Surge Users Manual 1

1 Table of Contents

1. Table of Contents 1-14

2. Company Information 15
2.1. Contact Us 15
2.2. History and Development 15-16
3. Software Information 17
3.1. License Agreement 17-18
3.2. Installation Instructions 18-21
3.3. Version Features 21-32
3.4. International Decimal Settings 32-33
4. Pipe2024 - All Models 34
4.1. Help and Tutorials 34
4.1.1. About the Online Help 34-35
4.1.2. Overview and Getting Started 35-37
4.1.3. Quick Start 37-45
4.1.4. KYPipe and Surge Demo files 45-88
4.1.5. PIPE2000 Tutorial (Audio/Video) 88-91
4.1.6. Reference Manual 91-92
4.1.6.1. Introduction to Modeling 92-94
4.1.6.2. Method of Analysis 94-95
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4.1.6.3. Model Simplification 95

4.1.6.4. Pipe System Geometry 95-100
4.1.6.5. Pipe System Components 100-101
4.1.6.6. Pressure and Flow Specifications 101-102
4.1.6.7. Multiple Scenarios - Changes 102-103
4.1.7. Some Special Features 103-104
4.1.8. Warnings and Error 104-109
4.2. Files, Printing, Menus 109
4.2.1. Menus and Tabs 109
4.2.1.1. KYnetic Configuration Menu 109-111
4.2.1.2. Classic Menu in KYnetic Interface 112-114
4.2.1.3. Analyze (Main Menu) 114-119
4.2.1.4. Edit (Main Menu) 119-125
4.2.1.5. Facilities Management (Main Menu) 125-127
4.2.1.6. File (Main Menu) 127-133
4.2.1.7. Help (Main Menu) 133-135
4.2.1.8. Labels (Main Menu) 135-139
4.2.1.9. Main Menu 139
4.2.1.10. MAP SETTINGS 139-140
4.2.1.11. Other 140-143
4.2.1.12. OTHER DATA 144
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4.2.1.13. Preferences 144-150

4.2.1.14. REPORT 150-155
4.2.1.15. Report Setup 155-159
4.2.1.16. SETUP / DEFAULTS 159-160
4.2.1.17. SYSTEM DATA 160
4.2.1.18. Tools (Main Menu) 160-162
4.2.1.19. View (Main Menu) 162-165
4.2.2. Information Windows and Data Boxes 165
4.2.2.1. Information Windows 166
4.2.2.2. Node Change Box 166-167
4.2.2.3. Node Data Boxes 167-171
4.2.2.4. Node Information Window 171-177
4.2.2.5. Node Results Boxes 177-180
4.2.2.6. Node User Box 180-182
4.2.2.7. Pipe Change Box 182-183
4.2.2.8. Pipe Data Boxes 183-187
4.2.2.9. Pipe Information Window 187-194
4.2.2.10. Pipe Results Boxes 194-197
4.2.2.11. Pipe User Box 197-200
4.2.3. Printing 200-204
Surge Users Manual 4

4.2.4. Files 204

4.2.4.1. Backup Files 204-205
4.2.4.2. Data Files 205-207
4.2.4.3. Data Records 207
4.2.4.4. Table Setup 207-208
4.3. Creating and Editing a Model 208-209
4.3.1. Pipe System Layout and Modification 209-212
4.3.2. Copy and Paste 212-216
4.3.3. Automatic Demand Distribution 216-220
4.3.4. Finding and Correcting Disconnected Pipes -Connect Crisscross Pipes 220-227
4.3.5. Data Requirements 228
4.3.6. Data Tables 228-235
4.3.7. Data Table - Quickstart Example 235-240
4.3.8. Deleting Intermediate Nodes 240-241
4.3.9. Fittings 241-247
4.3.10. Group Operations 247
4.3.11. Groups, Subsets, Minimizing 247-248
4.3.12. Input and Editing Shortcuts 248-250
4.3.13. Interpolate Elevations 250-252
4.3.14. Logical Text Inputs 252-253
4.3.15. Materials and Rating 253-254
Surge Users Manual 5

4.3.16. Meter Based Demands 254-255

4.3.17. Operating Modes 255-257
4.3.18. Pipe Diameter 257
4.3.19. Pipe Type Data 257-261
4.3.20. Sets and Group Mode 261-278
4.3.21. Simulation Specs 278-284
4.3.22. Snap Hydrants Valves and Meters 284-288
4.3.23. User Data 288-303
4.4. Units and Reference Tables 303
4.4.1. Analyzing for liquids other than water 303
4.4.2. Darcy-Weisbach Table 303-305
4.4.3. Hazen-Williams Table 305-308
4.4.4. Minor Loss Coefficients Table 308-311
4.4.5. Tools (Main Menu) 311-313
4.4.6. Units 313-315
4.4.7. Units Help - Hover Buttons 315-316
4.4.8. Units Pipe2000 : KYPipe / Surge 316-318
4.5. Elements and Devices 318
4.5.1. Active Valve 318-321
4.5.2. All About Pipes 321
Surge Users Manual 6

4.5.3. All about nodes 321-325

4.5.4. Annulus Pipe Flow 325-326
4.5.5. Blowoff Hydrant 326-328
4.5.6. Check Valve 328
4.5.7. Closed Loop Systems 328
4.5.8. Compressors 328-329
4.5.9. Creating Custom Pump Files 329-334
4.5.10. Dynamic Air Valves 334-338
4.5.11. Electrically Actuated Surge Anticipation Valve 338-342
4.5.12. End Nodes 342-344
4.5.13. Flow Control Valve (FCV) 344-345
4.5.14. Holding Tank 345-347
4.5.15. Hydrant Data 347-348
4.5.16. Hydrant Monitor 348-351
4.5.17. Hydraullically Actuated Surge Anticipation Valve (HydSAV) 351-354
4.5.18. Hydrotank 354-355
4.5.19. Hydrotank Using Tank Element 355-357
4.5.20. Inline Meter 357
4.5.21. Internal Nodes 357-359
4.5.22. Internal Node Basic Data 359-360
4.5.23. Internal Node Data 360-363
Surge Users Manual 7

4.5.24. Junction Data 363-365

4.5.25. Libraries 366-371
4.5.26. Loss Element Data 371-373
4.5.27. Library BFPs Pumps Air Valves 373-386
4.5.28. LPS Tank 386-389
4.5.29. Metered Connection Data 389-392
4.5.30. Meters 392-393
4.5.31. Minor Loss Components 393-394
4.5.32. Network Elements 394-395
4.5.33. Node Types and Properties 396-398
4.5.34. On/Off Valves 398-399
4.5.35. Positive Displacement Pump in Surge 399-404
4.5.36. Pressure Supply Data 404-410
4.5.37. Pressure Regulating Valve (PRV) 410
4.5.38. Pressure Sustaining Valve (PSV) 410-411
4.5.39. Pressure Relief Valve in KYPipe 411-412
4.5.40. Pump Data 412-421
4.5.41. Pump Minimum Flow Valve 421
4.5.42. Pumps 421-426
4.5.43. Regulating Valves 426
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4.5.44. Regulator Data 426-428

4.5.45. Reservoir Data 428-431
4.5.46. Residential Meters 431-432
4.5.47. Sprinkler Data 432-434
4.5.48. Tank Data 434-440
4.5.49. Turbines 440-456
4.5.50. Vacuum Breaker element 456-458
4.5.51. Valves 458-459
4.5.52. Zero Velocity Valves 459-462
4.6. Backgrounds and Map Tools 462
4.6.1. Internet Background Maps and Automatic Elevation Retrieval 462-510
4.6.1.1. Driving Directions - Internet Maps 510-515
4.6.2. Animate Map 515-517
4.6.3. Background Images 517-519
4.6.4. Backgrounds 519-524
4.6.5. Extended CAD Formats Background Method 524-525
4.6.6. Colors 525-527
4.6.7. Contours - Main Menu 527-529
4.6.8. Cursor Notation 529-531
4.6.9. Emphasis / Contours - Nodes 531-540
4.6.10. Emphasize Pipes as Nodes 540-544
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4.6.11. Grids 544-547

4.6.12. Labels 547-552
4.6.13. Legend 552-555
4.6.14. Map Link 555-559
4.6.15. Map Screen 559-561
4.6.16. Minimum View Scale 561
4.6.17. Node Images and Text Nodes 561-566
4.6.18. Panning Controls 566-568
4.6.19. Pipe Emphasis 568-572
4.6.20. Pushpin 572-573
4.6.21. Scaling Background Maps 573-580
4.6.22. Scroll Bar 580
4.6.23. Text Nodes 580-582
4.6.24. Text Node Data 582-585
4.6.25. Text and Notes menu 585-586
4.6.26. URL and SCADA for nodes 586-591
4.7. Analysis and Design Tools 591-592
4.7.1. Cost and Inventory Calculations 592-603
4.7.2. Network Analysis 603-605
4.7.3. Operational Control Settings 605-611
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4.7.4. Pipe Break 611-615

4.7.5. Profile 615-620
4.7.6. Profile Animated 620-633
4.7.7. Creating Profiles 633-638
4.7.8. Pump and System Curves 638-656
4.7.9. Skeletonize/Subset 656-657
4.7.10. Skeletonize 657-658
4.7.11. Travel Time Path and Distance 658-663
4.7.12. Former Analysis Method 663
4.8. Results 663
4.8.1. Customized Reporting 663-669
4.8.2. Presentation Generator 669-691
4.8.3. Result Selector Bar 691-692
4.8.4. Results Presentations 692-708
4.8.5. Selected Output 708
4.8.6. Sliders/Precision 708-710
4.9. Import/Export 710
4.9.1. ArcView Import Utility 710-721
4.9.2. ArcView Export Utility 721-724
4.9.3. AutoCad Exchange 724-729
4.9.4. Convert WaterCAD 729
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4.9.5. Copy and Paste 729-733

4.9.6. Cybernet Import 733
4.9.7. DAT Import 733-736
4.9.8. Data Exchange 736-737
4.9.9. DEM Elevations Import Tool 737-739
4.9.10. EPANET Conversion 739-741
4.9.11. EPANET Export 741-742
4.9.12. Excel Import and Export 742-744
4.9.13. Execute GenFile 744-745
4.9.14. Google Earth Import and Export 745-749
4.9.15. Import DT2 File 749-750
4.9.16. Import KY 750
4.9.17. Profile Data Import 750-752
4.9.18. Surge5 Conversion 752-753
4.9.19. To TIFF 753-754
4.9.20. Utility Programs 754-755
4.9.21. WaterCad Conversion 755-756
4.10. Tools - Calculators 756
4.10.1. 10 Year HW Coefficient 756-757
4.10.2. Calculator Tool 757
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4.10.3. C Factor Calculator Tool 757-758

4.10.4. Headloss Calculator Tool 758-760
4.10.5. Hose and Nozzle Constants Tool 760-761
4.10.6. Power (HP or KW) Calculations Tool 761
4.10.7. Pump Characteristic Curves Tool 761-763
4.10.8. Pump Selection Tool 763
4.10.9. Residual Pressure Adjustment Tool 763-764
4.10.10. Resistance Calculations Tool 764-767
4.10.11. Sprinkler or Blowoff Constant Tool 767-768
4.10.12. Units Converter Tool 768
5. Surge 769
5.1. Surge - System Data / Simulation Specs 769-772
5.2. Surge Modeling Requirements 772-773
5.3. Surge Calculations and Sign Conventions 773-775
5.4. Surge Elements and Data Requirements 775-840
5.4.1. Siphon Breaker 840-842
5.4.2. Check Valve Node 842-846
5.4.2.1. Dynamic Characteristic of Check Valves 846-856
5.4.2.2. Deceleration in Check Valve Dynamics Example 856-879
5.4.3. Hybrid Surge Tanks 879-889
5.5. Surge Pipe Data (Wave Speed) 889-899
Surge Users Manual 13

5.6. Surge Components 899-906

5.7. Surge Control and Control Devices 906-917
5.8. Surge Transient Setup Examples 917-942
5.9. Surge - System Data / Other 942-943
5.10. Surge - System Data / Reports 943-945
5.11. Surge - Reviewing and Presenting Surge Results 946-963
5.12. Surge QuickStart Example 963-976
5.13. Surge Pipe Break Analysis 977-980
5.14. Units Pipe2000 : KYPipe / Surge 980-982
5.15. Positive Displacement Pump in Surge 982-987
5.16. Stabilization Settings for Surge 987
5.17. Surge Preferences 987-990
5.18. Surge Tank Data 990-1003
5.19. Modeling Air in Pipeline for Surge 1003-
1004
5.20. Time Step in Surge 1004-
1006
5.21. Surge Report Definitions 1006-
1007
5.22. Role of Pump Inertia Values in Transient Analysis of Pipe Line System 1007-
1022
5.23. EPA Surge 1022-
Surge Users Manual 14

1023
5.24. Surge Tools 1023
5.24.1. Air Slam Pressure Surge Tool 1023-
1024
5.24.2. Air Valve Orifice Size Tool 1024-
1025
5.24.3. Bladder Precharge Tool 1025-
1045
5.24.4. EPS2Surge 1045
5.24.5. Equivalent Surge Tank Converter Tool 1046
5.24.6. Force Calculations Tool 1046-
1048
5.24.7. Generate Air Valvel Locations Tool 1048-
1049
5.24.8. Generate Intermediate Pump File Tool 1049-
1050
5.24.9. Modulating (Regulating) Valve Tool 1050-
1051
5.24.10. Pump File Characteristics Tool 1051-
1052
5.24.11. Select Pump File Calculate Inertia Tool 1052-
1055
5.24.12. Spike Track Tool 1055-
1060
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5.24.13. Surge5 Conversion 1060-

1061
5.24.14. Valve Stroking Tool 1061-
1062
5.24.15. Wave Speed Tool 1062-
1063
6. Index 1064-
1095
Surge Users Manual 16

2 Company Information

2.1 Contact Us

Contacting Us - Software Development and Support Team

Name Degree Phone number Email

Srinivasa Lingireddy Ph.D, Civil Engineering (859) 519-2494 Srini@kypipe.com

Jana Faith BS, Civil Engineering (812) 619-1901 Jana@kypipe.com
Doug Wood MS, Computer Engineering (859) 263-0401 Doug@kypipe.com
Eric Liebenauer MS, Mechanical Engineering (859) 263-2234 Eric@kypipe.com

KYPIPE LLC
710 Tom's Creek Rd. Cary, NC 27519
Phone: (469) 250-1362

2.2 History and Development

Continuous research and development over the past 35 years has resulted in the most advanced hydraulic modeling capability available. Some noteworthy
results of this very high level of development include:
1. Development of the full equation set approach for network hydraulics utilizing the Newton-Raphson linearized approach for solving the network
equations. This is the most robust algorithm available for solving the complex and sometimes ill conditioned hydraulic relationships.
2. Development of enhanced network equations which allow direct calculation of design, operation and calibration parameters.
Surge Users Manual 17

3. Development of a powerful general approach for transient flow in simple or complex pipe networks.
4. Application of genetic algorithms to optimize network hydraulic and water quality calibrations and operations.
5. Development of an effective time averaging water quality model.
6. The hydraulic model incorporates devices such as automatically adjusting regulating valves (pressure and flow), variable speed pumps, flow
meters, switching capabilities to control valves and pumps, etc.
7. Extension of our steady state network models to compressible flow (gas and steam).

Our focus for many years has been hydraulic modeling. The University of Kentucky team of academics and of engineers is, perhaps, the world's leading
group of experts in this area. They have been most successful in quickly developing their advanced hydraulic modeling technology for use by practicing
engineers

Over the last several years, high level computer engineers and engineering software developers have added their expertise to our product. Advanced
graphical interfaces enhance the KYPipe and SURGE modeling environment. These engineers have worked very closely with our hydraulic modeling team
of experts to develop a wide range of extremely advanced capabilities to simplify and speed up the essential modeling tasks and to provide additional
useful capabilities. By incorporating suggestions and concepts provided to us by our large and knowledgeable user base, we have developed a truly
outstanding environment for all aspects of hydraulic and water quality modeling. The ergonomics and capabilities of KYPIPE4 and SURGE are, by far, the
best available anywhere at any cost.

The advanced graphical environment, Pipe2024, has been adapted to other models, analyzing gas (Pipe2024 : Gas), steam (Pipe2024 : Steam), fire
sprinkler systems (Pipe2024 : GoFlow), transient flow (Pipe2024 : Surge), and stormwater (Pipe2024 : SWMM).

User support of our software is provided directly by our team of experts. This situation assures that the level of support is very high. Providing this level of
support fosters a very close relationship between the development team and the users. Engineers who have used previous versions of our software will
recognize that many of the new features and capabilities are ones they had wished for or suggested to us.
Surge Users Manual 18

3 Software Information

3.1 License Agreement

LICENSE AGREEMENT
This is a legal agreement between the user and KYPipe LLC. By accepting, using or installing any portion of this software the user agrees to be bound by the terms of this agreement.
SOFTWARE LICENSE
GRANT OF LICENSE: For each license purchased from KYPipe, LLC, or one of its authorized distributors, KYPipe LLC grants to the user the right to use one copy of the software program(s) on a single
terminal connected to a single computer (i.e., with a single CPU). The user may not network non-network versions of the software or otherwise use single user versions on more than one computer terminal at
the same time. Network versions are only to be used with one physical site (buildings at the same mailing address) and are not to be used in a WAN environment. WAN licenses may be used only for the
number of sites licensed. The number of network licenses purchased for a network version is the maximum number of users permitted to run the software concurrently. If granted for an evaluation period by
KYPipe LLC, user agrees not to use the software beyond the evaluation period specified by KYPipe LLC. The user agrees not to utilize features, options, or number of pipes beyond the license the user has
purchased.
COPYRIGHT: The software and the documentation are owned by KYPipe LLC and are protected by United States copyright law and international treaty provisions. The user must treat the software like any
other copyrighted material except that the user may make one copy of the software solely for backup or archival purposes or may transfer the software to a single hard disk and keep the original disk(s) sole
for backup or archival purposes. The user may not copy the written materials accompanying the software without explicit written permission from KYPipe, LLC.
TRANSFER BY USER: The user may not rent, lease, assign or permit others to use the software but may transfer the software and accompanying materials on a permanent basis provided the user retains no
copies and the recipient agrees to the terms of this agreement. As a condition to permit the recipient use the software under this License Agreement, when such a transfer is made, KYPipe, LLC must be
notified, in writing, of the transfer, including the identity and address of the recipient, and the agreement of the recipient to the terms of this License Agreement.
OTHER RESTRICTIONS: The user may not modify the software. The user may not reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble, or otherwise attempt to determine the source code of the software. The user
shall protect the software from unauthorized use, and shall protect the software and the intellectual property from infringement by others. The user shall notify KYPipe, LLC, in writing, immediately upon
receiving any information that would indicate that the software is being used in an unauthorized manner or the intellectual property is being infringed.
DISCLAIMER
Although every reasonable effort has been made to ensure that the results obtained are correct, neither the author(s) nor KYPipe, LLC assumes any responsibility for any results or any use made of the results
obtained with these programs. THE SOFTWARE IS SOLD AS IS WITH NO IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR ANY
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO EXPRESS WARRANTY EXISTS EXCEPT AS SPECIFICALLY SET FORTH IN WRITING BY KYPIPE, LLC. IN NO EVENT, REGARDLESS OF THE NATURE OF
ANY CLAIM, WILL KYPIPE, LLC, ITS MEMBERS OR AFFILIATES, BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS FOR PERSONAL INJURY, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOST PROFITS, OR INCIDENTAL OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, AND ITS LIABILITY, IF ANY, SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE PURCHASE PRICE OF THE SOFTWARE.
USE OF THE DOCUMENTATION AND PROGRAM
The documentation is provided for the use of individuals or companies which purchase it from KYPipe, LLC. Except for back-up copies, the program disks or documentation may not be copied, marketed, or
distributed without explicit written permission from KYPipe, LLC. For users who wish to use the programs on networks or multiple computers or different locations, network copies and multiple copy
discounts may be obtained. Please contact KYPipe, LLC for details.
GOVERNING LAW AND VENUE FOR ENFORCEMENT AND DISPUTES
Surge Users Manual 19

This Agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the substantive laws of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, and, to the extent federal law applies, to the laws of the United States. The
state and federal courts of Fayette County, Kentucky, shall have exclusive jurisdiction over any claim brought against KYPipe, LLC, and the user agrees to submit to the jurisdiction of the state and federal
courts of Fayette County, Kentucky, in the event any claim is brought against the user, and user waives all defenses to jurisdiction and inconvenience of forum.

3.2 Installation Instructions

Pipe2024 General and Network Installa on with a USB or Hard Drive Key

Note: These direc ons do NOT apply to the blue green WibuKey device.

Stand-Alone (local) Installa on

Install Pipe2024 on each computer that will run it
Download Pipe2024 from www.kypipe.com under Support | Download Software, or install it from a CD or silver USB device.
Plug in USB key. For Hard Drive key, see “Remotely Create New Key” below
All users running Pipe2024 for the first time:
When you run Pipe2024 for the first time you will be asked if you want to search for USB keys. Select “Yes”. As it searches various drives which
may not have disks or are not accessible, you may get error messages. Click “Continue” any time this occurs until the USB key has been found.
You will not need to repeat this process when Pipe2024 is launched the next time.
Surge Users Manual 20

Network Installation
1. First Install Pipe2024 on each computer that will run it
Surge Users Manual 21

Download Pipe2024 from www.kypipe.com under Support | Download Software, or install it from a CD or silver USB device.
2. Next setup the computer that will act as the network server
Select a drive or folder on the network server where the key will be placed. If you have a USB device select the computer where the USB device will be plugged in. The
selected drive or folder must be accessible with read/write privileges to all Clients on the network. If you do not have a USB device with a key already on it then
contact KYPipe about how to get the key onto the selected device/location.
Browse to folder or USB device in Windows Explorer. Right click.
XP: Select “Sharing and Security”
Select the “Sharing” tab. If it asks you if you are sure you want to share, click the link. In the Network Sharing and Security area, check the box which says “Share this
folder on the network”
Check the box which says “allow network users to change my files” Click ok.
Vista: Select “Share” (Vista)
Under Advanced Sharing click the Advanced Sharing button
Then check the box “Share this Folder”
Click on “Permissions”. Check the “Allow” box next to “Change” and “Full Control”. Click OK.
Win7: Select “Share With”.
Under “Advanced Sharing” click the Advanced Sharing button.
Then check the box “Share this Folder”.
Click on “Permissions”. Check the “Allow” box next to “Change” and “Full Control”. Click OK.

3. Next set up the client computers that will run Pipe2024

Pipe2024 should have been installed on each computer in the first step.
On each client machine, map the folder or USB drive over the network to a single drive letter.
XP / Vista / Win 7
Go to the client machine. Using Windows Explorer, navigate over the network to USB device. Right click on it and select map network drive. Assign it a single, unique
drive letter.
4. All users running Pipe2024 for the first time
Surge Users Manual 22

When you run Pipe2024 for the first time you will be asked if you want to search for USB keys. Select “Yes”. As it searches various drives which may not have disks or are
not accessible, you may get error messages. Click “Continue” any time this occurs until the USB key has been found. You will not need to repeat this process
when Pipe2024 is launched the next time.

Remotely Create New Key

To create a new USB or Hard Drive key remotely
Go to a computer where Pipe2024 is installed. If you have your own USB device you would like to use to hold a license key, plug it in first.
Go to Pipe2024 in the Start menu, run Remote Update. Select 'USB Key (not Wibukey)’. Specify the drive letter where the USB device is located or where the
hard drive key location is mapped for that computer. Click OK.
Next under the 'Get USB License” click the button “Generate an Activation Request Code" and send it to KYPipe.
Keep the application openand we will send back an Activation Code which will create your Key when you paste it in and click “Activate”.

After the key has been placed on the Network then each computer must run 'Diagnostic Settings' and set the Key type to 'USB' and then specify the drive letter where the
key location is mapped on that computer.

Modify Existing Key

To modify an existing USB or Hard Drive key remotely
Go to a computer where Pipe2024 is installed. If you have a USB device with a key, make sure is it plugged in.
Go to Pipe2024 in the Start menu, run Remote Update. Select 'USB Key (not Wibukey)’. Specify the drive letter where the USB device is located or where the
hard drive key location is mapped for that computer. Click OK.
Next click on the tab “Change USB License”. Click the button “Generate a License Change Request Code" and send it to KYPipe.
Keep the application openand we will send back an Activation Code which will modify your Key when you paste it in and click “Update License”.

3.3 Version Features

Pipe2024
Advanced Error Check
Pipe Rating Exceedance - Emphasize pipes that exceed pipe ratings, create reports, and automatically show profile.
Surge Users Manual 23

Optimal Pump Placement tool (Premium) for pipelines.

Disinfectant Byproduct (DBP) Analysis - option for Water Quality Analysis (KYPipe).
Import Devices - Import meters (as Metered Connection nodes, including demand and meter record data), hydrants, or on/off valves from Excel and then snap them to
the nearest pipe.
Node Labels One Item Per Line - Option to put only one item per line on Node Labels.
Save Maps as PNG files.
Demand Summary – Inventory Report now includes a breakdown of demands from Junction Nodes, Residential Meters, and Metered Connections and total Baseline
Demands.
Vapor Cavity Report (Surge) and Maximum Surge Cavitation Volume at each node (Surge)
Fittings Report lists the fittings in each pipe.
Temperature Sensitive Steam analysis, 4 new results - for labels, graphs, table, etc. Node Enthalpy, Pipe Viscosity, Pipe Heat Loss, and Pipe Density (KYnetic
Ribbon Only)
Gas analysis, 3 new results - three new results are available for labels, graphs, tables, etc. Pipe Density, Pipe Friction Factor, and Pipe Area Ratio Density (KYnetic
Ribbon only).
Expanded Group Select Option - show only values for selected elements when group editing (for nodes). This creates the ability to select a group of nodes and see
the minimum and maximum values for any parameter.
Surge "Transient" Graphs and Tables - Transient Pressure and Head option for node results after a Surge analysis will show the transient with respect to static
pressure (starting from zero at time zero) (Surge)
Copy/Paste includes Pump IDs - when whole models or subsets are copied and then pasted together or into a new models, the data will now include Pump IDs
Connectivity Check improvement - Now includes a list of disconnected pipes. Helpful for hard-to-find or very small disconnected pipes.

Pipe2022
Scenario Manager (KYnetic only) - Load two P2K files and compare system data and results in Map view or 2-4 files in a table manager.
Elevation Point Import from Excel - Import elevations from a tabbed-delimited Excel file. Coordinates (X,Y or Lat/Long) are needed to correlate elevation data
with nodes in the model file. This provides a way for site-specific or LiDAR-collected data to be used for elevation inputs.
Improved Elevation Interpolation - more accuracy and detail has been added to the elevation interpolation tool
Pump ID Name, Pump ID Cost (for Inventory cost and Pump Placement Tool), Pump ID Quantity (for Pump Placement Tool) (KYnetic only)
Surge Users Manual 24

MapBox maps - New Internet background map source with a variety of appearance options
Demand Pattern Editor (KYnetic only) - with many new features including options to assign titles to demand types and times/cases
Select Nodes in Profile (KYnetic only)
Font Style option for graphs (KYnetic only)
Suggest Name - names are suggested as you type for Find Node and Find Pipe functions. This also applies to several other places where a node or pipe name is
specified.
Left-side Map Navigation Buttons (KYnetic only) - are available as an option for the Ribbon Interface, shown vertically pinned on the left
Improved Fix CrissCross (KYnetic only) - includes the ability to only connect crisscross pipes in the selected pipe group.
Group Node/Node Range Select (KYnetic only) - can now use a Slider or Pulldown to define a range of values to create and modify a group for group editing or
group display.
Previous Results in Labels, Cursor Notation and Node and Pipe Info windows (KYnetic only)
Flexible Date and Time option for Results Graph X-Axis and Results Table first Column (KYnetic only)
Find Pipe and Find Node from Info Window view (KYnetic only) - in a group will zoom to the currently selected pipe or node in the info window.
Option to Shift Map Grid to a specified origin point.
Popup Tank, Pump, and SDO Graphs when hovering over the ID in the Node Info Window. (KYnetic only).
Add or Remove Pipes or Nodes from group with check box in the Node or Pipe Info Window (KYnetic only).
Large, Small or None options for Flow Direction Arrows (Classic and KYnetic)

Pipe2020 Features
Pipe2020 Interface
Menu Ribbon and Icon Text Easy Navigation! Incorporates an optional new menu ribbon, text with menu icons.
Check Valve Presentation
Check Valve Animation - (Surge and KYPipe-EPS) Detailed data and beautiful presentation for this great visual tool.
Check Valve Ratio Graph - (Surge and KYPipe-EPS) Plot the open/closed ratio of a check valve over time.
Mapping and Import
Import Demands - from Excel spreadsheet referencing Lat/Long or Address (Addresses are Premium package only).
Surge Users Manual 25

Appearance - Make MapQuest backgrounds lighter or darker.

