THESIS ON

The Role of Prime Minister in India:

“

A Comprehensive Analysis”
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF PHARMACY

IN

PHARMACOLOGY

Submitted By Supervised By
Md Sadique Hussain Dr. Ganesh N. Sharma
M. Pharm (Pharmacology) (Professor & Head)
Enrollment No: JNU-jpr-2021/00794 Department of Pharmacology
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Jaipur National University, Jaipur Jaipur National University, Jaipur

SCHOOL OF PHARMACEUTICALS SCIENCES

JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR, INDIA

(2021-23)
 JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY,
JAIPUR

SCHOOL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE

DECLARATION

I, Md Sadique Hussain, hereby declare that the Dissertation entitled “Screening of

Bixa orellana L. (Annatto or Achiote) Seeds Collected From Northern Indian
Region for Anti-Oxidant and Antimicrobial Activity” submitted for the degree of
Masters of Pharmacy in Pharmacology from Jaipur National University, Jaipur
(Rajasthan) is a record of the work carried out by me during the academic year of 2021-
2023, under the guidance of Dr. Ganesh N. Sharma, Professor & Head, Department of
Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and has not formed the basis for the
award of any degree, diploma, associate - ship, fellowship, titles in this or any other
university or the similar institute of higher learning.

Date:
Md Sadique Hussain
Place:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Research is a continuous process undertaken by an individual or a team person into the

never-ending, never-ending science. Many people known and unknown have contributed
to the strength of the dissertation. It is great pleasure for me to acknowledge all those
who have contributed to the conception, origin, and nurturing of this project. The
completion of this dissertation is not only the fulfillment of my dreams but also the
dreams of my parents, who have taken lots of pain for me in the completion of my higher
studies. I take the privilege and pleasure to acknowledge the contributions of many
individuals, who have been inspirational and supportive throughout my work and
endowed me with the most precious knowledge to see success in my endeavor.

This work was carried out at the School of Pharmaceuticals Science, Jaipur National
University, Jaipur during 2021-23 and for that, I am warmly thankful to my university.

Firstly, I would like to thank Almighty Allah with whose blessing this work has been
completed.

With a deep sense of gratitude and respect, I thank my esteemed guide and preceptor Dr.
Ganesh N. Sharma (Professor & Head), Department of Pharmacology, School of
Pharmaceuticals Science, Jaipur National University, Jaipur. His scientific acumen, able
guidance, constant inspiration, constructive criticism, and logical thinking, are largely
responsible for finalizing the thesis. To work under his guidance has a great and
inexplicable impact, which will go long way down memory lane in my life. The door to
Dr. Ganesh N. Sharma's office was always open whenever I ran into a troubled spot or
had a question about my research or writing. He consistently steered me in the right
direction whenever he thought I needed it.

I owe a special word of thanks to Prof. (Dr.) Birendra Srivastava, Director of the
School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jaipur National University for their precious gift of
knowledge.

I express my heartiest regard to my parents Mr. Md Shahid Hussain and Mrs. Shahnaz
Perween for their energetic, moral, and economical support that boosted my spirit. It is
because of them I have reached the place where I am today. I am very much thankful to
my uncle Mr. Md Zulfaqar Alam for his immense care, support, and confidence that
infused me, without whom this momentous work could not have been completed.

Last, but not least, I am deeply thankful to my friends and family for their love and
support during this process. Without their encouragement and motivation, I would not
have been able to complete this journey. I am grateful to everyone who has supported me
throughout this process. Without your help and guidance, this thesis would not have been
possible.

Thanks to one & All

Md Sadique Hussain
 INDEX

Title TITLE Page

No. No.
List of Figures (i)
List of Tables (ii)
Abstract 2
1. Introduction
1.1. Medicinal Plants 4–9
1.2. Traditional Medicine 9 – 13
1.3. Antioxidant Activity 18 – 23
1.4. Antimicrobial Activity 24 – 25
2. Review of literature
2.1 Plant Profile 27 – 34
2.2 Achiote as a Natural Pigment Source 34 – 35
2.3 Traditional Uses 35 – 37
2.4 Pharmacological Activities 38 – 41
3. Aim & objective 43
4. Materials & methods
4.1 Collection of material 45
4.2 Identification and authentication 45
4.3 Drying of Seeds 45
4.4 Extraction of seed materials 45
4.5 Qualitative Screening of Phytochemicals 47 – 51
4.6 Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity 52
4.7 Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity 53
5. Results & Discussion 55 – 61
6. Conclusion 63
7. References 65 – 75
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 ABSTRACT

Key words:

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 INTRODUCTION

I. Introduction

A. Background and Context

3|Page
B. Significance of the Prime Minister in the Indian Political System

C. Purpose and Objectives of the Thesis

II. Historical Evolution of the Prime Ministerial Role

A. Pre-Independence Era

B. Post-Independence Development

C. Amendments and Reforms Impacting the Role

III. Constitutional Framework

A. Constitutional Provisions Pertaining to the Prime Minister

B. Executive Powers and Responsibilities

C. Relationship with Other Branches of Government

IV. Institutional Dynamics and Power Distribution

A. Interplay with the President and the Council of Ministers

B. Role in Legislative Affairs: Parliament and its Functioning

C. Judicial Oversight and Checks on Prime Ministerial Authority

V. Political Leadership and Decision-Making

A. Leadership Style and Personal Influence

B. Role in Policy Formulation and Implementation

C. Handling of Domestic and International Crises

VI. Prime Ministerial Accountability and Transparency

A. Mechanisms for Accountability: Parliament, Media, and Public Opinion

B. Challenges to Transparency and Integrity

C. Case Studies and Analysis of Accountability Instances

VII. Role in Socio-Economic Development

A. Economic Policy Initiatives and Development Strategies

B. Social Welfare Programs and Inclusive Growth Agendas

4|Page
C. Infrastructure Development and Urban-Rural Divide

VIII. Influence of Political Parties and Coalitions

A. Prime Ministerial Selection Process

B. Management of Coalition Governments and Alliance Dynamics

C. Impact on Policy Consensus and Stability

X. Challenges and Future Prospects

A. Contemporary Challenges Facing the Prime Minister's Office

B. Anticipated Changes in the Role Amidst Evolving Political Landscape

C. Recommendations for Strengthening Prime Ministerial Institution

XI. Conclusion

XII. References

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