a social insect living in colonies of ees are mostly vegetable and nectar of flowers. helpless and are fed by p to their pupation time. % Apis (Honeybee) is h ies or more individuals. Honeyb rs preferably living on pollen larvae which have no legs are aaa workers of the colony u lis chiefly live upon honey, While the young ones are om, Pure pollen or pollen mixed with honey and water [0 tive prasee called bees-bread, Although these insec\s “pin, at gardens and forests, yet they have been noticed “Tig the honey dew of some plant buss 278 also seeking “2 from places other than flowers. The honeybee live in Under 9 ptBanised colony ‘wherein a perfect corporate life Looe wat discipline is exhibited. Excellent division of Sig igh fhe common aim of keeping, the good of the ‘Mtemely any make the life very harmonious and @ COUVLOLLOYO Apis : The Honeybee Contents of this Chapter Castes Structure of a Worker Bee Duties of a Worker Queen Drone Hive Enemies of Honeybee Economic Importance of Honeybee ApicultureInvertep, Tate 29, of Apis are commonly found, viz., Apis dorsata, A ‘urs in the wild state in Europe, Ai fate ai bee) occ! f the largest Indian honey bee (20 mm) and aretrees or caves, walls and other pate oly me same locality. They have a regular ofthe bu returning to plains in the middle ial wing Ne (Rock bee) is 1.5 metre) singly occur closely in t rune and July but swarming i The workers build a fre me and this follows the swarming by th ‘of this bee may yield ‘approximetely 25 ke of honey and crope fer year prea from India every year. Bees vary is exported Their workers are very small in size but th is comb ral lacs of rupees i h is about 15 cm across, suspended on te t insect worth seve! the little bee of India. non gregarious and builds 2 single comb whic! non ee caves of buildings. This does 7 yield much honey, hardly afew miles py srs indica (Indian bee) isthe comme” honey bee found in plains and ites a india, This is slightly longer than Apis vforea and smaller than Apis dorsara rete parallel combs about one foot across in protected places like hollow of trees, thi I bul sng parallel eee wells, on was ad oer PCE: OF ere in buildings. Tiss theo buses bee which icant on wa cation in artificial hives although it doesnot veld a : bes whan 3 ke annul. It very readily swarms althou et te met within A A plais jough to Some extent migrates aa, ey hills and plains. APIS SYSTEMATIC POSITION Phylum Arthropoda ‘Subphylum Madibulata Class Insecta Subclass Pterygota Division Endopterygota se t Hymenoptera ‘amily Apidae Genus ApisCASTES The , as 40 to 50 colonies o} jal. A good colony of Indian bees has thousands jee ot honeybees fare perennial. A gi males and worke, sting mainly of three castes, viz., queen or fertile female, drones or aig THe females. The number of workers in one colony exceeds 90 per cent of the total population, & | & N QUEEN DRONE | Fig. 77.1. Castes of honeybee. s STRUCTURE OF A WORKER BEE The body of a worker bee is den: tody is divisible into three regions abdomen. A pair of short but many jointed iddle of the face. Each antenna & small pedicel and a flagellum which has ten segments in the female and Sntennae probably serve as tactile and gustatory organs, antennae are borne on the mi consists of a long scape, eleven in the male, The Workers, Fig. 77,; honey view). wt art. The eo 7 Worker honeybee (Lateral bat i Ye. The se ma tached othe lower prt of ee Mouth parts consist oe ified for collecting the nectar and the pollen.smaxitlae and tabium. Labrum lies below the ee ch is an organ of taste: Mandibles are ‘used in moulding wax and making the hone glossa of tongue with a long labial» its tip is a small labetfum, the gic, — and taste. Mantllae fit over the mentum on ein, ‘and labial palps form a tube enclosing the forced upwards by pressing vopether of en Legs. of legs which are densely cove! walking. help in collecting pollen and are variously modified. Each leg a trochanter femur, tibia, tarsus (five-jointed) terminating ina pair of Cate g has aro of stil bles on tibia forming a ee Brat 1° compeand eyes, at the distal end of tibia isa movable spine, the vetum i can chet aon the ences wo form an antena comb through which the antenna is drawn a ae coms paca brash for emoving pollen from de Foot PA Fach meothorscic leg has 2 pollen