Which is the least used modern

contraceptive method among married

women in developing countries?
Male condom
What is the current estimate of overall
contraceptive use among married women in
developing countries? 55 %
Surveys show that average desired family
size in developing countries is:
Declining: women want to have smaller families.
What is the average total fertility rate (TFR)
in developing countries?
4.5 children per woman
What is the study of the size, compostion,
growth, and distribution of human
population?
Demography
What impact did the introduction of the
potato have on the demography of Europe?
It caused Europe's population to soar as fertility
increased and te death rate droppd
What is the basic formula of the Malthus
theorem?
Population grows geometrically while food supply
grows arithmetically
It took 130 years for world population to
increase from 1 billion to 2 billion. What span
of time did it take for world population to
grow from 5 billion to 6 billion?
12 years
What is the name of the three-stage theory
Anti-Malthusians rely on to explain world
population growth? Demographic transtion
theory
Demographic free fall
According to the symbolic interactionist
perspective, why do women in poor nations
bear a large number of children?
Large familes are rewareded socially and
econnomically

If a demographer wanted t ocompare the

United States population by age and sex
with that of Mexico, what would he or she
use to illustrate the population dynamic
btween these two contries?
Population pyramids
What two variables does a population
pyramid usually display?
Age and sex
What are the three demographic variables?
Faertility, mortality, migration
Which region of the world has the highest
fertility rate?
Middle africa
What was the key factor in the development
of cities beginning in approximately 3500
bc?
More efficient agricultural practices
In what part of the world did cities first
appear?
Mesopotamia
What invention made cities possible? Plow
In 1800, what was the city in the world to
have a population greater than 1 million?
Peking
What social event promoted the number of
citiies with a population of at least 1 million
to grow from 1 to 16 between 1800 and
1900?
Industrial revolution
What term describes an overlapping area
consisting of at least two central cities and
thier many suburbs, such as San Fran-san
diego and miami-orlanda?
Megalopolis

What is the fastest-growing city in the US

Provo, UT
What term did sociologist Robert Park use to
describe how people adapt to their
environment?
Human ecology
What ist he process where one group of
people displaces a group whose racial,
ethnic, or social class characteristics differ
from their own and then this new group is
later dispalced by another group?
Invation-succession cycle
Family planning: empowering
people, developing nations
11 July 2017
Message of Dr. Natalia Kanem, UNFPA Acting Executive
Director, on the occasion of World Population Day 2017
Every day, vulnerable women, especially those who are poor
and are refugees, face social, economic and geographic
obstacles to voluntary family planning services and
information.

Fifty years ago today, the then-Secretary-General of the

United Nations established UNFPA, the United Nations
Population Fund, as a trust fund. And since 1969, when
UNFPA began operations, it has been helping to remove
obstacles to family planning and to enable women to exercise
their reproductive rights. UNFPA contributed to a near
doubling of modern contraceptive use worldwide, from 36
per cent in 1970 to 64 per cent in 2016.

Despite the dramatic progress, enormous challenges remain:

some 214 million women in developing countries lack safe
and effective family planning methods. Most of these women
live in the 69 poorest countries. Fulfilling their unmet
demand would save lives by averting 67 million unintended
pregnancies and reducing by one third the estimated 303,000
annual maternal deaths.
Better reproductive health care, including voluntary family
planning, can bolster economies and contribute to sustainable
development by empowering women to complete their
education, join the paid labour force, be more productive in
their jobs, earn higher incomes and increase savings and
investments. In addition, for each additional dollar spent on
contraceptive services above the current level, the cost of
pregnancy-related care is reduced by $2.30.

Investments in family planning help lead to prosperity for all.

Family planning, therefore, is critical to achieving

Sustainable Development Goal 1, to end poverty. It is also
key to achieving other Goals, such as ending hunger as well
as promoting good health and gender equality.

UNFPA has set an ambitious, transformative goal to

eliminate all unmet demand for family planning by 2030. On
this World Population Day, we call on all governments and
stakeholders to help achieve this goal. UNFPA also calls on
the 179 governments that endorsed the Programme of Action
of the 1994 Cairo International Conference on Population
and Development to fulfill their commitments to achieve
universal access to sexual and reproductive health, including
voluntary family planning. Not only is this a matter of
protecting health and rights, but it is also a matter of
investing in economic development as well as humanity’s
prosperity and progress.
 Safe, effective family planning is
key to ‘empowering people,
developing nations’ – UN




If the demand of women in developing countries who wanted

access to safe and effective family planning was met, it would
reduce an estimated 100,000 maternal death and avert 67 million
unintended pregnancies, the United Nations population agency
today said.

