Logic Circuits
Fundamentals
Prof. Dr. ir. Meshia Cédric OVENEKE
Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB)
Faculté des Sciences
cedric.oveneke@fitforpurpose.tech
Logic Circuits
Reference Book
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
3
What is Electronics?
➢ Electronics: “A branch of physics and engineering that deals with the
study, design, and application of devices and circuits that use the controlled
flow of electrons or other charged particles to perform various functions. It
involves the manipulation of electrical currents or voltages to process, transmit,
and store information or to control the behavior of other systems.”
4
Electronics
Reference Book
What is Electronics?
➢ Electronics: “A branch of physics and engineering that deals with the
study, design, and application of devices and circuits that use the controlled
flow of electrons or other charged particles to perform various functions. It
involves the manipulation of electrical currents or voltages to process, transmit,
and store information or to control the behavior of other systems.”
Atoms consist of a dense, positively charged
nucleus surrounded by a cloud or series of
clouds of electrons that occupy energy
levels, which are commonly called shells.
The occupied shell of highest energy is
known as the valence shell, and the
electrons in it are known as valence
electrons
6
What is Electronics?
➢ Electronics: “A branch of physics and engineering that deals with the
study, design, and application of devices and circuits that use the controlled
flow of electrons or other charged particles to perform various functions. It
involves the manipulation of electrical currents or voltages to process, transmit,
and store information or to control the behavior of other systems.”
Conductors usually have three or fewer
electrons in the outer orbit of their atoms
7
What is Electronics?
➢ Electronics: “A branch of physics and engineering that deals with the
study, design, and application of devices and circuits that use the controlled
flow of electrons or other charged particles to perform various functions. It
involves the manipulation of electrical currents or voltages to process, transmit,
and store information or to control the behavior of other systems.”
In some insulators, their valence shells are
filled with eight electrons
8
What is Electronics?
➢ Electronics: “A branch of physics and engineering that deals with the
study, design, and application of devices and circuits that use the controlled
flow of electrons or other charged particles to perform various functions. It
involves the manipulation of electrical currents or voltages to process, transmit,
and store information or to control the behavior of other systems.”
Semiconductors have 4 electrons in their
valence shells
9
What is Electronics?
➢ Electronics: “A branch of physics and engineering that deals with the
study, design, and application of devices and circuits that use the controlled
flow of electrons or other charged particles to perform various functions. It
involves the manipulation of electrical currents or voltages to process, transmit,
and store information or to control the behavior of other systems.”
The amount of energy needed to
cause an electron to leave its
valence band and go into
conduction.
The forbidden gap, when it exists,
separates the valence and
conduction bands.
A certain amount of energy is
needed to cross the forbidden gap.
10
What are Semiconductor Devices?
➢ Semiconductors: “materials that have electrical conductivity between
that of conductors (like metals) and insulators (like rubber). The conductivity of
semiconductors can be controlled and manipulated, making them essential in
electronic devices.”
11
What are Semiconductor Devices?
➢ Semiconductors: “materials that have electrical conductivity between
that of conductors (like metals) and insulators (like rubber). The conductivity of
semiconductors can be controlled and manipulated, making them essential in
electronic devices.”
N-Type
12
What are Semiconductor Devices?
➢ Semiconductors: “materials that have electrical conductivity between
that of conductors (like metals) and insulators (like rubber). The conductivity of
semiconductors can be controlled and manipulated, making them essential in
electronic devices.”
P-Type
13
What are Semiconductor Devices?
➢ Bipolar Transistors: “A semiconductor device that that I used for
amplification or switching purposes, consisting of three regions of doped
semiconductor material, typically sillicon.”
-
When voltage is applied between
the collector (C) and emitter (E)
terminals (negative at collector,
holes
positive at the emitter), it creates
an electric field that allows holes
(positive charge carriers) to flow
from the P-type layer (collector) to
the N-type layer (emitter) +
14
What are Semiconductor Devices?
➢ Bipolar Transistors: “A semiconductor device that that I used for
amplification or switching purposes, consisting of three regions of doped
semiconductor material, typically sillicon.”
+
When voltage is applied between
the collector (C) and emitter (E)
electrons
terminals (positive at collector,
negative at the emitter), it creates
an electric field that allows
electrons to flow from the N-type
layer (collector) to the P-type layer
(emitter) -
15
What are Semiconductor Devices?
➢ Bipolar Transistors: “A semiconductor device that that I used for
amplification or switching purposes, consisting of three regions of doped
semiconductor material, typically sillicon.”
Saturation Region (On)
A family of collector curves tells a
great deal about the operation of Active Region (Amp)
a transistor.
Take for example, point A on
the 60-μA base-current line. If the
transistor has 60 μA of IB and a VCE
of 6 V, there is a collector current of
3 mA.
This is determined by projecting a
line to the left of the intersection
of 60 μA and 6 V.
Any combination of IC, IB, and
VCE can be quickly determined from
the display of these curves.
Cut-Off Region (Off)
16
What is Digital Electronics?
➢ Digital Electronics: “A branch of electronics that represents information
using discrete states, typically binary states, such as 0s and 1s. Digital circuits
manipulate these binary signals using logic gats (like AND, OR, NOT gates) to
perform various operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
logical operations”
17
What is Digital Electronics?
➢ Digital Electronics: “A branch of electronics that represents information
using discrete states, typically binary states, such as 0s and 1s. Digital circuits
manipulate these binary signals using logic gats (like AND, OR, NOT gates) to
perform various operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
logical operations”
Number Systems 18
What is Digital Electronics?
➢ Digital Electronics: “A branch of electronics that represents information
using discrete states, typically binary states, such as 0s and 1s. Digital circuits
manipulate these binary signals using logic gats (like AND, OR, NOT gates) to
perform various operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
logical operations”
Number Systems 19
What is Digital Electronics?
➢ Digital Electronics: “A branch of electronics that represents information
using discrete states, typically binary states, such as 0s and 1s. Digital circuits
manipulate these binary signals using logic gats (like AND, OR, NOT gates) to
perform various operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
logical operations”
20
What is Digital Electronics?
➢ Digital Electronics: “A branch of electronics that represents information
using discrete states, typically binary states, such as 0s and 1s. Digital circuits
manipulate these binary signals using logic gats (like AND, OR, NOT gates) to
perform various operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
logical operations”
21
What is Digital Electronics?
➢ Digital Electronics: “A branch of electronics that represents information
using discrete states, typically binary states, such as 0s and 1s. Digital circuits
manipulate these binary signals using logic gats (like AND, OR, NOT gates) to
perform various operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
logical operations”
Informatics
Logic
Circuits
Electronics
22
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Logic Gates 23
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Logic Gates 24
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
AND Gate 25
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
OR Gate 26
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
NOT Gate 27
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
NAND Gate 28
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
NOR Gate 29
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
XOR Gate 30
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
XNOR Gate 31
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Logic Gates 32
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Hardware Description Languages 33
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Hardware Description Languages 34
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Hardware Description Languages 35
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Hardware Description Languages 36
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Hardware Description Languages 37
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
GTKWave
Hardware Description Languages 38
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 39
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 40
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 41
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 42
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 43
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 44
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Formula?
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 45
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 46
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Diagram?
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 47
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 48
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 49
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 50
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 51
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 52
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 53
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 54
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 55
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital
electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 56
Thank You for
Your Attention
Questions?
