Report On

“3D Printing Workshop.”

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By
Kadu Pratima D.
Mhatre Raj H.
Patil Siddhesh R.
Shinde Manali B.

Under the guidance of

Mr. Swapnil Nawale.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PILLAI HOC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

RASAYANI– 410207
2023-2024
University of Mumbai
 Mahatma Education Society’s
Pillai HOC College of Engineering and Technology,
Rasayani – 410207
Academic Year- 2023-24

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Certificate
This is to certify that the Report entitled “3D Printing workshop” is successfully submitted
by following students:

Kadu Pratima D 04
Mhatre Raj H. 10
Patil Siddhesh R. 20
Shinde Manali B. 25

As per the syllabus and in partial fulfilment for the completion Bachelor’s degree in
Mechanical Engineering from University of Mumbai, it is also to certify that this is the
original work of the students done during the academic year 2023-2024.

Mr. Swapnil Nawale. Name of External

(Internal)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our gratitude to our guide Mr. Swapnil Nawale for his expert guidance,
encouragement and suggestion throughout the preparation of this work. He has been
a pillar of support and inspired us throughout this study, without him this would not
have been possible. We also express our heartiest thank to Dr. G. V. Patil,
Head of
Mechanical Engineering Department for ensuring support throughout our project studies.

We are grateful and offer our sincere thanks to Principal Dr. J. W. Bakal and to the
teaching faculty members of Mechanical Engineering Department for their valuable
suggestions and instruction regarding project work.

Group Members
Kadu Pratima D.
Mhatre Raj H.
Patil Siddhesh R.
Shinde Manali B.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR.NO CONTENT

ABSTRACT
1
INTRODUCTION
2
PRINCIPLE OF 3D PRINTING
3

4 THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

5 COMPARISION BETWEEN 3D PRINTING &TRADITIONAL

METHOD OF MANUFACTURING

6 FUTURE OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

7 CONCLUSION
 ABSTRACT

3D Printing is one of the most important technological Advancement in additive manufacturing

which has been implemented and recognized as a part of modern industry as it has many
advantages over conventional approach of which one of the most important factors which is
time. Generally in fused deposition modelling the component is manufactured using the
concept of rapid prototyping and layer by deposition of the material which is done sending the
data in to the software of the machine using a stereo lithography (STL) file format made by
using modelling software (CAD). In today's world of mechanical engineering the applications
of 3D printing are very useful for research and development of various components ranging
from simple structures used in everyday life to complicated components in aerospace
applications. 3D printing provides many advantages few are simplicity, reliability and precision
etc. This makes it one of the most widely used for making components which can be used as
concept components. 3D printing is the most widely used additive manufacturing processes is
the current industry not only limited to engineering.
1.INTRODUCTION

3D printing refers to processes in which material is joined or solidified under computer control
to create a three-dimensional object, with material being added to gather 3D printing are used
in both rapid prototyping and objective manufacturing (AM). Objects can be of almost any
shape or geometry and typically are produced using digital model data from a 3D model or
another electronic data source such as or additive manufacturing file (AMF) file usually in
sequential layers. There are many different technologies, stereo lithography (STL) of fused
deposit modelling (FDM). Thus, unlike material removed from a stock in the conventional
machining process, 3D printing or AM build a 3D object. From computer -added design (CAD)
model or AMF file, usually by successively adding material layer by layer.

Fig :1 3D Printer

The term "3D printing" originally referred to a process that deposited a binder material in to a
powder bed with inject printer heads layer by layer. More recently, the term is being used in
popular veriticular to encompass a wider variety of additive manufacturing techniques. United
States and global technical standards use the official term' Additive Manufacturing' for his
broader sense, since the final goal of additive manufacturing is to achieve mass production
which greatly differs from 3D printing for rapid prototyping.
2.PRINCIPLE OF 3D PRINTING

2.1. Working Process of 3D Printing

The main principle of 3D printing is stereo lithography, which was outlined by Charles Hull in
1987 as a system for generation of three-dimensional objects by making cross sectional pattern
of the object to be formed.3D drawing software is used to generate 3D objects which is first
split into layers and then layers are successfully printed by the machine. The very first step
followed in 3D printed is the generation of 3D printable mode. The models are produced by
using computer aided design software, then the CAD drawing is converted for 3D systems in
1987 for use by its stereo lithography apparatus (SLA) machines. Here we can customize
various aspects of design such as layer thickness, outer finish, temperature, etc. So once the
STL file is generated, the object is ready to the printed. The second important step is printed.
The STL file is fetched into the printer and according to the layers, the machine starts out laying
the plastic out layer by layer. The layers are automatically mold to get the final shape. The final
phase consists of finishing the product.

