionality of
the software is not known. The testing is done without the internal knowledge of the products.
• Black box testing can be done in following ways:
1. Syntax Driven Testing – This type of testing is applied to systems that can be syntactically
represented by some language. For example- compilers,language that can be represented by context
free grammar. In this, the test cases are generated so that each grammar rule is used at least once.
2. Equivalence partitioning – It is often seen that many type of inputs work similarly so instead of
giving all of them separately we can group them together and test only one input of each group. The
idea is to partition the input domain of the system into a number of equivalence classes such that each
member of class works in a similar way, i.e., if a test case in one class results in some error, other
members of class would also result into same error.
• The technique involves two steps:
Identification of equivalence class – Partition any input domain into minimum two sets: valid values
and invalid values. For example, if the valid range is 0 to 100 then select one valid input like 49 and
one invalid like 104.
Generating test cases –
(i) To each valid and invalid class of input assign unique identification number.
(ii) Write test case covering all valid and invalid test case considering that no two invalid inputs mask
each other.
To calculate the square root of a number, the equivalence classes will be:
(a) Valid inputs:
Whole number which is a perfect square- output will be an integer.Whole number which is not a
perfect square- output will be decimal number.
Positive decimals
(b) Invalid inputs:
Negative numbers(integer or decimal).Characters other that numbers like “a”,”!”,”;”,etc.
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Action Plan
16/05/2022
05/12/2021
15/12/2021
31/04/2022
20/03/2022
14/02/2022
25/02/2022
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Chapter 9
Future Scope
The future scope of the smart stick, guides the visually impaired person in his navigation
independently in an efficient manner ensuring the person’s safety
A. The programmable wheels would steer the stick away from the obstacles and also leading
the blind person towards the destination.
B. B)Internet of Things is a trending concept which can increase the benefits of the smart
stick by allowing one stick to communicate with another smart stick (or mobile , PCs)
nearby to utilize the functionality of the other stick when one stick’s functionality breaks
down.
C. C)In order to run this integrated set of hardware we can use solar panels as an alternative
to the battery. The use of solar panel occurs to be more advantageous as it uses sunlight,
the easily available renewable resource of energy, to get recharged.
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Chapter 10
Conclusion
All the studies which had been reviewed show that, there are a number of techniques for
making a ultrasonic blind stick for blind people. The aim of this paper is to get familiar with the
work done in making walking stick smarter and more helpful. The literatures related to this topic
were reviewed and analysed. As technology improves these smart sticks need to be modified. The
simulation results are expected for the ultrasonic sensors, water sensor and ESP8266 in one
microcontroller. So in this paper wide survey of the work related to this project is done and we have
shortlisted some useful aspects from each project. This will also help to decide designing approach.
Humans are not disabled. A person can never be broken. Our built environment, our
technologies, is broken and disabled. We the people need not accept our limitations, but can transfer
disability through technological innovation. This system offers a low-cost, reliable, portable, low-
power consumption and robust solution for navigation with obvious short response time.
Though the system is hard-wired with sensors and other components, it's light in weight.
Further aspects of this system can be improved via wireless connectivity between the system
components, thus, increasing the range of the ultrasonic sensor and implementing a technology for
determining the speed of approaching obstacles. While developing such an empowering solution,
visually impaired and blind people in all developing countries were on top of our priorities.
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References
[1.] World Health Organization, “Visual Impairment and Blindness,” Fact sheet N “282”, Oct
2014.
[2.] National Disability Policy: A Progress Report - October 2014, National Council on
Disability, Oct 2014.
[3.] T. Terlau and W. M. Penrod, "K'Sonar Curriculum Handbook", Available from:
"http://www.aph.org/manuals/ksonar.pdf", June 2008
[4.] L. Whitney, "Smart cane to help blind navigate", Available from:
"http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938\_105-10302499-1.html", 2009.
[5.] J.M. Hans du Buf, J.Barroso, Jojo M.F. Rodrigues, H.Paredes, M.Farrajota, H.Fernandes,
J.Jos, V.Teixeira, M.Saleiro.”The SmartVision Navigation Prototype for Blind Users”.
International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications, Vol.5 No .5, pp.
351 – 361, May 2011. [6] I. Ulrich, and J. Borenstein, “The guide cane-Applying mobile
robot technologies to assist the visually impaired,” IEEE Transaction on Systems, Man, and
Cybernetics-Part A: Systems and Humans, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 131-136, 2001.
[6.] P. Meijer, “An Experimental System for Auditory Image Representations,” IEEE
Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol.39, no 2, pp. 112-121, Feb 1992.
[7.] M. Nie, J. Ren, Z. Li et al., “SoundView: an auditory guidance system based on
environment understanding for the visually impaired people,” in Proceedings of the 31st
Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society:
Engineering the Future of Biomedicine (EMBC ’09), pp.7240–7243, IEEE, September 2009.
[8.] G. Balakrishnan, G. Sainarayanan, R. Nagarajan and S. Yaacob, “Wearable Real-Time
Stereo Vision for the Visually Impaired,” Engineering Letters, vol. 14, no. 2, 2007.
[9.] G. P. Fajarnes, L. Dunai, V. S. Praderas and I. Dunai, “CASBLiP- a new cognitive object
detection and orientation system for impaired people,” Proceedings of the 4th International
Conference on Cognitive Systems, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, 2010.
[10.] Shashank Chaurasia ,K.V.N. Kavitha ,”An Electronic Walking Stick For
Blinds”International Conference on Information Communication and Embedded
Systems(ICICES 2014).
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ANNEXURE
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PROJECT COMPEITION
CERTIFICATES
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