.
Erikson & Erikson, 1974
Note: The ‘Ss’ used in apparatus & stimuli, Subjects, Procedure correspond to
word Subject and is different from target letter ‘S’
1.1 Results from experiment 1 as shown in figure 1 conclude that RT for mixed
control was higher than blocked control. (T)
1.2 Results in figure 1 shows that RT is not dependent upon the nature of distractor
flanking the target stimuli. (F)
1.3 This study aims to test the speed of target detection as a function of distractor
letters. (T)
1.4 Which of the following sentence is true for the result of the experiment:
a. There was least interference from distractors when the spacing between the
letters was 0.06°
b. There was maximum interference from distractors when the spacing
between stimuli was 1°
c. There was least interference from distractors when the spacing between
stimuli was 1°
d. The nature of interference (least /large) was not dependent upon distractors
flanking the target.
1.5 In the given experiment for which the results are demonstrated in Figure 1, what
are the dependent (DV) and independent variables (IV) that can be identified in
the experiments
a. IV = Spacing between the stimuli, Distractor stimuli, nature of presentation
of control stimuli; DV = Reaction times
b. IV = Spacing between the stimuli, nature of presentation of control stimuli;
DV = Reaction times, accuracy
c. IV = Distractor stimuli, Spacing between the stimuli; DV = Reaction times,
accuracy
d. IV = Distractor stimuli, nature of presentation of control stimuli; DV =
Reaction times, accuracy
Multiple Select Questions:
Please select the most appropriate sentences that answers the question.
1.6 Which of the following sentences correctly describes the task for experiment 1:
a. The task was to report the identity of central letter
b. The task was to report the identity of letter left to the probe.
c. All the letters were capital except the target letter, which was presented, in
small case.
d. In the control condition only target letter was presented.
e. Mixed control refers to the condition when single target letter was presented
in between 5 experimental conditions.
f. The experimental conditions in the experiment conforms to:
i. Noise Identical to target
ii. Noise same response as target
iii. Noise other target set
iv. Noise similar to target
v. Noise dissimilar to target
vi. Mixed control
vii. Blocked control
1.7 Which of the following sentences correctly highlight the conclusion(s) of
experiment 1:
a. The study shows that attention operates at late stage as RT were dependent
upon the spacing between the stimuli, which signify the contribution of distraction
interference in target processing.
b. The study shows that attention operates at late stage, as RT was dependent
upon perceptual load represented by the spacing between the targets.
c. The study shows that attention operates at late stage as RT were dependent
upon the nature of distractors, which signify the contribution of distraction
interference in target processing.
d. The study shows that attention operates at late stage, as RT was least for
condition “Noise same as target ” (shown in table 1 of the paper), which signify
the nature of distractor interference in target processing.
e. The study shows that attention operates at late stage, as maximum change
in RT as a function of letter spacing was observed for condition (3) “Noise
response incompatible ” (shown in table 1 of the paper), which signify the nature
of distractor interference in target processing.
f. The study shows that attention operates at late stage, as RT was entirely
dependent upon the spacing between the letters.
Erikson & Erikson, 1974
Note: The ‘Ss’ used in apparatus & stimuli, Subjects, Procedure correspond to
word Subject and is different from target letter ‘S’
1.1 Results from experiment 1 as shown in figure 1 conclude that RT for mixed
control was less than blocked control. (F)
1.2 Results in figure 1 shows that RT is dependent upon the nature of distractor
flanking the target stimuli. (T)
1.3 This study aims to test the speed of target detection as a function of size of
distractors. (F)
1.4 Which of the following sentence is true for the result of the experiment:
a. There was least interference from distractors when the spacing
between the letters was 0.06°
b. There was no interference from distractors when the spacing
between stimuli was 1°
c. There was maximum interference from distractors when the spacing
between stimuli was 1°
d. The nature of interference (least /large) was dependent upon
distractors flanking the target.
1.5 In the given experiment for which the results are demonstrated in Figure 1, what
are the dependent (DV) and independent variables (IV) that can be identified in
the experiments
a. IV = Spacing between the stimuli, nature of presentation of control stimuli;
DV = Reaction times, accuracy
b. IV = Spacing between the stimuli, Distractor stimuli, nature of presentation
of control stimuli; DV = Reaction times
c. IV = Distractor stimuli, Spacing between the stimuli; DV = Reaction times,
accuracy
d. IV = Distractor stimuli, nature of presentation of control stimuli; DV =
Reaction times, accuracy
Multiple Select Questions:
Please select the most appropriate sentences that answers the question.
1.6 Which of the following sentences correctly describes the task for experiment 1:
a. All the letters were capital except the target letter, which was presented, in
small case.
b. The task was to report the identity of central letter
c. The task was to report the identity of letter left to the probe.
d. In the control condition only target letter was presented.
e. The experimental conditions in the experiment conforms to:
i. Noise Identical to target
ii. Noise same response as target
iii. Noise other target set
iv. Noise similar to target
v. Noise dissimilar to target
vi. Mixed control
vii. Blocked control
f. Mixed control refers to the condition when single target letter was presented
in between 5 experimental conditions.