Fig 2: Fused Deposition Modelling

2.2.3D Printer

Digital light processing is a 3D printing process where a projector is used to cure photopolymer
resin. Very similar to SLA where the very difference is that instead of a UV laser to cure the
photopolymer resin, a safelight (light bulb) is used. Objects are created the same as SLA with
the object being either pulled out of the resin which creates space for the uncured resin at the
bottom of the container and to form the next layer of 3D Printer; A 3D printer is a computer
aided manufacturing (CAM) device that creates three dimensional objects. However, instead
of printing the output on paper a3D printer builds a three-dimensional model out of a custom
material.

There are many 3D printing technologies or some many call them different type of 3D printer.

• Stereo lithography
• Digital light processing (DLP)
• Electronic beam additive manufacturing (EBAM)
• Laminated object manufacturing (LOM)
• Fused deposition modelling (FDM)

Now here arise a question what materials do 3D printers use? 3D printer can use a wide range
of material like plastic, resins, ceramics, titanium, bronze, stainless silver, gold etc. The most
popular material used in plastic.

1) Stereo Lithography

Stereo lithography (SL), is one of several methods used to create 3D-prined objects. It’s the
process by which a uniquely designed 3D printing machine, called a stereo lithography
apparatus (SLA) converts liquid plastic into solid objects. The process was patented as a means
of rapid prototyping in 1986 by Charles Hull, Co-founder of a 3D systems.

2) Digital Light Processing (DLP)

the object or down into the tank with the next layer being cured on the top. Objects that are
printed with digital light processing have less visible layers versus other processes such as
FDM/FFF. Compared with SLA, DLP can have faster build speeds due it a single layer being
create in one singular digital image whereas with SLA, the UV laser has to scan the vat with a
single point (trace out the object layer)

Fig 2.2.1: Digital Light Processing (DLP)

3) Electronic Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM)

Electronic Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM) is an innovative additive manufacturing

(AM) Process in which metal powder of filament is completely melted by a concentrated beam
of electrons. Production in a vacuum chamber ensures that oxidation will not compromise
highly reactive materials like titanium. Vacuum production is also required so electrons don’t
collide with gas molecules.

Not long ago, most EBM projects merely illustrated the considerable possibilities of the AM
technology is more fully realized as it used to print components used in demanding aerospace,
automotive, defence, petrochemical and medical applications.
 Fig 2.2.2: Electronic Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM)

4) Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)

Laminated Object Manufacturing is a rapid prototyping system developed by Helisys Inc.

(cubic technologies is now the successor organization of Helisys) In it, layers of adhesive-
coated paper, plastic, or metal laminates are successively glued together and cut to shape with
a knife or laser cutter. Objects printed with this technique may be additionally modified by
machining and drilling after printing. Typical layer resolution for this process is defined by the
material feedstock and usually ranges in thickness from one to a few sheets of copy paper.

Fig2.2.3: Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)

3.THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

Fig.3: History of 3D Printing

3.1. The History of 3D Printing

The first glimmer of 3D printing technology emerged in the 1980s, at the time refer red to as”
rapid prototyping” (RP) technologies. In 1983s Charles (Chuck) Hull invented a stereo
lithography apparatus (SLA), and three year later, confounded the 3D systems corporation,
which is still around today. The first commercial RP system hit the market in 1987s and was
first sold in 1988s. A number of other inventors were working in a similar area, In 1989s, Carl
Deckard of the University of Texas filed a patent for the selective laser sintering (SLS) RP
process, and scott crump, co-founder of stratasys, filed a patent for fused deposition modelling
(FDM). These pinoneers, as well as others set off a wave of RP companies in the early 1990s
that continued to introduce new technologies, which mostly focused on industrial applications.
‘Additive Manufacturing’ remained a largely siloed sector until medical researchers began
exploring 3D a printing opportunities, printing synthetic scaffolds of a human bladder for
successful implantation a human patient 1999s. Then, as early as 2004s, the Rep-Rap open-
source project was created to develop the first self-replicating 3D printer. The first
commercially available 3D printer hit the market in January 2009s, followed closely by market
bot, which began shipping desktop 3D printer kits later that year.

3.2.3D Printing Today

The past year has been an exciting time for 3D printing. The technology has spread to new
sectors and been applied in new ways to meaningfully transform people’s lives.

1) Art

In November 2015s, the unseen art project initiative launched, an open sources platform that
recreates classical art painting in 3D. It aims to make fine 3D-printing technology to create
replicas of masterpieces that people can touch. Someone who is blind or visually impaired who
was never able to see Mona Lisa could print a 3D version and experience the art for the first
time.

