Nursing Research Actualization refers to how the study findings will continue

https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/merced-college/nursing- to have meaning for the reader.

guidance-i/nursing-research-questions-for-nclex/23485210 Resonance refers to a researcher’s posture of openness
https://www.studocu.com/row/document/ziauddin-university/
and receptivity toward potential meanings embedded in
pathophysiology/research-solved-mcq/2614706
text.
https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/keiser-university/
professional-nursing-iii/chapter-5-nursing-research-questions/
13896159 Which question will critique the sampling of a research
project?
A. Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the
MED SURG purpose of the study?
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/central-philippine- B. What is the projected significance of the work to nursing?
university/medical-surgical-nursing/medical-surgical-nursing- C. Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to
practice-questions/17469479
inform the research?
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/eastern-samar-state-
D. What are the philosophical underpinnings of the research
university/medical-surgical-nursing/medsurg-final-nclex/43171626
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/eastern-samar-state-
method?
university/medical-surgical-nursing/nclex/43171071 A is critiquing the method, b is the purpose, d is the
https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/long-island-university/ philosophy research project
medical-surgical/exam-1-med-surg-practice-questions/23671773
https://www.nursingworld.org/certification/our-certifications/study- Which question will critique the method of a research
aids-ce/sample-test-questions/stq-medsurg/ project?
https://www.rnpedia.com/practice-exams/medical-and-surgical- A. Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the
nursing-exams/ purpose of the study?
https://quizlet.com/607425346/medsurg-nclex-exam-best-final-
B. What is the projected significance of the work to nursing?
flash-cards/
https://quizlet.com/286782855/medsurg-final-nclex-questions-
C. Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to
flash-cards/ inform the research?
D. What are the philosophical underpinnings of the research
Nursing Research method?
1. What is the purpose of grounded theory? A: Is the strategy tells the method used.
A. To support theoretical frameworks. B: critique the purpose of a research project
B. To generate theory from data. C: critique the sampling of a research project
C. To develop explanatory models. D: critique the philosophy of a research project.
D. To find significant differences among groups of people.
Grounded theory sets out to discover or construct theory Which question will critique the credibility of a research
from data about phenomenon, which is little known. project?
A. Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the
Why is it important to understand the philosophy underlying purpose of the study?
each type of research? B. Does the researcher document the research process?
A. Conclusions reached should be congruent with the C. Are the researcher's conceptualizations true to the data?
research question. D. Has adequate time been allowed to fully understand
B. The research method that best meets the intended the phenomenon?
purpose of the study should be used. Option A: critique the fittingness of a research project,
C. The paradigm of the method should be the same as that Option B critique the auditability,
of the researcher. Option C critique the significance of a research project.
D. The reader should understand the level of abstraction of
the study. What are scientific criteria appropriate for qualitative
Understanding the research philosophies helps the research? Select all that apply.
researcher to highlight the best suitable methods for the A. Auditability
study. B. Credibility
C. Fittingness
Which conceptual analysis point of the framework for rigor D. Reliability
used for interpretive phenomenology refers to how the study
findings will continue to have meaning for the reader? What are ethical concerns for qualitative researchers?
A. Resonance Select all that apply.
B. Concreteness
C. Actualization
D. Openness
 A. Because the study emerges over time, the researcher Qualitative synthesis is a collection of different methods for
may not anticipate and inform the participants of a potential systematically reviewing and integrating findings from
threat. qualitative studies.
B. To maintain a naturalistic environment for interviews,
formal documents such as consent forms are not used. What is meant by the “fittingness” of a research study?
C. Because there are so few participants in a qualitative A. Truth of findings as judged by the participants.
study, no participant can opt-out of the study. B. The appropriateness of the interview questions posed.
D. Because the researcher and participant interact over a C. Faithfulness to everyday reality of the participants.
period of time, relationships developed between them may D. The adequacy of the coding system used.
change the focus of the interaction. Correct Answer: C. Faithfulness to everyday reality of the
Correct Answers: A, D participants.
Involves describing in enough detail so that one may
Which of the following is most accurate regarding the evaluate them for their own practice?
grounded-theory method?
A. Data is collected using an etic perspective. How can qualitative outcome analysis be used? Select all
B. It is a process of constructing human experience. that apply.
C. Secondary sources are sometimes used. A. To determine the reliability of intervention outcomes in a
D. It is an inductive approach. study.
Correct Answer: D. It is an inductive approach. B. To confirm the applicability of clinical strategies.
Option A: Data is collected using the emic perspective. C. To develop interventions and then test those selected.
Option B: The grounded-theory method is a process of D. To build theory.
constructing theory from human experience. Correct Answers: B, C, D
Option C: In grounded theory, only primary sources (the Qualitative Outcome Analysis (QOA) is a systematic means
participants) are used. to confirm the applicability, not reliability of clinical strategies
developed from a single qualitative project to evaluate
What is the term used for the coding and clustering of data clinical outcomes.
to form categories in the grounded-theory method?
A. Theoretical sampling When critiquing a qualitative study, which of the following
B. Constant-comparative method questions are helpful in determining the study’s auditability?
C. Emic method Select all that apply.
D. Metasynthesis
Correct Answer: B. Constant-comparative method A. Has adequate time been allowed to understand the
Constant comparative analysis or technique is used to find phenomenon fully?
consistencies and differences, with the aim of continually B. Can the reader follow the researcher's thinking?
refining concepts and theoretically relevant categories. C. Are the results meaningful to individuals not involved in
the research?
What is a characteristic of an intrinsic case study? D. Does the researcher document the research process?
A. It yields a better understanding of each case. Correct Answer: B, C
B. It provides a foundation to challenge a generalization. Auditability assists the reader to judge the appropriateness
C. It does not include quantitative data. of the interview questions. Auditability is established by the
D. It can scrutinize only uncomplicated phenomena. reader being able to follow the steps of the research.
Correct Answer: A. It yields a better understanding of each
case. Which question is helpful in determining the study’s
An intrinsic case study is undertaken to have a better credibility?
understanding of the case (e.g., person, specific group, A. Do the participants recognize the experience as their
occupation, department, organization) where the case itself own?
is of primary interest in the exploration. B. What strategies were used to analyze the data?
C. How were human subjects protected?
What is a characteristic of metasynthesis? D. Are the findings applicable outside the study situation?
A. It is useful for triangulating research. Correct Answer: A. Do the participants recognize the
B. It synthesizes critical masses of qualitative findings. experience as their own?
C. It leads to higher reliability of research findings. Credibility is the truth of findings as judged by the
D. It cannot be conducted on historical or case study participants. The researcher should return to the original
findings. participants and get them to validate the findings.
Correct Answer: B. It synthesizes critical masses of
qualitative findings.
Which one of the following statements about hypothesis is Correct Answer: D. It implies a causative or associative
most accurate? relationship.
A. Hypotheses represent the main idea to be studied and
are the foundations of research studies. A hypothesis implies a causative or associative relationship
B. Hypotheses help frame a test of the validity of a theory. to guide analyses.
C. Hypotheses provide the means to test nursing theory.
D. A hypothesis can also be called a problem statement. When should a hypothesis be developed by the researcher
Correct Answer: B. Hypotheses help frame a test of the during the research process?
validity of a theory. A. Before development of the research question.
A hypothesis is a predetermined declaration whether the B. After development of the research question.
research question of the investigator(s) is a precise and C. After a research design is determined.
educated guess about a study outcome. D. Before any statistical analysis.
Correct Answer: B. After development of the research
A nurse wants to study the effectiveness of meditation on question. It is the basis for the hypothesis construction.
people with anxiety disorder. Which variable would be most
relevant to explore in the literature on this topic? Which research hypothesis is most testable?
A. Use of meditation during childbirth. A. There is a relationship between meditation and anxiety
B. Meditation techniques found to be effective. disorders.
C. Pain management for people with anxiety disorders. B. Patients with anxiety disorders who learn meditation
D. Outcomes of meditation when used by elderly techniques have less anxiety than those who do not.
populations. C. Teaching one meditation technique to patients with
Correct Answer: B. Meditation techniques found to be anxiety disorders will be better than teaching multiple
effective. techniques.
D. The ability to meditate causes lower anxiety in patients
What is a characteristic of an independent variable? with anxiety disorder than those who do not meditate.
A. It is the variable that is predicted to change. Correct Answer: D. The ability to meditate causes lower
B. It varies with a change in the dependent variable. anxiety in patients with anxiety disorder than those who do
C. It is manipulated by the researcher. not meditate.
D. It can be identified only by changes in the dependent Hypotheses are testable explanations of a problem,
variable. phenomenon, or observation. It makes predictions that can
Correct Answer: C. It is manipulated by the researcher. be experimentally assessed.
The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher
and has a presumed effect on the dependent variable. What is a characteristic of a statistical hypothesis?
A. It is a null hypothesis.
Which statement is most accurate regarding hypotheses? B. It predicts a positive relationship among variables.
A. Hypothesis operationally defines the dependent C. It is a complex hypothesis.
variables. D. It describes data-analysis methods.
B. Hypotheses are statements about the relationships Correct Answer: A. It is a null hypothesis.
among variables. Statistical hypotheses, called null hypotheses, state that
C. Hypotheses describe the effect of the dependent there is no relationship between the independent and
variable on the independent variable. dependent variables.
D. Hypotheses must include a definition of the treatment or
intervention used. When will a null hypothesis be rejected?
Correct Answer: B. Hypotheses are statements about the A. There is no association among variables.
relationships among variables. B. There is evidence of significance.
Hypotheses are the tentative statements about the C. The independent and dependent variables are related.
relationships between two or more variables that suggest an D. The research hypothesis is rejected.
answer to the research question. It predicts what the Correct Answer: C. The independent and dependent
researcher expects to happen in a study. variables are related.
Because the null hypothesis states that there is no
What is a characteristic of a hypothesis? relationship between the independent and dependent
A. It flows from interpretation of the data collected. variables, it is rejected if they are related.
B. It operationally defines the variable to be studied.
C. It eliminates the need to designate a dependent Which level is characteristic of the strength of the evidence
variable. provided by the results of a quasi-experimental study?
D. It implies a causative or associative relationship.
 A. Level I The following are considered steps in the qualitative
B. Level II research process?
C. Level III A. Literature review
D. Level IV B. Hypothesis
Correct Answer: C. Level III C. Sample
Level I evidence is obtained from a systematic review of all D. Data collection
randomized, controlled trials. Correct Answer: B. Hypothesis
Level II evidence is obtained from at least one well- A hypothesis is the tool of quantitative studies and is only
designed randomized, controlled trial. found in such studies.
Level IV evidence is obtained from nonexperimental
studies. Which of the following could be considered the “context” of
a study? Select all that apply.
A researcher wants to discover why patients of certain A. Cultural understandings and beliefs of study participants.
ethnic backgrounds are reluctant to ask for pain medication. B. The physical setting of the study.
Because there is little data in the literature on this topic, the C. The sample selected for the study.
researcher designs a study to explore the relationships D. The number of subjects in the study.
between cultural belief systems, the experience of pain, and E. The research design used.
the effective use of medication to relieve pain. The Correct Answers: A, B
researcher plans to use the findings of this study to Usually included in the content of the project proposal.
formulate hypotheses for a future study. What is a
characteristic of this study? Which beliefs guide the constructivist paradigm? Select all
A. It is a quasi-experimental study. that apply.
B. It will lead to level II data. A. There are multiple realities.
C. It has a directional hypothesis. B. The truth is objective.
D. It is a hypothesis-generating study. C. Context does not matter as much as truth.
Correct Answer: D. It is a hypothesis-generating study. D. The participant (subject) is an active part of the study.
In hypothesis-generating research, the researcher explores E. Knowledge is gained through facts.
a set of data searching for relationships and patterns and Correct Answer: A, D
then proposes hypotheses that may then be tested in some Constructivism implies that reality is constructed through
subsequent study. human interaction. Individuals create meaning through their
interactions with each other and with the environment.
The nurse develops the following hypothesis: Elderly
women receive less aggressive treatment for breast cancer Which of the following are consistent with the constructivist
than do younger women. Which variable would be paradigm? Select all that apply.
considered to be the dependent variable? A. Subjectivism is valued.
A. Degree of treatment received. B. Natural laws exist.
B. Age of the patient. C. Time and place are important.
C. Type of cancer being treated. D. Generalizability is valued.
D. Use of inpatient treatment. E. Knowledge is gained through observable facts.
Correct Answer: A. Degree of treatment received. Correct Answers: A, C
Dependent variable is the variable that depends on other Constructivism implies that reality is constructed through
factors that are measured. human interaction. Knowledge is a human product and is
socially and culturally constructed.
The nurse develops the following hypothesis: Elderly
women receive less aggressive treatment for breast cancer Which paradigm provides the basis for qualitative research?
than do younger women. Which variable would be A. Empirical analytical research
considered to be the independent variable? A. Empirical analytical research
A. Degree of treatment received. B. Constructivism
B. Age of the patient. C. Postpositivism
C. Type of cancer being treated. D. Naturalistic research
D. Use of inpatient treatment. Correct Answer: B. Constructivism
Correct Answer: B. Age of the patient.
The age of the patient would be the independent variable. Constructivism implies that reality is constructed through
Independent variable is the variable that is stable and human interaction.
unaffected by the other variables
Which type of research allows researchers to be neutral Correct Answers: B, C
observers? Literature reviews provide important background information
A. Qualitative research and details about a specific research topic. An effective
B. Ethnographic research literature review also provides a space to elaborate on
C. Quantitative research future work to be done on a topic and allows an author to
D. Case studies define where their work fits into a larger context.
Correct Answer: C. Quantitative research
Quantitative research is the process of collecting and Which of the following is an example of a primary source in
analyzing numerical data. a research study?
A. A published commentary on the findings of another
Which type of research study can be affected by detracting study.
values of the researcher? B. A doctoral dissertation that critiques all research in the
A. Qualitative area of attention deficit disorder.
B. Naturalistic C. A textbook of medical-surgical nursing.
C. Ethnographic D. A journal article about a study that used large,
D. Quantitative previously unpublished databases generated by the United
Correct Answer: D. Quantitative States census.
Correct Answer: D. A journal article about a study that used
What should be included in a “scholarly literature”? Select large, previously unpublished databases generated by the
all that apply. United States census
A. Primary and secondary sources.
B. Conceptual and theoretical literature from primary What is the best source to use when conducting a level I
sources only. systematic meta-analysis of the literature?
C. Published and unpublished reports of research. A. An electronic database
D.Research reports reported in primary sources only. B. Doctoral dissertations
E. Sources relevant to the research questions. C. The Cochrane Statistical Methods
Correct Answers: A, C, & E D. An electronic database and Doctoral dissertations
A literature review includes all sources on a specific topic Correct Answer: C. The Cochrane Statistical Methods
exposing the relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are considered to
existing research. be the highest-quality evidence on a research topic because
their study design reduces bias and produces more reliable
Reviews of the literature are conducted for PURPOSES OF findings. The Statistical Methods Group (SMG) (Cochrane
RESEARCH as well as for the CONSUMER OF Methods Statistics) is a forum where all statistical issues
RESEARCH. How are these reviews similar? Select all that related to the work of Cochrane are discussed.
apply.
A. Amount of literature required to be reviewed. What is a characteristic of an audio recording of an
B. Degree of critical reading required. unpublished research study reported at a professional
C. Importance of conceptual literature. conference?
D. Purpose of the review. A. Databased literature
E. Knowledge of the research findings B. Secondary Sources
Correct Answers: B, C C. Are more difficult to analyze than written reports.
The purpose of a literature review is to gain an D. Are not useful because they are not published.
understanding of the existing research and debates relevant Correct Answer: A. Databased literature
to a particular topic or area of study, and to present that Audio and video recordings of research presentations are
knowledge in the form of a written report. examples of data based literature. As the name suggests,
data-based literature is based on empirical information
What are the characteristics of the literature review required collected by the researcher. Non-data-based writings, on
for a quantitative research study? Select all that apply. the other hand, ‘reflect the writer’s experiences or opinions
A. The review is exhaustive and must include all studies and can range from the highly theoretical to popular
conducted in the area. testimonials
B. Doctoral dissertations and masters' theses are excellent
sources of information.
C. Computer-accessed materials are acceptable. What is the first step in the qualitative research process?
D. Primary sources are not as important as secondary A. Data analysis
sources. B. Sample
E. Objective self-review of findings. C. Review of literature
 D. Study design
Correct Answer: C. Review of literature What does a critique of a research study always include?
A literature review provides an overview of current Select all that apply.
knowledge, allowing the researcher to identify relevant A. Determining its strengths and weaknesses.
theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research. B. Researching similar studies.
C. Using critical reading skills.
Which mode of clinical application for qualitative research is D. Explaining your own personal opinions.
considered to be the sharing of qualitative findings with the Correct Answers: A, C
patient? Reading a single article can act as a springboard into
A. Insight or empathy researching the topic more widely and aids in ensuring the
B. Anticipatory guidance nursing practice remains current and is supported by
C. Assessment of status or progress existing literature. No bias.
D. Coaching
Correct Answer: B. Anticipatory guidance For which of the following research questions would
Anticipatory guidance is the sharing of qualitative findings qualitative methods be most appropriate?
with the patient. It includes information about the benefits of A. Which pain medications decrease the need for sleep
healthy lifestyles and practices that promote injury and medication in elderly patients?
disease prevention. B. What is the meaning of health for migrant farm-worker
women?
Which research process steps may be noted in an article’s C. Under what conditions does a decubitus ulcer heal most
abstract? Select all that apply. quickly?
A. Identifying the phenomenon D. How does frequency of medication administration impact
B. Research question study purpose the degree of pain experienced following knee replacement
C. Literature review surgery?
D. Design Correct Answer: B. What is the meaning of health for
E. Sample migrant farm-worker women?
F. Legal-ethical issues This question seeks to explore a phenomenon (health) for a
G. Data-collection procedure specific population. Qualitative research involves collecting
Correct Answers: A, B, D and analyzing non-numerical data.