“Some 214 million women in developing countries who want to

avoid pregnancy are not using safe and effective family planning
methods, for reasons ranging from lack of access to information
or services to lack of support from their partners or communities,”
the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) said on the occasion of World
Population Day, marked annually on 11 July.

This year’s occurrence coincides with the Family Planning

Summit, the second meeting of the FP2020-Family Planning
2020-initiative, which aims to expand access to voluntary family
planning to 120 million additional women by 2020.

Natalia Kanem, UNFPA Acting Executive Director, noted that

better reproductive health care – including voluntary family
planning – could bolster economies and contribute to sustainable
development by empowering women to complete school and join
the labour force. There, she would be likely to earn a higher
income and increase her and her family’s savings and investment.
In addition, for each additional dollar spent on contraceptive
services above the current level, the cost of pregnancy-related
care is reduced by $2.30, according to UNFPA figures.

“Investments in family planning help lead to prosperity for all,” Ms.

Kanem said, highlighting this year’s theme for the 2017 Day,
‘Family Planning: Empowering People, Developing Nations.’

She added that safe and effective family planning also contribute
to the success of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,
particularly the corresponding goals of ending poverty, ending
hunger, promoting good health, and aiming for gender equality.

In her message, Ms. Kanem urged all Governments and

stakeholders to help the UN agency achieve its goal of meeting
unmet demand for family planning by 2030.

On behalf of UNFPA, she also called on the 179 member

countries that endorsed the Programme of Action of the 1994
Cairo International Conference on Population and Development
(ICPD) to fulfill their commitments to achieve universal access to
sexual and reproductive health, including voluntary family
planning.

“Not only is this a matter of protecting health and rights, but it is

also a matter of investing in economic development as well as
humanity’s prosperity and progress,” said Ms. Kanem.
Call for greater partnerships
In London, addressing the Family Planning Summit, co-hosted by
UNFPA and the United Kingdom Government, Deputy-Secretary-
General Amina Mohammed urged different sectors and actors to
work together by pooling resources, knowledge and expertise.

“We need inclusive global, regional, national and local

partnerships between governments, the private sector and civil
society, built on shared principles and values,” the Deputy-
Secretary-General said.

She pointed to the need for continued support of civil society and
faith-based organizations, as well as strategic partnerships with
the private sector.

“These partnerships will ultimately benefit businesses themselves,

through healthier, better-educated and more committed
workforces and communities,” Ms. Mohammed said.

Family planning is an often talked about topic in

developing nations where uncontrolled population
growth often leads to a rise in poverty rates. Why
does this happen, and what can be done to solve
this problem that many developing countries
seem to be going through? Poor families are often
large families, a lack of family planning leads to
unintended pregnancies, these families then must
further split their meager incomes to support this
new life. This conundrum essentially removes the
momentum that may have been building up,
rather than being able to use the money to
improve their lives, these poor people are forced
to carry on living in poverty.

A properly implemented family planning program

empowers these families by allowing them to
grow at their own pace, without necessarily
having to compromise for unintended children.
These people are then able to focus on their own
education, or employment thus allowing them to
enrich their own lives and the lives of their future
children as well as their nation.

July 11 has been designated by the United Nations as World

Population Day.

 The World Population Day was started in 1989 by the then

governing council of the United Nations Development
Programme after the global population had outgrown the
five billion mark on July 11, 1987.

 The countries resolved to observe the day in order to

spread awareness about the rise in population, family
 planning, woes of overpopulation and empowerment of
people in developing nations through population control.

 This year’s theme is “access to family planning“.

India’s population stand

 According to the latest data of April 2016 from World

Bank, India’s population stands at 1.26 billion. It is only
behind China which has a population of 1.37 billion
according to the same data.

 UN estimates that the second most populous country in

the world is set to surpass China as the most populous
country by 2024 and the drop in India’s population will only
come around 2050.

 According to the National Family Health Survey 2017

(NFHS-4), India is expected to reach replacement level
fertility (RLL) of 2.1 by 2020.

Anti-Hazing Act of 1995. The Anti-Hazing Act of 1995, also

known as RepublicAct No. 8049 is a national legislation in
the Philippines regulating the act of hazingand other initiation
rites in fraternities and sororities in the country. It prohibits
and penalizes physical harm and violence in such practices.
University of Santo Tomas student Horatio
Castillo III died on September 17 due totraumatic
injuries he sustained allegedly at the hands of
members of the Aegis Juris fraternity.