brush on the tarsus, the end of te tba Ds spine for removing pollen from the pollen basket and wax from abdomen. Each : thas a large tibia with a cavity with bristles forming a pollen basket or pole daring collection at the distal end the uibia hata row of si sles wef rach at pla, the suri. The pete ad eric form a wax place 00 tse cir he te ir oe a pln Ye ne shemeo g e ak ommetatarsiis 4 Abdomen, Abdomen begins with the second segment, segments 2 to 7 are clearly visible but segments 8 to 10 are modified and hidden, The ovipositor is modified to form a sting (the worker being a sterile female), Sting, The sting is made of 3 pairs of gonapophyses, one pair of segment 8, and two pairs of segment 9 The gonapophyses of segment & form two stylets lying parallel and enclosing a oison-canal. One pair of gonapophyses of Segment 9¥fuse together to form a ‘ingle stylet sheath, the other pair form \wo stylet palps. The sting or terebra Consists of tWo stylets articulated along thet length to the hollow stylet sheath by A ftoove and rail arrangement. The ‘Wles are held in place by. this ‘nt and they can move only up ee The stylets and their sheath PS of Muscles of plates drive the stylets and stylet sheath into a victim, and. mix and pass down the poison canal into the wound, General PAT Of the intestine are pulled out in stinging and the bee Fig. 77.6, Honeybee. Sting. fen am St make a wound; proximally the set sheaths ae ait al hen ey Pouinen’ Which are associated with’ pairs of plates bearing muscles. Ata mg Maing 4 median poison sac into which open two acid glands and one alkaline the secretions of two ly the poison glands, dies within two days.or Invertebrate 2, 20log, DUTIES OF A WORKER pI ee Hata The workers attend to all duties of food collection, bringing nectar, secreting wax, ten young, building and cleaning the comb. Consequently their mouth parts are modified for eoije nectar and moulding wax, the epidermis of abdomen for secreting wax, and their legs for cou pollen, In queens and drones the mouth parts are shorter because they do not collect nectar as no wax-secreting glands, and modifications of metathoracic legs are absent QUEEN General anatomy is the same as ina worker, but itis larger in size, has a longer abdo extending behind folded wings, since it takes no part in nest making or pollen gathering. I har seax glands or modifications on legs for pollen collection. It has notched mandibles, 12,joiney Sntenae and a sting which is used only to combat a rival queen, the sting can be used mor ina tonce. The queen, like the workers, is produced from fertilised eggs. DRONE ‘The male or drone is larger and stouter than the worker. It has holoptic eyes which touch ea other dorsally, the frontal region is reduced. It has small notched mandibles because they do not ‘mould wax, antennae are 13-jointed, it has no sting, but the 9th sternum has 2 claspers and 2 membranous aedeagus. Drones are formed from unfertilised eggs. LIFE HISTORY When the population gets too large for the hive, then the old queen and a large numberof workers swarm out to find a new colony. In the meanwhile IS a new queen is formed in the original colony. It takes a \)\\W nuptial flight or mating flight with a number of drones. Copulation occurs in air and the new fertilised queen returns to the old hive. The spermatozoa she has received must serve for all the eggs as the queen does not copulate again. The queen can control the fertilisation of eggs. Unfertilised eggs are haploid with 16 chromosomes, they produce drones, fertilised eggs are diploid with 32 chromosomes, they produce the queens and sterile female workers. The queen generally lays one egg in one brood cell, ‘The egg is pinkish, elongated, cylindrical and generally attached at the bottom of a cella he junction of any two walls, After three days a tiny larva is developed from each egg. For two dt all the larvae are fed on a protein rich royal jelly. Thereafter, the larvae of drone and workers fed on honey and pollen, but larvae of queen are continuously fed on royal jelly throughout this way the food supply causes them to develop differently. Each larva has moults grows then its cell is sealed with a wax-cap. It spins a thick silken imperfect cocoon and pupales. 