What does a level-of-evidence model use to evaluate the Which of the following phrases would be found in a report of
strength of a research study and its findings? Select all that a qualitative study?
apply. A. "The hypothesis of this study is?"
A. Creativity B. "Perceived pain was measured using the Abbott pain
B. Quality scale?"
C. Quantity C. "The control group received no instruction?"
D. Consistency D. "Subjects were asked to relate their perceptions of
E. Efficiency pain?"
Correct Answer: B, C, D Correct Answer: D. “Subjects were asked to relate their
perceptions of pain?”
What are the critiquing criteria used to judge the worth of a Data collected were perceptions of pain, not numeric data.
research study? Select all that apply.
A. Measures Which of the following phrases would be found in a report of
B. Objectives a quantitative study?
C. Standards A. "A convenience sample was chosen?"
D. Effectiveness B. "The phenomenon studied was?"
E. Evaluation guides C. "Data were analyzed and interpreted?"
F. Questions D. "Researchers sought to explore the meaning of the
Correct Answers: A, C, E, F hospital experience?"
Which statement best describes qualitative research? Correct Answer: A. “A convenience sample was chosen?”
Select all that apply. When a sample of convenience is chosen, the study is a
A. Studies are conducted in natural settings. quantitative study.
B. Data is collected from a large number of subjects.
C. Data collected tends to be numeric. Which of the following hypotheses are indicative of an
D. The research design is systematic and subjective. experimental research design? Select all that apply.
Correct Answers: A, D
 A. Frequent irrigation of Foley catheters will be positively A. The indication of the use of a theory base to derive the
related to urinary tract infections. hypothesis.
B. The incidence of urinary tract infections will be greater in B. The provision of a specific theoretical frame of
patients whose Foley catheters are irrigated frequently than reference.
in those whose Foley catheters are irrigated less frequently. C. Ensurance that findings will be generalizable.
C. Frequent irrigation of Foley catheters is associated with D. The indication of a non-biased selection of subjects.
urinary tract infections. Correct Answer: A, B
D. The incidence of urinary tract infections will not differ A directional (or one-tailed hypothesis) states which way the
between patients with or without Foley catheters. researcher thinks the results are going to go.
E. The perception of pain from patients who had catheters
varies greatly.
Correct Answers: B, D The nurse-researcher plans to conduct a study regarding
Experimental research design, one or more independent the relationship of anxiety level and frequency of call bells of
variables are manipulated by the researcher (as patients in the surgical ward. This research creates an
treatments), subjects are randomly assigned to different impact on:
treatment levels (random assignment), and the results of ● Nursing administration
the treatments on outcomes (dependent variables) are ● Nursing education
observed. ● Nursing models
● Nursing service
Which statements are part of the criteria used to judge the
soundness of a stated research question? Select all that The nurse-researcher plans to administer a survey
apply. questionnaire that aims to determine the level of burnout of
A. A relationship between two or more variables. nurses and its relationship to safety protocol compliance.
B. An operational definition of each variable. The nurse highly considers the timing of
C. The nature of the population being tested. administration of the said questionnaires because timing
D. The possibility of empirical testing. greatly influences results, although not a direct
E. A guiding framework for research. variable. Which of the following characteristics of nursing
Correct Answers: A, C, D, E research is depicted?
A research question is a question that a study or research ● Control
project aims to answer. This question often addresses an ● Empirical
issue or a problem, which, through analysis and ● Generalizable
interpretation of data, is answered in the study’s conclusion. ● Replicable

Which criteria are used to determine the testability of a A study on nurses' motivation as a predictor of productivity
hypothesis? Select all that apply. at the workplace has determined that higher motivation of
A. Use of quantifiable words such as greater than or less nurses in Pampanga greatly determines productivity.
than. Thinking that these findings can be applied in the whole of
B. A hypothesis stated in such a way that it can be clearly Region III, which of the following nursing research
supported or not supported. characteristics is best illustrated?
C. The use of value-laden words in a hypothesis. ● Generalizable
D. Data-collection efforts that prove the validity of the ● Empirical
hypothesis. ● Replicable
Correct Answers: A, B ● Cyclical
Testability refers to the ability to run an experiment to test a
hypothesis or theory. A previous group of student-nurse researchers conducted a
Option A: Quantifiable words increase the testability of a survey of medicinal plants utilized by an indigenous
hypothesis. community. Based on the survey, it is recommended that
Option B: The more clearly the hypothesis is stated, the future research be conducted on the bioactive components
easier it will be to accept or reject it based on study findings. present on the most frequently utilized plants. This clearly
Option C: Hypotheses should not have value-laden words. depicts that nursing research is:
Option D: Data-collection processes are not part of the ● Critical
criterion to evaluate the testability of hypotheses. ● Cyclical
● Empirical
What are the advantages of using directional hypotheses? ● Replicable
Select all that apply.
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of research?
● Aims to find answers to questions or solutions to view previous data entry in several medical records.
problems According to the approach, this research is classified as:
● Discovers and interprets new facts ● Applied
● Starts with a problem and ends with a problem ● Descriptive
● Tests theories to revise existing theories or to formulate ● Experimental
new theories ● Historical

A group of student researchers is interested in The nurse would like to determine the impact of COVID-19
conceptualizing a research topic related to curriculum to community people's behavior in terms of health-seeking
layout, design, and content. This research has a potential behaviors, lifestyle, and stress management. Compared to
impact on: biological or physical phenomena, a study on human
● Nursing administration behavior may not achieve regularity and consistency. One
● Nursing education limitation that this research may be related to which of the
● Nursing leadership and management following?
● Nursing service ● Control problems
● Human complexity
The student-researchers are tasked to identify a potential ● Measurement problem
research topic that can create an immense impact on ● Moral issues
nursing administration. Which of the following research
topics, if included by the students in the list is most A male client, aged 50, is being interviewed by the nurse-
appropriate? researcher as part of qualitative research. During the
● Actual and perceived barriers of learners towards online interview, the client is offended by the remarks made by the
class: A basis for an intervention program researcher. Due to that reason, the client suddenly decides
● Stethoscope care practices of nurses in critical and to stop and asks that he may be allowed to go. The
special units in selected hospitals appropriate decision to take in that particular moment, is
● The relationship between students' online engagement based on which of the following components of informed
and motivation consent?
● The role of communication and its impact on BPO ● Confidentiality page
companies' leadership ● Nature of commitment
● Right to withdraw or withhold information
The research professor teaches a class on research ● Voluntary consent
classifications. The professor wants to evaluate whether the
students have an adequate understanding of the topic. The nurse-researcher has informed the respondents of the
According to the goal, research is classified as applied study that whatever data that will be gathered will be stored
when which of the following topics is identified? in a computer, in a password-protected file. Which
● Hypertensive clients' profile in selected communities in component of the informed consent is applied?
Pampanga: A basis for community health nursing practice ● Confidentiality page
●Effectiveness of audiovisual therapy as a distraction ● Contact information
method in reducing labor pain: A randomized ● Sponsorship
controlled trial ● Type of data
● Professional core competencies and their relationship to
key performance indicators for patient safety outcomes The informed consent is written, "The respondents will be
● Nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and skills towards care of determined by random sampling to ensure that everyone
COVID-19 positive patient will be given an equal chance to be included in the study."
The component of informed consent is best described as:
The nurse-researcher is currently working on the nurses' ● Voluntary consent
burnout level during the COVID-19 pandemic period. ● Subject selection
According to the approach/ level of investigation, the ● Potential risks
research is classified as: ● Applied ● Procedures
● Basic/ pure
● Descriptive The nurse-participants of the study in a qualitative study felt
● Experimental devastated after knowing that their identities have been
revealed in a research presentation recently conducted.
The nurse-researcher is interested in studying the evolution They are planning to file a formal complaint. The
of nurses' documentation/ charting. She is planning to participants plan to check the informed consent once more
coordinate with the hospital's record section to allow her to to determine which of the following components?
● Alternatives When justifying that the research topic is indeed a
● Contact information problematic situation that demands a solution, the research
● Type of data topic is presented in the introduction:
● Voluntary consent ● Objectives
● Research background
To reduce the possibility of inducing harm to respondents in ● Research gap
a research's data collection procedure, the nurse- ● Statement of the problem
researcher must be able to devote time to allow participants
to ask questions or air complaints immediately after data The nurse-researcher determines that the lack of an
collection. This is in line with which of the following existing guideline on bedsore care in the intensive care unit
precautions? has probably been implicated in the rising cases of
● Beneficence complicated pressure sores. This has led the nurse-
● Debriefing and referrals researcher to conduct the study. The lack of an existing
● Non- maleficence guideline in the area serves as the research:
● Risk/ benefit assessments ● Background
● Conceptual framework
The nurse-researcher administers online questionnaires to ● Gap
determine students' level of physical activity, and degree of ● Significance
social isolation during COVID-19 pandemic period. The
huge amount of data collected will be delivered into the The use of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs as a
online tool's system without the researcher's knowledge as theory in the group's research becomes the basis of its
to who has participated in the survey. Despite this, the theoretical framework. The approach of the group's plan is
researcher protects the respondents' privacy by way of: deductive when:
● Anonymity ● It will directly test actual practice setting then the findings
● Beneficence will be related to the theory's generalized statements
● Confidentiality ●It will gather generalized statements from a theory
● Non-maleficence then will test hypotheses in an actual practice setting.
● It will start from general going towards specific but
Conducting face-to-face interviews and surveys to selected without the use of Maslow's theory
respondents requires the researcher, as an ethical ● It will start from specific concepts going towards general
consideration to protect the respondents' privacy by way of: findings
● Anonymity
● Beneficence The students are currently conducting research on students'
● Confidentiality IQ levels and their relationship to their EQ, SQ, AQ and
● Justice academic performance. Which of the following is a correct
presentation of the variables?
Which of the following studies involves an investigation of ● IQ, EQ, SQ, AQ are independent variables while
vulnerable groups? academic performance is the dependent variable
● Audiovisual distraction therapy's effectiveness in ● The only dependent variable in the study is the IQ level
reducing labor pain of the students
● Lived experiences of a childless couple ● The students' IQ level is the independent variable
● Students' IQ level and its relationship to EQ, SQ and AQ while the rests are dependent variables
levels ● There are four (4) variables in the study under
● The relationship between comprehensive sex education investigation
and adolescents' sexual practices
In the Input-Process-Output (IPO) conceptual model, all
The nurse is currently working on a research topic on the activities and tasks will be placed within which box?
identification of microorganisms from stethoscope swabs ● Between input and process
from hospitals used by nurses and doctors. According to the ● Input
approach/ level of investigation, it is classified as: ● Output
● applied ● Process
● basic
● descriptive The statement of the problem consists of:
● experimental ● Main problem statement and subproblems
● Problem identification and scope of the problem
● Purpose and significance of the study
● Scope and delimitations The hypothesis is stated as "The lesser motivated nurses
are, the higher is their job burnout level." The implied
The students are interested in conducting a study on direction of the relationship is:
teenage pregnancy. They justify that it is a researchable ● Absent
topic since if this topic will not be investigated, there will be ● Direct
a projected burden on adolescent's coping and required ● Inverse
parenting skills. This component of the main problem ● Not indicated
statement described is:
● Background Which of the following is NOT a component of the main
● Consequences of the problem problem statement?
● Proposed solution ● Framework
● Scope of the problem ● Background
● Consequences
The students are interested in the relationship between ● Scope
students' stress sources and levels of coping mechanisms.
Which of the following is a properly stated null hypothesis? Which of the following is a directional hypothesis?
● As the students' stress sources vary, so is their level of ● The more competent nurses are, the higher is the
coping mechanisms patients' level of satisfaction
● The students' level of coping mechanisms differs in ● Patients differ in the level of satisfaction in terms of their
terms of their stress sources assigned nurses' level of competency
● There is a significant relationship between students' ● There is no significant relationship between nurses'
stress sources and their level of coping competency level and their patients' level of satisfaction
mechanisms ● The competency of nurses influences the level of
●There is no significant relationship between students' satisfaction of their patients
stress sources and their level of coping mechanisms
Although the theoretical framework involves several
The students formulate a hypothesis that states, "There is literature reviews and inclusion, the most essential
no significant relationship between patients' knowledge, information that must be included in the discussion of a
attitude, and skills on a diabetic diet; and their compliance theoretical framework is:
on prescribed home insulin" is described as: ● Applicability of the theory in the research topic
● Alternative, non-directional ● Name of the theorist and the theory
● Null, complex ● The relevance of the figure to the theory's general
● Null, directional proposition
● Null, simple ● The framework itself

The hypothesis states, "There is no significant relationship The presentation of the significance of the study involves a
between community's disaster preparedness and its list of the study:
resiliency towards recent earthquake." Which of the ● impact on beneficiaries
following is true in line with this hypothesis? ● purpose and direction
● Community's resiliency towards recent earthquake ● relevance to nursing education
becomes the independent variable ● study background and gap
● It is a complex and null hypothesis
● It is a non-directional alternative hypothesis Passive observation of the independent variable as it
● The independent variable is community's disaster influences the dependent variable is a common key design
preparedness feature of:
● correlational study
The null hypothesis that states, "There is no significant ● true experiments
relationship between community's disaster preparedness ● quasi-experiments
and its resiliency towards recent earthquake" is ● phenomenology
ACCEPTED. This indicates:
● Absence of a relationship When the researcher compares posttest scores of the
● Directional relationship experimental and control groups, comparison, as a key
● Indirect relationship design feature is:
● Presence of a relationship ● between-subjects
● prospective
● retrospective
● within-subjects
A group of researchers has implemented a smoking
If both the experimenter and the subjects are unaware of prevention program in a group of adolescents to promote
the subjects' group placement to an experimental or control cognitive and behavioral impact on a healthy lifestyle. The
group can be described as: independent variable of the study is:
● single-blind ● cognitive and behavioral influence after the program
● double-blind ● group of adolescents
● cross-sectional ● healthy lifestyle
● longitudinal ● smoking prevention program