Scenarios/Design
Device Parameter Range Analysis - Plot node and pipe results based on a specified range for a single node parameter
Group Edit Node Changes - group-select multiple nodes and apply indentical change (e.g. on/off, demand, etc) to all nodes.
Pump Curves
Combined Curves - in Pump Curves plotting, ability to combine curves for series and parallel.
Surge
Number of protection devices - total allowed number has been increased from 600 to 1000 devices.
Presentation Generator
Quick Presentation - streamlines presentation generation

Pipe2018 Features
Node and Pipe Graphics
PID Symbols (Piping and Instrumentation Diagram)
Node Symbol Library (Glyphs)
3D Pipes – shading provides a 3D appearance
Variable Pipe Thickness
Surge Velocity Results
Surge Velocity Results are now available for Surge Analysis.
Analysis and Reports
Save Results Files (KYPipe and Surge): After analysis, save a results file. File can then be loaded and compared with other results files.
Pressure Sensitive Demands (KYPipe)
User Information Report: In the System Data menu, feature allows the user to add information to the analysis report and create custom tables. Especially
useful for NFPA 15 reporting.
Internet Maps Feature
Convert Coordinates: Converts pipes to a different coordinate system while keeping the current latitude and longitude so the pipes will appear at the same
Surge Users Manual 26

geographical location.
Pump, Pump Curve, System Curve Options
Plot pump curve for Rated type pumps and single-point pump curve IDs
Export pump curve data to Excel (CSV)
Change to Series or Parallel Pump Curves Graph: Curves for 2-9 pumps are displayed instead of 6-9.
System Head Curves for Surge
Automatically Calculate Pump Inertia and File Number (KYPipe and Surge): for File Pumps and File/Table Pumps
TranSurge
Improved Excel Profile Import Tool (see TranSurge Manual)
Labels, Contours, and Emphasis
Multi-line Pipe Labels (KYnetic): One item per line instead of everything on one line.
Isolation Zone Emphasis and Isolation Zone Report
Loss-Loss/1000 option for Pipe Emphasis and Labels
Compare Two Parameters for Node Emphasis/Contours
Map View Features and Controls
Plan View -> Profile View: Allows the system to be seen in a side view for any defined profile. System data and results are still accessible but editing is not
allowed. Fast switching between plan and profile view.
Copy Node Changes to Legend: Creates a map legend with the current list of changes for one node or all nodes
Zoom Lock (KYnetic): Right Click Zoom Windows or Ctrl-Shift-W
Increased number of Saved Views from 7 to 20
Display all Results in Info Windows for Nodes (Pressure, HGL, Head, and Flow) and Pipes (Flow, Velocity, Loss, Loss/1000)
Interface
Recent Folder Option in the File Open/Close Menu
Sort Items Descending in Node Group Select (KYnetic)
Animated Profile Options
Animated Profile Export to EXCEL: exports Node Name, Elevation, Distance, HGL, Pressure, Min HGL and Max HGL to EXCEL.
Surge Users Manual 27

Case C option
Cavitation Emphasis
Simple Mode: Symbols On/Off
Show Axis Lines
Box Around Graph
Display X-Coordinate

Pipe2016 Features
Air Valve Placement Tool (Surge Only)
New DXG/DWG display option - supports more recent file formats
Google Earth Export (KYnetic only)
Google Earth Import (KYnetic only)
Travel Distance - displays the travel distance from a selected node to all other nodes in the system (KYnetic only)
Travel Time/Path - shows animation of the travel time from a selected end node to all reachable nodes in the system (KYnetic only)
Emphasize Pipes as Nodes - emphasizes pipe with colors and values from Node Contours and Node Emphasis
Generate Change Pattern - generates a change pattern for a selected group of nodes in which each on/off combination is included (KYPipe, Gas and Steam; KYnetic only)
Check Valve Dynamics Tool (Surge Only)
Snap Hydrants, Valves, and Meters - connects floating nodes to the nearest pipe
Connect Crisscross Pipes - connects disconnected pipes (KYnetic only)
Use ‘Classic’ Main Menu in KYnetic (KYnetic only)
nterpolate Elevations - use existing elevation data to update nodes with missing elevation data.
New universal features:
Quick Profile on Longest Path - alternative to standard Quick Profile.
Google Map of Current Area - Opens Google Maps in web browser at the location of the model.
Modified Hazen Williams Equation - Recommended by the Indian government agency CPHEEO.
Head Loss Factor - will increase/decrease computed frictional headloss in a pipeline by Headloss factor
Surge Users Manual 28

Pipe2014 Features

1) Detailed PPT/WORD/HTML Presentation Generator (KYNetic)

2) Ability to use PDF as a background image
3) Google maps and Google elevation data for Internet Maps
4) Specific coordinate systems (UTM, State Plane) for Internet Maps
5) More than 75 Fittings allowed
6) Improved material Inventory/cost feature
7) Driving directions for nodes (KYNetic)
8) Surge Pipe Break analysis
9) SCADA menu (KYNetic)
10) URL association (KYNetic)
11) Improved contour resolution and accuracy
12) Polygon Based Automatic Demand Distribution13) For KYPipe, Overflowing, One-Way and Non-Draining Tank options.

Pipe2012 Features
Internet Maps and Elevation Retrieval
EPA Surge
Siphon Breaker
Dynamic Air Valve
Electronically Activated Surge Anticipation Valve
Horizontal Closed Surge Tanks
Holding Tank
Surge Users Manual 29

File/Table Pumps
Check Valve Element
Pipe Crossover
Fittings Table

KYnetic Interface - All New, Redesigned KYnetic Interface Features includes

Water Quality Sensor Tool
Pipe Intrusion Calculator
Polygon Area Select
Multiple Languages
Surge Users Manual 30

Advanced Display Features

Comprehensive Editing and Layout Tools (Group Edit)
Improved Contouring

Pipe2010 Features
Optimal Pump Scheduling Tool - Optimize pumping operations and cost over time.
Op mal Design Module for KYPipe. Op mal selects the correct for any por on of a system.
Automa c Demand Distribu on - Distributes total residen al demand throughout the model automa cally
PDF output for all Pipe2012 graphs, tables, maps, reports and profiles. Create paperless reports.
JPG output for most graphs, tables, maps, reports and profiles.
Animated Profiles for KYPipe, Surge, Gas, Steam and SWMM. Depicts flows and devices opera ons. Save AVI files.
New Elements:
Constant Pressure Pumps, Constant Flow Pumps
Pressure Reservoirs, Depth Reservoirs (for KYPipe and Surge)
Hydrant Monitors - analyze hydrants for up to three valves open
Ac ve Valve for Gas
Hydraulically Actuated Surge An cipa on Valve (Surge)
Expanded Rural Analysis for KYPipe
Text Labels may be rotated to any angle
Cursor Nota on - Hover the mouse cursor over any pipe or node and a pop-up will display cri cal informa on and analysis results (example below).

Pipe2008 Features
Surge Users Manual 31

Pushpin - Ability to attach Notes to the map or to any node (All Engines).

Pipe2008: SWMM (Stormwater Engine) is available. Analyzes storm water and sanitary systems for pressure and partial flow scenarios using
the latest EPA SWMM 5.0 engine.

Units help hover buttons. Just move the mouse over a word like 'Diam' and a hint will pop up that shows what units it is in. (All Engines)

LPS Tanks with pressure switches and inflow demand pattern (KYPipe and Surge)

Hydropnuematic tank - pump and tank combined uses air pressure to supply pressure to move water out of tank, when low add water to build
up pressure. (KYPipe and Surge)

Demand patterns for all tank inflows (KYPipe and Surge)

CAD layers in backgrounds - Enhanced support dwg as background (All Engines), ability to turn layers on and off.

Add/remove check valves to anything with group edit. (KYPipe and Surge)

Copy/paste pump IDs and tank shape IDs (All Engines)

Group edit/select multiple and regular junction demands and multiple and regular demand types.

When laying out a system, right click adds node, adds pipe and changes in-line node to intermediate. Right or left click a second time (same
location) node will not be automatically made into intermediate node if it is in-line. (All Engines)
Surge Users Manual 32

Improved print backgrounds (new method of ‘Lighten’ is slower, less pixilated /smoother and old method is faster, more blocky) (All
Engines)

Calibration wizard (KYPipe)

250 sets of results available for Gas and Steam (Gas, Steam and SWMM)

Pipe2006/2008 New gradients on contours (All Engines)

Pipe2006/2008 - Contours may be accessed from main menu (All Engines)

Pipe2006/2008 - For Multiple Demand Types, displaying Demand labels on the map shows total of all demands, displaying both Demand
and Demand Type labels shows a list of demands and types (All Engines)

Under Edit | Copy Map to Clipboard – identical to screen capture, but no bmp is created, just copied to the clipboard. Prompts user for size
and orientation.

Save report as doc file.

Edit | Copy can now copy/paste part of the report.

Significantly reduced file size.

NFPA color coding – after running a hydrant analysis, go to node emphasis click button that says “NFPA Hydrant color coding” Or you may
hit ctrl – Alt – H, or to go to Labels | Results A or B | Fireflow/Static/color code NFPA. Emphasizes the hydrants.
Surge Users Manual 33

EPANET export without having to run Quality analysis.

3.4 International Decimal Settings

A comma "," decimal is not supported. If the decimal setting is incompatible, these messages will appear upon launching the Pipe program:

To correct the settings, run the International Decimal Settings utility. You may find this in the Windows Start menu.

Answer yes. You will get this reminder:

Surge Users Manual 34

When you run International Decimal Settings utiliyt and if settings are correct, you will see this:

Answer No to use Pipe program. If decimal is to be changed back to a comma after use of Pipe program is complete, answer Yes.
Surge Users Manual 35

4 Pipe2024 - All Models

4.1 Help and Tutorials

4.1.1 About the Online Help

About the Online Help
Back to Contents
Utility Programs

Extensive information on Pipe2024 modeling and model development can be accessed online by selecting items from the Contents page or the Index. The following topics
provide basic information on model development:
Network Elements
Laying Out a Piping System
Quickstart Example
Details on the Pipe2024 Graphical User Interface (GUI) are included in:
Information Windows
Access to data requirements is provided through:
Data Requirements
Details on the purpose and how to use various auxiliary modules is covered in:
Utility Programs
The pipe network modeling reference manual is included as part of the online information:
Reference Manual
A number of additional assorted topics are covered in the Online Help. These include:
Background Images
Demand Allocations/Meters
Some Special Features
Surge Users Manual 36

Pipe2024 Presentations
Network Analysis
Data Files/Scenario Management
Data Tables
Sets and Group Mode
Advanced Capabilities

4.1.2 Overview and Getting Started

Overview and Getting Started

Pipe2024 is a powerful graphical user interface for creating comprehensive pipe system models, accessing and running associated engineering analysis engines and
presenting results in a variety of ways. The models are entirely made up of pipe links, end nodes and internal nodes. Using this approach only a few simple steps are required
to develop and modify pipe systems and define the associated data.

Pipe2024 can input a background map and drawings in a variety formats. In addition scaled grid lines may be used. Using a scaled background map or grid lines will allow
pipe links to be precisely scaled (length calculated) as they are created.

A wide variety of pipe distribution system devices are supported and users can maintain an associated extensive table of data and records which can be customized to their
specifications. In this way Pipe2024 can serve the multiple purposes of providing and maintaining extensive GIS records, generate up-to-date data files for hydraulic and
water quality models and provide facilities management capabilities. The chart below illustrates some of the capabilities Pipe2024 incorporates.
Surge Users Manual 37
Surge Users Manual 38

Audio/Video Tutorials (AVI’s) and the Help File

There are over 40 audio/video tutorials which address all aspects of using Pipe2024. The tutorials are contained on the KYPipe web site or USB device that comes with
a Pipe2024 package. In addition, the Help File is accessed from the Pipe2024 main menu under HELP. This provides extensive information on modeling and the Pipe2024
environment. You can access topics from the Contents or specific items from the Index.

Getting Started

Insert USB Device license key to begin your tutorial. When the menu pops up select Start Tutorial. If it does not pop up then use Windows Explorer to browse to your CD
drive and run the Tutorial and Setup application. When the Tutorial Subject menu pops up select Pipe2000: KYPipe, Surge, or the subject appropriate to you.
Some users may wish to use the Select Video button to jump to the topic of choice. Most users should watch the first ten videos in order.
After completing the first nine videos find the Quickstart Example in the Example Manual (this may be downloaded from the KYPipe web site). Refer to this while you watch
the next four videos Quickstart Example 1 through Quickstart Example 4. Once you have run these 13 sessions you should review some of the Help File information as
noted in the Contents section.

KYPipe and Surge users should study the Demonstration Examples provided in the Examples Manual. Copies of the model data files are included in the Demo subfolders.
KYPipe users should change the tutorial subject to Pipe2000 : KYPipe Advanced and then view the accompanying videos Hydraulic Model Example, and Extended
Period Simulation Example. Surge users should watch the tutorial videos Surge Analysis Example and Adding Surge Protection To A Model.

4.1.3 Quick Start

Quickstart Example

Step 1 - Initial Preparation

Step 2 - System Layout
Surge Users Manual 39

Step 3 - Analyze System and Review Results

Step 4 - Some Additional Simulations

See the Quick Start videos on the KYPipe web site.

This will guide you through the complete layout development, data entry and hydraulic analysis of a simple pipe network.

Step 1 - Initial Preparation

Initial steps include file selection, background preparation and system data selections.

a. file selection
You can access an existing data file or, as for this demonstration, create a new one. Click on File (top menu box) and select New.

b. system data selection

The New File setup screen appears. Specify the flow units.

Click on the Units drop down list and select GPM. Specify the head loss equation to use (Hazen-Williams). The other defaults showing for data features are
all acceptable.

Click on Return to Map icon or Map tab (Classic) to return to the Pipe2024 map.

c. background preparation
You can import a drawing map, utilize grid lines or choose not to use a background. For this demonstration we will turn on a grid and use it to guide our layout
letting Pipe2024 calculate pipe lengths.

Click on Grids icon or Map Settings / Grids (Classic) - The default grid settings of 1000 (major) and 100 (minor) are good for our demonstration so we will use
them.
Surge Users Manual 40

Click on Major Grid and Minor Grid check boxes. This will display background grid lines.

Return to the Pipe2024 map.

Step 2 - System Layout

The map area which appears on the screen will show a region approximately 1000 x 1000 feet with the 100 foot grid lines displayed. This area will be appropriate for the
demonstration. A larger or smaller region can be displayed by clicking on the zoom in ( + ) or a zoom out ( - ) button on the left side.

Figure 1 Example pipe system

The system we wish to lay out is shown above drawn on a 100 foot grid system. It is a loop fed by Reservoir A (HGL = 300) and discharges into Reservoir B (HGL = 250).
The node elevations are noted. This is followed by the reservoir HGL's at the two reservoirs. The pipe material, diameter and roughness is noted for each pipe in a box.
Surge Users Manual 41

Points (a) and (b) are shown for reference in the discussion below. The development of the pipe system model is accomplished in three steps.

a. layout pipes and nodes

The entire piping system can be laid out using the mouse and a right click (RC) to add pipes and nodes and a left click (LC) to select a node. The following
operations will produce the system layout:

1) RC on gridline intersection to make first node

2) move mouse 300 feet (3 blocks) to right and RC (a)
3) move mouse 200 feet up and RC
4) move mouse 200 feet right and RC
5) move mouse 200 feet down and RC (a)
6) move mouse 200 feet left (back to existing node) and RC
7) select node at (b) and move 100 feet up and 100 feet to left and RC

Now all the pipes and nodes are laid out. Note all nodes are either junction or intermediate nodes and Pipe2024 has assigned pipe and node names.

b. change node types

Select any nodes which are different than shown and change to the correct node type. To do this select the node and, in the Node Info window, click on the Node
Type cell or drop down node list (Classic) and select desired type from list.

1)Select node at Reservoir A (LC) and change node type to Reservoir

2)Select node at Reservoir B and change node type to Reservoir

The system should now look as shown below.

Surge Users Manual 42

Figure 2 Completed pipe system layout

c. provide data
Select each pipe and end node and provide data

1)Select each pipe and click Pipe Type (Pipe Information Window) and select choice from drop down list. Select ductile: 250:6 for pipe from Reservoir A
and pvc: 150:4 for the rest. Note that default roughness values are provided. Provide appropriate Fittings Data (elbow for pipes with 90o bend, for
example

2)Select each Reservoir and provide values shown for Grade (HGL) and Elevation

3)Select each junction and intermediate node and provide Elevation

d. save data file

provide a name and save your data file

Click on File (Main Menu) and Save As and provide a file name in the popup menu. Such as QSI (for Quick Start example 1).
Surge Users Manual 43

Step 3 - Analyze System and Review Results

a. check data and run analysis

1. Click Analyze (Main menu) and select Error Check. If errors are flagged correct these. If the message "No Errors" appears proceed

2. Click Analyze (Main Menu) and select Analyze System and click Analyze on the popup menu to accept the defaults (Analyze with KYPIPE, Use
Current Year)

b. review results
The results can be reviewed on the schematic using Results Labels or by looking at the tabulated output.

1. Click on Report and scroll through the tabulated summary of data and results. If the Page Up and Page Down keys don't work click anywhere on
the screen to activate them. Click on Maps (Main tabs) to go back to your system graphical display.

2. Click on Labels (Main menu) and select Pipe Result A and Node Result A to show the results depicted in the Results Selection bar on the bottom
right of the screen. A helpful selection is Loss (head loss) for pipes and HGL for nodes because it provides a very useful view of the system operation.
Printouts based on these selections are shown (Figure 3 and 4).
Surge Users Manual 44

Figure 3 Case 1 - Pressure and Flow

Figure 4 Case 1 - Loss and HGL

Surge Users Manual 45

Step 4 - Some Additional Simulations

It is very easy to modify data and run a new simulation. Several are described:

a. age based roughness

Rerun the analysis but this time click on Use Current Year to remove that requirement and enter the year 2023 (25 years from now). The analysis now shows
a significant change in pipe roughness due to aging and a substantial decrease in the capacity to transport water from Reservoir A to Reservoir B. A printout
showing flows and pressures illustrate this (Figure 5). See Age-Based Roughness.

Figure 5 Case 2 - 25 years (2023)

b. add a pump
We want to add a 40 HP (useful horsepower) pump in the line leading form Reservoir A about 100 feet from the reservoir. To do this Click on (LC) the pipe at
the desired location and click on Insrt (Pipe Information Window - button) select Intermediate Node . Now select the intermediate node (LC on node) and change
node type to Pump. Select the pump and select Constant Pwr (power) for Pump Type and input 40 (HP) for the Power and 210 (ft.) for the elevation (Node
Surge Users Manual 46

Information Window). Now analyze the system and note the effect of this pump which provides around 136 feet of head and nearly doubles the flow. A printout
showing flows and pressures is shown (Figure 6).

Figure 6 Case 3 - Added Pump

4.1.4 KYPipe and Surge Demo files

KYPipe and Surge Demo files
KYPipe - Regular Simulations
KYPipe - Extended Period Simulations
KYPipe - Other Capabilities
Surge
Surge Protection
KYPipe - Optimized Calibration
KYPipe - Water Quality

KYPipe and Surge Demonstration Files

Surge Users Manual 47

A simple pipe system representing the main pipes of a small municipal distribution system is shown in Figure 1. This system is used to demonstrate the use of KYPipe for
regular and extended period simulations and Surge for transient analysis. A number of modeling features may be demonstrated using the data files provided in the
DEMO subdirectory. We suggest that you run the demonstration files with a screen resolution of 1024 by 768 or higher if possible.

Figure 1 Demoreg

KYPipe - Regular Simulations

Click on File (Main Menu) and Open and select the file Demo Model (in the demo subdirectory) using the browser. You should get the pipe system and map shown in
Figure 1. The Demo Model file sets up the baseline analysis (Case 0) and two additional scenarios (Cases 1 and 2).
Surge Users Manual 48

Case 0 - The pump is running with normal demands

Case 1 - The pump is off and the tanks supply the system
Case 2 - The pump is off and a fire demand of 650 g.p.m. is specified at Junction J-13

You can see normal demand patterns specified by clicking on Labels (Main Menu) and selecting Junction Demands.

To run the analysis, click on Analysis (Main Menu), select Analyze System and make sure that KYPipe is selected before you click Analyze. Once the analysis is
complete, you can click on Report to see the tabulated report. There are many advantages to viewing the results graphically using several KYPipe features.

1) Results Labels: Click on Labels, Pipe Results, and Pipe Result A and repeat for Node Results and Node Results A. This will display flow
rates (in g.p.m.) for each pipe and the pressure (in p.s.i.) for each node for the baseline data (Case 0). Figure 2 shows this display You
can use the Results Selector bar at the bottom of the screen to select different parameters for nodes (drop down list for N (node) box)
and pipes (drop down list for P (pipe) box) and look at Cases 1 and 2 using the arrows in the A case/time selection box.
Surge Users Manual 49

Figure 2 Results Labels, Case 0

2) Contours: Contours are very effective means for showing results. Show pressure contours for Case 2 to illustrate this feature. Make
sure Pressure is selected for Node Results and Case 2 in the Results Selector bar at the bottom right corner of the Program window.
Click on Emphasis/Contours icon or Map Settings and Emphasis/Contours (Classic) and select Pressure (parameter). The contour
values should be set at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60. In Classic, check the Show Contour box and go back to the Map. The pressure contours
should be displayed (if not, click the Refresh button). Figure 3 shows this display.
Surge Users Manual 50

Figure 3 Contours, Case 2

3) Profiles: A profile plot showing the pipeline profile and head profiles provides a very useful tool. To display this, click the Group button and
select a starting node (J-13), upper center- dead end, and an ending node (the clear well reservoir). Next, click Analyze (Main Menu)
and Profile and Create Profile from Leftmost Selected Node. The profile shown in Figure 4 will be displayed. The envelope of heads
for the three cases will be displayed if Show Envelope is selected. Select Time/Case A and Time/Case B and the profiles for the cases
selected in A and B (Results Selector bar) will be displayed. You can provide an Upper (or Lower) Head Limit to see if your heads
exceed the limits.

Animated Profile
Surge Users Manual 51
Surge Users Manual 52

Static Profile:
Surge Users Manual 53

Figure 4 Profile, Case 0

KYPipe - Extended Period Simulations

Click on File and Open and select the file Demoeps. This file sets up a 24 hour EPS at hour increments. Select System Data and EPS to see this setup. A 24 hour
demand pattern based on data provided by AWWA is used. This pattern can be viewed by clicking on the Demand Pattern icon or Setup/Default and Demand
Pattern (Classic). Return to the map. For this simulation, the pump is controlled by the level of water in Tank 1 (T-1). When the water level drops below 737 feet, the
pump comes on and goes off when the water level reaches 753 feet. Click EPS icon and Control Switches or Other Data and Control Switches (Classic) to see this
setup.
Surge Users Manual 54

Figure 5, System Data / EPS

Figure 6 Setup/Defaults / Demand Patterns - AWWA demand pattern

Figure 7 Other Data / Control Switches

Analyze the system (click Analyze and select Analyze System). KYPipe should be selected from the submenu. After the analysis is complete, the results can be viewed
using the tabulated report, labels, contours, and profiles as described previously. An additional method of viewing results, which is particularly useful for EPS, is the use
of Node Graphs and Results Tables. In the Classic interface, these are are accessed as follows. Select a node and turn on the Rslt button (Node Information Window on
right side of display). Turn off the other three buttons. You will see a Node Graph and a Results Table of a node result (the result type (pressure, head, etc.) will be
determined by the parameter selected in the N box (Results Selector box). Click on Full to see a full screen display of the Node Graph or Results Table. Click Small to
return to the map.
Surge Users Manual 55

If you use the Group button to select multiple nodes, you can produce graphs and tables with results for multiple nodes. Pipe graphs and tables are produced in a similar
manner by selecting one or more pipes.

KYnetic Graph and Table Results icon:

Figure 8 Results Table and Graph for Selected Node

Surge Users Manual 56

KYPipe - Other Capabilities

The demonstration files may be used to demonstrate other Pipe2024 capabilities.

System Curves:
A system curve is a plot of required head vs. flow at a location (node) where a pump is to be positioned. KYPipe will produce a system curve which can be plotted with
pump curves to aid with pump selection. To illustrate this, load the Demoreg file. The junction downstream from the pump (J-13) is used for the system curve node and

the setup may be seen by clicking Other Data icon or System Data and Other (Classic). The required data appears under System Head Curve Data and includes
the junction (J-3) and the maximum flow rate (2,000 g.p.m.) used to develop the system curve. Go back to the Map. The pump should be shut off to develop the system
curve so select the pumps (in Layout Mode) and click the On/Off switch (upper left corner of the Node Information Window in Classic). A red X should appear through the
pump indicating that it is off. To produce the System Curve, click Analyze, Analyze System, and select System Head Curve before clicking Analyze. The analysis will
do 11 simulations with flows 0 to 2,000 in increments of 200 g.p.m. The results for the system curve are summarized at the end of the Report (select Report and scroll to
the end). The best way to view the results is with a plot of the system curve and any available pump curves. Click on Facility Management (Main Menu) and Pump
Curves. When the graph appears, check the System Curve box to display the system curve. To display pump curves also, use the drop-down selectors at the bottom of
the window. The graph shown below will appear. The intersection of the System Curve and a pump curve indicates the operating point for that pump. To return to the
map, close this window.

KYnetic Other Data menu icon:

Figure 9 System Data / Other - Setup for System Head Curves

Surge Users Manual 57

Figure 10 - System Curve

On/Off Valves - Pipe Break:

Pipe2024 models can include on/off valves (Ä) which can be used to control the open/closed status of any pipe link. In Layout Mode, select a valve and click on the
On/Off switch (upper left corner of the Node Information Box in Classic). A red X through the valve will indicate the valve and corresponding pipe is closed and a closed
pipe will appear as a thin dashed line. In Group Mode, you can select multiple valves and select On or Off in the Edit Node Set box to set the status of the selected
valves.

The Pipe Break feature will identify the valves which need to be closed to isolate the location in the pipe system which you indicate. This is done by clicking Facility
Management and selecting Pipe Break. Then move the Ø symbol to the location to isolate and click. The display will show the area to be isolated and the valves to be
Surge Users Manual 58

closed. To obtain a report of the valves to be closed, click on Facility Management and Pipe Break Report.

Figure 11 Pipe Break Simulation

Images:

A bitmap image (.BMP file) can be associated with each node. This feature will allow the user to provide additional information about each node. Three such images are
loaded for the file Demo Model. In Layout mode, click on the valve in the upper center of the system. In Classic, click Full in the Node Title box on the left, in KYnetic

click this Image menu icon and you will see a hand drawn sketch showing the valve location in the field. Click on the valve just to the left of the of the pump and
repeat this process to see a schematic of the valve details. Click on the pump and repeat the process to see a photograph of a pumping facility.

KYnetic Image Menu icon:

Surge Users Manual 59

Classic Data box with Image information:

Surge Users Manual 60

Figure 12 Node Image - Valve Map

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Fig 12a Valve Map - Large Size

Hydrants:

Pipe2024 models may include fire hydrants and have some special modeling capabilities for hydrants. This includes plotting test data and using the model to calculate
fire flows. Eight fire hydrants are included in the Demo Model file. If you don’t see the hydrants, click View menu and Show Hydrants to activate their display. In Layout
mode, select the hydrant in the upper center of the system. In the Node Information window, you will see the pertinent hydraulic data (elevation, static and residual
pressure, and residual flow). Make sure the Data button is on (the rest should be off). The pressures and flow inputs are for field measurements. Click on Graph and a
plot will appear based on either the Test Data or Calculated Data. Select Test Data and you will see that AWWA recommended fire flow data plot projects a fire flow of
around 840 g.p.m. at 20 p.s.i. If you change the selection to Analysis Data, you will get a similar plot based on model calculations. These calculations are obtained by
going into Group mode and selecting the hydrants of interest and then performing an analysis selecting the Fireflow Analysis option.
Surge Users Manual 62

Figure 13 Hydrant Graph

Calculation Year (age based roughness):

Pipe2024 allows users to carry out simulations for a future date and projects the pipe roughness based on Pipe Type data provided by the user. This data includes a
Reference Roughness (usually the new pipe roughness) and an Estimated 10 Year Roughness. To utilize this feature, a reference year is input for each pipe (the year the
pipe roughness is the reference roughness - usually the year the pipe was installed). For the Demoreg file, the reference year is 2001 for all pipes. A reference
roughness of 130 was input for the new ductile iron pipe and an estimated 10 year roughness of 119-122 was used based on the pipe size. You can see this data by

clicking on Components menu or Setup/Defaults and Pipe Type (Classic). Now you can do an analysis for a projected date of 2026 (25 years) by clicking on
Analysis, Analyze System and turn off the Use Current Year switch so it will use the year 2026 shown in the box below. You can enter any year you want into this box.
Surge Users Manual 63

KYnetic Components menu icon:

Figure 14 Pipe Type Table Showing Roughness Data

After the analysis is complete, you can view the Report and see the calculated roughness values (106-113) and can note that due to the increase in roughness, the
pressure at junction J-13 has dropped from around 20 p.s.i. in 2001 to 5.6 p.s.i. in 2026.
Surge Users Manual 64

Figure 15 Calculated Roughness Values

Surge

Click on File and Open and select the file Pump Run Down. This file is identical to the file Demo Model except for the addition of the data required for surge analysis.
Surge Users Manual 65

For this demonstration, the pump is shut down which will produce a transient that starts with the steady state conditions with the pump operating and terminates with the
pump off and the tanks supplying. These are cases 0 and 1 for the Demoreg file for the steady state KYPipe demonstration.

One additional pipe data item is required - wave speed. In Layout Mode, click on a pipe (in KYnetic click the Wave Speed icon ) and you will see the wave
speed displayed. The value can be entered here or included in the Pipe Type table where it will be entered automatically when the Pipe Type is selected. A tool for
calculating wave speed is provided. Click on Tools (Main Menu), then Wave Speed, select Ductile Iron, and use 8 inch diameter with 0.25 inch wall thickness and a
wave speed of around 4,100 ft/s will be calculated.

Review the System Data to note differences for surge analysis. Click System Data icon (and Simulation Specs in Classic). The required entries are Units and
Equations. The rest will default but you may wish to override these - especially the Total Simulation Time which defaults to 10 seconds but is entered as 20 seconds for

this demonstration. Click Other to access a second system data screen. You should provide a node for the Screen Plot Node which appears while the transient is
being calculated. The best way to do this is to select the desired node before you access this screen and then click Use Selected Node. Return to the map.

The Change Data is very important data that defines the cause of the transient. For this demonstration, a 2 second pump shutdown is simulated starting 1 second into the

simulation. Click on the pump and the Change Data (Chng in Classic) button in the Node Information window (turn off the other buttons so the Node Changes box
can appear). You will see the setup for the pump speed ratio change which stays at 1 (speed/rated speed) for 1 second then ramps down to 0 at three seconds. Also note
that a check valve is specified for the pump. Click on Data (Node Information) to see the Surge Device Data box where the check valve is selected and the closure time
and resistance are defined.

The surge analysis has been already run for this demonstration file and there are extensive results to be reviewed. The most effective means are viewing pressure (or
head) verses time plots and pipeline profiles with the head envelope displayed. In addition an extensive tabulated report is generated for both the transient and steady
state results.

Time Plots:

Select a node and turn on the results (Rslt) button (Node Information). One of the Results boxes which appears in the Node Information Window is Node Graph.
You may need to turn off other buttons to see the plot which is shown in this box. For the demonstration, select node J-13 (upper left center). Click on Full to see
a full screen plot of the pressure transient. Note that there is cavitation (- 30 feet of head) at around 8 seconds during this transient. Click Small to return to the
Surge Users Manual 66

map.

KYnetic Graph and Table Results icon:

Figure 16 Node Results Graph

Profiles:

Click the Group button (left side) and select node J-13 and the reservoir to produce a pipeline profile between those nodes. Click Analyze, Profile and Create
Profile from Leftmost Selected Node. The profile will appear. Click Maximize. Make sure Show Envelope and Time/Case A is selected. If you provide the y
axis range of Minimum Elevation = 500 and Maximum Elevation = 1,000 (turn off Default Y Axis selection), the profile will be well scaled. You can watch the
Surge Users Manual 67

change in the head line by clicking the rightmost arrow in the A box (Results Selector - bottom). This steps forward in increments of 5% of the total simulation
time. Close the profile window.

Animated Profile:
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Surge Users Manual 69

Static Profile:
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Surge Users Manual 71

Figure 17 Profile

Tabulated Reports:

Click on Report to access the two tabulated reports. You can switch between the report for the initial steady state conditions and the transient analysis by clicking
Load/Swap. Of particular interest is the table of maximum/minimum heads which appears at the end of the transient analysis report.

Figure 18 Maximum and Minimum Heads

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Surge Protection

Because of low transient pressures which reached cavitation pressure at a number of nodes, a second surge analysis was carried out with a closed surge tank
positioned just downstream from the pump. When the pump loses power with an associated rapid flow reduction, the surge tank supplies flow to compensate for the loss
of flow and thereby reduce the pressure surge. A second demonstration data file is provided to illustrate this application. Click on File and Open and select Pump
Shutdown with Surge Tank. You should see a zoomed in view of the area of the pump showing the surge tank. This file is identical to the Demosurg file with the
exception of the surge tank. The surge tank was added by inserting an intermediate node at the location and changing the Node Type to Closed Surge Tank. Click on the
surge tank and the Data button (Node Information) and the surge tank data appears in two boxes including the Device Data box. The tank is a 4 foot vertical cylindrical
vessel which is initially half full of air (62.8 ft³). The inflow and outflow resistance of 0.1 will give a 0.1 foot head loss at a flow of 1 CFS.