4s 4 pupa, it undergoes complete metamorphosis and finally cus the cell-cap with is mand to emerge as a young bee, The time of development for each caste is standardised bee temperature regulation in the hive : epidermis hi Nuptial flight. ause of Queen; egg, 3; larva, 54; pupa, 74 = 16 days. Worker : egg, 3; larva, 6; pupa, 12 = 21 days. Drone egg, 3; larva, 64; pupa, 144. = 24 days. sweets The freshly emerged workers are first entrusted with the indoor duties for two 10 TH ys, etelY during which they act as nursing bees, dance attendance on the royalties, look afte build and repair the comb. Later on, they are put to outdoor duties and they 9° © au occupied in collection of nectar and pollen, guarding the hive, air conditioning» te regulation and ripening honey, etc.WORKER oN larva fed bee bread Fig. 77.7. Honeybee. Lite cycle HIVE - The cells are thin- Cell-base for two opposite cells. The worker cells, were works ane ney is stored, » are about 5 mm across, and the drone cells 6 mum ACTOS, adda ® maging yop BLA vertical eanutlike queen els onsen eke tion °F queen rearing, The combs keep a vertical plane, while the ce eiecee ts Pecial cells for lodging the adults which generally keep ad bsni Seca the surface of the comb. The cells are mainly intended for neal rearing ‘ally in the “PPer portion of the comb, while those in the lower pat "FE are no gportive pollen pollen . Sealey jaen coll cols masses \ Z oe oney ria a dy em empty queen queen cell queen cell drone cut down larva cell calls tom open ENEMIES OF HONEYBEE ENEMIES bees do not so far suffer from two severe bee diseases, i.c., the ie ood as commonly found on European bees. Nosema cavei to bees and often colonies die from its effects, but ney Fortunately Indian white disease and foul b snicrosporidian is decidedly injurious an entire apiary destroyed. Birds pick up a large num ramakrishnae) very severely attacl away the combs and causes very serious damage. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF HONEYBEE From the times immemorial, man has been domesticating important animals inclus to exploit them to render some service to him or to obtain the various products of 8 activities. Honeybees provide honey, bees-wax to man and also help as pollinators: ete Momeres rele fo 1 eg thomas 2 several times the mua! Se ee ee ee eed three km long Hot denned tom te ecive eo the ata nectar or sugr-beaing iis wexen panrirerere by bees from flowers and stored in the it te Ghee bggor the oF wid ive. The insects swallow the nectar and carry Ai capes an PeiceOR unt Spey aro thor ie, where sucrose is bydrolysed to — changes due to its mixing with saliva, ie. F contents Crete aay by 4 og sare ofa ced by he eper beats ofthe workers crawling over the cells The nectar, thus, ripens and rms honey. The cells in which i Nore, ae capped ove With wax a =e at the time of need because it is the principal food al bees. Honey is used in many ways by man also as the chief ber of bees; so also the wasps and a certain wasp ( them. The common hawk moth (Acherontia styx) oes ‘Man is probably their worst enemy.poneyPe _ v t “ candies, cakes and bread, ete ‘ pee for patients of diabetes or for persons . y if honey can be esti gs IY ggod vate of honey ney the ae ual t0 1 kg 600 gms potatoes or 2 ke gn cane To amg SOs calower oF cabbage sean os tHE gms apples oF 3 Ke 200 gm peaches Honey wane oF sag 250 Bit can be easily Compared t0 365 aoa el 5 UG—vitami FS tain RDO, 8 MG vin © ier ain) 2G Pantothenic acid or 0.60 MG Nicotinie neid, Hait kgot pee ins 6402. Levulose (fruit sugar), 5402. Dextrose fo souls Sucrose, 3.02. Moisture, 7 gms Dextrines and Gums, Sone wan fe Na, te and about 4% of undetermined substances. oF". The worker bees secrete wax from glands situated abdomen. on ‘een the segments of the underside of the abdomen iad, oe of ~ smdid von of hardening of this secretion. These scales are detached from aontraea 8 nd passed onwards to the mouth, wherein they are chewed and anise oe ig the comb walls. This wax is isolated and forms an important base for sa rtedrer ee concerned with the manufacture of toilet goods and cosmetics. A large quantity is utilised ‘comb foundations and returned to the bees-hive wherever at , wn ficial methods of rearing ‘od out Several thousand mounds bees-wax is used in preparing candles, saving ams a seams, cosmetics, polishes, castings of