The "why" questions in researches cannot be answered by A 3 x 3 factorial research design illustrates that:
which of the following research designs? ● The independent and dependent variables have three
● correlational levels each
● descriptive ● The three independent variables have two levels each
● quasi-experimental ● The two independent variables have three levels
● true experimental each
● There are three independent variables
Prospective correlational research design always starts with
the identification of the: The diagram written as, R O1 X O2 (first row) and R O1 O2
● confounding variable (second row), presents what type of research design?
● dependent variable ● non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest research
● independent variable design
● pretest ● posttest only research design
● pretest-posttest true experimental research design
The three properties of randomized controlled trials consist ● time-series design
of:
● control, counterfactual, and confounding variable An experimental research aims to determine the effect of
● control, random sampling, and intervention simulated family presence through prerecorded videos in
● pretest, intervention, and posttest the agitation levels of demented clients in the mental health
● randomization, control, and manipulation unit. The study is best recognized as quasi-experimental
research in design when:
Quasi-experimental researches are also known as: ● Every resident (with dementia) was randomly assigned to
● case-controlled trials either becoming experimental or control group
● controlled trials without randomization ● The level of agitation was checked before and after
● crossover with factorial feature simulated family presence with prerecorded family videos
● randomized controlled trials ● The prerecorded family videos were shown to the
experimental group only and not to the control group
Which of the following statements about research design is ● The two groups of demented clients (experimental
accurately stated? and control) did not undergo randomization
● It details how the study will contribute and how the
people will benefit from it In a particular research diagram represented as R X O2
● It is a framework of methods and procedures that (first row) and R O2 (second row), the only feasible way of
specify the activities used to collect and analyze data determining the effectiveness of a particular intervention is
● It is the process of collecting and analyzing the variables by:
under investigation ● checking the discrepancy between experimental and
● It outlines the problem that addresses the gap and control groups' pretest scores
background of the study ● comparing the posttest scores of both experimental
and control groups
In terms of quantitative research design's features, ● comparing the pretest and posttest scores of the control
experimental studies often have: Correct Answer group
● active introduction of an intervention to the ● noting the difference between pretest and posttest
experimental group scores of the experimental group
● limited control of confounding/ extraneous variables
● performance of an intervention at a single point in time Least control of confounding variables is evident in which of
only the following research designs?
● The retrospective approach of data collection ● Correlational
● Factorial with alcoholism. Based on the aim of the study, it is mostly
● Non-equivalent control group pretest posttest to be designed as:
● Pretest posttest RCT ● correlational
● descriptive
The study aims to determine the effect of music, play and ● quasi-experimental
reward therapies to children's social competence confined ● true experimental
in a mental health unit. There are three (3) participating
groups and all of the groups will be receiving the same Which of the following is a typical example of a case-control
therapies but in different sequencing. This study is designed design which is often associated with retrospective research
as: design?
● crossover ● Checking mental status of end-stage renal disease
● factorial patients before and after hemodialysis ●Determining
● longitudinal differences in the demographic profile of two groups of
● time-series subjects (1) with hypertension (2) without hypertension
● Measuring depression scores of mothers with
A training on updated basic life support (BLS) on hospital preeclampsia before and after delivery
nurses was conducted in the staff development unit. The ● Noting for the difference in competency scores of two
chief nurse would like to determine the knowledge of BLS of groups of nurses before and after 1-month long inductive
hospital nurses (N=50) after the training by conducting a training in the hospital
posttest. Another group of 50 nurses who did not attend the
training took the posttest too. In terms of key design feature, Which of the following is the main advantage of a non-
comparing two groups of scores in this example is: experimental research design?
● between-subjects ●It can gather information to several variables in larger
● longitudinal sample from a population in a short period of time
● randomized subjects ● It can testify the validity of conclusions due to
● within-subjects homogeneity of samples under investigation
● It contains counterfactual that strengthens internal
Lack of randomization in experiments often leads to: validity of findings
● higher generalizability ● Stronger conclusions are generated due to a highly
● robust representativeness controlled effect on confounding variables
● stronger inferences
● weaker conclusions The control group in an experiment usually receives the:
● active element of the intervention
The nurse aims to determine the effectiveness of carotid ● higher intensity of the treatment
massage in decreasing heart rates of clients. Baseline heart ● manipulated intervention
rate levels were recorded before carotid massage and were ● usual standard procedure
continually determined in the following timings post carotid
massage: 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes and finally 60 A factorial research design aims to evaluate the effects of
minutes. In terms of time dimension, it is categorized as: caffeine intake (no cup, one cup, two cups, three cups) and
● cross-sectional time of intake (morning, evening) to students' physical
● crossover activity level. The number of possible/probable conditions
● descriptive can be computed as:
● longitudinal ● 2
● 4
Which of the following is the main advantage of a quasi- ● 6
experimental research design? ● 8
● It provides stronger conclusions than randomized control
trials Carryover effects can make distinguishing of the
● Most experiments can be conducted in this effectiveness of a particular intervention difficult in:
approach due to practical reasons ● correlational
● Rival hypotheses are unlikely to appear in this design ● crossover
● There is no need for manipulation of an independent ● factorial
variable ● time-series

The study aims to describe the student nurses' perception The university guidance counselor has followed up a group
of family-centered care in taking care of a family member of 100 college students from the years 2001, 2002, 2003
and 2004 to determine changes in their academic difficulties researcher planned to come back the next day for a
and utilized coping mechanisms. From an original pool of posttest. Unknowingly, a clinical instructor delivered a
100, only 90 students during their 4th year remained. The lecture on fluids, electrolytes and specific examples of
loss of 10 students in the process of data collection can be intravenous fluids that afternoon to some nurses who
a threat to internal validity specifically by way of: attended the morning seminar. A posttest was administered
● attrition by the researcher the next day. Which threat to internal
● history validity is depicted in this situation?
● maturation ● History threat
● temporal ambiguity ● Maturation threat
● Mortality
Temporal ambiguity is depicted in which of the following ● Selection threat
research conditions?
● The nurses who knew that they were being observed in The researcher determined a significant difference in the
the workplace had to improve their overall clinical skills level of pain of laboring mothers who received tactile
● The researcher carefully examines whether it is stimulation and to those who did not. To establish that it is
anxiety that causes sleep quality or it is the other way indeed tactile stimulation that is responsible in pain
around reduction, the researcher checks on:
● The two rooms used in an experiment greatly differs in ● construct validity
terms of room temperature and noise level when assessing ● external validity
the impact of 30-minute meditation on heart rate and blood ● internal reliability
pressure readings of randomized subjects ● internal validity
● There are three randomized subjects assigned in the
treatment group who wish to be part of the control group True experimental researches generally have higher
instead internal validity due to the fact that there are no threats
related to temporal ambiguity. This is because true
The use of opinion polls survey to determine the selected experimental research design is inherently:
population's attitude over time can be classified as which ● highly controlled
type of longitudinal research design? ● manipulative
● Cohort ● prospective
● Follow up ● retrospective
● Panel
● Trend Researches have higher external validity when:
● they have been replicated several times by previous
The researcher needs prior information of the subjects' studies
characteristics to be included in the study in order to form ● they have limited homogeneous sample
similarly comparable groups for experiments. This method ● threats related to selection, loss of respondents, history
of controlling confounding variable is known as: and maturation are reduced
● homogeneity ● the statistical power is enhanced by larger sample taken
● matching out from the population
● randomization
● statistical control In terms of hierarchial evidences, the research design that
provides accurate conclusive evidences would be:
Which of the following research considerations can enhance ● randomized controlled trial
statistical conclusion validity when conducting a true ● descriptive
experimental research? ● correlational
● Include several inclusion criteria to reduce confounding ● quasi-experimental
variable
● Randomize subjects to experimental and control groups Hawthorne effect can be illustrated by which of the following
● Reduce sample size research situations?
● Strict compliance on intervention fidelity ● nurses decide to surf the net while answering pretest on
HIV
A researcher aims to determine the effectiveness of an ●nurses frequently perform hand hygiene after knowing
educational program to improve nurses' knowledge on that their supervisor is scheduled for observation
clinical practice. The nurses were selected to be part of an ● researchers decide to distribute the questionnaires to
experiment where they would be attending a 4-hour seminar nurse-respondents in the non-busy hours of the morning
in the morning on intravenous therapy updates. The time
● two participants of the control group decide to withdraw ●listing down preconceived ideas about a particular
from the study topic of interest and aiming for removal from mental
processes
Qualitative researches often have emergent research ● becoming open to all possible responses from participants
design which means that: and engage in meaningful feedback and interaction
● research decision regarding data collection and ● surrounding oneself with qualitative data to search and
analysis may depend on the course of data collection identify relevant themes
and associated processes ● describing major findings called theme and supporting
● topics that are poorly understood by most people can also them with participants' verbatim statements
be addressed by changing research design
● qualitative researchers are required to strictly follow Data saturation occurs when:
guidelines decided prior to data collection ● the design ● no new information becomes available in the course
involves a combination of both quantitative and qualitative of data collection
approaches ● the recommended number of sample in a particular
qualitative research has been reached
Which of the following characteristics of qualitative research ● the maximum number of 10 participants, for instance in
design requires researchers to possess adept interview phenomenology
skills, introspection and intensive reflection? ● there are no more available participants that can be
● Bricoleur included in the research
● Elastic
● Holistic To better interpret the meaning of lived experiences or any
● Versatile phenomenon, interpretative phenomenology/hermeneutics
would:
In qualitative research design, comparisons usually occur ● require the use of bracketing to prevent bias
during: ● not need bracketing because prior understanding is
● evaluation of changes before and after a specific needed for interpretation
phenomenon has occurred ● require understanding of cultural behavior, artifacts and
● data analysis in determining data saturation from language
participants ● require an emic perspective in understanding richness of
● administration of intervention to identified treatment the experiences
group and none to the control group
● statistical data treatment and tabulation Deeply embedded information about a group's cultural
heritage is favorable on ethnographers to obtain through:
A five-year qualitative ethnographic study was conducted by ● emic perspective
a researcher involving a group of indigenous individuals ● etic perspective
who decided to live in a highly urbanized city. In terms of ● key informant interviews
time frame, the design is described as: ● autoethnography
● cross-sectional
● longitudinal A typical example of ethno-nursing as proposed by
● emergent Madeleine Leininger can be seen in which of the following?
● controlling ● Maternal care practices of Aetas in Sitio Monicayo
● Motivational factors and their impact on productivity
Topics related to a phenomenon are grounded on human ● Leadership and communication flow as predictors of
life experiences and it is the researcher's goal to fully organizational productivity
understand the lived experience and explore how do people ● Effect of exercise (physical and mental) on anhedonia
make sense of their experience. This qualitative research and avolition
design is termed as:
● phenomenology The main feature of grounded theory that distinguishes it
● grounded theory from other research designs is presented in which of the
● outcomes research following?
● ethnography ● data collection and analysis of participants'
information occur all at the same time
Which of the following intellectual processes best depicts ● participant sampling and inclusion can be obtained
bracketing? typically for 10 or fewer
● themes emerge as a result of comparison of information
from all included participants
● the goal is to describe their lived experiences and ● measurement of students' achievement
present how they make sense of their experiences
The research term academic performance is defined as the
Which of the following can be a typical example of a case measurement of students' achievement across various
study? academic requirements. Similarly, the current study refers
● Immersing with a family in a community in academic performance on the students' general weighted
examining their problems and concerns average on professional subjects. The theoretical definition
● Review of kept journals of prominent researchers of academic performance would be:
decades ago ● students' academic performance
● Political and economic involvement of the researchers to ● satisfactory achievement of students' academic
the community to achieve empowerment requirements
● Understanding core variable with constant comparison to ● general weighted average on professional subjects of
emerge themes the students
● measurement of students' achievement across
The guidelines on bundles of care on mouth care and various academic requirements
suctioning, as a guideline in the care of intubated clients is
practiced by ICU nurses for almost a decade now. The The literal meaning of a particular term in a research title is
nurse-researcher aims to determine its impact on the often referred to as its:
nursing practice. Specifically, the type of research can be ● direct meaning
described as: ● indirect meaning
● evaluation research ● operational definition
● clinical trial ● implied meaning
● survey research
● secondary analysis The purpose of doing a literature review can guide
researchers in ensuring that:
The use of triangulation can be seen in which specific type ● the research weaknesses of previous studies are to
of research? be avoided
● clinical research ● a study can provide a mere repetition of the previous
● descriptive qualitative research work
● mixed-method research ● the current research can include several unmanageable
● participatory action research coverage to overwhelm the process ● a research cannot
be done in a different setting if the main idea is already
Scope in a particular study is best defined as: researched on
● the overall coverage of the research
● stipulated exclusions of the study When including literature review, primary sources of data
● possible limitations of the study can be obtained by:
● probable weaknesses that the study will possess ● looking at research articles published by authors
who are the researchers themselves ● examining a
The presence of study limitations must be communicated in literature review of a particular concept or theory
which part of Chapter 5? ● reading over a narrative review paper of a set of
● summary researches done by others
● conclusion ● understanding an integrative review of common studies
● recommendation done in the past decade
● data presentation
A matrix table usually contains the following components
The research term academic performance is defined as the EXCEPT for:
measurement of students' achievement across various ● reference
academic requirements. Similarly, the current study refers ● literature review
academic performance on the students' general weighted ● theme
average on professional subjects. The operational definition ● paradigm
of academic performance would be:
● students' academic performance In APA referencing specifically by way of reference list, the
● satisfactory achievement of students' academic information that must be included first would be:
requirements ● Author's surname with initials separated by a
● general weighted average on professional subjects comma and ended by a period
of the students ● Date that refers to the year of publication
● URL address The outline in the presentation of data almost always relates
● Author's given name, surname's initials separated by a to which of the following components of Chapter 1?
comma ● problem statement
● significance of the problem
The use of in-text citation in APA referencing basics is ● definition of terms
appropriately done in which of the following examples? ● scope and delimitation
● Feliciano (2020) argues that...
● Feliciano, A. (2020) contends that... Which of the following sequences is most appropriate when
● ...has been emphasized (Feliciano, A., 2020). presenting, analyzing and interpreting data in Chapter 4?
● ...worth noting, Feliciano (2020). ● heading, textual, tabular
● heading, tabular, textual
The use of in-text citation in APA referencing basics for ● textual, tabular, heading
direct quotation is appropriately done in which of the ● tabular, textual, heading
following examples?
● (Feliciano, 2020) When analyzing presented data, it is most important for the
● (Feliciano, A., 2020) researchers to:
● (Feliciano, 2020, p. 200) ● find supporting literature when supporting or refuting a
● (Feliciano, n.d.) particular idea
● highlight significant figures as to highest and lowest
For in-text citation including two authors, which of the for instance
following is appropriately done? ● talk about beyond what the figures show but going back
● Dela Cruz & Zamora (2020) mention that.... to the study's main point
● Dela Cruz and Zamora (2020) state that... ● narrate all figures from highest to lowest if there is any
● ...due to these variations (Dela Cruz and Zamora, 2020).
● ...following the incidents (Dela Cruz, J. and Zamora, A., Discussion of the p-value score (e.g. 0.02) and narrating the
2020). decision (e.g. rejecting the null hypothesis) of hypothesis
testing are seen in which part of Chapter 4?
Which of the following is accurately presented when citing ● presentation of data
for the first time three, four or five authors following APA ● analysis of data
referencing in-text? ● interpretation of data
● David, Santos and Cruz (2020) indicate... ● summary of findings
● David et al., (2020) had pointed out...
● ... various indications (David, Santos and Cruz, 2020). Which of the following is properly formulated conclusion?
● ... several points (David et al., 2020). ● The majority of nurses on work atmosphere (234,
78,75%) highlights the need for an intervention program that
Which of the following is a properly cited secondary source geared towards resolution of workplace issues
in line with APA referencing with the following details: ●While the study shows a significant difference (p-
original author (Fisher) and citing author (Grey)? value 0.02), it is critical to understand that nurses are
● Fisher (1984) as cited in Grey (2020) states... motivated when issues related to workplace issues are
● Grey (2020) cited Fisher (1984) imploring... confronted.
● ... statement (Grey, 2020 cited Fisher, 1984). ● The need for an intervention program related to
● ... imploration (Fisher (1984), as cited in Grey (2020)). workplace atmosphere and cooperation is highlighted
among nurses as it is associated with motivation
When doing subsequent citings on a group or organization ● There is a significant relationship between nurses'
in line with APA referencing, which guideline must be motivation and workplace atmosphere resulting from a p-
followed? value of 0.02
● Even if with long name for organization, further citation
requires exact organization's name Which of the following is an example of an interpretation?
● Shortened name can be used for succeeding ● The majority of nurses on work atmosphere (234,
citations 78,75%) highlights the need for an intervention program that
● The year can be omitted provided the name of the geared towards resolution of workplace issues
organization is retained for subsequent citations ● While the study shows a significant difference (p-
● There should always be an author's surname for every value 0.02), it is critical to understand that nurses are
group or organization that will included in APA referencing motivated when issues related to workplace issues are
confronted.
● The need for an intervention program related to The researcher lists all the universities in Pampanga and
workplace atmosphere and cooperation is highlighted randomly selects a school that becomes the basis for
among nurses as it is associated with motivation as selecting needed respondents. This technique is known as:
supported by Feliciano (2020). ● systematic sampling
● There is a significant relationship between nurses' ● cluster sampling
motivation and workplace atmosphere resulting from a p- ● stratified sampling
value of 0.02 ● multi-stage sampling