2) Shelter

In 2016s also market the first 3D-printed home, an innovation that could prove revolutionary
in marketing affordable housing more accessible. In Chine, a 3D printed mansion was
completed in 45 days and the creators claim it’s durable enough to withstand an 8.0 earthquake.
Singapore plans 3D-printed public housing in an effort to decrease dependence on foreign labor
and build homes for its elderly community.

3) Transportation

Smart-Tech predicts that 3D printing in the automotive industry will be worth $1.1 billion a
year by 2019s, and innovative companies like Koenigsegg are using 3D printing to create cars
of unprecedented acceleration and performance. Audi is using 3D printing to produce spare
parts on-demand, which allows the company to disrupt its internal supply chain.
4) Medicine

A medical team from the Prince of Wales hospital I Hong-Kong created a 3D printed custom
implant to reconstruct a man’s pelvis, following this surgery for a pelvic tumor. Scientific
American reports that 3D printing is allowing scientists to build” complex biomimetic hands”
that don’t just provide motion, but also enable the highly valuable sense of touch. Wake forest
Baptist medical center has pulled into the lead in successful 3D-printed tissue implantation,
announcing earlier this year that they printed ear, bone, and muscle structures and implanted
them into animals.

3.3. Tomorrows Printing Innovations

The next step in medicine is 3D-print organs. The team at the wake forest institute for
regenerative medicine, under the direction of Dr. Anthony Atala, is nearing completion of an
integrated Tissue and organ printing system (ITOP) an important step toward printing living
tissue and organ structure for surgical implantation. With vehicles, fully functional, 3D-printed
high-performance cars are still in the early days, and the future will see companies like
Koenigsegg. Local motors and blades produce lightweight” Supercars” at scale. In
construction, companies like INNOPRINT will use 3D printing to rapidly build emergency
housing, which will transform the traditional approach to disaster relief. The reality is that many
of the most exciting 3D printing innovations are still in the early prototyping stage. Down the
road (who knows how close, or how far), We will see businesses 3D print faster and at a greater
scale We will see surgery transformed by the capacity to3D print human body parts and organ
donor lies shortened by the availability of customized, Printed organs. We will see social
entrepreneurs leverage 3D printing to improve their delivery products and services to the
people who need them the most. One thing is certain; the history of 3D printing is at a tipping
point.
4. COMPARISION BETWEEN 3D PRINTING & TRADITIONAL METHODS OF
MANUFACTURING

4.1. The main difference between 3D printing and traditional manufacturing.

• Traditional manufacturing, as the act of converting raw materials into finished

products by using manual or mechanized transformational techniques. The purpose
of such activities is to add value to achieve targeted objectives, which don’t preclude
society’s overall interests.
• 3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of 3D solid objects from a digital
file.
• The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an
additive process an object is created by laying down successive layers of material
until the object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced
horizontal cross-section of the eventual object.
• Using only one type of polymers usually (ABS polymer) in 3D but in other
processes you can use what you want.
• The 3D printed parts are not strong, they are just for sake of prototyping. − 3D can
do complex shapes with less cost than the traditional machining.
• Traditional machining needs skillful workers but the 3D printing need just the CAD
file of the product.

4.2. Additive Manufacturing vs. Traditional Manufacturing

Table 4.1
 Table 4.2

4.3. Applications of Additive Manufacturing

• Aerospace Applications
• Healthcare Applications
• Automotive
• Fashion
• Architecture and construction
• Education and research
• Consumer products
• Food Industry
• Rapid Prototype in all industries

Additive manufacturing is versatile and adaptable to various applications. With ongoing

technological advancements, the possibilities of this technology will expand further.
5. Future of Additive Manufacturing

Fig.5: Future of Production

5.1. Scope of work

• More focus required on optimising the processing parameters for PA12 composites for
improvement in FDM parts and to investigate flow behaviours of PA12 after insertion
of fillers, time required for producing part.

• Medical 3D printing is still confined by factors such as biomaterial printability, suitable

mechanical strength, biodegradation, and biocompatible properties.
6.CONCLUSION:

3D printing is one of the fastest growing fields in additive manufacturing, 3D printing being
used in multiple disciplines irrespective of their application by personalizing according to the
need of their particular discipline. 3D printing is used in applications like medical, civil,
electrical etc.

3D printing helps in creating prototypes in short duration of time which can be verified and
helps in shortening lead times. This paper has reviewed the importance of 3D printing in
various applications in mechanical engineering.