1.7 Which of the following sentences correctly highlight the conclusion(s) of
experiment 1:
a. The study shows that attention operates at late stage as RT were dependent
upon the spacing between the stimuli, which signify the contribution of distraction
interference in target processing.
b. The study shows that attention operates at late stage, as maximum change
in RT as a function of letter spacing was observed for condition (3) “Noise
response incompatible ” (shown in table 1 of the paper), which signify the nature
of distractor interference in target processing.
c. The study shows that attention operates at late stage as RT were dependent
upon presence/absence of distractors (as suggested by control task), which signify
the contribution of distraction interference in target processing.
d. The study shows that attention operates at late stage, as RT was least for
condition “Noise same as target ” (shown in table 1 of the paper), which signify
the nature of distractor interference in target processing.
e. The study shows that attention operates at late stage, as RT was dependent
upon perceptual load represented by the spacing between the targets.
f. The study shows that attention operates at late stage, as RT was entirely dependent
upon the spacing between the letters.
Hillyard, Hink , Schwent & Picton, 1973
1.1 Results from experiment 1 as shown in figure 1 concludes that amplitude of N1
component is larger only when auditory information was presented in right ear.
(F)
1.2 Results in figure 1 shows that there was no net modulation of P2 component. (T)
1.3 There was a symmetrical suppression of N1 signals in the unattended ear. (T)
1.4 This experiment demonstrates selective attention because:
a. The magnitude of N1 component is higher for the attended ear
b. The magnitude of N1 component is higher for right ear
c. The magnitude of N1 component is higher irrespective of the right/ left ear
d. Both (b) & (c) are correct
1.5 In the given experiment for which the results are demonstrated in Figure 1 A,
what are the dependent (DV) and independent variables (IV).
a. Randomized sequence of tones, ears, attention (IV) & Identifying the
audio in the attended ear
b. Attention, ears (IV), Identifying the audio (DV)
c. Randomized sequence of tones, ears, attention (IV) & Identifying the
audio in both ears (DV)
d. Attention, ears (IV), Identifying the audio in the attended ear
(DV)
Multiple Select Questions:
Please select the most appropriate sentences that answers the question.
1.6 Which of the following sentences correctly describes the task for experiment 1:
a. Standard tones were of similar frequencies for the two ears.
b. Participants were instructed to listen to audio signals in both the ears.
c. Participants were instructed to listen to signal on one ear at a time.
d. Standard tones were of different frequencies in two ears.
e. The control task in the experiment was to count the number of 840hz
signals played in the left ear.
f. Participants were presented audio signals in both the ears.
1.7 Which of the following sentences correctly highlight the conclusion(s) of
experiment 1:
a. This study shows that P1 is a correlate of attention.
b. This study shows that N1 is a correlate of attention
c. The study shows that selective attention operates at early stage.
d. This study shows that attentional modulation is observed in both N1 & P1
component.
e. This study shows that N1 is a correlate of direction of attention.
f. This study shows no contribution of attention.
Hillyard, Hink , Schwent & Picton, 1973
1.8 Results from experiment 1 as shown in figure 1 concludes that amplitude of N1
component is larger only when auditory information was presented in the attended
ear. (T)
1.9 Results in figure 1 shows that there was significant attentional modulation of P2
component. (F)
1.10 There was a symmetrical suppression of N1 signals in the unattended ear. (T)
1.11 This experiment demonstrates selective attention because:
a. The magnitude of N1 component is higher irrespective of the right/ left ear
b. The magnitude of N1 component is higher for right ear
c. The magnitude of N1 component is higher for the attended ear
d. Both (b) & (c) are correct
1.12 In the given experiment for which the results are demonstrated in Figure 1 A,
what are the dependent (DV) and independent variables (IV).
a. Attention, ears (IV), Identifying the audio in the attended ear
(DV)
b. Attention, ears (IV), Identifying the audio (DV)
c. Randomized sequence of tones, ears, attention (IV) & Identifying the
audio in both ears (DV)
d. Randomized sequence of tones, ears, attention (IV) & Identifying the
audio in the attended ear
Multiple Select Questions:
Please select the most appropriate sentences that answers the question.
1.13 Which of the following sentences correctly describes the task for experiment
1:
a. Participants were presented audio signals in both the ears.
b. Participants were instructed to listen to audio signals in both the ears.
c. Participants were instructed to listen to signal on one ear at a time.
d. The control task in the experiment was to count the number of 840hz signals
played in the left ear.
e. Standard tones were of different frequencies in two ears.
f. Standard tones were of similar frequencies for the two ears.
1.14 Which of the following sentences correctly highlight the conclusion(s) of
experiment 1:
a. The study shows that selective attention operates at early stage.
b. This study shows that N1 is a neural correlate of attention
c. This study shows that P1 is a not a neural correlate of attention.
d. This study shows that N1 is a neural correlate of direction of attention.
e. This study shows that attentional modulation is observed in both N1 & P1
component.
f. This study shows no contribution of attention.