The type of research locale in most experiments can be The researcher is interested in conducting a
described as: phenomenological study on the lived experiences of
● natural setting individuals working as commercial sex workers. Although it
● field setting is difficult to ask them to voluntarily agree, getting to
● partially controlled encourage one participant to recruit more that he or she
● highly controlled knows to join the research occurs by which type of
sampling?
The researcher plans to administer questionnaires related ● quota sampling
to a descriptive study on nurses' hand hygiene profile in ● purposive sampling
terms of frequency and articles used. While also planning ● snowball sampling
for a structured observation of nurses, it is most appropriate ● volunteer sampling
for the researcher to consider which type of locale?
● natural setting Which of the following sets of variables requires indirect
● partially controlled measurement?
● highly controlled ● weight, height, physical activity levels
● structured setting ● anxiety, blood type, nationality
● motivation level, anxiety, sources of stress
Highest data level of measurement can be seen on: ● treatment adherence, body mass index, blood pressure
● nominal level
● interval level Which of the following is a nominal-level variable?
● ratio level ● body temperature, skin turgor, capillary refill time
● ordinal level ● weight, skin color, number of bowel sounds
● sex, blood type, place of work
Those respondents who satisfactorily meet the inclusion ● height, weight, body mass index
criteria set for the study become the population the
researcher is interested in. This is known as: The researcher lists down all the scores that students had
● target population from a 50-item examination. These scores are categorized
● accessible population in which level of measurement?
● population ● nominal
● sample ● ordinal
● interval
Before the researcher performs simple random sampling of ● ratio
accessible college students in a university, it is important for
the researcher to create first a: Asking a client to rate the current experience of pain from a
● sampling frame scale of 1 to 10 is actually a variable in which level of
● quota measurement?
● research instrument ● nominal
● statistical guide on analysis ● ordinal
● interval
Homogeneity of samples taken out from a population is ● ratio
likely a possibility when which of the following sampling
techniques is used? The researcher checks on the continuous variables and is
● purposive sampling correct when he identifies which of the following?
● quota sampling ● blood pressure and heart rate readings
● snowball technique ● medical diagnosis and room number
● fishbowl technique ● treating physician and type of room
● level of mobility and ability to provide self-care
Which of the following is a categorical data? ● test the instrument in a group of students now, and wait
● Treating Physician for a week for a retest
● Hospital bill
● GCS score Which of the following statements about reliability is
● APGAR score accurately stated?
● An instrument is reliable when it measures the
Likert type scale of measurement, in each statement where variable over and over again with consistent and stable
respondents have to answer in several categories of results
agreement/ disagreement is generally regarded as: ● The instrument is considered reliable when it is evaluated
● nominal as the correct instrument to measure the variable
● ordinal ● An instrument is reliable when it has a CVI of 0.90
● interval ● The instrument is reliable when by face itself, provides a
● ratio superficial estimate that is measuring what it is supposed to
measure
Which of the following is a dichotomous question?
● Are you in favor of the death penalty? ( ) favor ( ) not A particular research instrument is designed to measure the
favor level of anxiety of laboring mothers. When tested, the
● Year level ( ) first ( ) second ( ) third ( ) fourth results most likely will reveal that anxiety scores will be
● What is your view regarding the network's non-renewal higher for first-time mothers as compared to multipara. This
of franchise? aspect of the validity of the research instrument depicted in
● Rank the five items in terms of importance or value to the example is known as:
you: (1 most valued, 5 least valued) ● content validity
● construct validity
Ethnographers usually make use of which type of ● criterion-related validity
observation? ● face validity
● unstructured
● structured The researcher would like to determine the instrument's
● partially controlled strength by administering it to a group of respondents and
● highly controlled again after a week and compare the results for consistency/
similarity. Which aspect of validity/ reliability is depicted?
The use of grand tour question, "Tell me what you've ● stability
experienced from the time you were put into custody to the ● internal consistency
time you've been set free.", is typically which type of ● equivalence reliability
interview? ● content validity
● unstructured
● structured A Cronbach alpha score of 0.60 was computed on a new
● focus interview research instrument. The value indicates that it had:
● semi-structured interview ● low level of internal consistency
● high level of reliability
In a focus group discussion, the main facilitator in the ● low level of validity
process is the: ● low level of equivalence reliability
● researcher
● leader in the group When the 25-item questionnaire on work engagement
● most experienced member of the group generates nearly similar results with another work
● first to arrive in the scheduled interview engagement scale that contains 54 items, the quality of
research method measurement is known as:
The researcher plans to evaluate a newly structured ● content validity
questionnaire that contains specific details related to ● internal reliability
students' difficulties on online learning. To evaluate for ● accuracy
content validity, the researcher plans to: ● construct validity
● run the instrument for factor analysis after administering
it for pilot testing The researcher wants to calculate for the response rate
● administer the instrument together with another similar from administered 100 questionnaires with 84
tool that measures students' difficulties on learning learning questionnaires returned. The response rate is computed by:
● ask the opinion of experts to evaluate whether the ● dividing 84 by 100 then multiply by 100
included statements represent the variable under study ● multiplying 84 to 100 then divide by 100
● adding 84 and 100 then divide by 100 ● Continue using Pearson r as it is an appropriate
● subtracting 84 from 100 then divide by 100 statistical test

The final output in most quantitative data tabulation as part The nurse plans to determine the effectiveness of music
of data processing is called a: therapy on activity scores administered in a group of
● matrix children with hyperactivity disorder. By comparing activity
● SPSS scores in the pretest and posttest periods, the researcher
● random numbered sets considers using t-test:
● coding manual ● dependent
● independent
Standard deviation and variance are preferred than the use ● between-subjects
of range in measuring dispersion of data from samples ● unpaired
because range can cause inaccurate findings in the
presence of: Testing the effect of one independent variable on three or
● significant outlier more groups of dependent variable can be measured by
● confounding variable using:
● hypothesis ● one-way ANOVA
● homogeneous variable ● Repeated measures ANOVA
● two way ANOVA
When determining whether to make use of a parametric or ● Independent t-test
non-parametric test, it is most important to determine the
result of Levene's test that measures the sample's: Predicting the effect on a dependent variable by multiple
● homogeneity independent variables (predictor variables) can be achieved
● representativeness by using:
● statistical conclusion validity ● multiple regression
● p-value ● analysis of covariance
● correlation coefficient
The study has strongly established that there is a significant ● chi-squared test
relationship between adolescents' engagement on gadget
use and physical activity level. When analyzing, the Controlling confounding variables can strengthen
researcher considers which of the following is most conclusions in a particular research and this can be
appropriate? achieved by using:
● descriptive analysis ● analysis of covariance
● inferential analysis ● analysis of variance
● qualitative analysis ● multiple regression
● quantitative analysis ● bivariate statistics

The use of frequency and percentage distribution in Non parametric equivalent of two-way ANOVA using ranks
presenting the nurses' demographic profile focuses on is:
which type of statistics? ● Kruskal Wallis
● descriptive ● Mann Whitney
● inferential ● Chi-square
● qualitative ● ANCOVA
● multivariate
Predicting the value of the independent variable to the
The researcher initially planned on using Pearson r product- dependent variable can be obtained by using:
moment correlation for hypothesis testing but later realized ● linear regression
that the samples taken were described heterogeneous, and ● multiple regression
not normally distributed. The researcher considers which of ● Chi-square
the following? ● One-way ANOVA
● Obtain another sample to appropriately use Pearson r
● Make use of its equivalent non-parametric test, The variables for correlation using chi-square should be
Spearman correlation which of the following?
● Consider the use of its equivalent non-parametric test, ● Both variables can either be nominal or ordinal/
Chi-square categorical
● Both variables can either be interval or ratio/ continuous
● Independent variable should be categorical while the and can intentionally alter its values or conditions. By
dependent should be continuous manipulating the independent variable, the researcher can
● Independent variable should be continuous while the observe and measure the effect it has on the dependent
dependent should be categorical variable, which is the variable being predicted to change.
Therefore, the statement "It is manipulated by the
researcher" accurately describes the characteristic of the
1. Which statement about hypotheses is most accurate? independent variable.
A. Hypotheses represent the main concern to be
studied and are the foundations of research studies. 4. Which statement is most accurate regarding hypotheses?
B. B.Hypotheses help frame a test of the validity of a A. Hypotheses operationally define the dependent
theory. variables.
C. Hypotheses help to test the nursing theory. B. Hypotheses are statements about the relationships
D. A hypothesis is a problem statement. among variables.
Correct Answer B. Hypotheses help frame a test of the C. Hypotheses describe the effect of the dependent
validity of a theory. variable on the independent variable.
Hypotheses help frame a test of the validity of a theory. This D. Hypotheses must include a definition of the
statement accurately describes the role of hypotheses in treatment or intervention used.
research studies. Hypotheses are formulated based on a Correct Answer
theory and are used to test the validity of that theory B. Hypotheses are statements about the relationships
through empirical investigation. They provide a framework among variables.
for designing experiments or gathering data to determine if This statement is the most accurate because hypotheses
the theory holds true or not. Hypotheses are not the main are indeed statements that propose a relationship between
concern or foundation of research studies, nor are they variables. Hypotheses are formulated based on prior
problem statements or specifically related to nursing theory. knowledge and research, and they aim to explain or predict
the relationship between the independent and dependent
2. A nurse wants to study the effectiveness of meditation variables in a study. By testing hypotheses, researchers can
on people who have an anxiety disorder. Which variable gather evidence to support or reject these statements and
would be most accurate to explore in the literature on this further advance scientific knowledge.
topic?
A. Use of meditation during childbirth 5. What is a characteristic of a hypothesis?
B. Meditation techniques found to be effective. A. It flows from the interpretation of the data collected.
C. Pain management for people with anxiety disorders B. It operationally defines the variable to be studied.
D. None of these C. It eliminates the need to designate a dependent
variable.
Correct Answer B. Meditation techniques found to be D. It implies a causative or associative relationship.
effective. Correct Answer D. It implies a causative or associative
The most accurate variable to explore in the literature on relationship.
the effectiveness of meditation on people with anxiety A characteristic of a hypothesis is that it implies a causative
disorders would be "Meditation techniques found to be or associative relationship. A hypothesis is a statement or
effective." This variable directly addresses the effectiveness assumption that suggests a possible explanation or
of meditation techniques specifically for individuals with prediction for a phenomenon or event. When formulating a
anxiety disorders, which aligns with the nurse's research hypothesis, researchers often propose a potential cause-
goal. The other variables mentioned, such as the use of and-effect relationship or an association between variables.
meditation during childbirth and pain management for This helps guide the research and allows for the testing of
people with anxiety disorders, are not directly related to the the hypothesis through empirical data collection and
effectiveness of meditation on anxiety disorders. analysis.

3. Independent variable's characteristic: 6. When should a hypothesis be developed by the

A. It is the variable that is predicted to change. researcher during the research process?
B. It varies with a change in the dependent variable. A. Before the development of the research question
C. It is manipulated by the researcher. B. After the development of the research question
D. None of these C. After a research design is determined
Correct Answer C. It is manipulated by the researcher. D. Before any statistical analysis
The independent variable is the variable that the researcher Correct Answer
manipulates or changes in an experiment. This means that B. After the development of the research question
the researcher has control over the independent variable
A hypothesis should be developed by the researcher after B. There is evidence of significance.
the development of the research question. This is because C. The independent and dependent variables are
the research question provides the overall direction and related.
focus for the study, and the hypothesis is a specific D. The research hypothesis is rejected.
statement that predicts the relationship between variables Correct Answer C. The independent and dependent
or the outcome of the research. By developing the research variables are related.
question first, the researcher can then formulate a A null hypothesis is rejected when there is evidence that the
hypothesis that addresses the specific objectives of the independent and dependent variables are related. This
study and guides the data collection and analysis process. means that the research has found a significant association
Developing the hypothesis after the research question or correlation between the variables being studied.
ensures that it is grounded in the research objectives and Rejecting the null hypothesis indicates that there is a
aligns with the overall purpose of the study. meaningful relationship between the variables, supporting
the alternative hypothesis that there is indeed a connection
7. Which research hypothesis is most testable? between them.
A. There is a relationship between meditation and
anxiety disorders. 10.
B. Patients with anxiety disorders who learn meditation Which level is characteristic of the strength of the evidence
techniques have less anxiety than those who do provided by the results of a quasi-experimental study?
not. A. Level I
C. Teaching one meditation technique to patients with B. Level II
anxiety disorders will be better than teaching C. Level III
multiple techniques. D. Level IV
D. The ability to meditate causes lower anxiety in Correct Answer C. Level III
patients with an anxiety disorder than in those who Level III is characteristic of the strength of evidence
do not meditate. provided by the results of a quasi-experimental study.
Correct Answer D. The ability to meditate causes lower Quasi-experimental studies are research designs that lack
anxiety in patients with an anxiety disorder than in those random assignment to treatment groups, making them less
who do not meditate. rigorous than true experimental studies. Level III evidence
The given answer is the most testable research hypothesis indicates that the study is based on nonrandomized
because it clearly states a cause-and-effect relationship controlled trials or well-designed observational studies. This
between the ability to meditate and lower anxiety in patients level of evidence provides moderate strength in terms of the
with anxiety disorders. This hypothesis can be tested by validity and reliability of the results, but it is still considered
conducting an experiment where one group of patients with weaker than evidence from randomized controlled trials
anxiety disorders is taught meditation techniques and (Level I) or systematic reviews of randomized controlled
another group is not. The levels of anxiety can then be trials (Level II). Level IV evidence refers to expert opinion or
measured and compared between the two groups to case studies, which are considered to be the weakest forms
determine if the ability to meditate indeed causes lower of evidence.
anxiety.
VARIABLES
8. What is a characteristic of a statistical hypothesis? Which variables describe characteristics of the study
A. It is a null hypothesis. participants such as gender and years of service that
B. It predicts a positive relationship among variables. cannot be manipulated?
C. It is a complex hypothesis. Demographic
D. It describes data-analysis methods.
Which variable is manipulated by the researcher?
Correct Answer A. It is a null hypothesis. Independent
A characteristic of a statistical hypothesis is that it is a null
hypothesis. A null hypothesis is a statement that assumes Which variable is the outcome variable?
there is no significant relationship or difference between Dependent
variables being tested. It is used as a starting point for
statistical analysis and is usually tested against an Which variables are uncontrolled variables that influence
alternative hypothesis to determine if there is enough the findings of the research study?
evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Extraneous