It is clear for the parents of the 22-year-old that

their son “was killed by criminals” from the
fraternity, expressing outrage that “barbaric and
criminal acts continue to be performed in the
false name of brotherhood.”

These violent acts were supposed to be

prevented by the Anti-Hazing Law. But many
believe that the law lacks the needed teeth to
actually end the long-standing “tradition” of
violence present among organizations –
particularly fraternities and sororities.
(READ: Inside the brotherhood: Thoughts on
fraternity violence)

What does the law say?

In 1991, Ateneo law student Leonardo “Lenny”

Villa died after suffering multiple injuries from
hazing rites conducted by the Aquilia Legis
fraternity.
His death shed light on the practice and led to the
enactment of the Anti-Hazing Law in 1995.
But Republic Act No. 8049 still does not really
prevent hazing from taking place.

The law defines hazing as “an initiation rite or

practice as a prerequisite for admission into
membership in a fraternity, sorority or
organization by placing the recruit, neophyte or
applicant in some embarrassing or humiliating
situations such as forcing him to do menial, silly,
foolish and other similar tasks or activities or
otherwise subjecting him to physical or
psychological suffering or injury.”

According to the law, these initiation rites can

still push through if:

 There is written notice

addressed to the school
authorities or head of
organization 7 days prior
 There are at least two
representatives from the
school present
The written notice should include details about
the activity, including how long it will last, the
names of those who will undergo the initiation
rites, and an "undertaking that no physical
violence will be employed."

The representatives assigned by the school,

meanwhile, have the duty to “see to it that no
physical harm of any kind shall be inflicted upon a
recruit, neophyte or applicant.”

Hazing automatically a criminal offense

Unfortunately, the rules set forth by the law are

not always followed. Various organizations across
the Philippines still employ the “age-old tradition”
of using violence to “test” applicants and has
become an open secret among students.

Most often than not, this practice is only put in

the spotlight when people are killed, as the law
really only goes after those responsible if the
hazing rites result in injuries or death.

Members of organizations – regardless whether

fraternity, sorority, or otherwise – directly
involved in the infliction of harm will be liable if
the person who went through the hazing or any
form of initiation rites “suffers any physical injury
or dies,” according to the law. The law does not
penalize the actual act of initiation rites.

If a neophyte dies, has been raped, sodomized, or

mutilated, those responsible can face life
imprisonment.

Meanwhile, those who have actual knowledge of

the hazing conducted but did not do anything
about it – such as owners of the place where it
was held, school authorities, and other members
of the organization – can be considered as
accomplices.
In 2012, former law professor and now Supreme
Court spokesperson Theodore Te wrote that “by
not defining hazing as a criminal act per se,
subject to specific very narrowly-drawn
exceptions, the law itself guarantees that hazing
will continue.” (READ: Death and brotherhood)

The law also does not entirely cover the effects

on mental health of an applicant – only if he or
she becomes "insane, imbecile." Imagine the
number of now-members who were subjected to
the paddle and fortunately left physically
“unscathed” but left withpsychological scars.

No teeth

Since the law was passed in 1995, the deaths due

to hazing did not really stop as there are at least
15 people who have died, while many have
reported sustaining injuries from the rites.

The numbers do not reflect those who may have

suffered injuries but chose not to report to
authorities. Meanwhile, in the 22 years of the
law’s existence, there has been only one
conviction. (READ: What's happening to hazing
cases in the Philippines?)
Because of this harsh reality, many have called
for amendments to the Anti-Hazing Law or have
called for passing entirely another bill has more
teeth.

House Bill 4714 – called the “Servando Act” after

college student Guillo Cesar Servando who died
due to injuries from hazing – which seeks to
totally ban any form of hazing on applicants of
any organization was filed in 2014 by then
Valenzuela Representative Sherwin Gatchalian.

Compared to the existing law, Gatchalian’s bill

will give power to schools to approve or deny
applications by organizations to conduct initiation
rites. It also increases the penalties imposed on
those held liable.

Te, in his 2012 Rappler piece, also laid out what

should be included in the Anti-Hazing Law for it to
be effective. These include changing the word
“regulation” in the title to “prohibited,” define
hazing as unlawful as it is, and explicitly stress
that consent from victims will not be a defense
and waivers are voided, among others.

Until the existing Anti-Hazing Law remains in

effect, the practice of inflicting physical and
mental harm during initiation rites is likely to
continue. (READ: Stop the charade, ban hazing)–
Rappler.com
Filed under:Horatio Castillo IIIRepublic Act No.
8049fraternities in the Philippines