Figure 19 Surge Tank and Data

Surge Users Manual 73

Click on the Zoom All button to show the entire system. The analysis has been conducted so select junction J-13 to see the effect of the surge tank on the pressure
surge. Click on the Rslt button (other buttons should be off) and click on Full to see the full screen plot. You can create the profile and view the tabulated results as
described for the previous demonstration.

KYnetic Graph and Table Results icon:

Figure 20 Node Results Graph

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KYPipe - Optimized Calibration

Click on File and Open and select the Demo Calibration file to see a demonstration of the Pipe2024 Optimized Calibration module. You may wish to review the
"Optimized Calibration Data" topic before you go through the demonstration.
Figure 21 shows a network schematic with the test results of four fire flow tests displayed.
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Surge Users Manual 76

Figure 21 Fire Flow Test Results

These include the residual flow and pressure for each of the tests. For the calibration run, these four hydrants were converted to junctions as required to set up the
calibration data. For the demonstration, it is assumed that the boundary conditions for each fire flow test were the same and that the baseline demands and the tank
levels are those used for the DemoReg file and shown in Figure 22.

Figure 22 Tank Levels and Baseline Demands

Thus, it is not necessary to enter change data for the four separate fire flow tests. The only additional data required is the Calibration Data shown in Figure 23.
Surge Users Manual 77
Surge Users Manual 78

Figure 23 Fire Flow and Calibration Data

The roughness bounds were defined for four Calibration Groups selected using diameter as follows:

Group Diameter
Surge Users Manual 79

0 12

1 6

2 8

3 10

Two cases were run. The results for the first case are shown in Figure 24.

Percent Deviation between MEASURED and TARGET Values = 1.422

Percent Deviation between MEASURED and CALCULATED (uncalibrated) Values = 14.02

OPTIMAL values for the Decision variables:

Hazen William coefficients: for group number 0 = 115. [140.0< >100.0]

Hazen William coefficients: for group number 1 = 95. [140.0< > 80.0]
Hazen William coefficients: for group number 2 = 96. [140.0< > 90.0]
Hazen William coefficients: for group number 3 = 132. [140.0< >100.0]

Junction (Fire) Flow(s) for Change 1 are INCREASED by 5.00%

Junction (Fire) Flow(s) for Change 2 are DECREASED by 5.00%
Junction (Fire) Flow(s) for Change 3 are DECREASED by 4.03%
Junction (Fire) Flow(s) for Change 4 are INCREASED by 5.00%

Measured and Target pressures (psi or kPa):

Surge Users Manual 80

TEST NODE MEASURED OPTIMAL

CASE NUMBER PRESSURE PRESSURE
-------------------------------------------------
1 J-17 39.0 (43.6) 39.0
2 J-20 36.0 (37.5) 33.9
3 J-19 31.0 (34.5) 31.0
4 J-18 28.0 (35.7) 28.1

Date & Time: Mon Nov 26 08:22:52 2001

------- NETWORK CALIBRATION COMPLETED --------

Figure 24 First Case Results

For this calibration a 5% tolerance was introduced for the fire flows. This means that the fireflows can be +/- 5% of the measured residual flow and accounts for a small
error in this measurement. The calibration run produced a calibration where the optimal pressure differed from the measured pressure by only 1.4% where the difference
is greater than 1.4% for the uncalibrated model.
For the second case, a zero percent fireflow tolerance was used and, as expected, a larger difference of 4.5% was obtained. These results are shown in Figure 25.

Percent Deviation between MEASURED and TARGET Values = 4.534

OPTIMAL values for the Decision variables:

Hazen William coefficients: for group number 0 = 103. [140.0< >100.0]

Hazen William coefficients: for group number 1 = 101. [140.0< > 80.0]
Surge Users Manual 81

Hazen William coefficients: for group number 2 = 92. [140.0< > 90.0]
Hazen William coefficients: for group number 3 = 140. [140.0< >100.0]

Measured and Target pressures (psi or kPa):

TEST NODE MEASURED OPTIMAL

CASE NUMBER PRESSURE PRESSURE
-------------------------------------------------
1 J-17 39.0 38.9
2 J-20 36.0 32.6
3 J-19 31.0 31.0
4 J-18 28.0 31.6

Date & Time: Mon Nov 26 08:19:49 2001

------- NETWORK CALIBRATION COMPLETED --------

Figure 25 Second Case Results

KYPipe Water Quality Analysis

A water quality analysis is generally run using an EPS file. This is to determine the variance in the water quality parameters over a time period (generally 24 hours). Only
one screen of additional data is required to set up the water quality analysis. To see this data, click on File and Open and select the file Demo Water Quality. Click on
Analyze | Quality menu or Other Data and Quality (Classic) to see the data screen shown below.
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Surge Users Manual 83
Surge Users Manual 84

Figure 26 Water Quality Data

The Bulk and Wall Reaction Rates are set for all pipes using the global value shown rather than inputting values for each pipe. EPANET requires the units for bulk and
wall reaction rates to be per "day" basis. If the bulk/wall decay rates are zero the program assigns a default value. A Simulation Time of 144 hours is chosen to provide
ample time for the solution to reach a repeatable condition. For this example a Chemical analysis is chosen and the chemical name input as Chlorine to determine the
chlorine residuals. We could choose to calculate the age of the water (select Age) or trace the origin of the water (select Trace). One additional useful data input is the
Initial Concentration of chlorine at each node. You can take no action and this parameter will be assigned an initial value of zero. However, a reasonable estimate of
this value will provide the solution more quickly and accurately. Since the chlorine is supplied at 2 ppm, a value of 1 ppm is used for the initial concentration and this data
is assigned by using the Gbox (Group Mode) to select the entire system and the Edit Node Set to assign a value of 1.0 to the Initial Concentration. When this is done
the User Data for each node should display this data as shown below:

Figure 27 User Data with Initial Concentration

The Water Quality Analysis is then run by selecting Analyze and Water Quality.
Surge Users Manual 85

Once the analysis is completed the results are reviewed. Figure 28 shows the results for the minimum and maximum chlorine levels. This is obtained by selecting
Chlorine in the Results menu (bottom right of program window) and Node Results/Node Results Min and Max under Labels.

A plot of the variations in the chlorine residuals at various nodes can be shown as illustrated in Figure 29.
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Surge Users Manual 87

Figure 28 Min/Max Chlorine Residuals

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Surge Users Manual 89

Figure 29 Chlorine Residuals at Selected Nodes

4.1.5 PIPE2000 Tutorial (Audio/Video)

Pipe2024 Tutorials (Audio/Video)

Pipe2024 is designed to provide very rapid and intuitive model development. An extensive Help File is provided and topics can be accessed through the Contents page or a
comprehensive Index. Multimedia presentations (audio/video clips) of operations can be found on the Pipe2024 Tutorial. Insert your Pipe2024 USB Device or click
the Tutorials icon in the upper right corner of the KYnetic interface window to begin the tutorial. When the menu pops up, select Start Tutorial. If it does not pop up then
use Windows Explorer to browse to your USB device and find the Tutorial and Setup applications.

When the Tutorial Subject menu pops up select KYPipe, Surge, Goflow, Gas, Steam or SWMM. You may switch to a different subject by clicking the Tutorial Subject button
at any time. For KYPipe users there is also an advanced tutorial entitled KYPipe Advanced.

The tutorial menu has Play and Pause buttons and a Trackbar that allows you to back up or advance the presentations at any time. The list below groups the available
audio/video clips according to their purpose. It is recommended that you review the Pipe2024 GUI and Model Development clips prior to using Pipe2024. The additional
clips may be reviewed as you utilize the capabilities which they address.

Pipe2024 Graphical User Interface

Buttons Using the buttons to the left of the map
Top Tabs Using the tabs at the top of the map
Main Menu Use of the main menu (top)
Information Windows Use of the Information windows (right side)

Model Development
Elements Model elements - pipes and nodes
Building a Model 1 Operations for building a model
Surge Users Manual 90

Building a Model 2 Building a model (continued)

Laying Out a Systm Laying out a pipe model system
Graphical Data Entry Graphical data entry
Quickstart Example 1-4 Quickstart example (4 clips)
Changes Additional data provides multiple simulations

Background Maps and Images

Grids and Vector Backgrounds Using grids or vector file backgrounds
Scaling and Raster Backgrounds Scaling and using raster file backgrounds
Bitmap Images Importing and displaying bitmap images

Extended Period Simulation (KYPipe Only)

Extentded Period Simulation Overview of Extended Period Simulations
EPS Tanks Example setup - system data and tanks
EPS Control Switches EPS control switches

Customizing Data Entry and Precision (not for Gas or Steam)

Pipe Types Customizing pipe type data
Fittings Customizing fittings data
Precison and Sliders Customizing unit precision and sliders

Presenting Data and Results

Contours Generating and labeling contours
Map Labeling Using labels for data and results

Other Applications (may not be applicable to some system types)

Group Editing Group selection and editing
Meters Using meters for demand allocation
Material and Power Costs Material and power cost calculations
Pipeline and Head Profiles Generating pipeline and head profiles
Surge Users Manual 91

KYPipe Advanced (change Tutorial Subject to access)

Constraint Parameter Calculations Parameter calculations
Pump and System Curves Producing pump curves and system curves
Rural Analysis Using PDD Curves Hydraulic Analysis using peak demand requirements (PDD curves)
Hydraulic Model Example Example hydraulic model
Exented Period Simulation Example Extended period simulation of a model
Calibration - Parts 1-6 Cailbrating a System

Surge
Intro to Surge Analysis 1 Introduction to Surge Analysis - Part 1
Intro to Surge Analysis 2 Introduction to Surge Analysis - Part 2
Surge Geometric Requirements Surge model differences - geometric requirements
Surge Components Surge model differences - components
Converting KYPipe to Surge Converting steady state (KYPipe) to Surge model - example
Surge Control Devices Adding Surge Control Devices - example
Features for Surge components Features for Surge components
Surge Control Components Surge control components
Variable Input Data (Changes) Variable input data (changes)
Surge Analysis Example Surge analysis of a hydraulic model
Adding Surge Protection To A Model Adding surge protection to a model

GoFlow
GoFlow Elements
Sprinkler System Layout
QuickStart Example - System Layout
QuickStart Example - Data Entry
QuickStart Example - Analysis and Results

Gas
Gas Overview

Steam
Steam Overview
Surge Users Manual 92

4.1.6 Reference Manual

Reference Manual

Introduction to Modeling

Method of Analysis

Model Simplification

Model Calibration

Pipe System Model Geometry

Pipe System Components

Pressure and Flow Specifications

Surge Users Manual 93

Multiple Scenarios - Changes

Direct Parameter Calculations - Constraints

4.1.6.1 Introduction to Modeling

Introduction to Modeling

Modeling refers to the process involved in representing your piping system in the manner required for engineering calculations to be made. The engine refers to the module
which sets up and solves the basic engineering equations. Engines for pipe system hydraulic calculations are designed to calculate the flows in all the pipes and the pressures
of all nodes. In addition to the basic calculations, a number of additional calculations are important and useful The capabilities of the model depend on the scope of these
calculations and the range of pipe system features handled by the engine.

The KYPIPE engine has been developed to calculate steady state flows and pressures for pipe distribution systems. The engine can be applied to any
liquid, but does not generally apply to gas flow unless the assumption of constant density is acceptable. The engine is written to accommodate any piping
configuration and a wide variety of hydraulic components such as pumps, valves (including check valves and regulating valves), any component or fitting
which produces significant head loss (such as elbows, orifices, etc.), flow meters and storage tanks. Computations can be carried out using both English
and SI units.

The KYPIPE engine is also capable of carrying out an extended period simulation (EPS) considering storage tank levels which vary over the simulation
period. Storage tanks may have any shape and have upper and lower surface levels which define the range of operation of the tanks. Lines leading to
storage tanks will close if the liquid surface levels reach these limits (altitude valve). As a feature of the extended period simulation the open-closed status
of designated pipes may be controlled by the hydraulic grade line at a specified location in the network (pressure switch). This feature will allow, for
example, bringing a booster pump on line if the pressure at a specified location drops below a specified switching value. This pump will operate until the
pressure is increased above a second specified value. The same feature can be employed to use the water level in a storage tank to control a pump.

In this program the elevation plus the pressure head is referred to as the hydraulic grade line (HGL). The value of the hydraulic grade line is used for
various data inputs rather than specifying both elevation and pressure.
Surge Users Manual 94

The use of the features available for EPS will allow you to solve various transient pipe flow problems. This applies to a large class of slowly varying transients where
acceleration forces are insignificant. Draining and filling of tanks are examples of this type of problem. Using an EPS, the analysis of flooded surcharged storm sewers can be
made. The detention pools for the flooded regions at the inlets for the storm sewers are modeled as storage tanks which have a specified inflow which is determined from the
run off hydrograph. The computer simulation will determine how high the water will rise at each detention basin and how the sewer system handles the flow, and the analysis
can be carried out until all the detention pools have emptied.

Normal pipe network modeling involves the calculation of the flow in each pipe and the pressure at each node for a particular operating condition. In addition to carrying
out these calculations, KYPIPE has been enhanced to allow you to directly calculate a variety of additional design, operation and calibration parameters which will exactly
meet stated pressure requirements. This powerful, state of the art capability, greatly increases the usefulness of the current KYPIPE engine as a pipe network modeling tool by
eliminating the trial and error procedure normally associated with such calculations. The following parameters can be selected for calculations:

1 pump speed
2 pump power
3 HGL settings for supplies or storage tanks
4 HGL settings for regulating valves
5 control valve settings (loss coefficients)
6 diameters
7 roughnesses
8 demands, flow requirements

One of these parameters can be selected for each pressure requirement specified. Additional details on the use of this feature is presented in under the topic Direct
Parameter Calculations - Constraints.

SEE ALSO: Introduction to Modeling

Method of Analysis
Model Simplification
Model Calibration
Pipe System Model Geometry
Pipe System Components
Surge Users Manual 95

Pressure and Flow Specifications

Multiple Scenarios - Changes
Direct Parameter Calculations - Constraints

4.1.6.2 Method of Analysis

Method of Analysis

KYPIPE is based on solving the full set of mass continuity and energy equations utilizing efficient linearization schemes to handle non linear terms and
a very powerful spare matrix routine developed by A.R. Curtis and J.K. Reid of the Theoretical Physics Division, UKAEA Research Group, Harwell,
England. This approach accommodates elements such as closed lines, check valves, and regulating valves in a direct and very efficient manner. The
approach also effectively handles data with widely varying parameter values. Extensive testing of various algorithms for pipe network analysis led to the
conclusions that the approach used by KYPIPE is the most powerful and has the best convergence characteristic of the commonly used approaches

SEE ALSO: Wood, D. J. and Rayes, A.G. "Reliability of algorithms for pipe network analysis." J. Hydr. Div. ASCE,
107(10), 1145-1161. (1981)

Wood, D. J. KYPIPE Reference Manual, Civil Engineering Software Center, University of Kentucky
(1985)

SEE ALSO: Introduction to Modeling

Method of Analysis
Model Simplification
Pipe System Model Geometry
Pipe System Components
Pressure and Flow Specifications
Surge Users Manual 96

Multiple Scenarios - Changes

Direct Parameter Calculations - Constraints

4.1.6.3 Model Simplification

Model Simplification

Before analyzing a pipe distribution system you should consider any possible simplifications which will not significantly affect the solution. This is
particularly important for large distribution systems. It may be possible to save considerable computer time and reduce office time needed to develop and
manage the computer model and enter data. The most obvious simplification is to model a skeletonized distribution system comprised of fewer pipes than
the actual system. The most common method of skeletonizing the distribution system is to only consider pipes above a certain minimum size. If this is
done, flow demands for the regions not considered should be shown at junctions in the vicinity of these regions. Also, it is often possible to eliminate tree
type pipe regions from a system. Demands to these regions can be specified at junctions leading to the region eliminated. Eliminating regions of this type
will not affect pressures and flows in the main system. Series and parallel pipes can be replaced by single equivalent pipes. If the system has distinct low
pressure regions these can be analyzed separately. If more detailed information is needed on portions of a simplified system these portions can be
analyzed separately using the results of the analysis of the main system.

SEE ALSO: Introduction to Modeling

Method of Analysis
Model Simplification
Model Calibration
Pipe System Model Geometry
Pipe System Components
Pressure and Flow Specifications
Multiple Scenarios - Changes
Direct Parameter Calculations - Constraints

4.1.6.4 Pipe System Geometry

Pipe System Geometry
Surge Users Manual 97

The principal elements in the pipe system are pipe sections. These are constant diameter sections which can contain pumps and fittings such as bends
and valves as depicted below

The end points of pipe sections are called nodes and are classified either as junction nodes or fixed grade nodes (FGNs).

junction node - A node where two or more pipes meet or where flow is put into or removed from the system. If a pipe diameter change
occurs at a component such as a valve or a pump, this point is a junction node.
Surge Users Manual 98

fixed grade nodes - A node in the system where both the pressure head and elevation (HGL) are known. This is usually a connection to a
storage tank or reservoir or a source or discharge point operating at a specified pressure. Each system must have at least
one fixed grade node (FGN).
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In addition, pipe networks include primary loops which are defined as follows:

primary loop - A closed pipe circuit with no other closed pipe circuits contained within it.

If the junctions, primary loops, and fixed grade nodes are identified as described above, the following holds for all pipe systems:

p=j+µ+f-z (1)

where p = number of pipe section

j = number of junction nodes
µ = number of primary loops
f = number of fixed grade nodes
z = number of separate zones

Separate zones are ones which can not be accessed from another zone through a pipe section and, therefore, operate as independent systems. The picture below illustrates
this concept.
Surge Users Manual 100

p = number of pipe section=12

j = number of junction nodes=7
µ = number of primary loops=4
f = number of fixed grade nodes=2
12=7+4+2-1

SEE ALSO: Introduction to Modeling

Method of Analysis
Model Simplification
Model Calibration
Pipe System Model Geometry
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Pipe System Components

Pressure and Flow Specifications
Multiple Scenarios - Changes
Direct Parameter Calculations - Constraints

4.1.6.5 Pipe System Components

Pipe System Components

Data regarding the physical characteristics of the components in the pipe system must be obtained prior to creating a model for computer analysis.

MODELING
Pipe Sections
Pumps
Check Valves
Regulating Valves
Variable Pressure Supply
Minor Loss Components
Storage Tanks
Pressure Switches
Flow Meters
Surge Users Manual 102

SEE ALSO: Introduction to Modeling

Method of Analysis
Model Simplification
Model Calibration
Pipe System Model Geometry
Pipe System Components
Pressure and Flow Specifications
Multiple Scenarios - Changes
Direct Parameter Calculations - Constraints

4.1.6.6 Pressure and Flow Specifications

Pressure and Flow Specifications

Certain data are required to describe boundary pressure and flow specifications. The most important of these are the flows entering or leaving the distribution system at
the junction nodes (demands). For some systems, analyses are carried out with no inflows or outflows (demands) specified. For most systems, however, demand
requirements are specified at designated junction nodes and the pressure and flow distribution is determined for this situation. At any junction node, the external inflow
(negative) or outflow (positive) demand may be specified. For each different case or time (EPS) any change in these demands from the initial specifications must be
input.

Variations in demands represent very important data. Pipe2024 allows multiple global demand factors associated with up to ten junction demand types to enable you
to easily create multiple demand patterns. In this manner the demands at junctions which may represent residential, commercial or industrial users can be changed using
different demand factors to represent different types of demand variations which occur for regular simulation changes or throughout an EPS.

The elevations of junction nodes must be specified if the pressures (or pressure heads) are to be calculated. Values for the elevation of junction nodes are not required
to compute the flow distribution and only affect the pressure calculation at the junction nodes. Thus, elevations need only be specified where calculated values of
pressure are desired. Elevations are required if an accurate representation of pressure contours are to be displayed.
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At each FGN, including variable level storage tanks for (EPS only), the initial HGL (pressure head + elevation) is an operating condition which must be specified.
This means that the elevation of surface levels in reservoirs and the initial levels for storage tanks must be specified for regular simulations. Also, if there are pressure
requirements at fixed grade nodes, these are incorporated into the value specified for the HGL maintained by the FGN. If there are pressure regulating valves or pressure
sustaining valves in the system HGL representing the setting must be specified. The regulated pressure is incorporated into the calculation of the HGL representing the
valve setting (pressure head + elevation).

Normal Flow Directions - Flow directions for lines with pumps, check valves, and pressure regulating valves must be correctly specified in the data input and this is
done by the order which the connecting nodes for the pipe section are input. The normal flow direction is assumed to be from the first node input to the second node
input. If the calculated flow is in the opposite direction it will be tabulated with a negative sign.

SEE ALSO: Introduction to Modeling

Method of Analysis
Model Simplification
Model Calibration
Pipe System Model Geometry
Pipe System Components
Pressure and Flow Specifications
Multiple Scenarios - Changes
Direct Parameter Calculations - Constraints

4.1.6.7 Multiple Scenarios - Changes

Multiple Scenarios - Changes

The program is designed to perform a simulation using the original data and carry out additional simulations using specified changes. These changes include both
changes which are made to alter the original data and specify new conditions for additional regular simulations, and changes specified to occur at designated times during
an extended period simulation. The change data is coded using the same specifications for both applications.

Changes to any of the original data except connecting nodes are allowed. All pipeline characteristics such as length, diameter, roughness and pump characteristics can
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be changed. HGL changes for FGN's may be specified. Demands may be changed at designated junction nodes and global demand changes based on the original data
may be made. For this application all the demands of a given type are changed by a specified global demand factor. The global demand factors are applied before any
designated specific demand changes at specified nodes. Thus, specific changes supersede the global changes.

When a series of changes are specified for a regular or EPS all changes other than junction node demands are incorporated into the system data, these changes remain
in effect throughout the remaining simulations unless the same parameter is subsequently changed again. Junction node demands, however, are always referenced back to
the original data for each simulation and changes based on the original demands must be specified.

SEE ALSO: Introduction to Modeling

Method of Analysis
Model Simplification
Model Calibration
Pipe System Model Geometry
Pipe System Components
Pressure and Flow Specifications
Multiple Scenarios - Changes
Direct Parameter Calculations - Constraints

4.1.7 Some Special Features

Some Special Features

This section draws your attention to some Pipe2024 features which can save you a lot of time. Some of these can be customized to provide even greater efficiency. Other
features provide some very useful capabilities which you should know about before you set up your models.

Pipe Type Data

Fittings Data
Using Meters
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Input and Editing Shortcuts

Logical Text Inputs
Operating Modes
Node Images and Text Nodes
Group Operations
Age-Based Roughness

Pump and System Curves

Copy and Paste System

4.1.8 Warnings and Error

Here is a list of common errors and messages and issues.

Printing problems
Can't open clipboard
Error when analyzing
Error upon launching Pipe2024
Invalid Floating Point Error
A Portion of the system is disconnected from a FGN
Unsupported new DWG version ID: "AC1024" error
Access Violation Error
Exception EOleSYS Error
Error Can't Open File
Fortran Error
Object is not of the expected type
Invalid Argument
Floating Point Division by Zero
Network Key is showing an active user but no users are logged on
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Print to PDF Problems

I/O Error

Printing problems
Make sure you have the most current version of the Pipe2024 GUI. For Print Options select PDF or BMP instead of Printer. When the file is displayed there will be an option
to print it. Do not use a PDF printer driver, use the PDF option built into Pipe2024.

Can't Open Clipboard

If you are running Google Earth or MultiMon Taskbar or GoToMyPC close it before starting Pipe2024.

Error when analyzing

Always make sure you have the most recent version of the Pipe2024 installation (not necessarily the lastest license key). If that does not resolve your problem, please contact
Tech Support. Attaching the Pipe2024 data file with which you are having trouble gives Tech Support much more insight into the possible cause of the problem. The only file
needed is the one with a .p2k extension.

Error when launching Pipe2024

This problem is usually caused by key drivers being incorrectly installed. Make sure the installation files are not in a compressed format (zipped), and that they are located in
a full-access read/write folder such as on the computer Desktop, then re-run the installation with the latest downloaded installation files.

Invalid Floating Point Error

Send model file with .p2k extension to Tech support, include the following information:
When the error occurs (e.g. upon analysis, launching the program, clicking a map element, etc)
which version is being used

A portion of the system is disconnected from a fgn...

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Disconnected Regions

The steady state hydraulic equations for a pipe system can not be solved if there are sections with pressures that can not be calculated. This occurs if a section of the system is
closed off from the rest of the system with no supply to that section. When this occurs the pressure is unknown and can’t be calculated from the basic hydraulic equations.
This situation produces an invalid set of hydraulic equations and must be corrected before a solution can be obtained. Figure 1a shows the type of modeling situation which
leads to disconnected sections. In the left picture there are two disconnected sections. In the center picture there is one disconnected section. Even with the pump operating
the hydraulics between the two closed valves is not solvable. The picture on the right does not have a disconnected section and is an acceptable arrangement.

When a disconnected section is encountered Pipe2024 will print the following warning message. The attempted fix will involve opening one or more of the closed elements
which often will not change the basic operation of the piping system. For example if both valves are opened the flow will still be zero because the pump is shut off. However,
this action could alter the operation of the piping system and users should carefully review the implication of the fix.

*** WARNING ***

A PORTION OF THE SYSTEM IS DISCONNECTED FROM A FGN BY CLOSED LINES

**** A FIX WILL BE ATTEMPTED

Figure 1 Modeling Arrangements Producing Disconnected Sections

Figure 2a and 2b depicts an alternate method for addressing disconnected sections. The picture on the right depicts an unacceptable situation resulting in a disconnected
section. To correct this either the valve or pump must be opened. An alternative approach is to add a connection to a reservoir as shown in the picture on the right. Because
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the pump and/or valve are closed the reservoir will not affect the hydraulics. It will set the initial pressure in that section which is necessary to obtain a valid hydraulic
analysis. If during the course of an EPS or surge analysis the valve and pump are opened, then the connection to a reservoir will affect the hydraulics. To minimize this effect
the connecting pipe can be made very small with a large resistance. Then only a very small flow to or from the reservoir will result. This approach can, in fact, represent a leak
which allows the hydraulic analysis to be completed with a minimal effect.

Figure 2a Disconnected Sections Fixed Using a “Leak” Reservoir

Figure 2b Disconnected Sections Fixed Using a “Leak” Reservoir

Unsupported new DWG version ID: "AC1024" error

Using a background from a newer version of AutoCAD, this error message can appear. If the AutoCAD drawing was xreferenced to another drawing,
saving back to an earlier format alone will not work. However if the xreference is removed and a "Save As" to 2004 or other earlier format, it solves
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the problem. Using the 2012 format may experience the Unsupported new DWG version ID: "AC1024" error without solution. Turn off any unneeded
layers before adding background.

Access Violation Error

If files are stored on a network, external storage device or CD, copy down to a local folder. Make sure the folder is a "User" folder (under the user
account name folder) such as My Documents. If files are already stored locally and accessibility is not an issue, program version is up to date, then try
text and excel file formats under File | Open - File Type.
Exception EOleSYS Error
This problem is usually caused by key drivers being incorrectly installed. Make sure the installation files are not in a compressed format (zipped), and
that they are located in a full-access read/write folder such as on the computer Desktop, then re-run the installation with the latest downloaded
installation files.

Error Can't Open File

If files are stored on a network, external storage device or CD, copy down to a local folder. Make sure the folder is a "User" folder (under the user
account name folder) such as My Documents. If files are already stored locally and accessibility is not an issue, program version is up to date, then try
text and excel file formats under File | Open - File Type.

Fortran Error
Send p2k file to tech support

Object is not of the expected type

Contact Tech Support

Invalid Argument
If files are stored on a network, external storage device or CD, copy down to a local folder. Make sure the folder is a "User" folder (under the user
account name folder) such as My Documents. If files are already stored locally and accessibility is not an issue, program version is up to date, then try
text and excel file formats under File | Open - File Type.

Floating Point Division by Zero

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Send p2k model file to Tech Support

Network Key is showing an active user but no users are logged on

A network WIBU key incorrectly shows a logged-on user (due to an improper shut down while using Pipe2024).
Run the Wibu-Key license manager by clicking START | PROGRAMS | WIBU-KEY | Server-Monitor. When the Server Monitor starts, click the 2nd speed
button from the left (with the magnifying glass) to Browse Network. In the left window pane, click on the name of the server (that has the key plugged
in) and a list of active users will appear below it. Click on the user that has terminated abnormally, then click the button marked "Cancel User"
A network USB key incorrectly shows a logged-on user. In this case, simply click on the user.

Print to PDF Problem

Repeat the attempt to print to PDF at least two more times. If the problem does not self-correct, go the to C:\Program
Files(x86)\KYPipe\Pipe2024\PDF and run the batch file called "RegisterPDF.bat".

I/O Error
Send the p2k model file to Tech Support

4.2 Files, Printing, Menus

4.2.1 Menus and Tabs

4.2.1.1 KYnetic Configuration Menu

To open the Configuration Menu, click the wrench icon at the top right corner of the program window:
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The Configuration Menu opens:

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Show Left Toolbar - displays the Mode and Zoom button on the left edge of the map view.
Turn on/off Toolbar icons and Secondary Toolbar
Set the position and appearance of the Node and Pipe Info windows.
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4.2.1.2 Classic Menu in KYnetic Interface

Classic Menu in KYnetic Interface

Click on Configuration menu in the upper right corner of the program window.

KYnetic Toolbar icon. .

Check box at bottom “Classic Main Menu”
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Classic main menu bar (File - Edit - View - Analyze etc) is now is added to KYnetic interface:
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4.2.1.3 Analyze (Main Menu)

Analyze (Main Menu)
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Error Check

This selection will intelligently evaluate your data file and check for various errors in the system layout or data.

Connectivity Check
When a pipe is selected in a system, this feature checks to make sure every other pipe in the system is connected to the selected pipe. This is particularly useful in
checking newly imported data from another source (e.g. Excel, AutoCAD). The disconnected pipes will also be noted in the Data Table (click on the Table button to the
left of the Map Screen). In the Data Table, select Pipes. Check the Selected Items Only box to list disconnected pipes. Alternately, under Hidden data, look in the
~Selected column and disconnected pipes will be noted with a 1.

Find/Purge Parallel Pipes

Sometimes a parallel pipe is hard to see. It might accidently be added to the model:
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The top pipe is single.

Second pipe is two parallel, except for slight discoloration when the pipe is selected, you would not be able to tell there are two pipes.
Third pipe is also two parallel pipes. An intermediate node has been added and dragged to the side so it is easy to see.
Find/purge parallel pipes deletes parallel pipes. If you use this command Program will say "Parallel pipes found. Purge them all?"

If you say "No" you will have the chance to delete them one at a time.

OCS Screen (Analysis)

Several options for Hydraulic Analysis are available through the Operational Control Settings screen.

Analysis
This selection brings up the window below that allows you to perform an analysis of your system. Click on any one of the analysis types for more information.
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Analysis Year - Year to be used for pipe roughness projection calulations. See Age-Based Roughnesses.

Remove All Demands - Allows the user to create a simulation where demands are not applied, without permanently removing demand values from the model.