9. When will a null hypothesis be rejected? A definition that describes the concepts in abstract terms?
A. There is no association among variables. Conceptual
What variable is a characteristic of the study setting? 3. Which scale of measurement has an absolute zero?
Environmental A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
A definition that specifies how the concepts will be C. Interval
measured? D. Ratio
Operational
4. The variable which is influenced by the intervention of the
Researchers who select a quantitative design for their study researcher is called:
want to: A. Independent
Determine the strength of the relationship between the
independent and dependent variable B. Dependent
C. Discrete
IDENTIFYING RESEARCH STUDY DESIGNS D. Extraneous
Sarah plans to conduct a study that the relative amounts of Answer Key
stress in individuals. She wanted to know the amount of
stress among adolescents, young adult, middle adult and 5. The statistical approach which helps the investigator to
the late adult women. The research design of her study decide whether the outcome of the study is a result of
would be: factors planned within design of the study or determined by
A. Descriptive chance is called:
B. correlational A. Descriptive statistics
C. Cohort B. Inferential statistics
D. Qualitative C. Normal distribution
D. Standard deviation
Jane wanted to know the relationship between the level of
anxiety experienced during final exams and the exam 6. Which of the following methods is a form of graphical
performance among the level 4 student nurses. The type of presentation of data?
research design utilized is: A. Line Diagram
A. quasi-experimental B. Pie diagram
B. retrospective C. Bar diagram
C. experimental D. Histogram
D. correlational
Correlational design is used to examine relationships 7. All the following are measures of central tendency,
among variables. except:
A. Mean
Amy randomly grouped the participants into two and tested B. Median
the effects of yoga and stress. This study uses this type of C. Mode
research design: D. Variance
A. Correlational
B. Survey 8. Which measure of central tendency is Influenced by
C. Experimental extreme scores and skewed distributions?
D. causal- comparative A. Mean
B. Median
1. Random sampling or probability sampling includes all the C. Mode
following techniques, EXCEPT: D. Range
A. Simple random sampling
B. Stratified random Sampling 9. A measure of central tendency which is calculated by
C. Cluster sampling numbers arranging in numerical order is:
D. Purposive Sampling A. Standard deviation
B. Range
2. Gender, age-class, religion, type of disease, and blood C. Median
group are measured on: D. Mode
A. Nominal scale of measurement
B. Ordinal scale of measurement 10. The proportion of observations fall above the median is:
C. Interval scale of measurement A. 68%
D. Ratio scale of measurement B. 50%
C. 75% C. 95 percent of observation falls within 2 standard
D. 95% deviations.
D. 99.7 percent of observations fall within 3 standard
1. The variable in an experiment that is known from the start deviations of the mean.
and does not change is called the:
A. dependent variable. 8. A measure used to standardize the central tendency
B. extraneous variable. away from the mean across different samples is:
C. independent variable. A. skewness
D. confounding variable. B. Range
C. Z-score
2. Type I errors occur: D. mode
A. when the null hypothesis is rejected but it should
have been retained. 9. Probability values fall on scale between:
B. accepting the null hypothesis when it should have been A. -1 to +1
rejected. B. 0 and 1.
C. considering the alternate hypothesis as false when it C. -3 to + 3
actually it was true . D. 0.05 to 0.01
D. when the obtained p-value is higher than 0.05.
10. Standard error is calculated by:
3. How many degrees of freedom would a table with 3 rows A. dividing standard deviation by the square root of the
and 2 columns have? sample size.
A. 2 B. dividing number of nominated outcome by number of
B. 1 possible outcome.
C. 3 C. adding all the numbers and then dividing by the numbers
D. 4 of observations.
D. arranging the numbers in numerical order, then taking
4. Determining the Degrees of Freedom for a 2X2 the middle one.
contingency table for Chi-squire distribution is:
A. 4 1. Which of the following is NOT a method of quantitative
B. 2 research?
C. 0.05 A. Grounded Theory Research
D. 1 B. Correlational Research
C. Quasi-Experimental Research
5. The degree of flatness or peakedness of a graph of a D. Experimental Research
frequency distribution is termed as:
A. standard deviation 2. The grounded theory approach was developed by
B. kurtosis A. Heidegger
C. skewness B. Glaser and Strauss
D. mode C. Husserl
D. Denzin
6. In a negatively skewed distribution, the mean generally
falls to: 3. Deductive Reasoning is applied in:
A. the left of the median and the median usually lies to A. Qualitative research
the left of the mode. B. Quantitative research
B. the right of the median and the median usually lies to the C. Action research
right of the mode. D. Applied research
C. the middle of median and mode.
D. the centre of the distribution. 4. Which of the following is a qualitative research design
where lived experiences of individuals are examined in their
7. Which statement about normal distribution is FALSE: "life-world"?
A. 50 percent of the observations fall within one A. Ethnography
standard deviation sigma of the mean. B. Ethology
B. 68 percent of the observations fall within one standard C. Phenomenology
deviation sigma of the mean. D. Grounded theory
5. Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative 13. The term refers to the use of multiple referents to draw
research? conclusions about what constitutes the truth:
A. Deductive process A. Item analysis
B. Control over the context B. Factor analysis
C. Fixed research design C. Error measurement
D. Inductive process D. Triangulation

6. Qualitative research design involves 14. Characteristics of qualitative research design are
A. Emergent design A. Flexible and elastic design
B. Correlative design B. Use of mixed methodologies
C. Experimental design C. Ongoing analysis to formulate subsequent strategies
D. Cohort design D. Researcher becomes the instrument
E. All of the above
7. Phenomenological study involves all the following
features, EXCEPT 15. The tendency in qualitative research to derive a
A. Bracket out complex array of data from a variety of sources, using
B. Intuition variety of methods is termed as:
C. Analysis A. Triangulation
D. Description B. Bricolage
E. Manipulation C. Cross-tabulation
D. Confirmability
8. Which of the following qualitative methods focuses on
description and interpretation of cultural behavior? 1. Correlation coefficient provides all of the following
A. Phenomenology information, except :
B. Grounded theory A. whether or not there is a relationship between the
C. Ethnography variables.
D. Symbolic interactionism B. the strength of the relationship between the variables.
C. the cause of the relationship between the variables.
9. The area of inquiry in grounded theory approach is D. the direction of the relationship between the variables.
A. Holistic view of culture
B. Lived experiences 2. Another name for a bar graph is:
C. Behaviour observed over time in natural context A. polygon
D. Social structural processes with in social setting B. histogram
C. normal curve
10. The research design in which the area inquiry is the D. line graph
manner by which people make sense of social interactions:
3. A table that shows how often different scores appear in a
A. Grounded theory set of scores is called a frequency:
B. Phenomenology A. polygon
C. Symbolic interactionism B. histogram
D. Ethnography C. normal curve
D. distribution
11. The term triangulation was coined by:
A. Denzin (1989) 4. All the following are components required for estimating
B. Leininger (1985) power (1-beta) of a study, EXCEPT
C. Glaser and Strauss (1967) A. The population effect size
D. Heidegger B. Sample size
C. Level of significance (alpha)
12. In qualitative research, a guiding principle in deciding D. Standard deviation
sample size is:
A. Effect size 5. Using power analysis (Cohen, 1977), the value of
B. Number of variables estimated effect size (gamma) for large effects in two group
C. Data saturation test of mean difference is
D. Sub-group analysis A. 0-2
B. 0.5
C. 0.8
D. 1.0 13. Which of the following is a nonparametric "Analysis of
Variance"?
6. When doing power analysis in ANOVA context, the A. Mann-Whitney U test
estimate of effect size is B. Wilcoxon Rank test
A. Eta-squared C. Kruskal-Wallis test
B. Correlation coefficient D. Friedman's test
C. Standard Error
D. Chi-squire value 14. Chi-square test is used to test:
A. Difference in proportions
7. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test is used to B. Difference in means of two independent variables
A. Test the difference between two independent group C. Relationship between two bivariate variables
means D. Difference in means of three or more set of variables
B. Test the difference between two related group means
C. Test the difference among the means of 3+ 15. Which of the following is NOT a criteria for Fisher's
independent groups exact test?
D. Test the difference in ranks of scores of 3+ independent A. When proportions derived from independent groups are
groups compared
B. When there are cells with a value of 0
8. Kruskal-Wallis test is used to: C. Sample size is small (less than 30)
A. Test the difference between two independent group D. When testing difference between three or more
means group means
B. Test the difference among the means of 3+ related
groups 1. Correlation coefficient provides all of the following
C. Test the difference among the means of 3+ independent information, except :
groups A. whether or not there is a relationship between the
D. Test the difference in ranks of scores of 3+ variables.
independent groups B. the strength of the relationship between the variables.
C. the cause of the relationship between the variables.
9. Which is the most appropriate inferential analysis to test D. the direction of the relationship between the variables.
the difference among the means of 3+ related groups o sets
of scores? 2. Another name for a bar graph is:
A. Repeated-measures ANOVA A. polygon
B. Friedman test B. histogram
C. Paired t-test C. normal curve
D. Wicoxon signed-rank test D. line graph

10. Power analysis builds on the concepts of: 3. A table that shows how often different scores appear in a
set of scores is called a frequency:
A. Validity
B. reliability A. polygon
C. Internal consistency B. histogram
D. Effect size C. normal curve
D. distribution
11. Effect size is used to calculate:
A. Reliability 4. All the following are components required for estimating
B. Sample size power (1-beta) of a study, EXCEPT
C. Internal consistency A. The population effect size
D. Predictive validity B. Sample size
C. Level of significance (alpha)
12. The F-statistic is calculated in: D. Standard deviation
A. ANOVA
B. T-test 5. Using power analysis (Cohen, 1977), the value of
C. Correlation analysis estimated effect size (gamma) for large effects in two group
D. Chi-squire test test of mean difference is
A. 0-2
B. 0.5
C. 0.8 13. Which of the following is a nonparametric "Analysis of
D. 1.0 Variance"?
A. Mann-Whitney U test
6. When doing power analysis in ANOVA context, the B. Wilcoxon Rank test
estimate of effect size is C. Kruskal-Wallis test
A. Eta-squared D. Friedman's test
B. Correlation coefficient
C. Standard Error 14. Chi-square test is used to test:
D. Chi-squire value A. Difference in proportions
B. Difference in means of two independent variables
7. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test is used to C. Relationship between two bivariate variables
A. Test the difference between two independent group D. Difference in means of three or more set of variables
means
B. Test the difference between two related group means 15. Which of the following is NOT a criteria for Fisher's
C. Test the difference among the means of 3+ exact test?
independent groups A. When proportions derived from independent groups are
D. Test the difference in ranks of scores of 3+ independent compared
groups B. When there are cells with a value of 0
C. Sample size is small (less than 30)
8. Kruskal-Wallis test is used to: D. When testing difference between three or more
A. Test the difference between two independent group group means
means
B. Test the difference among the means of 3+ related 1. The type of research focused on finding a solution to an
groups immediate practical problem is termed as:
C. Test the difference among the means of 3+ independent A. Basic research
groups B. Applied research
D. Test the difference in ranks of scores of 3+ C. Explanatory research
independent groups D. Descriptive research

9. Which is the most appropriate inferential analysis to test 2. The principles of ethics in nursing research include:
the difference among the means of 3+ related groups o sets A. Beneficence
of scores? B. Respect for human dignity
A. Repeated-measures ANOVA C. Justice
B. Friedman test D. All of the above
C. Paired t-test
D. Wicoxon signed-rank test 3. Which of the following is TRUE about features of quasi-
experimental research design?
10. Power analysis builds on the concepts of: A. Manipulation. control group, randomization

A. Validity B. Manipulation, but no control group or randomization

B. reliability C. No manipulation of independent variable
C. Internal consistency D. Use of correlational approach
D. Effect size
4. Carry-over effects are related to:
11. Effect size is used to calculate: A. Factorial design
A. Reliability B. Pretest-posttest design
B. Sample size C. Solomon four-group design
C. Internal consistency D. Repeated measures design
D. Predictive validity
5. The extent to which it is possible to make an inference
12. The F-statistic is calculated in: that independent variable is truly influencing the dependent
A. ANOVA variable and relationship is not spurious, refers to:
B. T-test A. External validity
C. Correlation analysis B. Internal Validity
D. Chi-squire test C. Internal consistency
D. Reliability
6. Which of the following is considered as a threat to 13. A fundamental ethical principle that seeks to prevent
internal validity of a research? harm and exploitation of, to maximize benefits for, study
A. The Hawthorne effect participants is:
B. Novelty effect A. Justice
C. Experimenter effects B. Beneficence
D. Maturation C. Nonmalificence
E. Measurement effects D. Coercion

7. Which of the following is NOT related to dealing with 14. A method of data collection in which several rounds of
extraneous variables in a quantitative research? questionnaires are mailed to a panel of experts, focusing on
A. Randomization their opinions or judgment concerning a specific topic of
B. Repeated measures interest is:
C. Homogeneity A. Focus group interview
D. Blocking B. Meta-analysis
E. Bracketing C. Delphi technique
D. Secondary analysis
8. Which of the following is a method of integrating the
findings of prior research studies using statistical 15. The principle of beneficence include all the following,
procedures? EXCEPT
A. Meta-analysis A. Freedom from harm
B. Secondary analysis B. Freedom from exploitation
C. Content analysis C. Benefits from research
D. Grounded theory D. Risk/benefit ratio
E. The right to self-determination
9. The term used to indicate the placebo effect in which the
knowledge of being included in a study cause people to 1. The indices used to measure variation or dispersion
change their behaviours, thereby obscuring the variable of among scores are all, except:
interest: A. Range
A. Internal validity B. Variance
B. Maturation C. Standard deviation
C. Manipulation D. Mean
D. Hawthorne effect
2. A measure of dispersion of a set of observations in which
10. Investigations in which samples from a general it is calculated by the difference between the highest and
population are studied over time with respect to some lowest values produced is called:
phenomenon is termed as A. Standard deviation
A. Trend studies B. Variance
B. Action research C. Range
C. Outcome research D. Mode
D. Meta-anlysis
3. A statistic which describes the interval of scores bounded
11. Which of the following data collection method has better by the 25th and 75th percentile ranks is:
subjectivity? A. Inter quartile range
A. Self-reports B. Confidence Interval
B. Observation C. Standard deviation
C. Biophysiologic measures D. Variance
D. Questionnaires
4. The Median value is the:
12. Basic principles that are accepted as being true on the A. 25th percentile
basis of logic or reason, without proof or verification is B. 50th percentile
termed as: C. 75th percentile
A. Assumptions D. 95th percentile
B. Hypothesis
C. Constructs 5. Large standard deviations suggest that:
D. Propositions A. scores are probably widely scattered.
B. there is very little deference among scores. D. Sensitivity
C. mean, median and mode are the same
D. the scores not normally distributed. 4. The stability index of a measuring tool is derived through
procedures that evaluate:
6. The formula given below is computational formula for: A. Interrater reliability
A. Variance B. Internal consistency
B. Mean C. Crombach's alpha
C. Standard deviation D. Test-retest reliability
D. t-statistic
5. The Spearman's-Brown formula is used to estimate:
7. The squire of the standard deviation is the: A. Test-retest reliability
A. Variance. B. Internal consistency
B. Standard error C. Equivalence
C. Z-score D. Validity
D. Variance
6. The degree to which an instrument measures what it is
8. Which is NOT a characteristic of normal distribution? supposed to be measuring is its:
A. Symmetric A. Validity
B. Bell-shaped B. Internal consistency
C. Mean = median = mode C. Sensitivity
D. Negative skewness D. Equivalence