models, carbon paper, cryons, electrical and other " forms 4 ver Merging yer) cts = uility of honeybees is immense as can be determined by outstanding fruit crops in places ster the bee population is very great. They are ‘the only pollinating insects, which cam be antilled by man and are, therefore, of great valué to agriculturists. APICULTURE Bee keeping is a very useful pastime and is known to have been adopted since tins ‘Sstral. This practice is still very common in the hills but their methods are very cruehenade sscienific. At night when the hive is full and inactive, burning torches ae bows: = the hive and a large number of individuals are unnecessarily ‘and barbarously Killed. The Pa then removed and cut into pieces and squeezed. The ‘extracted, is hardly pure. This method has now been sd nd Teplaced by the introduction of different kinds of by te ith movable frames, in which facilites for comb- Aa amines te provided. Platt! hive has a large brood chamber placed on @ “hut With slit for the entry and exit of the bees at the " ot has a number of frames in each of which a wax A wires nel imprints is held up in a vertic fell. Bach the margins of these hexagon tiracts the Wax sheet called comb foundation, 8 ‘or i ef which Stanger eating combs on both ofits sides, The tame te wee esi US Cay og) Vhich is covered over by another frame, having inber called eer Ne ‘ay chalt Sacinc SY pass. Over the brood chamber is paced MN unl a ot inl’ frames containing comb foundation, © te oo hae cone Wie meshing mentioned above les BEN ation light ror m above by a cover having some hove?nest, The same comb ¢% intact and if nee individuals are brusl ‘They again start activity injured. In addition to the hive, Si ‘ fret veil, a bee-net, a pair of extracting honey. Such arti a queen is int which workers develo been & ficial hives are kept in ki roduced artificially. Its p and ive for sufficient time, f which the hone; .d arises, fres! hed aside while ry on re-int f gloves, & knife, Long Answer Questions L 24 3 Give an account of the external morphology cof worker honeybee. Describe the life history of honey bee. ‘Write an essay on apiculture. Short Answer Questions 1 4. 5. ‘Write short notes on the following : (i Different castes of honeybee ; (ii) Mouth parts of honeybee ; (iii) Pollen basket ; (iv) Sting of honeybee ; (v) Economic importance of honeybee. . What is apiculture ? Write the name of the products obtained from honeybee and what is their imy a man? tance Name few enemies of honeybee. ‘What are the duties of worker bee ? Very Short Answer Questions 1. 2 3. 4. ‘What are the different castes of hone; which one is fertile ? bee and Name the mouth parts of honeybee. woe eee ee species of hi commonly found in India. joneybees ‘What is the role of queen bee in the hive ? Multiple Choice Questions . In a hive, worker hone, “Pollen basket” is (a) The caniag |e flower where pollen are (0) A basket made of it Pollen grai (e) Th cavity inthe bndlegot (4) A simple basket. worker bee ‘oan: resent in honey is Oe (b) Glucose (@) Cellulose. (a) Sterile males “y bees are start enhancing the © chen gardens, fields and orchards ang oon lays its first brood of eggs from, ‘olony when the hive has the combs are removed from the frames ang : is collected without disturbin, centrifuge a8 a result Ot Ned aver and over again because it ee , comb foundations can be placed. The e removing the comb for extracting honey, roduced combs. The larval stages remain other appliances required are a smoker, a ‘a brush and a centrifuge for Arti | importa auesriNs (b) Sterile females (c) Females but can ct (@ Fertile males. te |. In honey bees the dr produced from FONES. (aly (a) Fertilised eggs (b) Unfertilised eggs (c) Fasting larvae (@) Larvae fed by royal jelly. 5. The species of honeybee reared wis 6. Who was 10. In honeybee which oné is India is. (@) Apis indica (©) Apis florea awarded Nobel Pri deciphering the language of hon! (a) C. Darwin (6) W.Hney (©) HG Khorana—(d) K.¥. Fost . Beeswax is (a) A waste product of bees (b) Secreted by workers for mak combs (©) Waste product of honey syates* (6) Queen and workers (c) Drones (d) Workers. (a) Entertainment (©) Cooling the hive of secretes royal jelly ? (@) Salivary glands () Maxillary glands (©) Wax (d) None of the above- . The queen bee mates