User Former Analysis method

The main difference is the ability to manipulate the loaded set with the following added menu items:
Load sets of results - Mainly for EPS or Surge analyses, this is useful to limit the number of cases in the output report when there are a large number of
cases.
Load all times - Allows a all or a range of cases to be loaded into the report.
Save System Before Analysis - prompts the user to save before each analysis is launched.
Report Shows All Flows as Positive Numbers - Flow results may have a negative sign to indicate direction of flow. Each pipe has a Node 1 and a Node 2. If
flow goes from Node 2 to Node 1 flow is reported as negative. Checking this box will remove any negative signs from the flow results.
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Summary/supply plot

Used for GoFlow (Fire Sprinkler) Systems. Industry standard graphs and report. In KYnetic this is under Tables, Graphs and Profiles menu

Inventory/Cost - see Cost and Inventory Calculations

This selection causes a calculation to be performed that tabulates the following:
1) for each pipe type; the total length used and number of pipes
2) total cost for each pipe type
3) total cost for all pipes in system
4) an inventory of system elements

Power Cost - see Cost and Inventory Calculations

This selection performs a calculation that tabulates the costs (of electric power) of the operation of the pumps in your system. These calculations are based on the
efficiency data entered for each pump as well as the electricity costs. This option is only available for EPS simulations as the cost is based on the time of operation.

Profile - see Profile In KYnetic this is under Table, Graphs and Profile menu

Skeletonize - see Skeletonize

Automatic Demand Distribution

Water Quality

Water Quality Calibration

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Calibration Wizard / Undo Calibration

4.2.1.4 Edit (Main Menu)

Edit (Main Menu)

KYnetic Interface:

Lock
Fixed Mode - Cannot change or edit map view and some input data.
Fixed Mode 2 - Fixed but can add and delete nodes

Zoom - Standard Zoom functions

Edit
Cut/Copy/Paste - can copy paste all or part of a model. Close current model, open new existing model and paste in.
Apply/Undo - Will undo all map changes to last apply.
Repeat pipe - see Classic description below
Orthogonalize - pipe snaps to nearest vertical or horizontal
Auto Orthogonalize - automatically snap all pipes to nearest vertical or horizontal as they are laid out
Insert node
Delete Pipe
Delete Intermediate Nodes
Generate System
Move/Scale System - see Classic description below
Insert Internal nodes - Specify a minimum pipe length, then all pipes (or pipes selected in group mode) will be divded into
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length equal to or smaller than the minimum pipe length specified. Elevations are
interpolated from existing data.

Group Edit
Group Edit Functions

Classic Interface:
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Undo Last Map Change

Undo map changes (up to three changes). Does not include input to data fields in the Information windows.
Redo Last Map Change
Redo map changes (up to three undone changes). Does not include input or deletions from to data fields in the Information windows.
Apply
This selection causes the changes to the data file to be updated into the spreadsheets.
Undo to last Apply
This selection causes the data file to be restored to the state when the last Apply was performed.
Cut
This selection removes the currently selected cells from the spreadsheet and places them onto the Windows clipboard. This is only applicable to the data tables.
Copy
This selection causes the currently selected cells from the spreadsheet to be copied onto the Windows clipboard. This is only applicable to the data tables.
Paste
This selection causes the spreadsheet cells on the clipboard to be pasted into the spreadsheet starting at the currently selected cell.

Insert
Inserts an intermediate node into a pipe at the last selected location.

Delete
Deletes the last selected node(s) or pipe(s).

Generate System
For GoFlow users. Creates a fire sprinkler system based on various grid types (grid, tree, loop) with characteristics specified by user.
Delete Intermediate Node
This allows the user to delete all or a portion of the intermediate nodes in the system. If the user declines to delete all of them, they will be prompted
for a total number to delete. The individual nodes to be deleted are chosen based on pipe-link (or pipe segment) length. For instance, if the user
specifies 20 intermediate nodes to be deleted, then Pipe2024 finds the shortest pipe-link in the system, deletes one of the intermediate nodes from
that link, then looks for the next shortest and so on until 20 intermediates nodes have been deleted.
North Arrow
Places a north arrow on the map for both viewing and printing.
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Pushpin notes
see Pushpin Notes
Screen Capture
Allows the user to capture a bitmap of the map screen. The user is prompted with the specification choices below. Then a bitmap with the file name
with a number (filename_1.bmp) will be saved in the file folder where the p2k model file is located.

Copy Map to Clipboard

Copies the current view to clipboard. Several size options are available. The current view will be cropped to fit within the selected size.

Data Tables
This selection causes the view to change to display the data tables (spreadsheets).
Map
This selection causes the view to change to display the system drawing.
Move/Scale Entire System
This selection causes the following dialog box to display which allows you to shift, scale, or rotate your piping system.
Surge Users Manual 125

Orthogonalize Pipe
This feature causes the selected pipe to be orthogonalized to the nearest horizontal or vertical position. The node to be moved which is connected to the pipe must
also be selected.
Auto Orthogonalize
All pipes created with a new node while this feature is on (shown with a ) will be orthogonalized to the nearest horizontal and vertical position
Repeat Pipe
Select node and pipe. Starting at the selected node it will create a duplicate of the selected pipe in the same orientation. The selected node will be
Node 1 of the new pipe and the new node will be Node 2. Useful when laying out grid-type systems.
Select All End Node Junctions
Selects with Group mode all junctions which occur at the end of a pipeline, i.e. connected to one pipe only.
Select All Nodes
Selects with Group mode all nodes in a model.
Select All Pipes
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Selects with Group mode all pipes in a model.

4.2.1.5 Facilities Management (Main Menu)

Facilities Management (Main Menu)
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Pipe Break
See Pipe Break. This selection allows you to click on a pipe to simulate a pipe break.

Pipe Break Report

Provides a report of the valves that must be operated to contain the simulated break.

Analyze Hydrants
See Hydrant Flows. This selection allows you to select hydrants and get calculated flow information for a set pressure.

Graph Hydrants
Provides a graph of all the hydrants which were selected and analyzed.

Hydrant Report
Surge Users Manual 128

Provides a hydrant report for all of the hydrants which were selected and analyzed.

Flush Pipes
See Flushing Pipes

Flushing Report
See Flushing Pipes

Facilities Report
Allows the user to click on a device and generate a detailed report.

Pump/System Curves
See Pump and System Curves. Details how to use pump curves to identify pumps in the system and how to create system curves.

Find Pressure Zone

Allows the user to define and emphasize pressure zone in the system. When Define Pressure Zone is selected, the user is prompted to click on a pipe
within the pressure zone that is to be defined. A number is assigned to the zone and then user is given the option to emphasize the zone. This is done
using the Pipe Emphasis feature.

Inventory / Cost

Water Quality Sensor Placement

4.2.1.6 File (Main Menu)

Surge Users Manual 129

File (Main Menu)

Classic File menu:

KYnetic File menu:

Surge Users Manual 130

The file submenu controls all file interaction and printing.

New
This removes the currently loaded data file and prepares Pipe2024 to initiate development of a new system. Note the the default lists for all values (fittings, pipe types,
etc) will be reloaded. The following menu is shown which allows you to setup some general system options. Options set using this menu can be changed later.
Surge Users Manual 131

Open
This brings up a file menu that allows you to reload a previously saved .p2k model file.
Two significant features of the File Open window are:
Recent Folders - added in Pipe2018, to locate folders that were previously used for loading and saving .p2k model files.
Demo buttons - KYPipe, Surge, etc. bring the user to a folder of model files which are installed along with the program. Many of these are described in the
Examples manual which may be downloaded under Help.
Surge Users Manual 132
Surge Users Manual 133

In the Preferences Menu is an option to show a standard file open window as shown:

Import Export (KYnetic)

Brings up available data exchange options

Import KY
This selection brings up a file selector that allows you to import a KY data file from a previous version of KYPIPE directly into Pipe2024. See Import KY.

Import DT2 File (version 2)

Surge Users Manual 134

This may be used if p2k and BK1 (back-up) files are lost. Any time an analysis is done, a dt2 file is created. This file can be imported and baseline data
can be retrieved. Changes and demand patterns and some Surge devices will not be able to be re-created. Several of the import options, e.g. EPANET
or Watercad, are two step, the second step being importing a DT2 file that has been created.
Save
This selection saves your Pipe2024 data file using the current filename.

Save As
This selection brings up a file menu that allows you to save your Pipe2024 data file as a new file name.

Save Without Results

Allows user to save the system data without attaching the latest set of results

Pipe2000 Utilities (Classic)

This selection brings up a menu of utilities used to import and export data. See Pipe2000 Utilities / Data Exchange.

Print
This selection causes your current view to be sent to the printer.

Exit
This selection exits the Pipe2024 program.

4.2.1.7 Help (Main Menu)

Help (Main Menu)
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Contents
This selection brings up the table of contents for the Pipe2024 help file.

Search for Help On

This selection brings up an Index that allows users to search the Pipe2024 help system for a particular topic.

How to Use Help

This selection brings up information on how to use the Pipe2024 help system.
Surge Users Manual 136

Units
This selection brings up a table of units for Pipe2024. The units for a particular p2k file are based on the selected flow units for that system.

Demo Examples
This selection goes through the individual demonstration files. These demos are found by clicking the various model buttons in the File - Open box.
Step-by-step procedures are given for various Pipe2024 features.

About
This selection brings up information about the Pipe2024 program, including the version number and the number of pipes for which the user is licensed..

See also About the Pipe2024 Online Help

4.2.1.8 Labels (Main Menu)

Labels (Main Menu)

KYnetic Labels menu:

Surge Users Manual 137

These drop-down selections under the "Classic Main Menu" provide quick access to commonly used choices for information labels that are shown for the nodes and pipes
on the map and on printouts. A much wider range of choices is available using the Other Pipe Labels and Other Node Labels and selections. Note for Results
Selections the specific parameters to be displayed are set using the Results Selector Bar located at the bottom of the display.
Surge Users Manual 138

Pipe (Node) Name

Displays the pipe (node) names
Pipe (Node) Title
Displays the pipe (node) title
Surge Users Manual 139

Pipe Diameter and Roughness

Displays the pipe diameters and roughnesses
Pipe Material and Rating
Displays the pipe materials and ratings
Pipe Fittings
Displays the fittings symbols
Pipe (Node) Results
Displays the selected results. The results are selected using the Result Selector boxes at the bottom of the Map screen.
Classic:

KYnetic:

See also Result Selector Bar.

The "P" drop-down box gives a list of pipe results from which the user may choose for display. The "N" drop-down box gives a list of node results. The
"A" and "B" selectors are used to choose the simulation case (if simulation changes or an EPS simulation have been specified) for which the user would
like to display the results. For nodes with both and inlet and an outlet result, the displayed result may be selected within the Node Result box.
Peak Velocity
Pans to the pipe with the highest velocity for the select case (as determined by the Results Selector Bar)
Selected Pipe (Node) Labels
Limits the currently displayed labels to those selected within Group Mode.
Pipe (Node) Labels Off
Surge Users Manual 140

Turns all labels off

Other Pipe (Node) Labels
Takes the user to the Map Settings/Labels tab for advanced settings.
Node Elevation
Displays the node elevations
Junction Demand and Type
Displays the node demands and types
Label Menu
Takes the user to Map Settings | Labels tab for advanced labels settings

4.2.1.9 Main Menu

Classic:

The main menu at the top of the window provides access to many functions that control the operation of Pipe2024. Click on the menu items
for more information.

4.2.1.10 MAP SETTINGS

Classic interface: The Map Settings tab contains 5 screens that affect the appearance of the map.
Surge Users Manual 141

4.2.1.11 Other
Other

KYnetic Other menu icon:

Classic: System Data | Other
Surge Users Manual 142

Pipe Scale Factor (XY)

This entry can be used to change the x,y or planar scaled lengths of the pipes by this factor. This may be useful, for example, to change length units (from meters to feet).
It also may be used to scale an existing piping system to a newly added background map with a different scale.
Surge Users Manual 143

Pipe Scale Factor (Z)

This entry is used to set a scale factor for the z coordinate, thereby taking elevation into account when calculating the scaled lengths of the pipes.
(With the exception that this will not be done if the user indicates the pipe length is fixed.) The default value is zero, meaning the elevation is not
taken into consideration when calculating pipe length. In general, this scale factor should be the same as the Pipe Scale x,y. However, it is useful to
be able to be able to set the z scale independently of the x,y scale, for example, when a piping system is laid out using a vector background with a
specialized coordinate system.

Average Residential Meter Demand

This entry defines the demand you wish to impose for each residential meter (specified in the Pipe Data Boxes). This is normally the average daily demand per residence,
in the specified flow units.

Simulation Memo
This box can be used to store any general information about the model or the analysis. Entries will be printed in the Output Report.

System Head Curves Data

See Pump and System Curves. This is where the junction node and flow are specified for the calculation of a system head curve

Method for Determining Flushing Flow

See Flushing. Choose one of these three options before running a flushing analysis.

Attribute for Rural Data

In order to handle loops in branched sections, selected pipes can be designated as using Calibration Group or Rural Group = 9 (User Data). These pipes will
then be ignored (excluded pipes) when locating branch sections. The user data items, called either 'Rural' or 'Calibration' may be used to define this pipe group.
See Sets and Group Mode and Rural Analysis.

Attribute for Node Temperature

See Temperature Dependant Liquid. When running a Temperature-Dependant analysis, the User Attribute used to assign the temperature must be specified.

Reference Static Head Elevation

Allows the user to define a reference elevation, and then display the static head based on that reference elevation as a map label or to select groups (using Group
mode) based on the static head. For example, if a Tank has a level = 700' and based on that, 700 is used as the Reference Static Head Elevation. A node with an
elevation of 650' would have a Static Head = 50' (700 - 650).

Demand Pattern For Tank Inflows

Surge Users Manual 144

When an inflow is specified for a tank, the flow may be modified for an extended period simulation or a Surge simulation. This selector is used to identify a
Demand Type which is used to modify tank inflows in the Demand Pattern Table.

Hydrant Monitor
Hydrant/Monitor element allows the monitor to operate while connecting a hose to one of the other connections. Hydrant may be analyzed with up to three
valves open.

Rated Pump
There are three Options for Rated Pump Curves:

Option 1 (KYPIPE Default)

1.) cutoff pressure = 1.2*(rated pressure), flow (cutoff) = 0
2.) rated pressure, rated flow
3.) 0.65*(rated pressure), 1.5*(rated flow

Option 2 (EPANET Default)

1.) cutoff pressure = 1.33*(rated pressure), flow (cutoff) = 0
2.) rated pressure, rated flow
3.) 0.0*(rated pressure), 2.0*(rated flow

Option 3:
User enter data (shown below))
Surge Users Manual 145

4.2.1.12 OTHER DATA

OTHER DATA (Classic Interface)

The OTHER DATA tab contains screens that set values for advanced simulations and devices.

4.2.1.13 Preferences
Preferences settings are applied to the program interface and are not specific to a particular model file.

KYnetic Preferences menu icon:

Classic - System Data - Preferences.
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Surge Users Manual 147

See also Surge - System Data \ Preferences

Prefixes
You can choose a prefix for pipe or junction names which will be automatically used when these elements are added. The defaults P and J are recommended. To use
numerical names, remove the prefix. Note that EPANET uses only numerical names.

Snap To Grid
When the Use Snap Grid box is checked, as the user lays out a pipe, the node will automatically snap to the nearest specified gridline intersection. The user specifies the
Grid Size to which nodes will snap. If the user enters 100 in the Grid Size field, then each node created will snap to the nearest 100 ft (or m) gridlines. The user can go
back and align an existing system by specifying the Grid Size and using the Snap All Now button.

Data/Analysis

Multiple Demand Types

Check this box to activate multiple demand types for junctions. This will allow up to five separate demands and types to be entered for each node. When a node is
selected, the Node Information box appears as follows:
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Once different demand types are specified, demand factors may be assigned to each type in the Demand Pattern table.

Do Not Save Previous Results

Previous results are automatically saved unless this boxed is checked. Saving or not saving previous results effects file size. It may be desirable to check this box in
particular with Surge files which have a large amount of results data (old method of analysis). If previous results are saved, they may be viewed in the Node/Pipe graphs or
table. See Node Results Boxes or Pipe Results Boxes. Also can be important when a model approaches the limit of number of licensed pipes (current analysis method).

Use Flow Coefficient (Cv) instead of Resistance (R) for Active Valves
When this box is checked a flow coefficient, normally provided by the manufacturer, may be used. See Active Valves.

View Device Inlets and Outlets Independently

For directional nodes (pumps, active valves) if unchecked, the results selected in the Node Results box (Node Information window) will be the same for all nodes.
Therefore if "Out" is selected, then on the Map Labels, all directional nodes will show outlet results. If this box is checked, then the inlet, outlet, or external results
displayed on the map may be selected for each node independently.

Sort Table
When this is checked, the Pipe and Node names in the report will be sorted numerically (as opposed to alpha-numerically).

Prompt Before Analysis

A dialogue box appears which must be accepted before analysis can proceed.

24 point ID curves for KYPipe and Surge

By default, the Pump ID table has 12 rows of head and flow data input. This will allow 24 lines.

Map / Layout

Reverse Arrow Buttons

The red panning buttons used with the map view screen can be made to work in the reverse direction.

Pan Method 2
Checking this box enables an alternative pan method where all pipes (but not the background) are completely visible during panning. The default method captures the
entire map screen and this capture is what is shown during panning.
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Use Old Toolbar

Displays the left-hand column of buttons from Pipe2006 and earlier versions.

Do Not Automatically Layout Intermediate Nodes

When this box is checked, junctions are created in place of the default intermediate nodes as pipes are laid out. See Layout of Piping System.
Non-Animated Profile
Use the Pipeline profile from Pipe2008 and earlier versions.
Allow Multiple Data Boxes
Classic interface only. If this is unchecked, then the Information Window boxes Data, Chng, Rslt and User will only display one box or group at a time.
Quick Profile Longest Path
See Create Profiles
SCADA Menu
Settings and input for SCADA and URL feature (link)

Surge

Continue Past Surge Graph Automatically

When a Surge analysis is conducted a screen plot is drawn. When the plot is completed the user is by default prompted to 'Click here to continue" with analysis. Checking
this box will bypass the user prompt, closing the screen plot and continuing on with analysis.

Minimize During Surge Analysis

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Certain graphics cards cause messages generated during a Surge analysis to be hidden behind the Pipe2024 window, giving the appearance that Pipe2024 has locked-
up. Check this box to avoid this situation.

Wave Speed Adjustment

With Surge analyses, each pipe length is adjusted so that is matches the length accuracy specified. If this features is used (checked) then the wave speed is adjusted in
addition to the length. This helps quiet wave action in short pipes (less than length accuracy). It is checked by default and is the recommended setting.

Analysis Display Option

Regular Display – program window stays visible (but behind screen plot) during analysis
Minimize During Analysis (default) –program window is minimized during analysis
Prompt Before Analysis – a screen prompt appears, pausing before running analysis until user clicks “OK”.

Menu Options
Language
KYnetic only. The hover hints (displayed as mouse pointer hovers over a menu item) may be displayed in a selection of languages.
Show Advanced Node Types
This may be deselected to simplify the selection of available nodes.
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File Options
Show Full Path in Title
File path to p2k model file is shown at the top of the program window.
Save Auxiliary Files in Subfolders
Many secondary files are created during analysis and other operations. The default location for these is in a subfolder named with the filename and a .KYP suffix
[filename].KYP. If this box is unchecked, all files will be stored in the same location as the .p2k model file.
Use Standard Open File Dialogue Box
Will use a Windows-type file browser to open and save files instead of the program default window.

Other
Don’t Use Clipboard When Copying Tables
Internally the clipboard is used regularly. If this causes a conflict with other applications, this option may be used to help work around the issue.
Enhanced Fittings Table
Classic only. If this box is deselected, the original Fitting Table format will appear with a limited selection of fittings and quantity check boxes instead of a scrollable table
which includes all listed fittings.
Use Binary Results File (default)
Current analysis method only, effects the way results are internally stored. Leave this default setting checked unless advised otherwise by Tech Support.
Print With Adobe Reader
Adobe Reader is used as the print application when this option is checked to generate print jobs to the default printer. If this is unchecked, the driver for the default
printer is used instead. Adobe Reader must be installed for this option to work.
Small Row Height
KYnetic only. Check this box to minimize row height in the Node and Pipe info window.
EPS 2 Surge
Used to convert EPS files automatically to Surge format.

4.2.1.14 REPORT
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REPORT

KYnetic:

Classic:

KYnetic Ribbon - shortcut ro Analysis Report (circled) or go to Reports - Analysis Report

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This accesses the tabulated output for the analysis for viewing or printing. Note that error messages may be displayed initially for the user to read The operation of the
buttons is described below:
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Edit/Copy - Use Edit | Copy to copy sections of the report to Clipboard.

This button allows the user to produce a printout of the Output Table. First the Print Configuration window will appear (see Printing). The number of copies, printer,
margins, and orientation may be set in that utility. Click Print in the Print Configuration window and Print Report screen will appear. Several print setup options are
available.

To display a Logo, save an image of the logo as a 'Logo.bmp' in your Pipe2024 folder.
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To set margins and orientation, use the initial Print Configuration Utility window.

This button clears the display.

This button allows you to modify the font used for displaying and printing the Output Table.

This button allows you to load other .OT2 (Output Table) files.
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This button connects to the Customized Reporting utility.

Save the Report and a Word .doc file.

This drop-down selector allows the user to display individual cases or times. Other output may be displayed such as a tank report, pump report, hydrant report, or
other available reports depending on the type of analysis conducted. All will display all of the times or cases including the summary of original data and additional
reports.

Note on Time/Cases
Steady State - case 0 is always the baseline case. If Changes are set up, the each subsequent case will reflect the changes.
EPS - case 0 is time 0. Each subsequent case is numbered with the computational period specified under System Data | EPS. If an intermediate time appears,
then an event has occurred such as a tank is full or empty or a pump has turned on or off.

4.2.1.15 Report Setup

Reports

KYnetic Report Setup menu icon:

System Data - Reports in the Classic menu:

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KYnetic Ribbon:
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This window controls what information appears on the tabulated output for the analysis.

Show Junction Titles

A check box to indicate Junction Titles in the tabulated output

Show Data Summary

A check box which is used to include (or to exclude) the tabulated data summary

# of Simulations Bypassed
If you have changes set up for a regular simulation this allows you to skip calculation of a set number of simulations. NOTE that the changes specified will still be
implemented even if the simulation is bypassed.

# of Max / Min Output Values

If a value is provided for any of these three fields then an extra table of Max / Min values for that parameter is generated at the end of the tabulated results. The value
entered corresponds to the number of items to be displayed and should not exceed half the total number of items (junctions or pipes). Therefore if 10 is entered beside
Pipe Velocities, then a table of the 10 highest and 10 lowest velocities will be generated at the end of the report.

Pipe Output
Full - the output for all pipes will be included in the report.
Selected - only the output for the selected pipes will be shown in the report. The pipes are selected using the Attribute for Selected Pipe Output feature.
None - no output for pipes will be shown in the report.

Node Output
Full - the output for all nodes will be included in the report.
Selected - only the output for selected nodes will be included in the report. The nodes are selected using the Attribute for Selected Node Output feature.
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Elevation - only junction node results with non-zero elevation will be included in the report.
Demand - only junction node results with a demand assigned (non-zero) will be included in the report.
None - no output for nodes will be shown in the report.

Attribute for Selected Pipe Output

In the drop-down selector box, a number of pipe attributes are listed. This is a list of pipe User Data.

These attributes are assigned a value within Group Mode under the Pipe Information Window/Edit Pipe Set Box (See Sets and Groups). Some of the assigned Values are
displayed and may be edited in the User Data Box (Pipe Information Window - click the User box at the top). If you don't have an attribute suitable for Node or Pipe
Output or you would like to create a new attribute, the User Data Box is where attributes would be added.
When using Selected Pipe Output, choose the attribute you would like to use to specify pipes. For example, if you want only the pipes with gate valves to appear in your
report, select Fittings. Then in the Value box type in the symbol for gate valve (See the Pipe Data Box) which is G. When an analysis is run, the report will include only
those pipes for which a gate valve has been specified in the Fittings section of the Pipe Data Box.
As another example, select Constraint Group. To use this attribute, a Constraint Group is specified using Group Mode selection, and the Edit Pipe Set Box (see Sets and
Groups). When this attribute is selected, the number assigned to that constraint group will appear as an option in the Value drop-down box.
See Selected Output for an example of how to use this feature.

Attribute for Selected Node Output

In the drop-down selector box, a number of node attributes are listed. This is a list of node User Data.
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These attributes are assigned a value within Group Mode under the Node Information Window/Edit Node Set Box (See Sets and Groups). The assigned Values are
displayed and may be edited in the User Data Box (Node Information Window - click the User Box at the top). If you don't have an attribute suitable for Node or Pipe
output or you would like to create a new attribute, the User Data Box is where attributes would be added.
When using Selected Node Output, choose the attribute you would like to use to specify nodes. For example, to use the Constraint Group attribute, a Constraint Group is
specified using Group Mode selection, and the Edit Node Set Box (see Sets and Groups). When this attribute is selected, the number assigned to that constraint group will
appear as an option in the Value drop-down box.
See Selected Output for an example of how to use this feature.

4.2.1.16 SETUP / DEFAULTS

SETUP / DEFAULTS
Classic Interface

There are 5 sections under Setup / Defaults. Each section accesses a table or list of information which can be modified by the user. This information is used by Pipe2024
to provide various default data. Each of these lists are saved as files and it is possible to develop multiple versions. SAVE and LOAD commands are provided so that any of
the available lists can be used.
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4.2.1.17 SYSTEM DATA

SYSTEM DATA

KYnetic Interface, see System Data.

There are 5 sections under system data. These control the factors that affect the overall performance and output of the simulation. Click on any of the entries above for
more information.

4.2.1.18 Tools (Main Menu)

Tools
10 Year HW Coefficient
Air Slam Pressure Surge
Air Valve Orifice Size
Bladder Precharge
Calculator
C Factor Calculator
Density and Viscosity Table
Extract Elevations from DEM Files
Force Calculations
Gas Properties
Generate Intermediate Pump File
Headloss Calculator
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Hose and Nozzle Constants

Modulating (Regulating) Valve
Power (HP or KW) Calculations
Profile Import
Pump Characteristic Curves
Pump File Characteristics
Pump Selection
Residual Pressure Adjustment
Resistance Calculations
Select Pump File/Calculate Inertia
Spike Track
Sprinkler/Blowoff Constant
Turbine Data Convertor
Units Converter
Valve Stroking
Wave Speed

Tools - Surge only

Equivalent Surge Tank Convertor
Export Air Valve Locations
Surge Tank Calculator

Tools - Gas only

Gas Cv Calculations
Gas K Calculations
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4.2.1.19 View (Main Menu)

View (Main Menu)

In KYnetic right click to access the menu format shown below:

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Find Node, Find Pipe - Type in the exact name of the node or pipe to select and zoom in to that element. The name is case, space, and symbol-sensitive.
Find World Map (KYnetic only) - opens a view of World Internet Map.
Find Place on Map (KYnetic only) - enter a city or landmark to find a location on an Internet Map.
Hints/Language (for KYnetic - see Preferences) - Choosing a language other than English translates the main menu, tabs, and mouse hover help (pops up when mouse
hovers over an item)
Show Both Pipe and Node Info (for KYnetic - See Configuration Menu) - displays Node and Pipe data boxes simultaneously in the Information window to the right of the
program window.
Zoom (for KYnetic under Edit and Map toolbar) - These six commands can also be performed by using buttons located on the left side of the display.
Zoom Out - This selection causes the map display to be reduced in scale.
Zoom In - This selection causes the map display to be enlarged in scale.
Zoom Selected - This selection causes the map display to be changed so that it maximally contains all of the selected nodes and pipes.
Zoom Previous - Zooms to the view just prior to the current view
Zoom Window - This selection allows you to drag out a window and then changes the display so the contents of the window are maximized.
Zoom All - This selection causes the display to be changed so that the entire pipe system is displayed as large as possible while still fitting in the display window.
Pan - Allows user the move the display by holding down the left mouse button and moving the mouse
Save View / Load Saved View - Will save the location and zoom level currently in the map area. Once saved, this view can then be located again using the Load Saved
View option which becomes available View.
Number of available saved views was increased in Pipe2018
Animate/ Create AVI (for KYnetic - Animate Controls bottom of Map window)- This brings up the animation menu shown below. If a file has multiple cases, the map can
be made to display these cases one by one based on the Step and Delay defined in the Animation menu.
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Step defines which cases are shown. If it is desired to show every other case, for instance, a Step of '2' may used.
Delay refers to the amount of time in seconds that lapses between each case display. The arrow can be used to change the direction of the animation. Reset stops
the animation and brings it back to case 0.
Create Movie will make an AVI which may be played on certain movie players. The animation may be used with contours and pipe emphasis enabled.
There is an option (under System Data/Preferences) to create bitmaps instead of an AVI file. The bitmaps will be in a folder called 'Movie' which you must create
first within your Pipe2024 folder.
Note: AVI movies can be created faster if:
* You have more memory
* The step size is larger
* The Pipe2024 Window is made smaller

Show Junctions, Meters, Valves, Hydrants, Device 1, Device 2, Intermediate Nodes, SDOs - These selections toggle whether the specified items are or are not shown on
the map.
Show Text (for KYnetic - see Text and Notes menu) - This selection brings up the following list which allows you to select the display of Text nodes.

Show Pushpin and Notes - This selection brings up the following list which allows you to select the display size of the Pushpin notes, limit display to pushpin only or turn
off pushpins notes

Pushpin Size - Allows user to set the size of the pushpin icon accompanying the pushpin note.
Show Everything - checks all selections for elements to be shown on map.
System Variable Graph - For SWMM (Stormwater) applications

4.2.2 Information Windows and Data Boxes

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4.2.2.1 Information Windows

Information Windows

The right side of the Pipe2024 screen displays Information Windows for the most recently selected node or pipe link. These windows are used to enter and modify data and view results.
The type of information shown and window size are controlled by the top buttons.

See Also:
Pipe Information Window
Node Information Window

4.2.2.2 Node Change Box

Node Change Box
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What is this?
The Node Change Box allows you to edit, modify and view the changes to the selected node at a specified time (or case). To access this window, click on the CHNG button at the top of
the Node Information window. The above box call for a demand of 1000 for case (time) = 3 and 100 for case (time) = 4 for the selected node. All changes are summarized in the Change
Pattern window

Time / Case
Selects the time or case for the change to occur.

Clicking on the middle column

Pops down a parameter list to select the data to be changed (customized for node type).

Value
Selects the new value for the data item when change is implemented.
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4.2.2.3 Node Data Boxes

- In KYnetic Interface use this icon to bring up the Configuration menu and change the appearance of the Node info window

Classic Interface:
To display both Pipe and Node data simultaneously, go to View and check "Show Both Node and Pipe Info"
Nodes have 2 (or 3) Data boxes. All have the boxes shown above. Some require additional data which is added to Box 1 box and others require an additional box.

These Node Data boxes are shown complete for the following nodes:

Intermediate Nodes
Valves
Hydrants
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Check Valves
Inline Meters
Devices 1 and 2
Text Nodes

* * * Box 1 * * *

Node name
Alpha numeric name assigned by Pipe2024. This can be modified by the user. Option to use numeric or specific alpha prefix is available (System Data / Preferences).

Node type
Check here to select or modify node type. Note that certain conditions are required to change end node to internal node.

Node elevation [ft. (m)]

Elevation of the node based on the chosen datum.

* * * Box 2 * * *
Node Title
Alpha numeric information which can be displayed on screen or plots and incorporated in tables.

What is a Node Image?

An optional bitmap image for all nodes (including a Text node) which can be displayed on the map or expanded to show details on screen. The image can depict anything of interest - a
photograph, detailed map, operation instructions or any other display. The following buttons are provided. See also Node Images and Text Nodes.
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Show on Map
When selected this image will be displayed on the map.