9. Skewness is a measure: 7. Which of the following is NOT a type of validity index of a

A. of the asymmetry of the probability distribution research instrument?
B. decides the distribution may have high or low variance A. Predictive validity
C. of central tendency B. Content validity
D. None of the above C. Concurrent validity
D. Construct validity
10. The formula given below is used to calculate: E. Homogenous validity
O= Observed frequency
E= Expected frequency 8. The adequacy of an instrument in differentiating between
A. t-test statistic the performance or behaviour on some future criterion is
B. chi-squire statistic termed as:
C. correlation coefficient A. Predictive validity
D. Standard deviation B. Cocurrent validity
C. Content validity
1. The degree of consistency with which an instrument D. Construct validity
measures the attribute it is supposed to be measuring is
called:
A. Validity 9. Multi-trait-multi-matrix (MTMM) is a procedure developed
B. Reliability to establish:
C. Sensitivity A. Internal consistency
D. Objectivity B. Interrater reliability
C. Construct validity
2. The reliability of a measuring tool has following aspects, D. Content validity
except:
A. Stability 10. Which of the following is NOT a procedure for
B. Internal consistency establishing construct validity of an instrument?
C. Efficiency A. Known-group technique
D. Equivalence B. Factor analysis
C. MTMM
3. The extent to which the same results are obtained on D. Crombach's alpha
repeated administrations of the instrument is termed as:
A. Internal consistency 11. The most common type of composite scale is:
B. Validity A. Likert scale
C. Stability B. Visual analog scale
C. Checklists
D. Thurstone scale 9. For determination of which statistical parameter requires
quantities to be arranged in an ascending or descending
1. All of the following diagrams can be draw from order?
quantitative data, except: A. Mean
A. Frequency curve B. Median
B. Scatter diagram C. Mode
B. Flow diagram D. SD
D. Histogram
10. In a population of 100 females in the age group of 15-
2. In a community correlation between infant mortality and 45, the mean systolic BP was found to be 120. In a normal
socioeconomic status is: curve distribution, the number of people who would have an
A. r = +1 (Strong positive correlation) average BP above 120 will be:
B. r = -1 (strong negative correlation) A. 25
C. r = -0.8 (moderate negative correlation) B. 50
D. r = +0.22 (strong positive correlation) C. 75
D. 95
3. Best graph for demonstration of relationship between
ages and weight is: 11. The two important values necessary for describing the
A. Bar Diagram frequency distribution of a series of observation are:
B. Histogram A. Mean and standard deviation
C. Scatter B. Mean and range
D. Pie diagram C. Median and range
D. Median and standard deviation
4. Age and sex representation is best represented by:
A. Histogram 12. Arrangement of values in a serial order is to determine:
B. Pie chart A. Mean
C. Bar diagram B. Mode
D. Sketch of photos C. Median
D. Range
5. Quantitative data can be best represented by:
A. Pie chart 13. A scatter diagram shows:
B. Pictogram A. Trends of events with the passage of time
C. Histogram B. Relationship between two variables
D. Bar diagram C. Proportion of an event
D. Positive relationship between two variables
6. Percentage of data can be shown in:
A. Graph presentation 14. In 11 babies born in a hospital is 5 above 2.5 kg and 5
B. Pie chart below 2.5 kg. The value 2.5 is:
C. Bar diagram A. Median average
D. Histogram B. Mode average
C. Geometrical mean
7. The average berth weights in a hospital are to be D. Arithmetic average
demonstrated by statistical representation. This is best done
by: 15. Relationship between two variables can be presented
A. Frequency curve by:
B. Pictogram A. Pie diagram
C. Histogram B. Scatter diagram
D. Bar diagram C. Bar diagram
D. Histogram
8. In a random sample taken for a population, the median is
higher than:
A. 25
B. 50
C. 67
D. 100
3. Which type of research involves three (3) independent
variables and six (6) dependent variables? Which of the following types of research involve at least
a. Experimental research some control by the researcher to implement the study
b. Descriptive research treatment?
c. Variable analysis A.Correlational
d. Sociogram B.Descriptive
C.Quasi-experimental
4. Which of the following validity's would be the most difficult D.Experimental
to establish?
a. Construct In which type of research is there high researcher control,
b. Predictive random sampling, and laboratory setting?
c. Criterion A.Descriptive
d. Concurrent B.Correlational
C.Quasiexperimental
In an experiment, assertive training was studied regarding D.Experimental
its ability to help children reduce test anxiety.
5. What was the dependent variable? What category of research is suggested by the following
a. assertiveness research question?
b. anxiety level "Does telephone follow-up by nurses improve patients'
c. graduation compliance with their medication regimens?"
d. training effectiveness A.Applied research
b. anxiety level B.Basic research
C.descriptive research
In an experiment, assertive training was studied regarding D.phenomenological research
its ability to help children reduce test anxiety. 6. What is the
independent variable? A researcher investigates the effect of frequency of position
a. assertiveness change on healing of decubitus ulcers. The study would be
b. anxiety level described as:
c. graduation A.applied research
d. training effectiveness B.basic research
C.descriptive research
A nurse who reads research articles and incorporates D.phenomenological research
research findings into nursing practice would demonstrate
which of the following research roles? Applied research seeks to solve a clinical problem in which
A. Consumer setting?
B. Primary investigator A.Controlled
C. Collaborator B.Laboratory
D. Producer C.Natural
D.Simulated
An example of inductive reasoning is:
A.reasoning from all chronically ill patients to a single A researcher designs a study that uses a random sampling
chronically ill patient method to decrease the likelihood of bias in the study
B.reasoning from a single diabetic patient to all diabetic sample. This strategy was used to implement:
patients A.manipulation
C.using a standard nursing care plan to care for a specific B.control
patient C.data collection
D.using a computerized nursing care plan to care for D.experimental research
insulin-dependent diabetic patients.
Which of the following definitions best describes rigor in
Quantitative and qualitative research approaches are quantitative research?
particularly useful in nursing because they: A.Time frame in which the research takes place
A.are easy to implement. B.Degree of aggressiveness used in acquiring the data
B.require few resources. C.Amount of control and precision exerted by the
C.are both process oriented. methodology
D.balance each other by generating different types of D.Process used to synthesize findings to form conclusions
nursing knowledge. from a study
A researcher is interested in studying stress and coping in C.Availability of subjects
caregivers of elderly stroke victims. The researcher designs D.Previous studies
a study where data collection takes place in the caregiver's
home. This would be an example of which type of research In a research proposal, the investigator notes that written
setting? permission has been obtained from three local hospitals to
A.Natural, field access patients for the proposed study. This is an example
B.Highly controlled, field of what aspect of a study?
C.Partially controlled, laboratory A.Reliability
D.Highly controlled, laboratory B.Methodology
C.Ethics
Which of the following would identify the specific aim or goal D.Feasibility
of the study based on the identified problem?
A.Purpose A research hypothesis:
B.Literature review A.predicts the expected results or outcomes of the
C.Methodology study
D.Assumptions B.defines the theoretical framework for the study
C.identifies the source of the problem under study
Research subjects in a study of quality of life (QOL) in liver D.clarifies the concepts used in the study
transplant recipients were asked to complete a
questionnaire about their experiences following The statement "This study explores the experience of
transplantation. Which of the following would be a likely caregiving by adult daughters of parents with Alzheimer
assumption the researcher made in relation to this study? disease" is an example of which of the following?
A.Subjects will complete every item on the questionnaire. A.Objective
B.Subjects are able to identify a personal awareness of B.Question
QOL. C.Simple hypothesis
C.All liver transplant recipients invited to participate in the D.Complex hypothesis
study will complete a questionnaire
D.QOL is an important issue to liver transplant recipients. What type of hypothesis is the following?
"Normal saline flush with heparin is more effective than
Before implementing a large, multisite research normal saline flush alone in maintaining patency of an
investigation, a researcher conducts a smaller study of the intermittent intravenous site."
planned study to identify any problematic areas. This A.Simple, research
smaller study is known as a(n): B.Complex, nondirectional
A.abstract C.Complex, causal
B.exploratory design D.Simple, directional
C.pilot study
D.proposal What type of hypothesis is the following?
"Cancer patients who receive music therapy complain less
The initial and one of the most significant steps in frequently of pain and require less pain medication than
conducting the research process is: cancer patients not receiving music therapy."
A.defining the research variables. A.Complex, directional hypothesis
B.identifying the research problem. B.Simple, associative hypothesis
C.stating the research purpose. C.Simple, nondirectional hypothesis
D.determining the feasibility of the study. D.Complex, null hypothesis

The purpose statement should identify the study variable(s) What type of hypothesis is the following?
and what other key aspect of the study? "Low-fat diet is related to lower total cholesterol and higher
A.Design HDL (high-density lipoprotein)."
B.measurement tools A.Complex, directional, causal
C.population B.Complex, directional, associative
D.statistics C.Simple, nondirectional, research
D.Simple, directional, causal
Feasibility is determined by examining which of the
following? The dependent variable is:
A.Researcher's credibility A.a stimulus or activity that is varied by the researcher.
B.Significance of research problem
B.the quality, property, or characteristic identified in the
problem The statement below is an example of which of the
C.a characteristic or element of the human subjects following? "In this study, pain is reflected as a score
involved in the study between 0 and 10 on the Post-operative Pain Rating Scale."
D.the response or outcome that the researcher wants to A.Problem statement
understand B.Conceptual definition
C.Associative hypothesis
Identify the independent variable in the following D.Operational definition
hypothesis:
"Cancer patients who receive music therapy complain less In which section of the research report might the problem
frequently of pain and require less pain medication than statement be located?
cancer patients not receiving music therapy." A.Literature review
A.Relaxation therapy B.Methods
B.Complaints of pain C.Results
C.Pain medication use D.Implications
D.Music therapy
The literature review section of a research report might
Hypotheses: "Structured preoperative support is more include a summary of which of the following?
effective in reducing surgical patients' perception of pain A.Empirical literature
and request for analgesics than structured postoperative B.Funding sources
support." C.Proposed methods and design
Question: "Request for analgesics" is the: D.Description of study sample
A.independent variable.
B.dependent variable. Which of the following types of information is consistently
C.attribute variable covered in a quantitative literature review?
D.extraneous variable A.Descriptions of effective clinical outcomes
B.Anecdotal opinions of expert researchers
Hypotheses: "Structured preoperative support is more C.Approaches used to investigate similar problems
effective in reducing surgical patients' perception of pain D.Clinical impressions of related phenomena
and request for analgesics than structured postoperative
support." A study framework reflects the:
Question: "Perception of pain" is the: A.blueprint for the study
A.independent variable. B.specific plan for data collection
B.dependent variable. C.data analysis strategy
C.attribute variable. D.researcher's "theory" or idea about the study
D.extraneous variable
Which of the following is true about the relationship between
Hypotheses: "Structured preoperative support is more a study framework and the hypotheses?
effective in reducing surgical patients' perception of pain A.The framework and hypotheses must be congruent
and request for analgesics than structured postoperative with each other.
support." B.The hypotheses are not meant to be testable, but the
Question: "Type of support" is framework is.
A.independent variable. C.If the hypotheses are stated, the researcher does not
B.dependent variable need to have a framework.
C.attribute variable D.Hypotheses are inductively identified within the stated
D.extraneous variable framework.

Hypotheses: "Structured preoperative support is more Which of the following represents the most concrete term?
effective in reducing surgical patients' perception of pain A.Variable
and request for analgesics than structured postoperative B.Concept
support." C.Framework
This hypothesis is D.Construct
A.simple, directional, research
B.complex, nondirectional, null Conceptual definitions are important because:
C.complex, directional, research A.the meanings of terms may differ depending on the
D.simple, nondirectional, statistical study framework.
B.they tell others how the concept will be measured in the The Intervention in this PICOT question is playing peaceful
study. music.
C.they provide a dictionary definition that can be understood
by everyone A nurse researcher conducts a study that randomly assigns
D.they suggest how to precisely measure the variables of 100 patients who smoke and attend a wellness clinic into
interest two groups. One group receives the standard smoking
cessation handouts; the other group takes part in a new
In the research report, a theoretical statement: educational program that includes a smoking cessation
A.will always be clearly identified support group. The nurse plans to compare the
B.should only be discussed in the framework section effectiveness of the standard treatment with the educational
C.may be implied program. What type of a research study is this?
D.can be omitted if variables are not yet well defined A. Qualitative
B. Descriptive
Which relationship diagram below best represents the C. Correlational
following hypothesis? D. Randomized controlled trial
"Conventional gauze dressings cause fewer skin changes in This is a randomized controlled trial because patients are
wound sites than dohydrocolloid or hydroactive dressings." randomly assigned into the control or treatment group.
A.Gauze dressing ----------> skin changes
B.Type of dressing ---------> skin changes A group of nurses have implemented an evidence-based
C.Type of dressing <---------> wound site practice (EBP) change and have evaluated the
D.Gauze dressing <--------- wound site effectiveness of the change. Their next step is to:
A. Conduct a literature review.
Which of the following responses best describes the B. Share the findings with others.
relational statement that is diagrammed below? C. Conduct a statistical analysis
Pain perception <------- (+) --------> Anxiety D. Create a well-defined PICOT question.
A.Increased perception of pain causes anxiety. After completing an EBP project and evaluating its
B.Anxiety causes increased pain perception. effectiveness, it is important to communicate the results with
C.Pain perception and anxiety are positively related to others.
one another When recruiting subjects to participate in a study about the
D.Pain perception and anxiety are inversely related effects of an exercise program on balance, the researcher
provides full and complete information about the purpose of
the study and gives the subjects the choice to participate or
A nurse researcher interviews parents of children who have not participate in the study. This is an example of:
diabetes and asks them to describe how they deal with their A. Bias.
child's illness. The analysis of the interviews yields common B. Anonymity.
themes and stories describing the parents' coping C. Confidentiality.
strategies. This is an example of which type of study? D. Informed consent.
A. Historical The process of informed consent includes providing
B. Qualitative research subjects full disclosure about the study and
C. Correlational provides the subject the opportunity to participate or not to
D. Experimental participate in the study.
The data in this study were collected during interviews;
information from the interviews was used to describe Nurses on a pediatric nursing unit are discussing ways to
common themes and experiences of the parents. These are improve patient care. One nurse asks a colleague, "I
characteristics of qualitative research. wonder how best to measure pain in a child who has sickle
cell disease?" This question is an example of a/an:
A nurse who works in a newborn nursery asks, "I wonder if A. Hypothesis.
the moms who breastfeed their babies would be able to B. PICOT question.
breastfeed more successfully if we played peaceful music C. Problem-focused trigger.
while they were breastfeeding." In this example of a PICOT D. Knowledge-focused trigger.
question, the I is: Knowledge-focused triggers are questions about
A. Breastfeeding moms. information available on a specific topic.
B. Infants.
C. Peaceful music. The nurses on a medical unit have seen an increase in the
D. The nursery. number of pressure ulcers that develop in their patients.
They decide to initiate a quality improvement project using
the PDSA model. Which of the following is an example of health care provider and receives an order to give the
"Do" from that model? patient an alternative to blood products. This is an example
A. Implement the new skin care protocol on all of:
medicine units. A. A qualified improvement study.
B. Review the data collected on patients cared for using the B. An evidence-based practice change.
protocol. C. A time when calling the hospital's ethics committee is
C. Review the QI reports on the six patients who developed essential.
ulcers over the last 3 months. D. Considering the patient's preferences and values
D. Based on findings from patients who developed ulcers, while providing care.
implement an evidence-based skin care protocol. Providing evidence-based practice requires that you take
In the Do step, the nurse selects an intervention and the patient's values and beliefs into consideration while
implements it. providing care.