Pashler, 1984
To answer questions from this section please read the above paper from the section of
General Methods (page 433)
1.15 Results from experiment 1 as shown in figure 2 concludes that there was no
difference in the reaction times (RT), between probe onset asynchrony (POA)
condition of 0ms as compared to 300ms on both day 1 and 2. (T)
1.16 Results in figure 2 shows that the overall performance on day 2 was worse
than day1. (F)
1.17 The rate of perceptual identification of letters had a greater effect when the
probe appeared simultaneously or 300ms after the onset of the display. (T)
1.18 This experiment supports early selection view attention because:
a. The reaction times for -200ms probe onset asynchrony is shorter than that
for 0ms and 300ms
b. The reaction times for day 2 are shorter than day 1.
c. The reaction times for high discriminability targets are less than low
discriminability targets.
d. None of the above
1.19 In the given experiment for which the results are demonstrated in Figure 2 A,
what are the dependent (DV) and independent variables (IV) that can be identified
in the experiments
b. IV = Probe onset asynchrony, Days of experiment DV = Reaction times,
accuracy
c. IV = Probe onset asynchrony, Discriminability of the targets, Days of
experiment DV = Reaction times, accuracy
d. IV = Probe onset asynchrony, Discriminability of the targets, DV =
Reaction times, accuracy
e. All of the above
Multiple Select Questions:
Please select the most appropriate sentences that answers the question.
1.20 Which of the following sentences correctly describes the task for experiment
1:
a. Letters were presented in two rows with 4 letters in each row.
b. The probe in the experiment was an arrow displayed above or below the
letter adjacent to the target.
c. Participants were instructed to listen to signal on one ear at a time.
d. Probe and target was always presented together for 150ms in all types of
trials.
e. The task was to describe the letter adjacent to the probe location.
f. Only uppercase letters were used in the task.
1.21 Which of the following sentences correctly highlight the conclusion(s) of
experiment 1:
a. The study shows that attention operates at early stage as the performance
(RT) was highly dependent upon the luminance of the target.
b. The study shows that attention operates at early stage as the performance
(RT) was highly dependent upon probe onset asynchrony.
c. This study shows that attention facilitates processing of information at the
cued location as shown by -200ms probe onset asynchrony.
d. This study shows that attention facilitates processing of information at the
cued location as shown by 0ms probe onset asynchrony.
e. The study shows that attention operates at early stage as the performance
(RT) is not dependent upon the probe onset asynchrony.
f The study shows that attention operates at early stage as the performance
improves on second day of the experiment as compared to the first day, which
highlights the contribution of distractor in target processing.
Pashler, 1984
To answer questions from this section please read the above paper from the section of
General Methods (page 433)
1.22 Results from experiment 1 as shown in figure 2 concludes that there was a
difference in the reaction times (RT), between probe onset asynchrony (POA)
condition of 0ms as compared to 300ms on both day 1 and 2. (F)
1.23 Results in figure 2 shows that the overall performance on day 1 was worse
than day2. (T)
1.24 The rate of perceptual identification of letters had a greater effect when the
probe appeared at -200 or 300ms after the onset of the display. (F)
1.25 This experiment supports early selection view attention because:
a. The reaction times for high discriminability targets are less than low
discriminability targets.
b. The reaction times for day 2 are shorter than day 1.
c. The reaction times for -200ms probe onset asynchrony is shorter than that
for 0ms and 300ms
d. None of the above
1.26 In the given experiment for which the results are demonstrated in Figure 2 A,
what are the dependent (DV) and independent variables (IV) that can be identified
in the experiments
f. IV = Probe onset asynchrony, Days of experiment DV = Reaction times,
accuracy
g. IV = Probe onset asynchrony, Discriminability of the targets, DV =
Reaction times, accuracy
h. IV = Probe onset asynchrony, Discriminability of the targets, Days of
experiment DV = Reaction times, accuracy
i. All of the above
Multiple Select Questions:
Please select the most appropriate sentences that answers the question.
1.27 Which of the following sentences correctly describes the task for experiment
1:
a. Letters were presented in two rows with 4 letters in each row.
b. Probe and target was always presented together for 150ms in all types of
trials.
c. Only uppercase letters were used in the task.
d. The probe in the experiment was an arrow displayed above or below the
letter adjacent to the target.
e. The task was to describe the letter adjacent to the probe location.
f. Participants were instructed to listen to signal on one ear at a time.
1.28 Which of the following sentences correctly highlight the conclusion(s) of
experiment 1:
a. The study shows that attention operates at early stage as the performance
improves on second day of the experiment as compared to the first day, which
highlights the contribution of distractor in target processing.
b. The study shows that attention operates at early stage as the performance
(RT) was highly dependent upon probe onset asynchrony.
c. The study shows that attention operates at early stage as the performance
(RT) is not dependent upon the probe onset asynchrony.
d. This study shows that attention facilitates processing of information at the
cued location as shown by 0ms probe onset asynchrony.
e. This study shows that attention facilitates processing of information at the
cued location as shown by -200ms probe onset asynchrony.
f . The study shows that attention operates at early stage as the performance
(RT) was highly dependent upon the luminance of the target.