Show All
When selected all images will be displayed on the map.

Lrge
When selected a larger image will be displayed in the Node Information Window.

Full
When selected the image will expand to full screen.

Print
Select to print the image.

Load
Select to load a bitmap (BMP) file of desired image for this node.

Move
Click here to move the image on map to different quadrant.

Clear
Click here to delete image for this node.
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The following nodes have a customized Data Box 1 which handle additional information. The nodes marked with * also have an extra box for head/flow data.

Junction Data
Pump Data *
Loss Element Data *
Reservoir Data
Tank Data *
Pressure Supply Data *
Regulator Data
Sprinkler Data
Metered Connection Data

4.2.2.4 Node Information Window

Node Information Window

Node Information Window automatically appears on the right side of the screen for the selected node.

KYnetic Interface:

- Opens the configuration menu shown below. There are six settings for how the Node/Pipe Info window appears.
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Icon functions:

- Results Graphs and Table

- Delete Node

- Open Node Changes menu.

- Bring up the following label menu. These buttons increase, decrease, italicize, set the position of and reset the text of the selected or selected pipes on the map.

Optional display items:

- Turn on User Data items, create a new User Data item

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- Copy the current node, click on an existing node, then Paste to duplicated all the node data in that location (except elevation data if non-zero in
target node data)

- Brings up detailed information about the selected node type.

- Used to bring up Library menu. See Creating Libraries.

- Display Results A, B and/or Max/Min/Avg in the Node Info table

All Results are displayed as of Pipe2024 as shown, which includes Previous Results. Click the button again to display all results attributes:
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- Display coordinate values.

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- Display Index value (internal reference data)

- Add, display, and manage images associated with a node.

- For directional nodes where results for inlet and outlet (and external for Surge devices) are different, this toggles between the various results to be
displayed on the graph.

Classic Interface:
The window consists of four sections which can be individually selected using the appropriate button these are:
Data (node data) - Two boxes for entering and displaying node data.
Rslt (results) - Three boxes for showing a summary, a plot and a table of the results for the selected nodes (end nodes only).

Chng (change) - One box for entering and displaying specific changes at this node for the applicable change pattern (end nodes only).
User - One box for entering and displaying additional data which may be customized by the user (end and internal nodes).

Node Information Window Controls - The following control buttons appear at the top of the Node Information Window.

Del (delete) - This will delete the selected end node and all connecting pipes. If the selected node is an internal node it will delete just the internal node and combine
the two connecting pipe segments into a single pipe segment.
On (Off / On) - This button will turn the node on or off ( not Junction nodes or Internal nodes).
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More - This will provide space to display another column of information boxes.

Less - This will remove space for a column of information boxes if there is insufficient space to show all boxes.

, - If there is insufficient space to show all boxes these will cycle the last box shown to display the next (or previous) box.

Data Rslt Chgn User - These are on/off switches for displaying these data and information sections.

Copy Paste - See Copy and Paste. This allows the user to copy the node type and data of the selected node to other existing nodes. Does not apply to the node
name or elevation.

- These buttons make the label text of the selected node or group of nodes larger, smaller or revert back to the default size (as set in Map Settings |
Labels ) respectively. In Text mode, it will do the same to the text of the selected text node. If the size is changed from the default, then the label will be scaled as
the map is zoomed in and zoomed out (similar to the labels in a dxf file).

- The first button allows the user to set the position of the label of the selected node. A "crosshairs" will appear. The user centers it on the desired
location of the label and clicks. The second button reverts the label position back the the default setting. In Text mode, it will do the same to the text of the
selected text node.

- This button allows the user to select the color of the text of either the selected node (Layout mode), selected group of nodes (Group modes), or the
selected text node (Text mode).

See Also:
Node Data Boxes
Node Results Boxes
Node Change Box
Node User Box
Node Images and Text Nodes

4.2.2.5 Node Results Boxes

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Node Results

In KYnetic, open Graph and Table using these icons:

Junction nodes Inlet/Outlet Nodes

What are these?

Node Graph - A plot showing the selected results for this node or node set for all cases (times). The user may create a title and x and y labels, set the y scale, capture the
image to a BMP, and paste the image to the clipboard. When a BMP is created, the file will be saved as NdGrf1.bmp (or NdGrf2, -3 , etc.) in the same folder as your p2k
file. If the Previous Result box is checked, the last set of results will be graphed along with the current results. To view the buttons for these options, expand the graph
view to Large or Full.

Results Table - A table showing the select result (pressure, head or HGL) for this node or node set (Group Mode) for all cases (times). The data may also be exported to
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Excel or ASCII formats. If the Previous Result box is checked, the last set of results will be tabulated along with the current results. To see the buttons for these functions,
expand the table view to Large or Full. There is a limit of about 500 sets of results in the Results Table.

Node Results - A summary of the node results for the selected node and selected time or case. Note that for nodes which have both an inlet and an outlet result, the
result which is displayed on Map Labels, in the Node Results box, or in the Results Table box may be selected by the user. For Node Graphs both inlet and outlet results
will be displayed. If multiple nodes are selected however the Node Graph will display only the selected (inlet or outlet) result. When toggling between inlet and outlet
results, click the Refresh button to update the map display.

Controls:

Large
Expands the table or graph within the Node Information Window.

Full
Expands the table or graph to full screen.

Print
Prints the table or graph.

Range
Allows the range for cases to be set for tables and graphs.
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Setup
Accesses a menu to customize the table or plot.

Previous Result
If the Previous Result box is checked, the last set of results will be presented along with the current results. See System Data | Preferences

4.2.2.6 Node User Box

Node User Data
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See Also: User Data

The User Data Box is accessed by clicking the User button at the top (Classic) or bottom (KYnetic) of the Node Information window (in Classic, make sure enough space is
allowed for the box, if not, click More or scroll through the boxes with the pointers).

User Data is information about the node which is specified by the user. Typically, User Data is an attribute used to identify a group of nodes for a Constraint calculation
(see Constraints Data) or a water quality simulation. User Data may also be used to define a group of nodes for Selected Output (see Selected Output and Reports
(System Data)). New attributes or customized information may be added by clicking on New Item and editing the entry title. Other attributes may be edited or deleted this
way also. User Data attributes added or edited in this box will be reflected in the Attribute for Selected Node Output under System Data/Reports.

A User Data group may be defined using the Group Mode (see Sets and Group Mode). User data may also be edited in the User Data Box for individual nodes by simply
selecting the data item.
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Back to Internal Node Data

4.2.2.7 Pipe Change Box

KYnetic Pipe Change icon:

The Pipe Change Box allows you to edit, modify and view the changes that are going to the selected pipe at a specified time (or case). Access this box by selecting the target pipe and clicking
the CHNG box at the top of the Pipe Information window (you may need to click More if the display area is too small). The above box calls for the selected pipe to close for case (or hour) 5
and to open for case (or hour 8). All changes are summarized in the Change Pattern window.

Time / Case
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Selects the time or case for the change to occur.

Clicking on the middle column

Pops down a parameter list to select the data to be changed.

Value
Selects the new value for the data item when change is implemented.

4.2.2.8 Pipe Data Boxes

Pipe Data Boxes

Box 1 Box 2 Box 3

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To display both Pipe and Node data simultaneously:

Classic: go to View and check "Show Both Node and Pipe Info"
KYnetic - go to the Configuration menu
The Pipe Info window is used to enter or edit the pipe data. If you do not have non-zero Length, Diameter, and Roughness values assigned for every pipe in your system,
an analysis cannot be performed.

Name - The Pipe name assigned when a pipe is added. This can be modified by the user.

Pipe Type - Click this to display a selection which includes the pipe diameter, material, and rating. A number of default data values are applied when pipe type is selected.
You should provide data in the Pipe Type Table (Setups/Defaults - Pipe Type) for your system or use the default table. The diameter, material and rating can also be
entered individually.
Pipe Diameter [in. (mm)] - Nominal diameter of the pipe. To define an Actual (inside) Diameter to be used in the analysis, use the the Pipe Type table.
Pipe Material - Material for the pipe wall.
Pipe Rating [psi (kpa)] - The pressure rating for the pipe.

Pipe length [ft. (m)] - The total length of the pipe link which includes all pipe segments. To make this length fixed, check the box marked F. In this case, the length will
not be altered as it is recognized in the analysis by any scaling or moving nodes (but the graphical appearance may change),

Pipe Roughness - This value depends on the head loss expression being used (noted - top bar of the Map screen). An age-based roughness calculation is made if you select
a pipe type with a reference roughness and estimated 10 year roughness defined and provide a reference year (box 2). To make this roughness fixed, check the box
marked F. In this case, the roughness is fixed as it is recognized in the analysis and is not altered during age-based roughness calculations or calibration.

Fittings - A button to access the Fittings Table to account for fittings such as elbows, T's, valves, etc. which cause pressure drop. The user may enter in any additional
minor loss in the Other K box. The sum of the minor losses associated with all fittings checked plus any additional loss entered by the user appears in the box, Sum K's.
Note that the head loss along the length of the pipe is accounted for in the analysis and there is no need for the user to enter an equivalent length loss to account for this.

Closed (pipe) - Check box to indicate closed pipe link. A pipe link should be designated closed if any valve within the link is closed.

First Node, Last Node / Node 1, Node 2 - End nodes for pipe (these can not be edited). In KYnetic, click one of these to bring up the menu shown below:
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- Click to change the connection side (directional nodes only)

Reverse (nodes) - Click to reverse the node order. Pipe links with a check valve must list nodes in correct order (allowed flow direction).

Residential Meters - The total number of residential meters connected to a pipe link. Note the Average Residential Meter Demand (per meter) is entered with System
Data / Other.

Reference Year - The year used for the age based roughness calculation (usually installation year).
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Pipe Title - This is the title of pipe (optional). Titles can be 32 characters long and do not have to be unique for each pipe

Fittings - Click here to bring up the menu shown at the top of this topic. The loss coefficients are automatically tallied. Enter quantity for each fitting. At the top a symbol
for each fitting selected appears. The fittings table may be customized by the user and is accessed under Components menu or (Classic) Settings / Defaults - Fittings. See
Fittings.

Use Fitting icon to see additional information in the Pipe Info window
Other K - Entry under Fittings Table for additional loss coefficients (sum) to account for fittings not in the table.

Sum K's - The sum of all the loss coefficients for selected fittings plus entry from Other K. This is calculated and used in the data file.

4.2.2.9 Pipe Information Window

Pipe Information Window automatically appears on the right side of the screen for the selected pipe.

Pipe Crossover (Pipe2012 and later versions)

Click the Cross button. Cursor will become an arc which may be placed and sized on the currently-selected pipe.
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KYnetic Interface

- Opens the configuration menu shown below. There are six settings for how the Node/Pipe Info window appears.
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Pipe data is displayed as a Pipe Type by default.

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Use the "Display Pipe Type..." icon to separate Pipe Type into individual parameters. This is needed for direct editing of material, diameter, and rating.

Icon functions:

- Results Graphs and Table

- Insert node in pipe at last location clicked for currently selected pipe.
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- Delete Pipe

- Open Pipe Changes menu.

- Bring up the following label menu. These buttons increase, decrease, italicize, set the position of and reset the text of the selected or selected pipes on the map.

Optional display items:

- Turn on User Data items, create a new User Data item.

- Display Results A and/or Results B

All Results are displayed as of Pipe2024 as shown, which includes Previous Results. Click the button again to display all results attributes:
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- Display Actual Diameter

- Display Pipe Cost (if cost/unit length is defined)

- Display Wave Speed

- Display Minor Loss K values for pipe

- Display Index value (internal reference data)

Classic Interface
Data is input into boxes displayed or hidden by click buttons at the top of the Pipe Information window.
Data (Pipe data) - Three boxes for entering and displaying basic pipe data.
Rslt (results) - Three boxes for showing a summary, a plot and a table of the results for the selected pipe
Chng (change) - One box for entering and displaying specific changes for this pipe for the applicable change pattern
User - One box for entering and displaying additional data which may be customized by the user

Pipe Information Window Controls -

Del (delete) - This will delete the entire selected pipe link and all internal nodes within the link.
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Insrt (insert) - This will insert an internal node at the location where the mouse was pointed to select the pipe. Any of the eight types of internal nodes can be
selected from the pop up activated by the button.
More - This will provide space to display another row of information boxes.
Less - This will remove space for a row of information boxes.

, - If there is insufficient space to show all boxes these will cycle the last box shown to display the next (or previous) box.
Data Rslt Chgn User - These are on/off switches for displaying these data and information sections.

- These buttons increase, decrease, italicize, set the position of and reset the text of the selected or selected pipes on the map.

See Also:
Pipe Data Boxes
Pipe Results Boxes
Pipe Change Box
Pipe User Box

4.2.2.10 Pipe Results Boxes

Pipe Results Boxes
KYnetic Graph and Table icons:
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Classic Graph and Table boxes:

Results Table
A table showing the selected result type (velocity / flow / head loss or hl/1000) for this pipe or pipe set (Group Mode) for all cases (times). The data may also be exported
to Excel or ASCII formats. If the Previous Result is selected, the last set of results will be tabulated along with the current results. To see the buttons for these functions,
expand the table view to Large or Full.

Pipe Graph
A plot showing the selected result for all cases (times). The user may create a title and x and y labels, set the y scale, capture the image to a BMP, and paste the image to
the clipboard. When a BMP is created, the file will be saved as PpGrf1.bmp (or PpGrf2, -3 , etc.) in the same folder as your p2k file. If the Previous Result is selected, the
last set of results will be graphed along with the current results. To view the buttons for these options, expand the graph view to Large or Full.
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Pipe Results
A summary of the pipe results for the selected pipe and selected time or case.

Controls:

Large
Expands the table or graph within the Pipe Information Window.

Full
Expands the table or graph to full screen.

Print
Prints the table or graph.

Range
Allow a range of cases to be set for the table or graph.
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Setup
Accesses a menu to customize the table or plot.

Previous Result
If the Previous Result box is checked, the last set of results will be presented along with the current results. See System Data | Preferences

Note: The result type and case (time) is selected using the Result Selection bar at the bottom of the display.

4.2.2.11 Pipe User Box

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Pipe User Box

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User Data

The User Data Box is accessed by

Classic: clicking the User button at the top of the Pipe Information window (make sure enough space is allowed for the box, if not, click More or scroll through the boxes
with the pointers).

KYnetic - clicking the User icon at the bottom of the Pipe Info window
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User Data is information about the pipe which is specified by the user. Typically, User Data is and attribute used to identify a group of pipes for a Constraint calculation
(see Constraints Data), a Calibration calculation, or a water quality simulation. User Data may also be used to define a group of pipes for Selected Output (see Selected
Output and Reports (System Data)). New attributes or customized information may be added by clicking on New Item and editing the entry title. Other attributes may be
edited or deleted this way also. User Data attributes added or edited in this box will be reflected in the Attribute for Selected Pipe Output under System Data/Reports.

A User Data group may be defined using the Group Mode (see Sets and Group Mode). User data may also be edited in the User Data Box for individual pipes by simply
selecting the data item.

4.2.3 Printing
Print
The File | Print command will bring up the window shown below. The print preview reflects what the final printout will contain (WYSIWYG). Several of the display
attributes may be modified (Text Size, Node/Pipe Size, Contour Size, Resolution, Background Brightness) using the slider bars provided. If the preview is not
automatically updated, use the Update Preview button to see the changes.
Please note that the Max Resolution option will produce very large temporary files and may be slow to print. Using the highest resolution is often appropriate when using
large format printers.

The red arrows and magnifying glasses may be used to pan and zoom the print area before printing. The zoom buttons will
not be available if a print scale is specified using the Scale button.
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Left, Right, Top and Bottom margins may be set in terms of percent.
Auto Update - If this is checked, changes to the print options should be updated automatically in the preview window. If this is unchecked, use the Update Preview
button to update.
Make Poster - When this option is checked the image will be printed in the specified number of sections/pages.
Print Options - When options other than "Printer" are specified, the paper size must also be specified. Image files formats include PDF, BMP, JPG and PNG (Pipe2024).
The map can also be added to the Presentation.
Update Preview - applies changes made to the preview window.
Reset - Resets the print menu settings to the overall default settings.
Save As Default - will save the current print menu settings as the default
Load Default - will load the previously saved set of default settings.
Printer Settings - May be used to select the printer and number of copies. Click Properties to set the orientation (Portrait/Landscape).
Scale - the following window appears:
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Printable Length of Paper in inches (usually about 10.8) - used in conjunction with Desired Print Scale and a Custom paper size. If this value is specified, then the
Desired Print Scale may be defined in units per inch. When values are entered for both fields, the print image will zoom to reflect this setting. The zoom buttons
will no longer be available.
Desired Print Scale (Units per Inch) - Ignoring individual fixed pipe length data, these are the units of your system, as reflected by the x,y coordinates of your map
screen (ft or m), per inch of printed paper.
Show Map Scale Legend - if you have a legend set up to show on printouts (under Map Settings | Legend), then checking this box will replace that legend with a
new distance scale.
Optional text for Map Scale Legend - text entered here will be included in the Map Scale Legend.
Paper Size - The typical printable length will be shown when the paper is selected here. If it is a custom length, the Printable Length must be entered.
Printer dpi - The typical dots per inch is shown when the paper size is selected, or the Printable Length is specified for a custom paper size.
Optional Text for Map Scale Legend - when a legend is requested (see above), a title may be added in this field.

Print - sends the image to the printer, bmp, pdf or jpg. If you choose bmp, pdf, or jpg you will be prompted to supply a filename and location for the image file.
Cancel - exits the print menu
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Note: Pipe2018 lighten background settings have been improved. The old print method may still be used. Go to System Data | Preferences | Printing and check the "Use
Old Print Lighten" box.

File Size - Under System Data/Preferences, there is an option to create bmps at a lower quality setting of 16 bits per pixel. This results in a BMP file which is half the file
size of the standard setting.

See also Report - Printing.

4.2.4 Files

4.2.4.1 Backup Files

Backup Files

Backup files are automatically saved each time a file is saved in Pipe2024. With each save, the previous version of your Pipe2024 file is kept and given the file extension
BK1. With each subsequent save, that file is renamed BK2, then BK3, etc. Four backup copies of each Pipe2024 file are kept at any one time. These files may be loaded
by selecting Backup Files in the File Type drop-down selector in the Open File Box.
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4.2.4.2 Data Files

Data Files / Scenario Management
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The data file consists of the following sections:

1. Baseline Data
2. Demand Pattern
3. Change Pattern

Baseline Data- The Baseline Data includes all the pipe and node data associated with the distribution system. It also includes all data items in System Data and Other
Data appropriate to your system and the type of simulation you wish to run.

Demand Pattern- This data defines the multipliers for each demand type for one or more times (or cases). It also includes a power cost for each time (or case). This data is
used with the demand data (Baseline Demand Data) and meter data (if applicable) to calculate the demands for each simulation performed.

Change Pattern- This data defines a pattern of changes for pipe and node data associated with a time (or case) for the simulation. This includes changes in the on/off
status, reservoir levels, valve settings, and a variety of other pipe and node data. This data can be set up graphically by selecting the desired pipe or node and providing
the specific times (or cases) and the new data in the Node Changes or Pipe Changes.

When a data file is saved, all three sections are incorporated into that data file and when it is subsequently accessed, this same data applies. If desired, however, the
Demand Pattern and Change Pattern Data can be also saved as separate data files using a unique name. These data files can be subsequently accessed and placed into the
currently loaded model. This provides a powerful capability for scenario management.

Using existing data files

A simulation may be performed using the current Baseline Data file and a designated Demand Pattern data file (or none) and a designated Change Pattern data file (or

none). A Demand Pattern (or Change Pattern) file is designated by accessing the Demand Pattern (or Change Pattern) screens (Setups / Defaults tab
Classic), clicking Load and selecting the desired file. Each of these data section files has a name which is displayed in the upper left corner.

Any combination of Demand Pattern and Change Pattern data files may be selected as long as they are compatible with the Baseline Data file and each other. This means
that the times (cases) referenced are compatible and the specific pipes and nodes incorporated in the Change Pattern are included in the Baseline Data. This approach
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provides maximum flexibility for managing the simulations.

4.2.4.3 Data Records

Data Records

The data for all of the nodes and pipe links is stored in EXCEL compatible tables that can be customized to include any desired data. Therefore, Pipe2024 may be used
to maintain complete inventory and maintenance records for all distribution system devices. In addition to the wide range of standard devices handled, two additional
devices can be displayed and connected to a customized data table. In this manner, Pipe2024 can serve a dual purpose of maintaining comprehensive inventory and
maintenance records and using this information to produce current model data files that are referenced to a scaled map of the distribution system. This provides a basic
AM/FM (automated mapping/facilities management) capability with an integrated hydraulic/water quality modeling capability. See Excel Import.

4.2.4.4 Table Setup

Table Setup
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Classic Interface only.

Table Setup is used for two main purposes. One is to specify the data items appearing in the Data Tables and the other is to specify the data items appearing in the User
Data box in the Node Information window.
The data items for each node are turned "on" or "off" by entering a 1 or 0 in the data field respectively. When Primary data is being viewed and set up, specifying a 1 or 0
in the data field determines whether or not that data item will appear in the Data Table for that node type. When User data is being viewed and set up, it is being
determined whether or not the data item will be applied to that node type as User Data and whether or not it will appear in the data table.

The node type, All, refers to the option in the Data Tables to display all node types.

See Data Tables for information on Data Table options.

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4.3 Creating and Editing a Model

4.3.1 Pipe System Layout and Modification

Laying Out a Pipe System
See the Layout and Model videos on the KYPipe web site.
See also Copy and Paste System.
See also Input and Editing Shortcuts

Pipe2024 is designed to provide a very simple, intuitive user interface for pipe system development. All development is done in ‘Layout’ mode.
When you are not developing or modifying your system, you should select a different mode (usually ‘Fixed’) so you will not inadvertently modify
the layout. The layout and subsequent modifications are done with the following operations.

1. Select a Node or Pipe Link - Point mouse to node or pipe and LC (left click).

2. Add Pipe Segment and Node - Select starting node (existing) and point mouse to ending node location (new) and RC (right click). NOTE - Left click AGAIN and
the newly created node will NOT automatically be made into an intermediate node if it will subsequently be made an in-line node, it will remain as a junction.

3. Add Pipe Segment - Select starting node (existing) and point mouse to ending node location (existing) and RC (right click).

4. Move Node - Point mouse to node and hold down left mouse button and drag to the new location.

5. Insert Node - Point mouse to desired location in pipe link and LC (left click). Click Insert icon at the bottom of the Pipe Info window (Classic - ‘Insrt’ top of
Pipe Information Window) and select node type from pop-up list.
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6. Change Node Type - Select node and click on Node Type cell (Classic - click on node type drop-down selector below Node name) and select from node type pop-up
list (Node Information Window).

7. Delete Internal Node - Select internal node and click on Delete icon (Classic - click ‘Del’ (delete) at top of the Node Information Window). **** Note that this
will combine the two connecting pipe segments into one segment eliminating the internal node. To delete all intermediate nodes in a system, see Deleting Intermediate
Nodes.

8. Delete End Node - Select end node and click on Delete icon (Classic - click ‘Del’ (delete) at top of Node Information Window). **** Note that this will also
delete ALL the pipe links connecting the node. If you do not wish to do this, change the node type to a junction.

9. Delete Pipe Link - Select pipe and click on Delete icon (Classic - click ‘Del’ (delete) at top of Pipe Information Window).

10. Change Node Direction - For directional end nodes (pumps, loss elements and regulators), select node and click on or (Classic:

) in the Node Information Window. The symbol in the node icon will change direction. You can do this to correct your model or to improve the appearance of the
directional node.

11. Change Pipe Direction - The positive pipe direction (for referencing flows, etc.) is from Node 1 to Node 2. To reverse this, click on (Pipe Information
Window). The menu below is brought up by clicking the "First Node" or "Last Node" cell or in Classic it is in the Other Data box. It is necessary to ensure pipes with
check valves are in the correct direction.
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12. Change Pipe Link Connection - For pipe link connections to directional nodes, in the Pipe Information window, open the menu shown below by clicking the "First

Node" cell or in Classic, this is in the Other Data box. Then click the symbol adjacent to the directional node. You will see the link connection change to the other
side of the directional node.
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As you lay out pipes, intermediate nodes are inserted at all changes in alignment. These are automatically changed to junction nodes if only one or more than two pipes
are connected or if the properties of the two connecting segments differ. To automatically layout juctions instead of intermediate nodes, go to System Data | Preferences
and click on "Do Not Automatically Layout Intermeditate Nodes".

4.3.2 Copy and Paste

Copy and Paste

Copy and Paste Pipes

Added in Pipe2024 - Pump IDs are now included in copy/pasted models or pipe groups.
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You may select a group of pipes and nodes and copy them with all assigned attributes to another system (another .p2k file). Using the GBox or individually selecting
nodes and pipes in Group Mode, select the portion of the system which you want to copy. Under Edit in the Main menu, select copy. Close the file and open the file to
which you want to paste. Under Edit select paste. This will paste the nodes and pipes at the same coordinates at which there were located in the original file. However, if
you enter Layout mode and select a node and then paste, the paste will occur at that node. The pasted system will not be connected to or overwrite any part of the system
to which it was pasted, even if two nodes are at the same coordinate location. After pasting the system you can click near the pasted pipes and nodes and drag them to the
desired position. It may be necessary to de-select and re-select one of the nodes if the click and drag doesn't work initially.

Excel – Merging Pipe2024 Data Files using Excel (For Version 1 Users)
The main purpose of merging the Pipe2024 datafiles is so the user can work on a simple subsystem and later merge the subsystem datafile
into an existing main system datafile. There are a few restrictions that must be adhered to concerning the subsystem file before the merger
can be successful.
1. No Duplicate Names. The Subsystem Datafile cannot have any pipe, node or component names identical within the Subsystem file itself or identical to
an existing name within the Main System Datafile.
2. No Change Data or EPS Data can be merged from the Subsystem Datafile into the Main System Datafile. Any of this data for the Subsystem file will
need to be added through the final merged datafile.
3. The Subsystem Datafile cannot have any Intermediate nodes or components in a pipe between end nodes such as check valves, hydrants, control
valves, etc. Only those components that can be deemed as end nodes may be included in the Subsystem Datafile such as tanks and pumps. However,
using the Edit Group feature of Pipe2024 the user can change the intermediate data into end node data, rather than lose it, and change it back to
intermediate data in the merged file.

MERGING DATAFILES USING EXCEL

IN Pipe2024:
1. LOAD Pipe2024.
2. OPEN the Main System File and make any necessary changes before opening EXCEL.
3. Click FILE | Import Export (Pipe2000 Utilities in Classic interface) | EXPORT EXCEL FILE.
4. On the Save the file? Information box, Click Yes.
5. On the Saving C:\pathname\systemfilename.XLS Pipe2024 box, Click OK.
6. OPEN the Subsystem File and make any necessary changes to comply with the rules defined above before opening EXCEL.
7. Click FILE | Import Export (Pipe2000 Utilities in Classic interface) | EXPORT EXCEL FILE..
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8. On the Save the file? Information box, Click Yes.

9. On the Saving C:\pathname\subsystemfilename.XLS Pipe2024 box, Click OK.
IN MICROSOFT EXCEL:
1. LOAD Microsoft Excel.
2. OPEN the System Excel File.
3. Align the System Excel File Window so the top of the System file is at the top of the Excel file window and the bottom of the System file is below the
halfway point of the Excel file window. See figure below.
4. Open the Subsystem Excel File. Do Not close the System file opened in step 2.
5. Align the Subsystem Excel File Window so the bottom of the Subsystem file is at the bottom of the Excel file window and the top of the Subsystem
file overlaps the bottom of the System file. See figure below.

MERGE NODES:
1. Click on the NODES tab at the bottom of the Subsystem file.
2. Starting at Column A, Row 2 hold left click down and drag mouse down and to the right to highlight all rows of nodes and all columns from
Column A to Column AA.
3. Click Edit | Copy.
4. Click anywhere on System file.
5. Click on the NODES tab at the bottom of the System file.
6. Click on Column A on the first row after all node data. The cell becomes highlighted.
7. Right click highlighted cell and Paste. Node data is now merged.

MERGE PIPES:
1. Click anywhere on Subsystem file.
2. Click on the PIPES tab at the bottom of the Subsystem file.
3. Starting at Column A, Row 2 hold left click down and drag mouse down and to the right to highlight all rows of pipes and all columns from Column
A to Column Z.
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4. Click Edit | Copy.

5. Click anywhere on System file.
6. Click on the PIPES tab at the bottom of the System file.
7. Click on Column A on the first row after all pipe data. The cell becomes highlighted.
8. Right click highlighted cell and Paste. Pipe data is now merged.

MERGE PUMP IDs:

1. Click anywhere on Subsystem file.
2. Click on the Pump ID Data tab at the bottom of the Subsystem file.
3. Starting at Column A, Row 2 hold left click down and drag mouse down and to the right to highlight all rows of pump ID s and all columns from
Column A to Column AM.
4. Click Edit | Copy.
5. Click anywhere on System file.
6. Click on Column A on the first row after all pump ID data. The cell becomes highlighted.
7. Right click highlighted cell and Paste. Pump ID data now merged.

SAVING MERGED FILE:

1. Click anywhere on Subsystem file.
2. Click File | Close.
3. Click File | Save As.
4. Give the merged file a new filename and click Save.
5. Click File | Exit.

IN Pipe2024:
1. Reopen the Pipe2024 window. If Pipe2024 is not still loaded then RELOAD Pipe2024.
2. Click FILE | Import Export (Pipe2000 Utilities in Classic interface) | IMPORT EXCEL FILE.
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3. On the Save the File? Information box, Click No.

4. On the Opening File box select the merged file and click OK.
5. Correct the Pump ID s for Subsystem pumps. The pumps from the Subsystem file will have new ID numbers assigned in the new merged file. The
correct pump curve data is included in the merged file but the assigned ID numbers are now different and needs to be corrected.

For copy and paste of node data, see Node Information Window

4.3.3 Automatic Demand Distribution

Two approaches for demand distribution are available: Pipe Diameter Based and Polygon Based
Polygon Based Demands (Pipe2014 and later versions) - input a Total Demand. The more densely clustered an area of piping is, the less demand per pipe is
assigned. More isolated pipes receive more demand.
Pipe Diameter Based Demands - Demands are distributed based on pipe diameter. The default is for smaller pipes to be favored but the user has some control over
this relationship using the Distribution Factor slider

In the Main Toolbar, under Faciliites Management / Other is the Automatic Demand Distribution option. The following menu appears:
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Pipe Diameter-Based
All of the pipes in the system will appear in the list above.
Apply Demands Only to Selected Pipes - If pipes are selected on the map view using Group Mode, this option may be used to apply demands only to those pipes.
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Value to Calculate - depending on this selection, the user fills out two of the following data fields.
Number of Residential Meters - Enter Average Demand Per Meter and Total Demand to Distribute both in system flow units.
Average Demand Per Meter - Enter Number of Residential Meters and Total Demand to Distribute in system flow units
Total Demand To Distibute - Enter Number of Residential Meters and Average Demand Per Meter in system flow units
You'll notice as these fields are filled, the Total Demand for each pipe is automatically updated. Also the field below the pipes represents the total number of meters.
Distribution Factor - to change the amount of demand placed on smaller or larger pipes, use this slider. As you move the slider to the right, more demand is assigned
to smaller diameter pipes, to the left will favor larger diameter pipes. Reset will place the slider in the orginal position. These may be edited manually also. Just click on
the Demand Per Unit Length Adj. Factor column and enter the factor. The formula for this is:
Demand per Unit Adj Factor = (10/Diam)^(Distrubution Factor).
Apply This Demand as Residential Meters - demand will be distributed as a number of Residential Meters for each pipe.
Apply This Demand at Junction Nodes - demands will be distributed as Demands at junctions nodes in system flow units
OK - exit
The demands are applied as Residential Meters with an Average Residential Meter Demand. The number of Residential Meters assigned to each pipe is shown in the Pipe
Info window. In the Classic interface, this is in the Other Data pipe box.
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Then under System Data | Other you'll see the Average Residential Meter Demand

Note that demands and meters may be edited further in the map after automatic demands have been applied.