A nurse researcher decides to complete a study to evaluate A group of staff educators are reading a research study
how Florence Nightingale improved patient outcomes in the together at a journal club meeting. While reviewing the
Crimean War. This is an example of what type of research? study, one of the nurses states that it evaluates if newly
A. Historical. graduated nurses progress through orientation more
B. Evaluation. effectively when they participate in patient simulation
C. Exploratory exercises. Which part of the research process is reflected in
D. Experimental this nurse's statement?
Historical studies establish facts concerning past events. A. Introduction
B. Purpose statement
A group of nurses on the research council of a local hospital C. Methods
are measuring nursing-sensitive outcomes. Which of the D. Results
following is a nursing-sensitive outcome that the nurses The purpose statement includes research questions or
need to consider measuring? hypotheses—predictions made about the relationship or
A. Incidence of asthma among children of parents who difference between study variables (concepts,
smoke. characteristics, or traits that vary within or among subjects).
B. Frequency of low blood sugar episodes in children at a
local school. A research study is investigating the following research
C. Number of patients who fall and experience question: What is the effect of the diagnosis of breast
subsequent injury on the evening shift. cancer on the roles of the family? In this study "the
D. Number of sexually active adolescent girls who attend diagnosis of breast cancer" and "family roles" are examples
the community-based clinic for birth control. of:
Nursing-sensitive outcomes are outcomes that are sensitive A. Surveys
to nursing care. B. The sample
C. Variables
A group of staff nurses notice an increased incidence of D. Data collection points
medication errors on their unit. After further investigation it Variables are concepts, characteristics, or traits that vary
is determined that the nurses are not consistently identifying within or among subjects.
the patient correctly. A change is needed quickly. What type
of quality improvement method would be most appropriate? A nurse researcher is developing a research proposal and
A. PDSA is in the process of selecting an instrument to measure
B. Six Sigma anxiety. In which part of the research process is this nurse?
C. Rapid-improvement event A. Analyzing the data
D. A randomized controlled trial B. Designing the study
Rapid-improvement events are appropriate to use when a C. Conducting the study
serious problem that affects patient outcomes exists and D. Identifying the problem
needs to be resolved quickly. During study design the researcher selects instruments to
measure variables.
A nurse is providing care to a patient who is experiencing
major abdominal trauma following a car accident. The To provide patient care of the highest quality, nurses utilize
patient is losing blood quickly and needs a blood an evidence-based practice approach because evidence-
transfusion. The nurse finds out that the patient is a based practice is:
Jehovah's Witness and cannot have blood transfusions A. A guide for nurses in making clinical decisions.
because of religious beliefs. He or she notifies the patient's B. Based on the latest textbook information.
C. Easily attained at the bedside. problems and their perceptions of illness. It does not usually
D. Always right for all situations. have the robustness of an RCT. Expert opinion is on the
Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a guide for nurses to bottom of the hierarchical pyramid of evidence.
structure how to make accurate, timely, and appropriate
clinical decisions. A textbook relies on the scientific The nurse is writing a research article on a patient care
literature, which is often outdated by the time the book is topic. The nurse realizes that the section that will get the
published and is not the most reliable source for EBP. reader to read the article because of the value of the topic
Unfortunately, most of the best information in evidence for the reader is the:
never reaches the bedside. EBP is not to be blindly applied A. Abstract.
without using good judgment and critical thinking skills. It is B. Introduction.
not appropriate for all settings. C. Literature review or background.
D. Results
In caring for patients, it is important for the nurse to realize The introduction contains information about its purpose and
that evidence-based practice is: the importance of the topic to the audience who reads the
A. The only valid source of knowledge that should be used. article. The abstract is a brief summary of the article. The
B. Secondary to traditional or standard care knowledge. literature review or background offers a detailed background
C. Dependent on patient values and expectations. of the level of science or clinical information that is available
D. Not shown to provide better patient outcomes about the topic of the article. The results section is the
C. Dependent on patient values and expectations. summary section of the article.
Even when the best evidence available is used, application
and outcomes will differ based on patient values, The nurse is caring for a patient with chronic low back pain.
preferences, concerns, and/or expectations. Nurses often In providing care for this patient, the nurse wonders whether
care for patients on the basis of tradition or convenience, or the guidelines utilized for this type of pain are adequate.
the standard, "It has always been done this way." The nurse wants to determine the best evidence-based
Although these sources have value, it is important to learn practice regarding these guidelines. What is the best
to rely more on research evidence than on non-research database for the nurse to access?
evidence. Patients who receive care based on the most A. MEDLINE
recent and best evidence experience 28% better outcomes. B. EMBASE
C. PsycINFO
The first step in evidence-based practice is to ask a clinical D. AHRQ
question. In doing so, the nurse needs to realize that in The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
researching interventions, the question: includes clinical guidelines and evidence summaries.
A. Is more important than its format. MEDLINE includes studies in medicine, nursing, dentistry,
B. Will lead you to hundreds of articles that must be read. psychiatry, veterinary medicine, and allied health. EMBASE
C. May be easier if in PICO format. includes biomedical and pharmaceutical studies. PsycINFO
D. May be more useful the more general it is deals with psychology and related health care disciplines.
The PICO format allows the nurse to ask questions that are
intervention focused. Inappropriately formed questions will The nurse is developing a PICO question related to whether
likely lead to irrelevant sources of information. It is not her patient's blood pressure is more accurate while
beneficial to read hundreds of articles. It is more beneficial measuring with the patient's legs crossed versus with the
to read the best four to six articles that specifically address patient's feet flat on the floor. With P being the population of
the question. The more focused the question asked, the interest, I the intervention of interest, C the comparison of
easier it will become to search for evidence in the scientific interest, and O the outcome, the nurse determines that this
literature. is:
A. A true PICO question, because the outcome always
In collecting the best evidence, the gold standard for comes before the intervention.
research is: B. A true PICO question regardless of placement of
A. The randomized controlled trial (RCT). elements.
B. The peer-reviewed article. C. Not a true PICO question, because the comparison
C. Qualitative research. comes after the intervention.
D. The opinion of expert committees D. Not a true PICO question, because the outcome comes
Individual RCTs are the gold standard for research. A peer- after the population
reviewed article means that a panel of experts has reviewed Note that a well-designed PICO question does not have to
the article; this is not a research method. Qualitative follow the sequence of P, I, C, and O. The aim is to ask a
research is valuable in identifying information about how question that contains as many of the PICO elements as
patients cope with or manage various health possible.
 site with alcohol and dress it using a gauze dressing. The
In reviewing literature for an evidence-based practice study, nurse has done a literature review and believes that
the nurse realizes that the most reliable level of evidence is evidence-based practice dictates the use of a transparent
the: dressing to prevent catheter dislodgment. What should the
A. Systematic review and meta-analysis. nurse do?
B. Randomized control trial (RCT). A. Begin to use transparent dressing instead of gauze
C. Case control study. dressings.
D. Control trial without randomization. B. Bring findings to the policy and procedure
In a systematic review or meta-analysis, an independent committee.
researcher reviews all of the RCTs conducted on the same C. Use transparent dressings on half of her IV starts and
clinical question and reports whether the evidence is gauze on the other.
conclusive, or if further study is needed. A single RCT is not D. Continue following hospital policy without saying
as conclusive as a review of several RCTs on the anything
same question. Control trials without randomization may As a result of her finding, the nurse should meet with the
involve bias in how the study is conducted. Case control policy and procedure committee to recommend routine use
studies also have room for bias. of transparent dressings. However, until the policy is
changed, or the nurse receives approval to conduct a pilot
Qualitative nursing research is valuable in that it: study, the nurse is obligated to follow hospital procedure. If
A. Excludes all bias. the nurse has information that can lead to better patient
B. Uses randomization in structure. care, he or she has an obligation (moral and professional)
C. Determines associations between variables and to bring it to the attention of policy makers.
conditions.
D. Studies phenomena that are difficult to quantify. The nurse is trying to identify common general themes
Qualitative nursing research is the study of phenomena that relative to the effectiveness of cardiac
are difficult to quantify or categorize, such as patients' rehabilitation for patients who have had heart attacks and
perceptions of illness. No study can totally exclude bias. have gone through cardiac rehabilitation programs. The
However, randomization, such as that used in randomized nurse conducts interviews and focus groups. What type of
control studies, helps. Qualitative nursing research does not research is the nurse conducting?
usually randomize its subjects. Control studies determine A. Evaluation research
whether there is an association between one or more B. Experimental research
predictor variables and the condition. C. Qualitative research
D. Nonexperimental research
The nurse has used her PICO question to develop an Qualitative research involves using inductive reasoning to
evidence-based change in protocol for a certain nursing develop generalizations or theories from specific
procedure. However, to make these changes throughout the observations or interviews. Evaluation and experimental
entire institution would require more support staff than is research are forms of quantitative research.
available at this time. What is the nurse's best option? Nonexperimental descriptive studies describe, explain, or
A. Drop the idea of making the change at this time. predict phenomena such as factors that lead to an
B. Insist that management hire the needed staff to facilitate adolescent's decision to smoke cigarettes.
the change.
C. Seek employment in another institution that may have In conducting a research study, the researcher must
the staff needed. guarantee that any information the subject provides will not
D. Conduct a pilot study to develop evidence to support be reported in any manner that identifies the subject and will
the change. not be accessible to people outside the research team. This
When evidence is not strong enough to apply in practice, or concept is known as:
if resources are limited, the next option is to conduct a pilot A. Anonymity.
study to investigate the PICO question. Dropping the idea B. Confidentiality.
would be counterproductive; insisting that management hire C. Informed consent.
staff could be seen as a mandate and D. The research process.
could produce negative results. Seeking employment at Confidentiality guarantees that any information the subject
another institution most likely would not be the answer provides will not be reported in any manner that identifies
because most institutions operate under similar established the subject and will not be accessible to people outside the
guidelines. research team. Anonymity occurs when even the
researcher cannot link the subject to the data. Informed
The hospital policy states that when starting an intravenous consent means that research subjects (1) are given full and
(IV) catheter, the nurse must first prepare the potential IV complete information about the purpose of the study,
procedures, data collection, potential harm and benefits, outcomes. Once a committee defines a problem, it applies a
and alternative methods of treatment; (2) are capable of formal model for exploring and resolving quality concerns.
fully understanding the research; (3) have the power to One part of the PDSA cycle is the "Do" section,
voluntarily consent or decline participation; and (4) which requires the selection of an intervention on the basis
understand how confidentiality or anonymity is maintained. of data reviewed. Therefore the committee is taking the right
The research process is a broader concept that provides an action and is not unduly delaying action; data must be
orderly series of steps that allow the researcher to move obtained that are needed to make the right decision as part
from asking a question to finding the answer. of the PDSA method, which is in place.