Polygon-Based
Only total demand is input. The more densely clustered an area of piping is, the less demand per pipe is assigned. More isolated pipes receive more demand.
The demand will be applied at junction nodes.
Theissen polygon method is used to distribute demands.
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4.3.4 Finding and Correcting Disconnected Pipes -Connect Crisscross Pipes

There are many tools available to assist with finding and correcting disconnected pipes, including the related issue of unwanted parallel pipes. These tools are under the
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Build/Edit tab as shown:

Error Check

This selection will intelligently evaluate your data file and check for various errors in the system layout or data.

Connectivity Check

When a pipe is selected in a system, this feature checks to make sure every other pipe in the system is connected to the selected pipe. This is particularly useful in

checking newly imported data from another source (e.g. Excel, AutoCAD). You will be given the option to display the disconnected pipes in a separate report

(added in Pipe2024). This is helpful for hard-to-find or very small disconnected pipes.

The pipes will also be noted in the Data Table (click on the Table button to the left of the Map Screen). In the Data Table, select Pipes. Check the Selected Items Only box

to list disconnected pipes. Alternately, under Hidden data, look in the ~Selected column and disconnected pipes will be noted with a 1.

Find/Purge Parallel Pipes

See more here.
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Connect Crisscross Pipes

This feature connects pipes which cross over or come very close to other pipes but are not connected. It adds a junction node at the intersection and connects crisscrossed
or near pipes to the node. The pipes are divided into multiple separate pipes.
Crisscross pipes and near pipes which lack connectivity:

Once the Connect/Fix function is applied, the above system may look like this (there are advanced options which are discussed below):
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Pipes are connected, if they cross or fall within the specified tolerance.

To launch, in the KYnetic Ribbon, go to Build/Edit - Fix CrissCross

In the KYnetic Toolbar, go to Edit

Click Connect Crisscross Pipes

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A tolerance value may be set. The default is 1 (ft or m). For pipes which are close but not crossed the tolerance refers to the distance from the pipe end to the nearest
pipe:

You may click Start now, or choose from some Advanced Options.

If the Advanced Options box is checked, the selections shown below appear. These selections can be used to control the kinds of connections and fixes that are applied to
the model.
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Snap Floating Nodes - Certain nodes such as hydrants and on/off values that are not connected to any pipe will be moved and placed within the nearest pipe if they are
within the tolerance distance.
Remove Bad Links – This fixes any bad connections that were created during the import process. This needs to be done before most of the other connection steps.
Fix Disconnects – When the end node of one pipe is within the tolerance distance of another pipe but not connected to anything it will be connected to that pipe. If a
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node in that pipe is within the tolerance distance, then it will be connected to that node otherwise the end node will be inserted into the pipe at the closest point.
Merge Nodes – If two nodes (at least one of which is an intermediate node) are connected by a pipe but still fall within the specified tolerance, then these two nodes will
be merged into one.
Connect Crossovers – If two pipes cross over each other in the middle, but there are no junction nodes within the specified tolerance, these pipes will be connected,
and a junction node will be placed at the intersection
Check Node Names – Any duplicate node names will be found and fixed
Only Check Selected Pipes - if this option is checked, only the pipes which are group-selected in Group Mode will be considered. Note BOTH pipes which will be
connected must be selected. If one pipe is selected but the pipe it crosses with is not, then the two pipes will not be connected.
Remove Circular Pipes – If a pipe begins and ends with the same node, then this pipe will be deleted if the length is also = 0. However, if the length is greater than the
tolerance, then the pipe will have a junction node inserted to make it into two pipes. These pipes will be in parallel and so may be flagged if the “Find/Purge Parallel
Pipes” function is used.
Do All Steps Once – This will do all the above steps in order. If Remove Circular Pipes After each Step is checked then this will be done after each step.
Repeat Steps Until Done – This will repeat the Do All Steps Once sequence until no more items are fixed in any of the steps. This is not recommended. Instead just
use the Do All Steps Once function repeatedly.

Once the connections are complete, you will see several dialogue boxes which report the results.
Here are some examples:
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Remember that Find/Purge Parallel Pipes might delete a divided circular pipes, so you may choose to not automatically delete these, but view the parallel pipes which
have been identified one-by-one.

If after a new Connectivity Check, there are still disconnected pipes, run Fix CrissCross again, but with a slightly higher tolerance.

Repeat until the system is all connected.

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4.3.5 Data Requirements

Data Requirements

System Data
Pipe Data
End Node Data
all nodes
junction data
pump data
tank data
reservoir data
regulator data
pressure supply data
loss element data
sprinkler data
active valve
Internal Node Data
all nodes
metered connections
hydrants
Text Node Data
Change Data
Demand Pattern Data

4.3.6 Data Tables

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Data Tables

See also Data Tables - Quickstart Example

The Data Table is the spreadsheet-style, writable format which can be used for entering, editing, and manipulating (see Excel Import) data for a Pipe2024 file. In general
this is not the recommended method for handling data, but the use of data tables can provide some additional options and capabilities. Data Tables are accessed by
clicking the Table button in the left-hand, vertical tool bar on the Map screen. Editing of data tables may be done directly with the data tables (for existing elements),
through the map screen or in the advanced spreadsheet editor, accessed by clicking the ALL button. Note that new pipes and nodes may only be added in the advanced
editor. See Data Tables - Quickstart Example for and example of how to enter a system using the data table editor.
There are six main tables; Junctions, Pumps, Tanks, Reservoirs, Nodes, and Pipes. Click on the corresponding button or on the drop-down box to access these. Click on
All to access the advanced editor. Click on Map to return to the Map screen. Other network elements may also be summarized in a data table. These items are all listed in
the drop-down selector box.
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Junctions - summary of all Junction Nodes. See also Junction Data

Demand 1, 2, etc. - These columns contain the baseline value (in specified flow units, gpm, cfs, etc.) for each demand type at that node. Many users will
not choose to use Multiple Demand Types (see Junction Data) and will have only one demand per node. The default column for this case is Demand1.
Each node may have up to five different demand types, if multiple demand types are specified..
Demand Type 1, 2, etc. - The Demand Type columns contain the integer identifier for each demand type group. While each node may only have 5
different demands associated with it, the system as a whole may have as many demand types as desired. A zero always refers to a Residential demand,
but all other integers are user-defined groups (e.g. for the user a 1 may identify light industrial demands, a 2 may be heavy industry, etc.). Assigning a
Demand Type to each demand at a node allows the user to manipulate a group of demands for such applications as an Extended Period Simulation.
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Pumps - summary of all Pumps Nodes

See also Pump Data

Speed/Power - For a pump with an ID (meaning a pump curve is associated with the pump) this is where the speed goes (a multiplier, 1 being the normal
speed). For a constant power pump (no ID) this is the power in horsepower or kilowatts.
Efficiency - In units of 0-100%, for constant power pumps (hp or kw).
Type - There are two types of pumps. Either a 1 is entered in this column for constant power pumps, or a 0 is entered for a pump with a pump curve.
ID - When a pump is identified with a pump curve, the curve data is assigned an ID number. That ID (an integer, 1 - 250) is entered in this column. The
column is blank for a constant power pump. To edit a pump curve, do so in Node Information Window on the Map screen.
Tanks - summary of all Tank Nodes
See also Tank Data

Max Level -The maximum level (elevation in ft. or m) to which a tank may fill.
Min Level - The minimum level (elevation in ft. or m) to which a tank may drain.
Initial - The elevation of water in the tank at the beginning of the simulation.
Inflow - This is the amount (if any) of flow (in specified flow units, mgd, cfs, etc.) into the tank from an external source.
Volume (Diameter) - If the tank is a constant diameter tank, the diameter (in ft or m) is entered in this column as a negative number. Otherwise enter the
volume of the tank (ft3 or m3)..
Shape ID - For tanks which are not constant diameter tanks, shape data to describe the change in volume as the tank fills and empties is entered and
edited in the Node Information Window in the Map screen. This data is assigned a Shape ID. This ID is entered in this column.
Reservoirs - summary of all Reservoir Nodes
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See also Reservoir Data

Grade - elevation of water surface (or elevation plus pressure head of a pressure supply) in ft or m.

Nodes - summary of all Nodes (including pumps, tanks, reservoirs, etc)

Item1 - 5, etc. - Because this screen is a summary of several types of nodes, Items 1 - 5 contain node-specific data. See individual tables to identify the
data.
~Type - The data in this column are Node type identifiers. Node types are identified with an integer as follows: 1 - junction, 2 - tank, 3 - reservoir, 4 -
pumps, 8 - sprinkler, 9 - regulator, 11 - loss element, 12 - active valve, 14 - pressure supply, 17 - rack sprinkler. Other node types are intermediate nodes
and should be entered and edited in the map screen. When adding a Node in the editor, a Node Type must be entered.
~Reference - Internal use only.
Item6 - 10 - Node-specific data. See individual data tables to identify the data.
~Not Used - Internal use only
~Result Index - Internal use only
Result - Internal use only
Image File - Nodes may have a bitmap image file associated with them for display on the Map screen. This column contains the full path and filename for
this node image including the .bmp extension.
Pipes - summary of all Pipe Links
See also Pipe Data
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Node1 - The name of the first connecting End Node. The Node order should be in the allowed flow direction for a pipe containing a check valve. New
pipes may only be added in the advanced editor (All button). When adding a new pipe in the editor be sure to specify node 1 and 2 and leave ~index 1
and 2 blank. In addition, when adding pipes in the editor, the nodes entered must be end nodes (not intermediate nodes).
~Index1 - Do not edit
Node2 - This is the name of the next connecting Node along the pipe link (may be an Intermediate Node and not necessarily the next Junction Node) to
which flow in the pipe goes. When using the advanced editor to add new pipes, always enter the end node (as opposed to an intermediate node). Even
though an intermediate node may be listed in this column, Pipe2024 recognizes the End Node for the pipe link in it's analysis. To view a pipe link list,
select Hidden Data and view the Nodes screen. For pipes which list an Intermediate Node in the Node2 Column, the end nodes will be listed in the
column called Links.
~Index2 - Do not edit
Length - Length of pipe in ft or m.
Diameter - Diameter of pipe in inches or mm.
Roughness - Roughness of the pipe according to the specified method of analysis (Hazen-Williams, etc.)
Minor Loss K - Sum of minor loss coefficients for Fittings (length is taken into consideration in the analysis)
~Length Fixed - A 1 in this column means the length will be fixed. Otherwise, the length will be scaled as it appears in the Map screen.
~Selected - Internal use only
~Roughness Fixed - A 1 in this column means the roughness will be fixed. This precludes the pipe from inclusion in any roughness calibration or age-
based calculation.
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Material/Rating - Material and rating entered as "pvc|200" (for example). Keep the same same format when entering the material, separate the material
and rating by a "|" (symbol above the backslash), and then enter the rating.
Reference Year - This is the reference year for roughness calculations, usually the installation year.
# of Meters - Number of residential meters connected to the pipe link.
Fittings - The symbols for each fitting is entered. There are default symbols, but these may be user defined.
~Reference- Internal use only
~Result Index - Internal use only
Result - Internal use only
Calibration Group - user data item
Bulk Rate - Water quality (EPANET) data
Wall Rate - Water Quality (EPANET) data
All
This is the advanced spreadsheet editor. It may be used to add pipes, nodes, etc. Additional columns may be added in this mode. The format is identical to the individual
data tables (includes User and Hidden data). Use the advanced editor to import data from another spreadsheet. See Excel Import. To edit a table, click on All, and then
the tab at the bottom of the screen to access the table of interest. Files may be saved and loaded within the advanced editor.

Map
Returns to the Map Screen

Selected Items Only

This is an option to show only selected rows. These rows are first selected in Group Mode in the Map screen and then will appear in the data table.

Primary Data
This selection will display only the primary data associated with each data table.

User Data
This selection will display only the User Data for each data table. User Data refers to the data used to specify groups within the system to be used for Selected Output or
for such functions as Calibration or Constraint calculation (see also Reports (System Data), Sets and Group Mode, Pipe User Box, Node User Box ). For the Junction,
Pump, Tanks, Reservoir, and Nodes data tables, columns 26 and higher are reserved for User Data. For the Pipes data table, columns 22 and higher are reserved..

Primary and User

This selection will display Primary and User Data. In the above explanations of the data tables, Primary and User data is displayed for all data tables except for pipes,
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which includes Hidden Data also.

Hidden
This selection will display all of the columns in the data table. This includes Primary Data, User Data, and some additional items such as node coordinates which, in
general, will not need to be edited using the data tables. An exception to this would be a user entering all data through the data tables, instead of graphically, where
coordinate data entry would be necessary.

Common column headings:

Index - In all data boxes the Index is the spreadsheet row number.
Name - the alpha-numeric reference for the network element. A default is assigned by Pipe2024, but may be edited by the user. Do not change
the names of elements in the editor, use the map!
Elevation - this is the elevation of the network element. For End Nodes such as Tanks, Reservoirs, and Pumps this is the elevation of the Pipe
Link at the point where it connects to the End Node. The units are in ft (or m)
Title - This is a user-assigned reference of up to 255 characters. This alpha numeric information can be displayed on the Map screen (in the
Main Menu, click on Labels and either Pipe or Node Title), and in printouts.
Constraint Group - This is an integer identifier used when setting up a constraint to define a parameter for a group of pipes. See Sets and Group
Mode or the video entitled Group Editing on the Pipe2024 tutorial program for instructions on how to set up a Constraint Group.
Constraint groups may be edited in the data table, but it is recommended to create such groups in Group Mode in the Map screen.
Initial Concentration - For EPANET analyses, this is the constituent concentration of Chlorine or other chemical additive in ppm.
Initial Age - For EPANET analyses, this is the age of water at beginning of an EPANET simulation. This is user defined. May use more than one
Initial Age column, e.g. Initial Age 1, Initial Age 2.
Limited Output - Limited Output is considered an Attribute for Selected Pipe or Node Output (see Reports (System Data)). This column is simply
reserved as an additional way to specify a group of network elements for use with the Selected Output feature. Selected Output is a
feature used to generate an output report displaying a group of results of interest to the user. This is especially useful for large systems
where output reports can be lengthy . Unless otherwise specified when creating a new file (appears as a check box option in the New
File Specifications Screen), Limited Output columns will appear in each data table by default. As with other group types, Limited Output
groups may be created using Group Mode in the Map Screen (See Sets and Group Mode). A group may also be created or edited within
the data table. Elements to be included in a Selected Output report are identified by an integer value. A different integer is used for each
separate output group. Select the group to be used for each analysis in the System Data / Reports screen. See also Selected Output for
an example.
Off Status - a 1 in this column means the network element is turned off, a 0 means on.
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4.3.7 Data Table - Quickstart Example

Data Table - Quickstart Example
See also Data Tables

This is an example of how to use the data tables to enter a simple system. For this example we will use the data in the Quickstart Example found in the Quickstart
Example Pipe2024 Quickstart Guide. The initial data to be entered is as follows:

This system has been placed on a 100-foot grid and the first node, Reservoir A is placed at coordinates (0,0). In addition, the following ratings data has been provided: for
the pipe from Reservoir A use ductile:250, for the rest of the pipes use pvc:150.
To enter the piping data, click on Data Table icon in the Map screen to access the Data Table. Select Hidden data, so that the coordinates columns will appear on the
Nodes table as well as some other important data items. Click on the Pipes table and then on All to enter the advanced editor. The data will be entered under the Pipes tab
in this screen. It is a good idea to use the Pipe2024 naming convection and to call the pipes P-1, P-2 etc., the Junction Nodes J-1, J-2, etc., and the Reservoirs R-1, R-2,
etc.. Most importantly, however, remain consistent when entering this type of alpha-numerical data into the editor. Your data should look as follows:
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Note the ~Index columns are blank and the Intermediate Nodes (alignment changes) in Pipes 2 and 3 are NOT accounted for at this point. When entering a new pipe in
the editor, only enter the End Nodes in the Node1 and Node2 columns, never Intermediate Nodes. Placing the Intermediate Nodes must be done on the Map screen after
data entry is complete. Pipe2024 will automatically add the necessary data after those Intermediate Nodes are placed. Note the convention used to enter the material and
rating. A '1' in the ~Length Fixed makes the length entered into the Length column fixed, that is, it will not be changed or scaled if a connecting Node is moved in the Map
screen.

Next the Node data must be entered. We will start with the Reservoir data. Exit the editor, select Reservoir and then click on All to return to the editor. This step is
important because it lets the advanced editor know the type of data to be entered and the column headings under Nodes will be labeled accordingly, thus avoiding any
confusion as to the type of data to be entered for each Node Type. If this is not done then the Node editing table will be generalized for all Node Types, i.e. the columns
will be called Item1, Item2, etc, instead of Grade, Demand, etc. Click on the Nodes tab. The entered data for Reservoirs will look like this:
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Note that the coordinates correlate with the distance in feet, making the coordinates straightforward to calculate in the Quickstart example. A very important item is the
Junction Type. In the column ~Type, an integer identifier is entered which will differentiate the Node Types for the analysis. These are the types of End Nodes which may
be entered by the user (other numbers are reserved for intermediate nodes and will not be entered in the data tables by the user):
1 - Junction
2 - Tank
3 - Reservoir
4 - Pumps
8 - Sprinkler
9 - Regulator
11 - Loss element
12 - Active valve
14 - Pressure supply
17 - Rack sprinkler

Next enter the Junction data. Exit the editor, click on Junctions and then All to bring up the Junction-specific column titles in the advanced editor. Enter the remaining
data after the Reservoir data as follows (note the differing column headings for Junctions):
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Now, when the above data is viewed in the Map screen, the layout will be similar to that of the Quickstart example, excepting the placement of the two intermediate nodes
in Pipes 2 and 3. In the Map screen, select one of the two pipes (at this point you will not be able to visually differentiate between them as they fall in the same location on
the screen), Click Insert on the Pipe Information window and add an Intermediate Node. Click and drag the node which appears to the appropriate location.

Repeat this for pipe P-3 to complete the system layout. If you view the data tables again after this layout is complete, you will see the data that has been entered to account
for this alignment change.
Finally, let's add a pump into the system using the advanced editor. Click on Pumps and then All and go the the Nodes tab in the advanced editor. The Quickstart
Example calls for a constant power pump at 40 hp to be placed 100 ft from Reservoir A (R-1) in pipe P-1 with an elevation of 210 feet. Enter this data after the other
Nodes as follows:
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It is important to enter a 1 in the Type column, signifying a constant power pump (a 0 indicates a pump identified by a pump curve) and a 4 in the ~Type column
indicating this Node Type is a Pump. The layout including the pump may now be viewed in the map screen and the example is ready for an analysis.
For more detailed explanations of the data items, see Data Tables.

4.3.8 Deleting Intermediate Nodes

Deleting Intermediate Nodes

Pipe2024 has the ability to delete all or a portion of the intermediate nodes in a system. This may be particularly useful when a model is created from GIS or AutoCAD
data which occasionally will import with a large number of intermediate nodes.

In the main menu, select Edit, and Delete Intermediate Nodes.

In KYnetic:
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You may choose to delete all of intermediate nodes by clicking Yes.

If you choose No, the following will appear:

Enter the number of intermediate nodes to be deleted. Hit return.

In the example 15 was entered. Pipe2024 will look at all pipe segments, choose the 15 smallest ones and delete an intermediate node from each.

This process can be repeated until the user is satisfied with the appearance of the model.

4.3.9 Fittings
Fittings
See also the Minor Loss Table for Fittings.
See also Fittings Report

KYnetic Components menu icon:

To enable entering more than 75 fittings, check Show More Fittings box (Pipe2014 and later versions).
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KYnetic Fittings menu (access by clicking on Fittings input field in Pipe Info window):
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Fittings Data Table Fittings box

Pipe system models require as input data the sum of the loss coefficients (K's) for all the fittings associated with pipe links. The process of looking these up and summing
them for each pipe can be quite time consuming. A Fittings box is provided where you can select appropriate fittings from a list of common fittings and the loss
coefficients are automatically applied and tallied. A comprehensive list of fittings and associated loss coefficients is provided in the Fittings Table (Setup / Defaults -
Surge Users Manual 245

Fittings) and you can add to or modify this list. All the fittings in this table appear in the Fittings box. A table of Minor Loss Coefficients for fittings is provided for
reference. See also Pipe Data Boxes.
The Fittings Data Table is a user prepared table of up to 75 fittings with the name and the minor loss coefficient entered. Symbols (numbers, letters, and characters) for 75
fittings are provided and users may enter a fitting at any location of the list to utilize the appropriate symbol.
Different tables can be prepared, saved, and loaded to be used for data preparation. One list will be designated as the default which will be used automatically for new
files. A default Fittings Setup Table is provided for Pipe2024 users.

This button brings up a file selector box to load a previously saved list of fittings.

This button brings up a file selection window to save the current fittings to a file.

This button clears all the entries from the fittings table

This button causes the current fittings table to be saved as the default table which is used for new systems.

This button reloads the default fittings into the fittings table.

Note that if the original default file is lost and needs to be recovered a backup copy is included in the program installation as fittings.bak.

Table entries include:

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Fitting Type
A description of the fitting (standard elbow, for example)

Symbol
A non-editable single character (number, letter, etc.) associated with the fitting and used to label the fittings in the pipe link.

Minor Loss
The loss coefficient (K) for this fitting.
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4.3.10 Group Operations

Group Operations

Pipe2024 provides some advanced capabilities to select sets (of pipes or nodes) and selectively label these sets, to edit the associated data or change the node type of the
set. These operations are done in Group Mode. Some examples of operations you can do include:

1. Show all pipes with velocity above 8 ft/s.

2. Show all 6 inch pvc pipes, which were installed, between 1970 and 1980.

3. Show all nodes with a pressure between 30 and 40 psi.

See also: Sets and Groups

4.3.11 Groups, Subsets, Minimizing

Groups, Subsets, Minimizing
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There are several related functions in Pipe2024.

Basic Grouping - This is using Group mode (Group button on the left side of the map screen) to put together user-defined groups for various purposes, such as building a
constraint, calibration, user reference, creating subsets for analysis or limited output, etc. See Sets and Group Mode
Creating Subsets for Analysis - Using group mode, a subset may be created which can then be used for analysis, excluding the rest of the model. In contrast to
Skeletonization (described below), a subset used for analysis does not incorporate demands, supply elements or other aspects of the excluded portion of the model for the
analysis. See Subsets.
Limited Output - Also refered to as Selected Output. This group is created within group mode and is used to define which nodes and pipes are to be included in the output
report. Useful for large systems. See Selected Output.
Limited Output for Surge -
Skeletonizing - This is a specialized Module (premium version only). It allows the user to minimize the size of a model by reducing the total number of pipes but at the
same time maintaining the total system demand and supply nodes (if desired). This is especially useful for Surge analyses. Does not utilize group mode in creating the
skeletonized system. See Skeletonize.

4.3.12 Input and Editing Shortcuts

Input and Editing Shortcuts

dynamic drop down data list

Most drop down data lists (which are available if a down arrow button is displayed on the right end of the data box) are dynamic. This means that when new values are
entered they are added to the drop down list and can be selected for future entries. For example, if the data you need for the pipe Reference Year (installation year) does
not appear in the drop down list, key it in and it will be added to the list the next time you access this data list.
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series data entry

When you select a new pipe or node the active entry location remains unchanged. This allows you to enter a specific data parameter with a minimum of effort. For
example, if you wish to enter node elevations you can select a node and enter the elevations. You can then select other nodes and directly key in the desired elevation
values.

data sliders
Certain data entry boxes are accompanied by a slider below the box, which can be used to select a data value. The range and increments, which appear in each slider, may
be customized by the user (Setup/Default - Units). The arrow keys will also move an activated slider to the next smallest (largest) value. Below is an example of a slider
which is used to set the pipe length.
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orthogonalize Pipe
Under Edit in the main menu, with the target pipe selected, this feature causes the pipe to orthogonalize to the nearest horizontal or vertical position.

auto orthogonalize
Under Edit in the main menu, all pipes created with a new node while this feature is on will be orthogonalized to the nearest horizontal and vertical position.

repeat pipe
Select node and pipe. Starting at the selected node it will create a duplicate of the selected in the same orientation. The selected node will be Node 1
of the new pipe and the new node will be Node 2. Useful when laying out grid-type systems.

copy and paste pipes

You may select a group of pipes and nodes and copy them with all assigned attributes to another system (another .p2k file) or within the same

system. Using the GBox or individually selecting nodes and pipes in Group Mode, select the portion of the system which you want to copy. Under
Edit in the Main menu, select copy. Close the file and open the file to which you want to paste (or click on the desired location in the existing file).
Under Edit select paste. This will paste the nodes and pipes at the same cooridinates at which they were located in the original file. However, if you
enter Layout mode and select a node and then paste, the paste will occur at that node. The pasted system will not be connected to or overwrite any
part of the system to which it was pasted, even if two nodes are at the same coordinate location. After pasting the system you can click near the
pasted pipes and nodes and drag them to the desired position. It may be necessary to de-select and re-select one of the nodes if the click and drag
doesn't work intially.

4.3.13 Interpolate Elevations

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The Interpolate Elevations feature is found in the Internet Maps (under Appearance in the KYnetic Ribbon) menu under Elevations/Addresses tab.
The feature uses existing elevation data to update nodes with missing elevation data.

It is NOT necessary to have an Internet map loaded in the model to use this feature.
If there are nodes with Elevation = 0 (no data has been input) in a model, elevation values may be interpolated from nearby node elevations.
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After a new elevation value is added, elevation contours will be applied. Note: If the model has contours currently applied, these will be replaced by elevation contours.

As of release Pipe2022, the contours used for elevation interpolation are generated in tiles, with much more precision than was possible with a full-view generated
contour set.

4.3.14 Logical Text Inputs

Logical Text Inputs

To simplify the use of two of the more advanced modeling features Logical Text Input data setups are provided. With these, you need only to fill in some information, which is integrated
into a logical description of the setup and function. This approach will result in a clearer understanding and more effective use of these powerful capabilities. Examples of Logical Text
Inputs are shown below. The information in italics is entered or selected from drop down lists by the user.
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Control Switch Setup:

Pump B is on when Tank B is below 200 and off when above 250

Constraint (Parameter Calculations) Setup:

To maintain a pressure of 80 at node J-27 calculate the pump speed for pump Pump 4.

4.3.15 Materials and Rating

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Materials and Rating

Materials refers the material of which the pipe is made. See also Material Cost.
Rating refers to the maximum pressure for which a pipe is rated.
Material, Rating and Roughness defaults may be set up in the Pipe Type data table under Setups/Defaults in order to have a selection of pipes to choose from as a piping
system is laid out (to eliminate the step of typing in this data for every pipe). See Pipe Type (under Setups/Defaults)
See also
Pipe Data Boxes
Hazen-Williams Table
Darcy-Weisbach Table

4.3.16 Meter Based Demands

Meter Based Demands

See the Meter video on the kypipe.com web site.

Rather than using the traditional time-consuming approach for manually distributing user demands at nodes, Pipe2024 includes the option to graphically represent
meter connections that are associated with usage records. In this manner, the usage (demands) are automatically allocated to adjacent nodes for the model calculations
relieving the user of this tedious operation. This also allows the model to be readily updated at any time using current meter readings. Of course additional demands may
be specified at nodes in the traditional manner. This feature provides the two following options:
All metered connections can be individually represented. Each can be associated with a unique graphical symbol at a desired location or one graphical symbol
(metered connection node) may represent a collection of meters.

The number of residential meter connections is input for each pipe link along with individual metered connections for larger users. An average user value for a
residential meter connection is used to account for residential usage, while the additional input (System Data) and metered usage is tied to the non-residential meter
records.
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4.3.17 Operating Modes

KYnetic:

In KYnetic, click the bottom left corner of the program window to change modes.

Access to Layout, Group, Text and Fixed Modes are shown above.

Other Operating modes include Undo, Redo, Refresh and Clear buttons shown above. Read Classic entry below for more detail.

Classic Interface:

There are four Operating Modes for Pipe2024 and you can select the appropriate one by clicking on the desired button on the upper left edge of the display.
Hover over each button in the Pipe2024 Classic to see it's name.
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Layout - In layout mode you can add nodes and pipes and move individual nodes. You should operate in this mode only when you wish to add pipes and or nodes.
Fixed - In this mode you can not add or move nodes or add pipes. You can change node types and input and edit data. You should always operate in this mode when
appropriate so you will not inadvertently modify your system.
Fixed 2 - Nodes and pipes may be added but existing nodes may not be moved.
Text - This mode is used to add, modify or delete Text nodes.
Group - This mode is used for Group Operations such as set selection and editing. You can also move a group of nodes and delete groups of nodes and pipes. Within
Group Mode the following commands may be used:
G Box - Within Group Mode, this allows the user to select all network elements within a box drawn with the cursor.

Clear - Within Group Mode, click this to clear all selected elements. Also releases pan lock and other modes. See Pan Controls.

Other functions in this toolbar are as follows:

Refresh - This button is used to update the display. You may want to do this when changing zoom levels with contours on (to recalculate the contours) or to
update labels.

Table - Enter the Data Tables.

Push Pin - add notes to the map screen. More.

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North Arrow - add to map. The angle of rotation may be specified. Enter TEXT mode to edit, move, rotate, or delete.

Saved Views - set up saved zoom areas. Right click to name and save a view. Left click to select a saved view. See also Views.

Undo/Redo - can undo and redo up to 3 MAP CHANGES (not data changes). Note the Apply and Undo to Last Apply Command.

See also Panning Controls.

4.3.18 Pipe Diameter

Nominal Diameter - this is the diameter entered into the Pipe Data Box in the Pipe Information window.
Actual Diameter - Used in analysis, the actual inside diameter of the pipe. If no actual diameter is specified then the analysis defaults to nominal diameter. This value is
entered in the Pipe Type table. If an actual diameter is specified, this will appear in the Data Summary of the Report. The actual diameter may be displayed as a pipe
label under (Classic - Map Settings | Labels) or in the Pipe Info table by using the Actual Diameter icon at the bottom of the Pipe Info window (KYnetic only).

4.3.19 Pipe Type Data

Pipe Type Data
KYnetic:
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Classic:

See the Pipe Type video on the KYPipe web site.

The Pipe Type Table (shown above, under Setup/Defaults / Pipe Type) provides some very important capabilities which can save time for data entry. Once the
different Pipe Types to be used in the system have been set (or the default used) in the Pipe Type Table, a single Pipe Type selection in the Pipe Information
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window will set the material, rating, and diameter.

Quick Load a New Pipe Schedule - Several default pipe schedules may be loaded. When a schedule is loaded for an existing system, the schedule pipes
along with any pipes which are already entered into the system will appear in the table.

Note on Diameters: The analysis of a system considers the Actual (inside) Diameter entered in this table. If no Actual Diameter is specified, then the analysis
defaults to the Nominal Diameter. The Nominal Diameter is the value read from the Pipe Information window.
With the exception of Fittings Data the pipe characteristic for a selected pipe can be fully set in the Pipe Information window (below) by entering a Reference Year
(usually installation year) and then clicking on Pipe Type and selecting from the list which appears.

This sets the pipe material, rating, diameter, and roughness and the length is scaled. The roughness is calculated based on the age of the pipe. To effectively utilize this
feature the Pipe Type Table should include all the selections (material, rating, and diameter) in your system. Therefore, you should first edit the current Pipe Type Table
(above) or load in a previous one so that your selections are available. The roughness calculations are based on values in the table for new pipe and either an estimate of
the value for a 10 year old pipe or a calculated 10 year value based on calibration. Age based roughness will be assigned to each pipe if the required data (Reference
roughness and 10 year roughness) is entered into the table and the Reference Year is entered for the pipe (Pipe Information Window). A radio button is provided to select
whether the 10 year roughness will be based on estimated values (no calibration) or values computed through calibration.

The Pipe Type Table contains the following items:

Material
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The pipe wall material (such as pvc, ductile, etc.)

Rating
The pressure rating of the pipe.

Nominal Diameter
The rounded off inside diameter of the pipe (6" for example).

Actual Diameter
The actual inside diameter of the pipe (6.078" for example).

Unit Cost
The cost per unit length of the pipe.

Reference Roughness
The initial roughness (normally for new pipe) used for age based roughness calculations (applies at age = 0).

Estimated 10-Year Roughness

The estimated pipe roughness at age 10 years for the age based roughness calculations. See Age-Based Roughness - Estimating the 10-yr roughness and Tools for
calcuting the 10 year roughess.

Calibrated 10-Year Roughness

The pipe roughness at age 10 years based on calibration data.

Calibration Group
An integer which is used to identify a group of pipes to be used for calibration or other grouping applications.
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Wall Reaction Rate

The rate at which a constituent decreases due to a chemical reaction with material along the pipe wall. See Quality.

Bulk Reaction Rate

Rate at which a constituent within the bulk flow decreases. See Quality.

4.3.20 Sets and Group Mode

Sets and Group Mode
Selecting a set
Editing a set
Using sets for presentations
See the Groups video on the KYPipe web site.

Pipe2024 provides some advanced capabilities for defining and utilizing pipe and node groups. These features will allow you to do some complex operations very quickly.
Examples of these operations could include:
Select all pipes with a diameter of less than 6 inches and flowrates below 100 gpm.
Add 20 feet to the elevations of all nodes.

What is Group Mode?

Group mode is a mode for set selection, set editing, and set results (tables and graphs) presentations.
Important note - after Group operations are complete, always go back to Layout Mode.

What is a Set?
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A set is a collection of nodes or pipes specified in Group Mode.

How do you select a Set?

Set selection (from Map or Info Window)
There are a several ways to create a group. Important note - after Group operations are complete, always go back to Layout Mode:
1. (KYnetic only) Select Group option by clicking bottom left corner of program screen then proceed to click on individual nodes or pipe. Click again to deselect.

2. Click the Group button then proceed to click on individual nodes or pipe. Click again to deselect.

3. Click Group Box (see above) and draw a box around pipes and nodes to be selected.
4. (KYnetic only) Click Group Polygon (see above) and left click to draw polygon points, right click to finish polygon.
5. (KYnetic only) Click on the node or pipe in the map view. Then in the Node/Pipe Info window, check the "Group" box as shown. If you are in layout mode, this
will add the selected pipe/node to the underlying group. When you go into Group mode, you will see the selected pipes/nodes:
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6. Set selection through data query. See details below.

Deselect (from Map or Info window)

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Ways to de-select from a group

1. Click Clear button to deselect all, this clears the entire group for both pipes and nodes.

KYnetic: ( ) Classic:
2. Click individual pipe/node with mouse in the Map view to remove the items from the group one at a time.
3. (KYnetic only) In the Node/Pipe Info window, click on the Name cell of the item to remove, then uncheck the Group box at the bottom of the Info
window to remove:
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Navigating Groups
Expand Node/Pipe Info window
The Info window may be sized to better view the data for a selected group. Click and drag the left edge of the Info window, then use the refresh button.
Find Node or Pipe
When a group is already selected and the data is being viewed, you can jump to and zoom to a specifc node/pipe in the map view by clicking the Node/Pipe
name cell, then the Find Node/Pipe icon at the bottom of the window.
The image below demonstrates both expanding the Info window and finding a single pipe within a group
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Set selection (based on pipe/node data)

Classic:
In group mode this Information Window (Set Selection) allows pipes or nodes to be selected or deselected by parameter or attribute.

For example: all 12 inch PVC pipe with a rating of 150psi may be selected.
1) Select Diameter (from drop down parameter list) , select 12" from the listed values, and click on New Set
2) next select Material, choose PVC, and click on Select from Set
3) select Rating, choose 150, then click on Select from Set.

KYnetic:

There are two ways to create a group based on node/pipe attributes in KYnetic. Important Note: For nodes only, ther
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Option 1: Group Edit Menu

Under Map - Group Edit, there are options to Select All Pipes or Nodes. Or use the drop-down selector to select based on a specific attribute, such as Elevation or
Pressure Results.

Option 2: Click on Info window row headers:

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Click the row heading of any parameter in the node or pipe window.
Note, to edit diameter (not Pipe Type) as shown, click the "Display Pipe Type..." icon at the bottom of the Pipe info window, shown below:

For example: all 12 inch PVC pipe with a rating of 150psi may be selected.
1) Click the diameter row heading. In the box that appears, select "12" and click New Group button
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2) Next click Material row heading, choose PVC, and click on Select from Group
3) Click on Rating, choose 150, then click on Select from Set.
Added in Pipe2018: Ability to sort the values in Descending order as shown:

The following limitations apply to Classic Interface only. All parameters may be Group Mode selected in KYnetic interface.
For Nodes, here is a list of all the possible attributes that can be used to select nodes:

Note: Static Head select is based on the static head reference elevation defined in System Data | Preferences. For pressure results, use Result A.

For Pipes, here is a list of all the possible attributes that can be used to select nodes:
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Range selection (KYnetic)

Click the attribute to be edited. In the Group Select and Editing window, click the Define Range button as shown below. A Define Range for Group Select window
appears.
Select the Start and End values, as shown in the example. Then click Use This Range, or Add This Range to the Selected Items to append the group.
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How do you edit a set?

Classic:
In Group Mode this Edit Pipe (or Node) Set window allows you to group edit the selected node or pipe set.
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Three types of changes are possible:

1) Turn selected set on (open) or off. (closed)
2) Change selected set of nodes to another node type (if the requirements for the change are fulfilled). Select operation from item to edit drop down list.
3) Change selected node or pipe values using one of the following operations:
a) New value
b) Add / Subtract a designated value
c) Multiply / Divide a designated value
d) Specify an Exclusive Value (this will assign the chosen value to the selected set and change any element outside of that set which shares the same value to 0).

KYnetic Interface:
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The available editing options will appear on the left side of the window, as shown above. The options will depend on whether pipes or nodes are selected and which node
type.
Three types of changes are possible:
1) Turn selected set on (open) or off (closed)
2) Change selected set of nodes to another node type (if the requirements for the change are fulfilled). Select operation from item to edit drop down list.
3) Change selected node or pipe values using one of the following operations:
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a) New value
b) Add a designated value
c) Multiply a designated value

The following limitation apply to Classic Interface only. All parameters may be Group Mode edited in KYnetic interface.
For Nodes, here is a list of all the possible attributes that can be edited and nodes types that may be changed to:

For Pipes, here is a list of all the possible attributes that can be edited:

How to use sets for selected presentations

Selected Labels Only (Map Setting / Labels Tab)
When this check box is activated only labels for the selected set will be displayed (Group Mode)
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Selected Results
In Group Mode the Node (Pipe) Graph and Results Table will include the specified node or pipe set (up to 10 plots for a graph and 50 columns for the results table)

Selected Values (Pipe2024)

This option is useful when looking at the data for a group of nodes diagnostically. Once you select a group, you can choose the attribute to show in the Group Selection
and Editing box. Then you can choose to only display the data of the selected node group instead of the data for that attribute for the whole model. For example, let's say
you want to find the highest pressure, not for the whole model, but only for the nodes in a certain area of the system. Select the nodes in the area of concern. Display the
pressure results by clicking the row header for Pressure A. Then in the Group Selection and Editing box, check Selected Only. Now only the pressure values in the area of
concern are shown and the max and min values can be easily identified.
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4.3.21 Simulation Specs

Simulation Specs
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In KYnetic use System Data icon:

This window controls some of the primary information about the analysis to be performed.

Specific Gravity
Unless otherwise defined, water (specific gravity = 1) is assumed to be the liquid being transported. Other liquids are considered by inserting a non zero entry. This
number is the specific gravity of the liquid being considered (ratio of liquid density to water density). Note the use of liquids other than water requires utilizing an
appropriate head loss equation (usually Darcy Weisbach).
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Units
See Units/User Units. Selects English or Metric units for the flowrate and associated input data and results output, or allows the user to create units. See also the
individual system types:
Surge
Fire (GoFlow) or Units GoFlow
Gas or Units Gas and Steam
Steam or Units Gas and Steam
Stormwater

Friction Equations
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Hazen-Williams - For water and wastewater only. Note: some limitation exists in the Hazen Williams method of calculation for pipes < 3 inches and velocity > 3 m/s (10
ft/s).

Darcy Weisbach - For water and other liquids

Manning - When working with storm sewer models, generally storm sewer systems flow in open channel conditions (which is not supported in KYPipe or Surge
models) but during peak flow conditions they may flow as surcharged (full flow) conditions. When this occurs, KYPIPE may be used to model storm sewer
network models and the Manning equation may be used.
Modified Hazen Williams - This equation is commonly used in India and is recommended by the government agency (Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering
Organization - CPHEEO).

*Note Roughness values will need to be input according to friction equation used. For suggested roughness values see Hazen Williams and Darcy Weisbach

Headloss Factor
This factor will be applied to the friction loss equation and will increase/decrease computed frictional headloss in a pipeline by Headloss factor. It does not effect Fittings or additional
minor losses added to pipes. It multiplies the head loss only. Many modelers use this method for handling minor losses (equivalent pipe length method) when doing hand or
spreadsheet calculations and this makes it available in the Pipe program.

Kinematic Viscosity
When the Darcy-Weisbach equation is specified for head loss calculations, the kinematic viscosity, which is needed to employ this relationship, is input in this field. For
other liquids (and for water, if desired) the Darcy-Weisbach equation must be used and this option requires inputting the value for the kinematic viscosity (in ft*ft/s or
m*m/s). If this option is used, the pipe roughness must be input for use with the Darcy-Weisbach equation in the units of millifeet or mm. If kinematic viscosity is given
in Centistokes (cSt), one centistoke = 10-6 m2/s = 1.076 x 10-5 ft2/s
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Maximum # of Trials
This limit is set at 20 unless a different limit is specified here. It is unlikely that this limit will ever be reached, but it is imposed to guard against an unforeseen
convergence problem (this conceivably could be caused by poor data or a check valve or a pump operating extremely close to its boundary condition). Also attempting to
analyze a non-feasible situation involving parameter calculations may result in convergence not occurring. This option will also allow a smaller number of trials to be run
if desired. .

Accuracy
This parameter determines when the solution is accepted. It is defined as the total (absolute) change in flowrate in the pipes from the previous trial divided by the total
(absolute) flowrate. If this field is left blank the default value of 0.0001 is used which normally provides an extremely accurate result.

System Type
See Surge
Fire (GoFlow)
Gas
Steam
Stormwater

The user may choose the type of system being analyzed. Based on the chosen option, the calculated parameters and hence the output will reflect the system type. For
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instance, for Gas and Steam, no hydraulic grade or head is calculated, but density and pressure are.
Change Pattern and Demand Pattern
Use the Select Pattern drop down box to choose from a selection of patterns created and saved by the user. Once selected, the active pattern file
name will be displayed in the Pattern Name box. To clear the pattern, use the Clear Pattern button or select a new pattern. For information on creating
and using patterns, see Change Patterns or Demand Patterns under Setup/Defaults.

4.3.22 Snap Hydrants Valves and Meters

Snap Hydrants Valves and Meters

Available in both KYnetic and Classic interfaces.
It allows disconnected hydrants, valves and meters to be automatically inserted into the nearest pipe.

Go to Build/Edit - Snap
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Or in the KYnetic Toolbar, go to Facilities Management – Snap Hydrants, Valves, Meters.

A tolerance setting appears with a default value.

If some nodes are still disconnected, the feature may be launched again with a different tolerance value.
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Edit – Undo will undo the entire process – to three changes or steps.
Use with GIS Import
A context for this specialized feature is found in the GIS import process. To simplify the import of GIS data using the ArcGIS Import utility, especially with large systems,
a possible approach is to begin by importing only pipes and foregoing any other node files such as hydrants.
Columns of data for hydrants (for example) are copied from a spreadsheet type format (Excel) into the Data Table columns. Name, X and Y coordinates and ~ Type are
the minimum required data.
~ Type values: Hydrant = 6, Valve = 7, Meter = 10

This results in a model file with “floating” hydrants and no pipes:

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Save the model. Group select all the hydrants, go to Edit – Copy. Close the model, the open the file with the imported piping. Go to Edit – Paste. The model now looks
like this, but the hydrants are not connected:
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Now the system is ready for the Snap Hydrant, Valves, Meters process.

4.3.23 User Data

What is User Data?
Defining User Data and Pipe Type List
Inputting User Data.
Adding User Data Items.
Using User Data to Maintain Records.
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Labeling User Attributes.

Group Selections by User Attributes.

What is User Data?

User Data provides the means to set up and access customized data records for nodes and pipes. The User Data is secondary data which is normally not required to carry
out the hydraulic calculations. Once defined, User Data can be used to label maps, select groups, color emphasize, and for other Pipe2024 functions. There are several
important default User Data items which may be required for certain analyses.
Bulk Rate - water quality pipe parameter required for water quality analysis.
Wall Rate - same as above
Limited Output - a code used by the various modules to designate pipes and nodes for output tables and files. Usually the code is set to 1 to designate output.
See Selected Output.
Wave Speed - the sonic wave speed for a pipe - required for Surge transient analysis (see Surge - Pipe Data)
Calibration Group - a designation for a group of pipes (0-9) which is used for the Optimized Calibration to designate pipe groups for roughness adjustments (see
Calibration Data).

Defining User Data and Pipe Type List. With the exception of Limited Output, each of the above parameters can be defined in the Pipe Type Table. If this is done,
considerable time and effort can be saved if the data is required for an analysis. (For example, defining the Wave Speed in the Pipe Type data will cause the values to be
entered automatically when the Pipe Type is selected.)
Inputting User Data. The User Data is accessed by clicking on the User button in the Node (or Pipe) Information window as shown below.
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A value for the User Data item is entered by clicking on the data field next to or below the data item. If the data has been previously defined, the value will appear in this
box.
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Adding New User Data Items. You can add any desired User Data attribute by clicking directly on New Item (not the data value box below) which brings up the Attribute
Type box shown below.

You can enter the Attribute Name (for example Zone or Phase of construction) as shown. In KYnetic, the attribute may be changed to a Date format by clicking the new
item name and checking "This is a Date" in the Edit box that appears (see below). In Classic, select Attribute Type (Date for a date and List for all others), if applicable,
select the node type to which it will apply, and click OK. Now a new User Data item called Zone or Phase of construction will appear as User Data. Note you can use the
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same procedure to change the name of an existing User Data item.

Using User Data to Maintain Records. Records for devices in the pipe system can be entered using User Data as shown below.
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This represents some user data for the selected hydrant.

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Labeling User Attributes. Once a User Data item is added, this attribute becomes available for other operations such as map labels. If, for example, you wish to display
the address of certain devices you can select that attribute from the Node Label drop down list as shown below.
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You will get a display with the selected labels as shown below.
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Group Selections by User Attributes. The attributes are also available for Group Set Selections as shown below. Since the Set selection can select ranges and can
filter sets by several layers of selection this provides the opportunity to use Pipe2024 to select and display groups of items based on several criterion. For example, one
could select all valves manufactured by ABC and installed from years 1980-1999 which have not been maintained in the last two years.
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User Data provides an advanced data maintenance and selection capability.

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4.4 Units and Reference Tables

4.4.1 Analyzing for liquids other than water

Analyzing for liquids other than water

For an analyses with any liquid other than water, the specific gravity and viscosity are the two attributes required to be specified. Darcy Weisbach friction loss equation is
used.

4.4.2 Darcy-Weisbach Table

Important Note: Values of e are entered in Pipe Roughness field in units of millifeet or millimeters.

VALUES OF ROUGHNESS FOR THE DARCY WEISBACH EQUATION

Surface Absolute Roughness Coefficient

(mm) (millifeet)

Copper, Lead, Brass, 0.001 - 0.002 0.0033 – 0.0067

Aluminum (new)
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PVC and Plastic Pipes 0.0015 - 0.007 0.005 – 0.023

Stainless steel 0.015 0.05

Steel commercial pipe 0.045 - 0.09 0.15 – 0.3

Stretched steel 0.015 0.05

Weld steel 0.045 0.15

Galvanized steel 0.15 0.5

Rusted steel 0.15 - 4 0.5 – 13.3

(corrosion)

New cast iron 0.25 - 0.8 0.8 – 2.7

Worn cast iron 0.8 - 1.5 2.7 - 5

Rusty cast iron 1.5 - 2.5 5 - 8.3

Sheet or asphalted 0.01 - 0.015 0.033 – 0.05

cast iron

Smoothed cement 0.3 1

Ordinary concrete 0.3 - 1 1 - 3.33

Coarse concrete 0.3 - 5 1 - 16.7

Well planed wood 0.18 - 0,9 0.6 – 3.0

Ordinary wood 5 16.7

Darcy-Weisbach Equation
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Jain - friction factor Equation

4.4.3 Hazen-Williams Table

Hazen-Williams Table

VALUES OF C IN HAZEN WILLIAMS EQUATION

PIPE MATERIAL PIPE AGE PIPE SIZE C

Cast Iron New All Sizes 130

5 years old 12" and Over 120

8" 119

4" 118

10 years old 24" and Over 113

12" 111
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4" 107

20 years old 24" and Over 100

12" 96

4" 89

30 years old 30" and Over 90

16" 87

4" 75

40 years old 30" and Over 83

16" 80

4" 64

50 years old 40" and Over 77

24" 74

4" 55

Welded Steel Values of C the same as for cast-

iron pipes, 5 years older

Riveted Steel Values of C the same as for cast-

iron pipes, 10 years older
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Wood Stave Average value, 120

regardless of age

Concrete or Concrete Lined Large sizes, good workmanship, 140

steel forms

Large sizes, good workmanship, 120

wooden forms

Centrifugally spun 135

Vitrified In good condition 110

Plastic or Drawn Tubing 150

Hazen Williams Equation in English units:

L-ft, Q-cfs, D-ft

Hazen Williams Equation in SI units:

L-m, Q-cms, D-m
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Note: some limitation exists in the Hazen Williams method of calculation for pipes < 3 inches and velocity > 3 m/s (10 ft/s).
-Liou, C.P. "limitations and proper use of the HW equation", Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol 124, #9, American Society of Civil Engineering, NY 1998.
-Diskin, M.H."the limits of applicability of the HW formula", La Houille Blanche, #6, Nov 1960.

4.4.4 Minor Loss Coefficients Table

Minor Loss Coefficients Table

MINOR LOSS COEFFICIENTS FOR COMMON FITTINGS

TYPE OF FITTING MINOR LOSS COEFFICIENT(M)

Elbow: 45â standard 0.35

45â long radius 0.20

90â standard 0.75

90â long radius 0.45

90â square or miter 1.30

180â bend, close return 1.50

Tee: standard, along run, branch blanked 0.40

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used as elbow, entering run 1.30

used as elbow, entering branch 1.50

branching flow 1.00

Coupling 0.04

Union 0.04

Gate Valve: Full Open 0.17

¾ Open 0.90

½ Open 4.50

¼ Open 24.00

Diaphragm Valve: Full Open 2.30

¾ Open 2.60

½ Open 4.30

¼ Open 21.00

Globe Valve: Bevel seat: Full Open 6.40

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½ Open 9.50

Composition seat: Full Open 6.00

½ Open 8.50

Plug disk: Full Open 9.00

¾ Open 13.00

½ Open 36.00

¼ Open 112.00

Angle Valve: Full Open 3.00

Y or blowoff valve: Full Open 3.00

Plug cock: a = 5â 0.05

= 10â 0.29

= 20â 1.56

= 40â 17.30

= 60â 206.00

Butterfly valve: a = 5â 0.24

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= 10â 0.52

= 40â 10.80

= 60â 118.00

Check Valve: Swing 2.00

Disk 10.00

Ball 70.00

Foot Valve 15.00

Water Meter: Disk 7.00

Piston 15.00

Rotary (start-shaped disk) 10.00

Trubine wheel 6.00

4.4.5 Tools (Main Menu)

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Tools
10 Year HW Coefficient
Air Slam Pressure Surge
Air Valve Orifice Size
Bladder Precharge
Calculator
C Factor Calculator
Density and Viscosity Table
Extract Elevations from DEM Files
Force Calculations
Gas Properties
Generate Intermediate Pump File
Headloss Calculator
Hose and Nozzle Constants
Modulating (Regulating) Valve
Power (HP or KW) Calculations
Profile Import
Pump Characteristic Curves
Pump File Characteristics
Pump Selection
Residual Pressure Adjustment
Resistance Calculations
Select Pump File/Calculate Inertia
Spike Track
Sprinkler/Blowoff Constant
Turbine Data Convertor
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Units Converter
Valve Stroking
Wave Speed

Tools - Surge only

Equivalent Surge Tank Convertor
Export Air Valve Locations
Surge Tank Calculator

Tools - Gas only

Gas Cv Calculations
Gas K Calculations

4.4.6 Units
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Units for Simulation Specs

See also Units KYPipe and Surge
Units GoFlow
Units Gas and Steam
Units Help - Hover Buttons and Device Help

Units

For KyPipe and Surge there are 10 options for system flow units under System Data | Simulation Specs.

Units - Flow Units CFS (cubic feet/second)

GPM (gallons/minute)
MGD (million gallons/day)
Liters/Sec (liters/second)
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CMS (cubic meters/second)

Liters/Min (liters/minute)
Lb/s (pounds/second)
BPH (barrels/hour)
kg/s (kilograms/second)
USER (user defined units)

User Flow Units One of these options is USER. If USER is selected, then click on the User Units button and the following window will appear. The user may name the flow
units however they choose and then provide the conversion factor; cubic feet per second for English or cubic meters per second for SI to the unit chosen. In the example
below, we have chosen tons/hour and have provided the conversion factor of 112.32 tons/hr/cfs. All other units remain the same based on the English or SI selection. See
Units.
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4.4.7 Units Help - Hover Buttons

Units Help - Hover Buttons and Device Help

Hover Buttons - Point to (hover, do not click on) any data item title in the Pipe or Node Information window and a hint with units for that item will appear, both as a
pop-up box and as a note in the bar at the bottom center of the map screen.

- For more complicated elements, especially Surge Devices, there is a button in the Node Information window which says Device Help. Click
on this button for a detailed diagram of the device to which it is associated.

4.4.8 Units Pipe2000 : KYPipe / Surge

Units KYPipe / Surge

Flow length diameter roughness kinematic demand elevations, pressure velocity head loss pump pump pump
(Darcy viscosity grades, head flow power
Weisbach) (Darcy tank level*
Weisbach)

cms m mm mm m*m/s cms m kpa m/s m m cms kW

(gauge)

l/s m mm mm m*m/s l/s m kpa m/s m m l/s kW

(gauge)

cfs ft in mft ft*ft/s cfs ft ft/s ft ft cfs useful HP

psi (gauge)
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mgd ft in mft ft*ft/s mgd ft psi (gauge) ft/s ft ft mgd useful HP

gpm ft in mft ft*ft/s gpm ft psi (gauge) ft/s ft ft gpm useful HP

* Remember that elevations, grades, and tank levels are all measured from the same datum (elevation datum). If the elevation of the pipe connection to a reservoir (or
tank) is 100 ft (m) and the reservoir (initial tank level) is 20 ft (m) above that then the grade for the reservoir (or initial tank level) is 120 ft (m) (NOT 20 ft (m)).

Loss Element - table of pressure drop (ft or m) versus flow in defined units.
Sprinkler Constants - (flow rate in gpm (l/s))/(sprinkler pressure drop in psi (kpa))^0.5.
Example: flow = 10 gpm, pressure drop = 4 psi
K = 10 gpm/(4psi)^0.5 = 5
- See the Sprinkler/Blowoff Constant tool under Tools in the Pipe2024 main menu
Valve Resistance - (head drop in ft (m))/(flow in cfs (cms))^2
Example: flow = 1000 gpm (2.228 cfs), pressure drop = 15 ft
R = 15ft/(2.228cfs)^2 = 3.022
- See the Resistance Calcluation tool, under Tools in the Pipe2024 main menu.
For Cv, flow coefficient, the units are number of gpm per 1 psi pressure drop.
Regulator Setting - PRV, PSV - same as pressure (psi or kpa)
FCV - flow in defined units

Additional Units for Surge Devices:

Surge Protection Devices Inflow and Outflow Resistances - (head drop in ft (m))/(flow in cfs (cms))^2
For all types of Surge Tanks, Pressure Relief Valves, Surge Anticipation Valve, Rupture Disk, see Resistance Tool - dropdown options.
Surge Tank Diameter - ft. or m

Surge Tank Maximum Level (Spilling Surge Tank) - ft. or m. above pipe center line (not above Elevation Datum)

Air/Vacuum Valve Diameters - inches or mm

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Air Vacuum Valve Initial Air Volume - cubic feet or cubic meters
For more units information, see also 'Surge Elements and Data Requirements' in the Pipe2024 Help file.

4.5 Elements and Devices

4.5.1 Active Valve

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An Active Valve is a standard valve which may be opened, throttled, or closed for modeling purposes. The minor loss for an Active Valve is based on the valve type and the
open ratio is calculated and incorporated into the analysis. The open ratio can be changed by the user during a simulation using Change data.
Active Valve Data
Elevation - This is the elevation (ft. or m) of the valve.
Cv 100% (R 100%) There are two options to define loss across a valve, one is resistance (R) and another is flow coefficient (Cv).
R 100% - This is the resistance of the valve while it is 100% open. The resistance is the head drop (in ft. or m) over the flow squared (in cfs or cms). For example, a wide open
valve which has a head drop of 1.2 ft at 500 gpm (1.114 cfs) has a wide open resistance of (1.2 / (1.114^2) ) = 0.97.

Cv 100% - Under Preference menu or System Data/Preferences (Classic), a check box is provided to allow the use of a flow coefficient, Cv, usually provided by the manufacturer,
in lieu of the calculated resistance. Cv 100% must be a non-zero number. Cv is the flowrate in gpm required to cause a 1 psi drop in pressure (units gpm/psi^0.5). In SI units, Kv is
used (m3/h at sqr1bar). The conversion is made internally (Cv= Kv*1.156).
Initial Ratio - the is the ratio of the initial valve stem position to the fully opened stem position (0 = closed and 1 = wide open). The minor loss coefficient based on this
number is calculated and used in the analysis.
Grade - This appears only if no pipe links are attached to one side of the active valve so that the valve is at the end of a pipe. It is the HGL [ft (m)] of the connecting
reservoir. To model a discharge to atmospheric pressure, make this value equal to the elevation.
Valve Type - The type of valve is chosen from the drop-down selections. For all valve types, the ratio refers to the ratio of the stem position to the fully open position. A
ratio of 0.4 means the stem has moved 40% of the range from fully closed to fully open.
Check Valves - Pumps, active valves, and loss elements all can be equipped with a check (non-return) valve to prevent backflow. Either a normal check valve which will
close or open depending on conditions or a non-reopening check valve which will close only once and remain closed can be designated. The closing time (CV Time) is the
time it takes for the check valve to close once closing is initiated. The check valve resistance (CV Res) is the resistance (head/flow^2) when the valve is fully open.
Bypass Lines - (Surge feature) A bypass line is one which will open when the suction (upstream) head exceeds the discharge (downstream) head. The bypass line
resistance (Byps Res) is the resistance of this pipe. A valve bypass line is used to define a different resistance when flow reverses and is assumed to flow in the bypass line.

Active Valve Table

See also Custom Valves

KYnetic Toolbar - Under Component menu Active Valve Editor.

Classic menu - Other Data | Active Valves
The values in this table represent the open areas vs. open ratios (valve stem positions) for various active valves. The user may enter data for user-defined valves as well.
These additional valves will be included in the Valve Type drop-down selector box in the Node Information Data window.
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When creating a valve description, Effective area should be used for the area ratio vs stem position so that change in coefficient of discharge will be accounted for.

4.5.2 All About Pipes

Pipe Sections - The total length, inside diameter and roughness of each pipe section must be input as data. The designation of pipe roughness depends
on the head loss equation used. Users primarily interested in water distribution systems may prefer the Hazen Williams Equation which was developed to
compute line losses for pipes carrying water. If this expression is to be employed, the Hazen-Williams factor must be input as data for each pipe. This
roughness coefficient depends on the type and condition of each pipe and the Hazen-Williams Table gives the Hazen Williams Equation along with some
representative values for this coefficient. However, the variation with age depends somewhat on the location of the water distribution system and
sometimes field tests are required to obtain reliable values of the Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient for old pipes.

You may prefer or be required to employ the Darcy-Weisbach Equation for computing head loss. This expression can be applied to systems transporting
water and is required for fluids other than water. If this option is employed, the roughness for each pipe section corresponding to the Darcy-Weisbach
expressions must be input as data as well as the kinematic viscosity of the fluid for that system. The Darcy-Weisbach Table gives the Darcy-Weisbach
Equation along with the explicit relationship for calculating the friction factor employed by KYPIPE and some typical values for roughness for new pipes.
Again, the roughness depends on type and condition of the pipe.

Normal Flow Directions - Flow directions for lines with pumps, check valves, and pressure regulating valves must be correctly specified in the data
input and this is done by the order which the connecting nodes for the pipe section are input. The normal flow direction is assumed to be from the first
node input to the second node input. If the calculated flow is in the opposite direction it will be tabulated with a negative sign. An option is available to
report all flows as positive regardless of flow directions. This is available under the Analysis Setup window.

See Also: Model Calibration

4.5.3 All about nodes

All about nodes
See also End Nodes
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Nodes - Nodes are located at the ends of pipe segments and include all distribution system devices that are modeled. Internal nodes are located between two pipe
segments. End nodes are located at the ends of all pipe links and can connect other pipe links, represent a dead end or a connection to a supply. Text nodes can be located
anywhere on your map and are used for adding information to your map. End nodes count as nodes used for your model (for licensing purposes) while internal and text
nodes do not.