The researcher is preparing to publish his study findings. In The quality improvement committee has been alerted to an
doing so, the researcher is aware of many ways that the increased number of falls in the
study could have been done better, but that he did not have hospital. Most of these falls have occurred at night and have
the ability to do. The researcher discloses these limitations involved patients who were trying to crawl over bedrails. A
in the manuscript, but they are most likely detected during literature review brought out that most falls occur because
which phase of the research process? patients are trying to go to the bathroom. The committee
A. Problem identification created a practice change that bedrails should be left in the
B. Study design down position, and hourly nursing rounds should be
C. Formulation of recommendations conducted. What is the committee's next step?
D. Analysis of data A. Evaluate the changes in 1 month.
During analysis of data, the researcher interprets the B. Wait a month before implementing the changes.
demographics of the study population, as well as results, C. Implement the changes as a pilot study.
including limitations. Problem identification involves D. Communicate to staff the results of this inquiry
identifying the area of interest and study variables, Quality improvement combined with evidence-based
reviewing the literature, formulating the theoretical practice is the foundation for excellent patient care and
framework, and devising research questions. Study design outcomes. Once a QI committee makes a practice change,
involves selection of research methods. Formulation of it is important to communicate the results to staff. Practice
recommendations involves determining the implications of changes will not likely last when QI committees fail to report
the study for nursing. findings and results of interventions. Once communicated,
changes should be put in place as the committee deems
When evaluating quality improvement (QI) programs in reasonable (i.e., either fully or as a pilot study) and as soon
relation to evidence-based practice (EBP), it is easy to note as practical; this should be followed by re-evaluation.
that:
A. Both are designed to improve performance. The hospital quality improvement committee has noted that
B. When implementing EBP projects, it is important to the incidence of needlestick injuries on a particular unit has
review QI data. increased. When faced with issues, the committee applies
C. EBP is not at all related to QI. the PDSA model, a formal model for exploring and resolving
D. Evaluation of processes is the realm of performance quality concerns. Because the committee is multidisciplinary
improvement (PI), not QI. in nature, and few members are nurses, it is imperative that
Evidence-based practice and quality improvement go hand the committee first:
in hand. When implementing an EBP project, it is important A. Plan.
to review available QI data. Reliable QI data improve the B. Do.
relevance and scope of an EBP project. Performance C. Study.
improvement (PI) analyzes performance. QI analyzes D. Act.
processes. "Plan" is the first step of the process; it involves a review of
available data to understand existing practice conditions or
The hospital's quality improvement committee has identified problems to identify the need for change. "Do" involves
a problem on one of the units. In using the PDSA method to selecting an intervention on the basis of the data reviewed
help determine ways to deal with the issue, the committee and implementing the change. "Study" means to evaluate
decides to do a literature review. This is an example of the results of the change. "Act" involves incorporating the
quality improvement: change if it is successful.
A. Combined with evidence-based practice.
B. With inability to make the right decision. The quality improvement committee is examining an
C. With delay in the action needed. increase in medication errors on a particular unit. In
D. With no designated method for dealing with issues conducting its analysis, what should be the committee's
Quality improvement combined with evidence-based primary focus?
practice is the foundation for excellent patient care and A. Nurses who administer the medications
B. Pharmacy that prepares the medications Theoretic frameworks advance nursing knowledge and
C. Secretaries who enter the orders practice.
D. None of the above Theoretic frameworks advance the ethical aspects of
A well-organized QI program focuses on systems that practice.
significantly contribute to outcomes, not on individuals. Theoretic frameworks are important to the advancement of
Therefore, the entire process needs to be evaluated to nursing knowledge and professional practice.
determine effectiveness.
What nursing activity forms the bridge between theory and
The nurse is preparing to conduct research that will allow practice?
precise measurement of a phenomenon. Which of the Theoretic writing
following methods will provide the nurse with the right kind Evidence-based research
of data? (Select all that apply.) Client-focused care
A. Experimental research Case management
B. Surveys Evidence-based research is translational research that
C. Evaluation research forms the bridge between theory and practice.
D. Phenomenology
e. Grounded theory The nursing student studying research exhibits an
Experimental research, surveys, and evaluation research understanding when informing the instructor that which of
are all forms of quantitative research. Phenomenology and the following is the bridge between theory and practice?
grounded theory are forms of qualitative research. Theory development
Evidence-based research
Before conducting any study with human subjects, the Client-focused care
researcher must obtain approval from the agency's human Case management
subjects committee or institutional review board (IRB). The Evidence-based research is translational research that
IRB ensures that the researcher (Select all that apply.) forms the bridge between theory and practice.
A. Obtains informed consent.
B. Minimizes risk to subjects. A nurse is discussing dietary issues with a Latino client in
C. Ensures confidentiality. the clinic. The client states, "My grandmother always told
D. Identifies risks and benefits of participation. me that I needed to include beans in my diet so that my
E. Ensures that subjects complete the study. muscles would grow." The information that the client is
Researchers must protect the confidentiality of those who expressing is known as what?
participate in the study, obtain informed consent, minimize Traditional knowledge
risk to subjects, identify risks and benefits of participation, Authoritative knowledge
ensure that participation in the study is voluntary, and allow Scientific knowledge
subjects to withdraw from studies at any time. Philosophical knowledge
Traditional knowledge is known as knowledge that is
The nurse is doing a literature review related to a potential passed down from one generation to the next. A
problem that has been identified on the nursing unit. The grandmother passing information is an example of
nurse realizes that nursing research is important in that it is traditional knowledge. Authoritative knowledge is
designed to (Select all that apply.) information that is gleaned from an expert based on their
A. Enhance the nurse's chance at promotion. perceived experience. Scientific knowledge is derived
B. Identify new knowledge. through the scientific method. Philosophy is the study of
C. Improve professional practice. wisdom and one perceptions of life.
D. Enhance effective use of resources.
E. Lead to decreases in budget expenditures
Nursing research is a way to identify new knowledge, A nurse is reading a journal article about nursing research
improve professional education and practice, and use and evidence-based practice. Part of the article addresses
resources effectively. Effective use of resources does not the areas identified by the American Nurses Association as
always result in lower budget expenditures, but rather more relevant to quality outcomes for client care. Which area
effective use of resources. A promotion is not a direct result would the nurse most likely find identified when reading the
of research. article? Select all that apply.
client safety
Which statement best explains the importance of theoretic nursing efficiency
frameworks? population health
Theoretic frameworks guide physiologic nursing care. workforce mix
Theoretic frameworks guide psychosocial nursing care. medication protocols
Evidence areas identified by ANA as relevant to quality on Nursing Research was responsible for establishing
include client safety, improvements in nursing efficiency, priorities for nursing research.
population health, and workforce mix to meet the needs of
the population. Medication protocols are not addressed by A nursing student is reading a research article from a
the ANA. nursing journal. The student is aware that the opening
paragraph summarizing the article and the research findings
When the nurse researcher informs the participant that his is a good place to start. What part of the article is the
identity will not be linked with the information that is nursing student reading?
collected, the researcher is ensuring the participant's: Abstract
anonymity. Review of the literature
protection from harm. Results
ability to withdraw. Conclusions
confidentiality. The abstract is located at the beginning of the article, and it
Confidentiality ensures that the subjects' identities will not summarizes the entire article and usually provides the
be linked with the information they provide and will not be purpose of the study, a description of the subjects, data
publicly divulged. collection and data analysis, and a summary of important
findings. The review of literature discusses relevant studies
The director of nurses (DON) in a long-term care facility has that have been conducted in the area of this study, and it is
noticed an increased number of urinary tract infections included in the introduction. The results are the findings of
(UTIs) on the east wing of the facility, and would like the the study and are often presented both in words and charts,
infection control nurse to investigate this problem. What is tables, or graphs. The conclusions are the discussions of
the best problem statement for this study? the results and suggestions for further study.
"Is there a relationship between the personnel caring
for specific clients and whether or not these clients The researcher must critically appraise evidence following
developed UTIs?" literature review. In order to effectively appraise the
"Is there an increase in the number of UTIs on the east wing information the researcher should ask questions regarding
of the facility?" the information collected. Which questions should the
"Does the east wing have a greater number of UTIs than the researcher utilize for this evaluation? (Select all that apply.)
west wing of the facility?" "How many studies were utilized?"
"What is the client census on the east wing as opposed to "What were the results of the study?"
the other wings of the facility?" "Are the results valid and reliable?"
The problem statement in a research study identifies the 'Will the results of the study improve client care?"
direction that a research project will take. The statement "Where were the studies conducted?"
should be clear and unambiguous, express a relationship What were the results of the study?"
between two or more variables, identify the population to be While the number of studies found and where the studies
studied, and encourage empiric testing were conducted could be important within the study, they
are not the basis for a critical appraisal of the evidence. The
A nurse is planning to conduct a nursing research study and critical appraisal will include the results of studies, the
is seeking federal funding. Which institution would be most reliability and validity of those studies, and the importance
helpful for the nurse to contact funding? of the studies to client care.
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Nursing Research Which is not a focus of nursing research?
Institute of Medicine Drug metabolism by Cytochrome P450
ANA Cabinet on Nursing Research Health appraisal
The nurse would most likely contact the National Institute of Prevention of trauma
Nursing Research, which was established under the Promotion of recovery
National Institutes of Health in response to a 1983 study by Cytochrome P450 are required for metabolism of
the Institute of Medicine. The institute's purpose was to medications. Nursing research is defined as a systematic
place nursing securely in the sphere of scientific inquiry into the problems encountered in nursing practice
investigation and to support research and training in client and into the modalities of client care such as health
care, health promotion, and disease prevention, as well as appraisal, prevention of trauma, promotion of recovery, and
the mitigation of effects of acute and chronic disabilities. coordination of health care (Gortner, 1975).
The NINR has continued to fund and support nursing
research and is instrumental in the support and A nurse researcher develops a foreground question in
dissemination of seminal work in nursing. The ANA Cabinet preparation for conducting a research study. The question
is: "In clients with intravenous catheters, how does replacing
administration sets every 72 hours (h) compared to other Institute of Medicine
frequent intervals (24h, 48h, or 96h) decrease infection ANA Cabinet on Nursing Research
rates?" Applying the PICO framework, which part of the The nurse would most likely contact the National Institute of
statement reflects the "O"? Nursing Research, which was established under the
clients with intravenous catheters National Institutes of Health in response to a 1983 study by
replacing administration set every 72 hours the Institute of Medicine. The institute's purpose was to
replacing administration set at other intervals place nursing securely in the sphere of scientific
decrease infection investigation and to support research and training in client
The "O" of PICO indicates the outcome, which in this care, health promotion, and disease prevention, as well as
instance is "decrease infection." The "P" refers to patients the mitigation of effects of acute and chronic disabilities.
with intravenous catheter; "I" refers to replacing The NINR has continued to fund and support nursing
administration set every 72 hours; "C" refers to replacing it research and is instrumental in the support and
at other frequencies. dissemination of seminal work in nursing. The ANA Cabinet
on Nursing Research was responsible for establishing
priorities for nursing research.
The American Nurses Association's Commission on
Nursing Education developed guidelines for the Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based
investigative function of nurses at different educational on the best available evidence and:
levels. Which of the following is a guideline for a nurse with use of outcome studies to guide decisions.
an associate degree? evaluation by experts to direct specialty areas.
Assist in collection of data within an established, care based on pathophysiologic factors.
structured format cost efficiency of treatment models.
Reads, interprets, and evaluates research for applicability to Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based
nursing practice on the best available evidence and the use of outcome
Identifies nursing problems that need to be investigated and studies to guide decisions.
participates in implementation of scientific studies
Analyzes and reformulates nursing practice problems so What type of research study would a hospital conduct to
that scientific knowledge and scientific method can be used explore clients' and families' perceptions of receiving care?
to find solutions Quantitative
The nurse with an associate degree will assist in collection Qualitative
of data within an established, structured format. The nurse Ordinal
with a bachelor's degree will read, interprets, and evaluate Non-scientific
research for applicability to nursing practice. They will Qualitative
identify nursing problems that need to be investigated and Quantitative researchers tend to use deductive reasoning,
participates in implementation of scientific studies. The logic, and measurable attributes of human experience,
nurse with a master's degree in nursing will analyzes and whereas qualitative researchers tend to use dynamic,
reformulates nursing practice problems so that scientific individual aspects of the human experience in a holistic
knowledge and scientific method can be used to find approach. Ordinal and interval refers to types of variables.
solutions. Qualitative research is considered to be scientific even
though it is not experimental.
As a researcher begins to form plans for a research project
the researcher must decide on the method for conducting The nursing student studying research exhibits an
the research. The nurse researcher that plans to emphasize understanding when informing the instructor that which of
collection data and the analyses for the purpose of creating the following is the bridge between theory and practice?
a new theory would select which of the following methods of Theory development
research? Evidence-based research
Quantitative research Client-focused care
Qualitative research Case management
Basic research
Applied research Evidence-based research is translational research that
forms the bridge between theory and practice.
A nurse is planning to conduct a nursing research study and
is seeking federal funding. Which institution would be most A nurse researcher ensures that a research subject's
helpful for the nurse to contact funding? privacy is protected by which method? Select all that apply.
National Institutes of Health Anonymity
National Institute of Nursing Research Confidentiality
Beneficence Which of these is not a criterion for critically evaluating
Justice websites when doing a literature review?
Autonomy Authority
Clients involved in research must be assured that their Currency
privacy is being protected. Privacy is protected in two Objectivity
general ways. Anonymity is the protection of the subject so Coverage
that not even the researcher can link the subject to the Accessibility
information provided. Confidentiality ensures that the Authority, currency, objectivity, and coverage are just a few
subjects' identities will not be linked with the information of the criteria used to determine if website content is valid,
they provide and will not be publicly divulged.The ethical accurate, and reliable.
principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice serve as
guides in maintaining the rights of research participants A community health nurse has been visiting a diabetic client
when the specific goals of research projects are determined whose morning fasting glucose levels are constantly
elevated. Upon further assessment, the nurse determines
that the client's spouse does not understand how to prepare
Which statement best explains the importance of theoretic meals following the prescribed diabetic diet. Using Dorothea
frameworks? Orem Self Care Theory, how can the nurse help meet the
Theoretic frameworks guide physiologic nursing care. needs of this client?
Theoretic frameworks guide psychosocial nursing care. Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietician.
Theoretic frameworks advance nursing knowledge and Set up diabetic home meal delivery for the client.
practice. Assist the spouse with online grocery shopping.
Theoretic frameworks advance the ethical aspects of Authorize an unlicensed nursing personnel to cook for the
practice. client.
Theoretic frameworks are important to the advancement of According to Dorothea Orem's theory, arranging an
nursing knowledge and professional practice evaluation appointment with a dietician the nurse is
facilitating self-care to sustain life and health, to recover
A nurse is preparing to conduct a research study and uses from disease or injury, or to cope with its effects. The nurse
the PICO format to develop the foreground question which is providing a service that assists the client and spouse to
is: "In adults, does reducing salt intake, compared to no progressively maximize their self-care potential. People
change in salt intake, lower blood pressure?" The nurse learn behaviors that they perform on their own behalf to
identifies the "P" as: maintain life, health, and well-being. The other options are
adults. providing care for the client, not facilitating self-care.
reducing salt intake.
no change in salt intake. A group of nurses is planning to investigate the
lower blood pressure. effectiveness of turning immobilized stroke clients more
Using the PICO format, "P" refers to the population, which frequently in order to prevent skin breakdown. The team
in this case is adults. "I" refers to the intervention, which is has begun by formulating a PICO question. Which of the
reducing salt intake. "C" refers to comparison, which is no following will the "O" in the team's PICO question refer to?
change in salt intake. "O" refers to the outcome, which preventing skin breakdown
would be lower blood pressure. clients who have experienced a stroke
turning clients more frequently
A nurse develops the following foreground question using the currently-used turning schedule
the PICO format in preparation for a research study: "In Within the PICO question framework, the "O" denotes the
overweight clients, how do chromium supplements outcome of interest. In this case, the desired outcome is the
compared to no supplements help with weight loss?" Which prevention of skin breakdown. Stroke clients are the "P," or
part of the question reflects the intervention? population of interest, while turning clients more frequently
overweight clients is the "I," or intervention. The current turning schedule is the
chromium supplements "C," referring to the comparison of interest.
no supplements
weight loss
In this question, the intervention (I) would be the use of A nurse admitting a client to the home health service is
chromium supplements. The population (P) would be gathering information for the client's database. Within the
overweight clients. The comparison (C) would be no database, the nurse gathers information on the client's
supplements. The outcome (O) would be weight loss. health history, past surgeries, diet, exercise, psychosocial
status, family and support persons, and spirituality. This
information will assist in the development of the client's plan Nurses now spend time looking up the best way to give
of care. This is considered a: nursing care.
psychosocial database. Nurses now have to take part in research.
physical database. Nursing care now uses EBP as a means of ensuring
holistic database. quality care.
limited database. Nursing care now incorporates research studies into client
Nurses deal with the whole person, examining the physical, care.
psychological, interpersonal, and spiritual aspects of each The facilitation of EBP involves identifying and evaluating
client's life. The whole-person concept emphasizes a current literature and research, as well as incorporating the
holistic approach to professional nursing. findings into client care as a means of ensuring quality care.
The other answers are incorrect; they were used even
One of the primary focuses of nursing research is to: before EBP became a major force in the delivery of nursing
quantify outcomes related to clients. care.
determine outcomes for clients.
generate knowledge to guide practice. The second step in implementation of evidence-based
prevent further disease and death. practice includes systematic review. In order to complete a
One of the major reasons for conducting research is to systematic review of the literature the nurse must do which
expand a profession's knowledge base. of the following?
Ask a question about a clinical practice.
Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based Provide a statical analysis for studies.
on the best available evidence and: Recommend best practices for client care.
use of outcome studies to guide decisions. Summarize findings from multiple studies that are
evaluation by experts to direct specialty areas. related to a particular nursing practice.
care based on pathophysiologic factors. A systematic review suggests that the nurse has reviewed
cost efficiency of treatment models. multiple studies regarding a particular nursing practice
Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based question or topic. Asking the question about a clinical
on the best available evidence and the use of outcome practice would come in the first step. A recommendation for
studies to guide decisions. best practice comes after synthesizing all of the data
collected by the systemic review. Meta-analysis is
How are the first stages of the nursing process and nursing concerned with doing a statistical analysis across studies.
research linked?
They will answer a posed question. A nurse researcher develops a foreground question in
Each begins with goal development. preparation for conducting a research study. The question
The nurse assesses problems initially. is: "In clients with intravenous catheters, how does replacing
There is a period of evaluation. administration sets every 72 hours (h) compared to other
The first step for the practicing nurse is to assess a frequent intervals (24h, 48h, or 96h) decrease infection
problem; for the researcher, the first step is to recognize the rates?" Applying the PICO framework, which part of the
general problem area. statement reflects the "O"?
clients with intravenous catheters
The nurse researcher would like to gather data about the replacing administration set every 72 hours
attitudes of young adults on spirituality and health care. replacing administration set at other intervals
What is the most effective form of research on this topic? decrease infection
Quantitative research The "O" of PICO indicates the outcome, which in this
Methodologic survey instance is "decrease infection." The "P" refers to patients
Delphi study with intravenous catheter; "I" refers to replacing
Qualitative research administration set every 72 hours; "C" refers to replacing it
Attitudes on spirituality and health care require the nurse to at other frequencies.
interview clients or informants to obtain qualitative research.
Qualitative research involves the systematic collection and When looking at a model for evidence-based practice, what
analysis of more subjective, narrative materials using is the final step of the process?
procedures in which there tends to be minimal researcher- Evaluating practice change
imposed control. Searching the literature
Appraising evidence
What is the best explanation for the way evidence-based Formulating a clinical question
practice (EBP) has changed the way nursing care is Evaluating practice change
delivered?
The fifth and final step in the process of implementing determine which factors and characteristics are most
evidence-based practice is to evaluate and critically significantly linked to the decision to start exercising. Which
appraise the change in practice. Formulating a clinical type of research study is this?
question and searching and appraising the literature 1. Qualitative
precede this step. 2. Descriptive
3. Correlational
A group of nurses is planning to investigate the 4. Randomized controlled trial
effectiveness of turning immobilized stroke clients more
frequently in order to prevent skin breakdown. The team A group of nurses have identified that the elderly patients on
has begun by formulating a PICO question. Which of the their unit have a high incidence of pressure ulcers after they
following will the "O" in the team's PICO question refer to? have a stroke. During a unit meeting they discuss different
preventing skin breakdown interventions that they think may reduce the development of
clients who have experienced a stroke pressure ulcers. What is the nurses' next step to investigate
turning clients more frequently this clinical problem further?
the currently-used turning schedule 1. conduct a literature review
Within the PICO question framework, the "O" denotes the 2. share the findings with others
outcome of interest. In this case, the desired outcome is the 3. conduct a statistical analysis
prevention of skin breakdown. Stroke clients are the "P," or 4. create a well-defined PICOT question
population of interest, while turning clients more frequently
is the "I," or intervention. The current turning schedule is the When recruiting subjects to participate in a study about the
"C," referring to the comparison of interest. effects of an educational program to help patients at home
take their medications as ordered, the researcher tells the
A conceptual framework is defined as: subjects that their names will not be used and no one but
an explanation of nursing and nursing practice. the research team will have access to their information and
a set of phenomena and related abstractions. responses. This is an example of:
a foundation for nursing skills and care. 1.Bias
a set of concepts and propositions. 2. Anonymity
a set of concepts and propositions. 3. Confidentiality
A conceptual framework or model is defined as a set of 4. Informed consent
concepts and the propositions that integrate them into a 3. Confidentiality
meaningful configuration.
Nurses in a community clinic have seen an increase in the
A nurse researcher studies the effectiveness of a new numbers of obese children. The nurses who care for the
program designed to educate parents to promote the children are discussing ways to reduce childhood obesity.
immunization of children. The nurse divides the parents one nurse asks a colleague," I wonder what the most
randomly into two groups. One group receives the typical effective ways are to help school-age children maintain a
educational program and the other group receives the new healthy weight?" This question is an example of a/an:
program. This is an example of which type of study? 1. Hypothesis
1. Historical 2. PICOT question
2. Qualitative 3. Problem-focused trigger
3. Correlational 4. Knowledge-focused trigger
4. Experimental
The nurses on a medical unit have seen an increase in the
A nurse who works on a pediatric unit asks, "I wonder if number of medication errors on their unit. They decide to
children who interact with therapy dogs have reduced evaluate the medication administration process on the basis
anxiety when they are in the hospital." In this example of a of data gained from chart reviews and direct observation of
PICOT question, which of the following is the O? nurses administering medications. Which process are the
1. Children nurses using?
2. Therapy dogs 1. Evidence-based practice
3. The pediatric unit 2. Research
4. Anxiety 3. Quality improvement
4. Problem identification
A nurse researcher wants to know which factors are A nursing student is preparing to read the methods section
associated with a person's decision to exercise. The nurse of a research article. Which type of information will the
distributes a survey to people who recently joined an student expect to find in this section? (Select all that apply.)
exercise wellness program and analyzes the data to 1. how the researcher conducted the study
2. a description about how to use the findings of the study A nurse researcher wants to conduct historical research.
3. the number and type of subjects who participated in Which of the following ideas for a study could the nurses
the study conduct? (Select all that apply).
4. Summaries of other research articles that support the 1. determining the effect of unemployment on emergency
need for this study room usage
5. Implications for future research studies 2. understanding how Clara Barton shaped nursing in
America
A group of nurses on the research council of a local hospital 3. evaluating the effect of the Vietnam war on nursing
are measuring nursing-sensitive outcomes. Which of the leadership and practice
following is a nursing-sensitive outcome that the nurses 4. analyzing the evolution of nursing and patient care
need to consider measuring? (Select all that apply) during recent disasters
1. Frequency of low blood sugar episodes in children at a 5. investigating barriers to exercise in women who have
local school become mothers in the past year
2. Number of patients who develop a urinary tract infection
from a foley catheter a nurse researcher is collecting data following the approval
3. number of patients who fall and experience from the institutional review board (IRB). In which part of the
subsequent injury on the evening shift research process is this nurse?
4. Number of sexually active adolescent girls who attend the 1. Analyzing the data
community-based clinic for birth control 2. designing the study
5. patient-reported quality of life following coronary artery 3. conducting the study
bypass graft surgery and cardiac rehabilitation 4. identifying the problem
2. Number of patients who develop a urinary tract infection
from a foley catheter https://www.studocu.com/row/document/jamaa%D8%A9-
snaa%D9%80%D9%80a%D8%A1/collection/research-
Which of the following statements about evidence-based practice-questions/17860404
practice (EBP) made by a nursing student would require the https://www.studocu.com/in/document/pondicherry-
nursing professor to correct the student's understanding? university/research-methodology-scientific-writing-and-
1. "in evidence-based practice the patients are the publication-ethics/research-problem-questions-hypotheses-
subjects" lecture-notes/31087654
2. "it is important to talk with experts and patients when
making an evidence-based decision"
3."A nurse wanting to investigate the evidence to solve a
problem starts by forming a PICOT question"
4."it is important to ask a librarian for help when searching
for literature to help you answer your PICOT question"

A nurse is reading a research article. the nurse just finished

reading a brief summary of the research study that included
the purpose of the study and its implication for nursing
practice. Which part of the article did the nurse just read?
1. Abstract
2. Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Literature review

A researcher is studying the effectiveness of an

individualized evidence-based teaching plan on young
women's intention to wear sunscreen to prevent skin
cancer. In this study which of the following research terms
best describes the individualized evidence-based teaching
plan?
1. sample
2. intervention
3. survey
4. results