End Nodes
End Node Properties - End nodes are located at each end of all pipe links. End nodes represent both passive connections, such as junctions and connections to supplies,
and active elements, such as pumps. One or more pipe links can connect to a common end node. For non-directional end nodes (junctions, reservoirs, tanks, variable
pressure supplies, and sprinklers), pipe links can be connected in any manner. For directional end nodes (pumps, loss elements, and regulators), an inlet and outlet
connection point are shown and pipe links must be connected to the appropriate side of the element so that the direction indicated is correct. Pumps and loss elements (but
not regulators) can connect (on one side) directly to a reservoir. This condition is modeled when no pipe link connections are made to one side of the element. This side is
then modeled as a constant head reservoir and the reservoir head must be specified with the input data. All end node types can be interchanged. If a change is made from a
non-directional to a directional node, the pipe links will connect arbitrarily. It is necessary to make sure that the direction is correct and the pipe links are properly connected.
However, an end node can be changed to an internal node only if there are exactly two pipe links and the basic pipe link properties are the same (except length and minor
coefficients). If the properties are not the same, the change to an internal node will be possible only if an option to utilize common properties are accepted.

End Node Types - These include the following node types:

1. Junction - A connection of one (dead end junction) or more pipe links.

2. Reservoir - A connection of one or more pipe links to a constant level reservoir. During a simulation, the reservoir level remains constant unless data is provided to
change its value.

3. Tank - A connection of one or more pipe links to a variable level storage node. For EPS (extended period simulations) level changes are calculated.

4. Variable Pressure Supply - A connection of one or more pipe links to a supply where the supply pressure depends on the supply flow and is determined by using
pressure flow data provided.
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5. Sprinkler (Pressure Dependent Outflow) - A connection of one or more pipe links to a point where flow is discharged based on the pressure in the distribution system.
The characteristics of a connecting pipe may be defined (length, diameter, elevation change). This device can model a leak or a pressure sensitive demand.

6. Pumps (Directional) - A connection of one or more pipe links to a pump. The pump direction must be set and pipe links connected to the appropriate sides.

7. Loss (Directional) - An element identical to a pump except instead of a head gain, a head loss occurs.

8. Regulator (Directional) - A connection of one or more pipes is required to each side of the device that maintains downstream pressure (pressure regulating valve),
upstream pressure (pressure sustaining valve) or flow (flow control valve). The direction must be set and the pipe links connected to the appropriate side.

Internal Nodes

Internal Node Properties - Internal nodes are located between two pipe segments of identical properties. The intermediate node is usually a point where a directional
change occurs while the other internal nodes (valve, hydrant, in-line meter, metered connections, and check valves) are devices or model elements located in a pipe link.
From the modeling viewpoint, internal nodes are essentially passive devices (they do not directly affect the calculation), although they do provide added modeling capabilities.
Internal node types can be interchanged. They also can be changed to an end node at anytime. However, end nodes can be changed to internal nodes only if there are
exactly two connecting pipe links with identical pipe properties.

Internal Node Types - These include the following node types that are situated at a connection of two pipe segments with identical basic pipe properties:

1. Intermediate Node - No device at this location - usually represents a change of alignment.

2. Valve - Indicates location of cut-off valves.

3. Hydrant - Indicates location of fire hydrants.

4. In-line Meter - Indicates presence of an in-line meter for pipe link. It is used for EPS reports of total flows.

5. Metered Connections - Indicates location of metered connections. Meter ID may be specified to interface with meter records.
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6. Check Valve (Directional) - Indicates device in pipe link that prevents flow reversal. The correct direction (flow allowed in direction indicated) must be
selected in the pipe link.

7. Customized Device - Two additional internal nodes can be used to represent any desired devices (such as air release valves).

Additional Information

Text Nodes - Text nodes are used to provide information and can be located anywhere on your map. They are added and deleted in the ‘TEXT’ mode and several options are
available for displaying this information.

All Nodes - All nodes, including text nodes, have a location (‘x’ and ‘y’ coordinate) and an elevation (‘z’ coordinate). A text title can be defined and displayed. Also, a bitmap
image can be imported and displayed. Except for text nodes and intermediate nodes, all nodes have additional attributes (data). They are defined in the data information
boxes that are displayed when the node is selected and in the data tables that can be accessed for all nodes.

Check Valve

Active Valve

BFP (Back Flow Preventer)

Hydrant

Intermediate Node

Junction

Loss Element

Meter
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Pump

Rack Sprinkler ON

Rack Sprinkler OFF

Reservoir

Sprinkler ON

Sprinkler OFF

Tank

Regulating Valves

Variable Pressure Supply

Pressure Switch
Flow Meter
See Also: Minor Loss Components
Demand Specification

4.5.4 Annulus Pipe Flow

KYPIPE uses DW equation which was derived based on the assumption that the flow takes place in the entire inner space of the pipeline.
Hazen-Poiseuille equation is derived and generalized into DW equation by replacing viscosity term (vD/n) with 64/f, etc. For flows in annular regions of pipelines we can
derive a similar equation starting from fundamentals taking into account the friction term associated with inner friction surface. However, KYPipe currently does not do this.
Surge Users Manual 327

The best estimation for non circular pipes is that the hydraulic radius is calculated and used for the pressure drop calculation.

For an annulus
An annulus is formed by placing a smaller diameter pipe inside a larger diameter pipe. The cross sectional area of flow will be the cross sectional area
of the larger pipe calculated using the inner pipe diameter minus the cross sectional area of the smaller pipe calculated using the outer pipe diameter.
The wetted perimeter will be the inner circumference of the larger pipe plus the outer circumference of the smaller pipe.
Dh = 4 x (pi x (d1^2 – d2^2) / 4) / (pi x d1 + d2)
where d1 = inner diameter of larger pipe, d2 = outer diameter of smaller pipe"

Another equation used by the Petroleum industry:

EffectiveDiameter=((IDouter+ODInner)2 * (IDouter-ODInner)3)(1/5)

This effective diameter is used in substitution for ID (inner diameter) in any friction equations.

4.5.5 Blowoff Hydrant

Blowoff Hydrant

Blowoff / Hydrant Data

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This element models a section of piping which discharges through an orifice to the atmosphere. It models a blowoff or hydrant. The element will normally be closed but is
opened to flush the system or otherwise provide flow. The constant is defined by the relation:

Q= C w P
where Q is the flowrate in gpm (or l/s) and P is the pressure inside the opening in psi (or kPa). Using this definition the constant equals the flow in gpm for a 1 psi
pressure drop.

The constant (C) must be provided. Tools in the main menu contains a Sprinkler/Blowoff Constant calculator.

Blowoff/Hydrant Connection - A connecting pipe to the sprinkler can be defined with the following entries:

Length (ft. or m)
Diameter (in. or mm)
Elev Chg. (ft. or m)

Elevation Change
A positive entry means the blowoff orifice is above the connecting pipe. For no connecting pipe, ignore these data items (entries = 0).
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A blowoff is not considered in the Fireflow and Hydrant Analysis.

4.5.6 Check Valve

Check Valve

These valves allow flow only in the specified direction. If conditions exist for flow reversal, the valve closes and the line carries no flow. Check valve
locations and allowed flow directions are specified in the input data. There are some restrictions on the placement of check valves which are noted as
various components are discussed. The use of check valves can result in additional trials to converge. Therefore, it is recommended that you utilize them
only when necessary. Check valves are automatically incorporated in pumps to prevent flow reversal through the pump.

Simple Check Valves in KYPipe

Check Valves in Surge

4.5.7 Closed Loop Systems

Even if a loop is closed, all models require a supply, such as a Reservoir or Tank element, which sets the pressure in the system. No flow needs to go into or out of this
supply. It usually modeled as a branch off the loop.

When doing a closed loop system, a beginning and terminal end may be modeled as reservoirs. Regulators controlling flow, FCV-1s, or Loss Elements are often used to
model heat exchangers. Short pipes with high resistance is another options.

There is a slight difference between chilled water system and a cooling water system. The chilled water system uses the same reservoir Grade for beginning and terminal
ends. In a cooling water system, the cooling is represented by two reservoirs (beginning and terminal) at different grades.

4.5.8 Compressors
Compressors
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Modeled with the Pump element in Pipe2024. Compressors may be described by useful power or by operating data. Useful power refers to the actual power which is
transformed into an increase in the pressure of the gas as it passes through the compressor. This may be computed from the compressor pressure ratio p2/p1, the flow
W in lb/sec, and the ratio of specific heats k from hp = (WRT/550)(k/(k-1))[(p2/p1)^((k-1)/k)-1]. Alternately, a compressor may be described by operating data. If the
compressor cutoff pressure P1 and two additional points of operating data (pressure and flow) are entered as an ID (see Pump Data), the program will fit a curve to this
data. Note, if flow reversal occurs with a compressor described by operating data, that compressor will operate at the cutoff pressure. This would indicate that the
compressor cutoff pressure is not adequate to overcome the system pressure.
If the compressor discharge pressure is to be specified or is known, then a compressor may be taken to be a fixed pressure node. If the compressor is on an external
line, this fixed pressure node is simply a supply reservoir. If the compressor is on an internal line (a booster compressor), then this may be modeled as a pressure
regulator with the regulated pressure being the discharge pressure of the compressor.
If a compressor of unknown size is to be selected to input a specified amount of gas into the system, the compressor location can be represented as a junction node. The
desired inflow can be specified at this node and the program will compute the compressor discharge pressure which would be required to produce the specified inflow.

4.5.9 Creating Custom Pump Files

Pump Files – Suter Diagrams

Suter Diagrams are used to model pump trips. The Suter Diagram is comprised of 2 plots as shown below. The solid one is a
normalized head plot (h/(a^2+v^2)) and the dashed one is a normalized torque plot (w/(a^2+v^2)). Separate Suter Diagrams are
provided with Surge. The pump files are text files containing 89 points for the normalized head followed by 89 points of
normalized torque data. The terms h, w, a, and v are defined below. To locate and view the text files, see instructions in Appendix A
Data is from the Streeter Wylie Fluid Transients book for files 1,2,3 and files 4-8 came from data published by Dr. David Thorley. It is assumed that pumps with similar
Specific Speeds will have a similar Suter Diagram and the appropiate file is selected to use based on the Specific Speed. Data is almost never provided by pump
manufacturers for a specific pump.
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h = H/HR (head ratio), w = T/TR (torque ratio), a = N/NR (speed ratio

v = Q/QR (flow ratio)
H = pump head, HR = rated pump head
T = pump torque, TR = rated pump head
N = pump speed (rpm), NR = rated pump speed
Q = pump flow, QR = rated pump flow

Figure 1 below shows the text file for Suter File 9991 and Figure 2 shows an Excel plot of this data.
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Figure 1 File 9991 (89 values of h/(a^2+v^2) and w/(a^2+v^2))

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Figure 2 Excel Plot of 9991

Users may create their own Suter file if they have suitable dynamic pump data. They need to create a text file with exactly 89 points
of normalized head data followed by 89 points of normalized torque data and name the file 9999.txt. Then it must be copied into the
folder located by the batch file, as described in Appendix A.
Appendix A: Locating the text files containing Suter Pump File Data.
There are two ways to locate the folder where Suter Pump File Data is located
1) Go to the Start menu and find the Pipe2024 folder. Use the shortcut called "Program Data Folder" (in Win 7 it is under Utility).
2) or, Browse to the Pipe2024 folder. This is located in C:\Program files (x86)\KYPipe\Pipe2024 (or similar pathname). Find the
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file called “Open KYPipe Application Data.bat” (batch file). You may sort the contents of this folder by Date Modified, most recent
at the top, and this file should be one of the most recent files as it gets regularly updated. Double click on this batch file.
Both options will open up a Windows Explorer browser window to the location of the text files with Suter Pump File data. You will
see folder contents similar to the following:

The text files 9991, 9992, etc. are the Suter Pump File Data files. They may be viewed in Notepad, WordPad, Word, etc. Only edit
file 9999. To use this file in Pipe2024, Select Pump- File K for the Node Type. Then in in File # (1-20) enter “9”.

4.5.10 Dynamic Air Valves

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Modeling of Dynamic Air Valves

Dynamic Air Valves are designed to eliminate secondary surge pressures due air slam during air ven ng cycle. Air slam occurs as the moving water column
(behind the air column during air ven ng cycle) is brought to rest abruptly when the float of an ordinary air valve gets li ed up a er all air is evacuated.
Typical 2- or 3- stage air valves only discharge air from the pipeline. Dynamic Air Valves con nue to allow water to flow out of air valve a er all air is
vented out (instead of abruptly stopping this flow by li ing the float as in ordinary air valves) and gradually (in about 1 to 2 seconds) closing the valve to
reduce the water column velocity in a highly controlled manner completely elimina ng the air slam pressures.
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Though dynamic air valves offer perfect solu on for air slam problems, they come with their own set of problems. One main problem is the need for
discharging water to atmosphere. The second problem is the complexi es associated with modeling of dynamic air valves in surge analysis programs. The
following sec on describes these complexi es and how they are handled in Pipe2024: Surge.
Dynamic Air Valve Modeling in Pipe2024: Surge
Variables:

· Full open area of air valve (FA)

· Opening me (TO)
· Closing me (TC)

Opera ng Scenarios:
· Valve fully closed and a nega ve pressure wave (down surge) passes by: Valve starts opening at the instant it senses the nega ve pressure
(pressure below atmospheric level). Valve opens fully in user-defined me period (TO). Ordinary air valves are expected to go from fully closed
(zero area) to fully open (FA) area instantaneously (assuming no delay me) or in one computa onal me step (which is roughly 0.001 seconds for
most pipeline systems). Dynamic air valves start opening on sensing down surge and are fully open only a er TO seconds (which might be roughly
1 second). For example, if the inflow orifice of a dynamic air valve is 100mm, and TO is 1 second, the open area of the air valve is only about
0.1mm equivalent in a me step of 0.001 second. Depending on the magnitude of the down surge, the pressure at the air valve loca on might
drop considerably below atmospheric levels if the valve opens only to an equivalent area of 0.1mm. Smaller opening me (TO) will help reduce
the ini al nega ve pressure problems at dynamic air valves. However, smaller TO valves seem to cause another big problem as illustrated in
subsequent sec ons. Pipe2024: Surge computes actual open area of the dynamic valve based on the full open area (FA), opening me (TO) and
computa onal me period (Δt) at the end of each me step and computes the amount of air that gets into the pipeline.

Down Surge con nues even a er the valve is fully opened: Air valve size is set to fully open area and air con nues to flow into the air valve.

Upsurge a er the valve is fully opened: Air valve size remains at fully open level and air ven ng cycle starts. Water column behind the air column
con nues to accelerate as air gets vented out. Ordinary air valves stop water column abruptly by li ing the float a er all air is out of the pipeline
at the loca on of air valve. Dynamic air valves con nue to release water through the fully open area a er all air is out of pipeline. Pipe2024: Surge
models this stage of the air valve as an orifice discharging freely into atmosphere and the orifice size is equivalent to fully open area (FA). The
orifice area gets reduced in a controlled manner from fully open (FA) to zero in a user defined valve closing me (TC). Valve closes more rapidly in
the first 50% of the closing me and slowly in the later 50% of the closing me. 75% of the flow area is reduced in first 50% of TC and the
remaining 25% flow area in the second half of TC. Once the valve is fully closed, it gets opened only on next down surge.
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· Down surge during water ou low cycle (before the valve is fully closed): In general, release of water from pipelines is expected to reduce the
pressures at that loca on. Larger ou low generally translate to larger drop in pressures. This phenomenon offers added advantage for dynamic air
valves. First, dynamic air valves con nue to release water a er all air is out of pipelines thereby reducing the air slam pressures. Next, release of
water through the ou low orifice reduces the pressure at that loca on thereby reducing the overall magnitude of pressure resul ng from the
upsurge. However, it is also common knowledge that release of large quan es of water (more than a desirable value) can drop the pressures at
that loca on below atmospheric levels. This is possible when the size of dynamic air valve is larger than a desirable (op mal) value resul ng large
ou low of water and consequent drop in pressure. It is also possible that a reflected pressure wave due to large ou low of water from dynamic air
valve could result in nega ve pressure condi on at the air valve during water ou low cycle. This nega ve pressure condi on can now reverse the
water flow mode to air flow mode and offers greater complexity for modeling. Pipe2024: Surge keeps track of the orifice size during water flow
cycle and switches to air flow cycle at the same orifice size and starts opening the air valve un l it is fully opened.

Occasionally, a sharp nega ve pressure wave might be passing by a dynamic air valve which is discharging water to atmosphere. For example,
suppose the dynamic valve is closed and the local pressure is 50m while a sharp nega ve pressure wave is passing by that valve. The sharp
nega ve pressure wave might drop the pressure at dynamic valve momentarily to a nega ve value but bounces back to 50m a er the wave passes
by. Because the dynamic valves are set to open on sensing nega ve pressures, the valve opens to allow air into the pipeline. If the air valve is set
to open instantaneously (TO = 0) the valve opens and allows the pressures to stay at atmospheric level, otherwise the pressure at this loca on
might drop below atmospheric levels. However, opening the valve instantaneously or rapidly (within a very short me such as 0.1 seconds) can
lead to serious problems a er the nega ve pressure wave has passed. Suppose the valve opens completely to take care of the nega ve pressure
wave, it stays open and allow water to flow out of the valve and closes slowly in TC seconds. This is not a realis c scenario as the valve takes a
finite me to open and close. Opening the valve in a controlled manner and keeping track of the open area when the switch from air flow mode to
water flow mode allows elimina ng unrealis c pressure waves. In addi on, the current version of Pipe2024: Surge does not allow water flow
mode if the air valve opens less than 5% of full area during air flow mode before switching to water flow mode. This approach is more realis c as it
takes into account the iner a associated with opening and closing of valves and eliminates the numerical instabili es.

4.5.11 Electrically Actuated Surge Anticipation Valve

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This is a combination of SAV and HydSAV and requires one additional data item called Delay Time (compared to Hyd SAV).
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When a pump trips, causing a low-pressure transient, the EleSAV starts opening (actuated by a solenoid, requiring Open Time to fully open), stays open
for a set time period (Full Time) and closes thereafter (requiring Close Time to fully close). The device can be set for a delay between the low pressure
transient and the opening of the solenoid-controlled valve (Delay Time). If the subsequent high-pressure transient exceeds a high-pressure pilot setting
(High Prs Pilot Hd) at a sensing location, which could be the EleSAV or another node, the EleSAV starts opening again (requiring HPP Open Time to fully
open) until the pressure drops below this setting, at which time it starts to close (requiring HPP Close Time to fully close).
However, in reality, the device is wired to open on loss of power irrespective of pressure conditions. In the software, it would be difficult to associate the
EleSAV with any particular pump (there could be multiple pumps and pump stations) and thus a particular pump trip. Therefore, the device activates
immediately at the beginning of simulation, so users must set the pump trip to begin at time = 0. To model pump start up simulations, the best way to
avoid immediate activation is to turn the EleSAV off.
This device incorporates an associated valve, which is either a standard valve type (such as gate, ball, butterfly, etc.) or a custom type, in order to model
the non-linear relationship between valve stem position and valve open area. If the EleSAV discharges to an external vessel, the user must enter the head
within that vessel. The default is for discharge to atmosphere.

4.5.12 End Nodes

End Nodes
See also Data Requirements

End nodes are located at each end of all pipe links. End nodes represent both passive connections, such as junctions and connections to supplies, and active elements,
such as pumps. One or more pipe links can connect to a common end node. For non-directional end nodes (junctions, reservoirs, tanks, variable pressure supplies, and
sprinklers), pipe links can be connected in any manner. For directional end nodes (pumps, loss elements, and regulators), an inlet and outlet connection point are shown
and pipe links must be connected to the appropriate side of the element so that the direction indicated is correct. Pumps and loss elements (but not regulators) can
connect (on one side) directly to a reservoir. This condition is modeled when no pipe link connections are made to one side of the element. This side is then modeled as a
constant head reservoir and the reservoir head must be specified with the input data. All end node types can be interchanged. If a change is made from a non-directional
to a directional node, the pipe links will connect arbitrarily. It is necessary to make sure that the direction is correct and the pipe links are properly connected. However,
an end node can be changed to an internal node only if there are exactly two pipe links and the basic pipe link properties are the same (except length and minor
coefficients). If the properties are not the same, the change to an internal node will be possible only if an option to utilize common properties are accepted.

End Node Types - These include the following node types:

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1. Junction -
A connection of one (dead end junction) or more pipe links. See also Junction Data.

2. Reservoir -
A connection of one or more pipe links to a constant level reservoir. During a simulation, the reservoir level remains constant unless data is provided to change its value.
See also Reservoir Data.

3. Tank -
A connection of one or more pipe links to a variable level storage node. For EPS (extended period simulations) level changes are calculated. See also Tank Data.

4. (Variable) Pressure Supply -

A connection of one or more pipe links to a supply where the supply pressure depends on the supply flow and is determined by using pressure-flow data (either static
pressure, residual pressure and flow, or multiple pressure-flow data points). See also Pressure Supply Data.

5. Sprinkler (Pressure Dependent Outflow) -

A connection of one or more pipe links to a point where flow is discharged into the atmosphere based on the pressure in the distribution system. The characteristics of a
connecting pipe may be defined (length, diameter, elevation change). This device can model a leak or a pressure sensitive demand. See also Sprinkler Data.

6. Pumps (Directional) -
A connection of one or more pipe links to a pump. The pump direction must be set and pipe links connected to the appropriate sides. The pumps characteristics may be
defined by constant power, a rated condition, head-flow data, or a pump file. See also Pump Data.

7. Loss Element (Directional) -

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An element identical to a pump except instead of a head gain, a head loss occurs. See also Loss Element Data.

8. Regulator (Directional) -
A connection of one or more pipes is required to each side of the device that maintains downstream pressure (pressure regulating valve), upstream pressure (pressure
sustaining valve) or flow (flow control valve). The direction must be set and the pipe links connected to the appropriate side. See also Regulator Data.

9. LE Library (Back Flow Preventer) -

A special loss element for which head flow data is provided based on manufacturer, model, and size. See Loss Elements Library.

9. Active Valve -
A valve for which the open ratio may be specified and for which the head loss based on the valve opening is included in the network analysis. SeeActive Valve Data.

4.5.13 Flow Control Valve (FCV)

Flow Control Valve (FCV)
See also Regulator Data

A flow control valve, designed to produce a designated flowrate, is modeled as depicted in line "b" below, by locating a closed line segment at the valve location with a
junction node positioned on both sides of the flow control valve. Within KYPIPE the set flowrate, QR, is imposed as a demand at the upstream junction and an inflow
(negative demand) at the downstream junction (line "c"). The analysis will calculate the pressure at both nodes and, therefore, the pressure drop required to produce the
designated flow. If the upstream HGL falls below the downstream value the designated flow demands are removed and the line segment opened. This will model the
situation where the flow control valve is unable to maintain the designated flow. You also may choose to model an abnormal situation where the set flow is maintained
under all conditions.
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4.5.14 Holding Tank

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4.5.15 Hydrant Data

Hydrant Test Data and Fire Flow Plots

See also Hydrants, Fireflow and Flushing

What is a Hydrant?
A hydrant is an internal node which models a fire hydrant. Test data can be provided and plots of the test data of one or multipe hydrants can be obtained.
Elevation - Elevation (ft or m) of the hydrant
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St Prs (Static Pressure) - Static pressure measured in a field test. (User reference data, not used in hydraulic calculation).

Rsdl Prs (Residual Pressure) - Residual Pressure measured in the field during a flow test of this hydrant. (User reference data, not used in hydraulic calculation).

Rsdl Flow - Residual Flow - Residual Flow measured in the field during a flow test of this hydrant. (User reference data, not used in hydraulic calculation).

Graph - This will create a graph of hydrant test or calculated flow data. See Fire Flow Graphs for detailed information.

Measured Data - This allows the user to input field test data for reference or for graphing the fire flow based on test data. This option shows the fire flow based on test
data in the Node Results box.

Calculated Data - This option removes the test data fields so Pipe2024 model fire flow calculations are graphed and displayed in the Node Results box.

4.5.16 Hydrant Monitor

The Hydrant/Monitor models a device that has a monitor which is a rotating nozzle. The nozzle sprays water in a circular pattern - used primarily in refineries or
chemical plants. In addition to the nozzle is a large and small orifice for connecting a fire hose. As shown in the data input shown below, up to 3 flows can be provided
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(monitor, small and large orifice) .

Hydrant K - accounts for losses due to the hydrant piping. This K value is combined with each of the other constants to determine the flow through the various orifices.

Hydrant/Monitor element allows the monitor to operate while connecting a hose to one of the other connections. The Hydrant/Monitor may be analyzed with up to three
valves open simultaneously. The K values for the Hydrant/Monitor may be set at each individual hydrant using the Node Information Data box. Then the valves that are
open may be selected in the Device Data box as shown:

Or go to Other Data (Classic - System Data | Other) to set default values as shown below. Any K values left blank in the Node Data box will default to the values set in this
screen:
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The hydrant monitor operates as open, discharging to atmosphere, in the KYPipe analysis if one or more of the boxes, Large, Small, or Monitor, is checked.
The Hydrant Monitor is NOT treated like a hydrant in the FireFlow and Hydrant Analysis.

Example: Assuming the Hydrant Montor shown below uses the above-referenced default K values. Only the Monitor is open. The flow out of the monitor is shown.
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The flow out the monitor is Q = K(p).5 where K is the combined hydrant & monitor K. Here Q = 628 gpm and K = around 50. The Hydrant K of 450 is added to that of
the Monitor, but it doesn't have much effect.

4.5.17 Hydraullically Actuated Surge Anticipation Valve (HydSAV)

HydSAV is a surge anticipating valve that is controlled by pressures rather than time. It can model both low and high pressure pilots
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When a pump trips, causing a low-pressure transient, a low-pressure pilot (LPP) opens the HydSAV during the downsurge when pressure at
a sensing position drops below its setting, and keeps the valve open until the pressure rises above its setting. The high-pressure pilot (HPP)
opens the HydSAV during upsurge when pressure at the sensing position rises above its setting and keeps the valve open until the pressure
drops below its setting.

This device incorporates an associated valve, which is either a standard valve type (such as gate, ball, butterfly, etc.) or a custom type in
order to model the non-linear relationship between valve stem position and valve open area. If the HydSAV discharges to an external vessel,
the user must enter the head within that vessel. The default is for discharge to atmosphere.

4.5.18 Hydrotank
Hydrotank
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Hydropnuematic or pressurized tank. Uses air pressure to supply pressure to move water out of tanks. When low, water is added to build up pressure. For this element an
external pump is specified which operates to fill the tank when the pressure falls below a certain level and turn off when above a certain pressure level.
Elevation - Elevation of the tank
On Prs - Pressure (psi or kPa) at which the Control Element (e.g. pump) turns on to begin filling hydrotank
Off Prs - Pressure (psi or kPa) at which the Control Element turns off
Init Prs - Pressure (psi or kPa) in the tank at the beginning of the simulation
Volume - Units depend on Flow units for the model.

Flow Units Volume Units

CFS cubic feet

GPM gallons
MGD gallons
l/s liters
CMS cubic meters
l/min liters
lb/s cubic feet
BPH cubic feet
kg/s cubic meters
USER English cubic feet
USER SI cubic meters

Cntrl Elmnt - Name of the element used to fill the tank, e.g. pump (pressure supply, reservoir, tank).

For EPS it is best to use a very small time step for hydrotanks which cycle often.
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4.5.19 Hydrotank Using Tank Element

Hydrotank using Tank element

Hydropneumatic Tank

How to model a hydropneumatic tank in Pipe2024.

For a regular simulation this tank is just a fixed grade node (FGN) with the grade equal to the water level plus the pressure head.

For an EPS this tank should be modeled as an equivalent standpipe with the lowest level at the low water level plus the low pressure head. The high level is the high water
level plus the high pressure head. The tank diameter is determined using the total water volume from high water to low water level and determining the equivalent
standpipe diameter with this amount of water over the overall high to low level.

Example

20 foot diameter tank.

low water level = 40 feet, low pressure = 20 psi. Therefore low overall level = 40 + 20(2.31) = 86.2
high water level = 60 feet, high pressure = 50 psi. Therefore high overall level = 60 + 50(2.31) = 175.5

water volume = (60-40)*area = 6280 cubic feet

equivalent standpipe height = 175.5-86.2 = 88.3 feet
equivalent standpipe diameter = 6280/88.3 = area. Thus the equivalent standpipe diameter = 9.5 feet

The data would be entered as follows:

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4.5.20 Inline Meter

Inline Meter

An Inline Meter is an Internal Node which can be designated for any pipe. For an EPS simulation, these meters produce a tabulation (report) of the total volume of flow
passing through that pipe during the EPS.

See Internal Nodes

4.5.21 Internal Nodes

Internal Nodes
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Internal nodes are located between two pipe segments of identical properties. The intermediate node is usually a point where a directional change occurs while the other
internal nodes (valve, hydrant, in-line meter, metered connections, and check valves) are devices or model elements located in a pipe link. From the modeling viewpoint,
internal nodes are essentially passive devices (they do not directly affect the calculation), although they do provide added modeling capabilities. Internal node types can
be interchanged. They also can be changed to an end node at anytime. However, end nodes can be changed to internal nodes only if there are exactly two connecting pipe
links with identical pipe properties.

When adding pipe segment and a node a starting node (existing) is selected and the mouse is RIGHT clicked on the ending node location. IF the starting node is now in-
line (no more than two pipe segments attached), it is automatically turned into an intermediate node.
NOTE - Right or left click AGAIN and the newly created node will NOT automatically be made into an intermediate node if it will subsequently be made an in-line node,
it will remain as a junction.

Internal Node Types - These include the following node types that are situated at a connection of two pipe segments with identical basic pipe properties:

1. Intermediate Node -
No device at this location - usually represents a change of alignment. To delete all intermediate nodes see Deleting Intermediate Nodes.

2. On/Off Valve -
Indicates location of on/off valves. To close a line, these may be selected and set to 'off' by clicking the on/off button at the top of the Node Information window. The
minor loss for this inactive valve is not automatically included in the network analysis or the report. To account for a minor loss due to a valve, the user may enter the loss
as a pipe fitting or use the active valve element.

3. Hydrant -
Indicates location of fire hydrants. See Hydrants.

4. In-line Meter -
Indicates presence of an in-line meter for pipe link. It is used for EPS reports of total flows.
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5. Metered Connections -
Indicates location of metered connections. Meter ID may be specified to interface with meter records. See also Metered Connection Data.

6. Check Valve (Directional) -

Indicates device in pipe link that prevents flow reversal. The correct direction (flow allowed in direction indicated) must be selected in the pipe link.

7. Customized Device -
Two additional internal nodes can be used to represent any desired devices (such as air release valves).
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4.5.22 Internal Node Basic Data

Internal Node Basic Data

Back to Internal Node Data

4.5.23 Internal Node Data

Internal Node Data
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There are 2 data categories with a total of 3 windows common for all internal node types. There is one additional INFO window for Metered Connections. The specific
window groups are accessed using the buttons indicated.

COMMON WINDOWS

INFO Basic Data

Node Title / Image

USER User Data

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INDIVIDUAL WINDOWS

INFO Metered Connection Data

In KYnetic, the data is either already visible in the Node Info window or can all be accessed by one of the icons at the bottom.
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4.5.24 Junction Data

Junction Data
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Single Demand Type

What is a Junction Node? - A junction node is an end node where there is a connection of one or more pipe links. For connections of two pipe links a junction node is
required if the diameter or roughness changes or a demand is imposed.

Junction Demand [specified units] - The demand (consumption) imposed at this junction node in the specified units (noted top bar) for the demand type noted. A single

or multiple (up to ten) demand types can be utilized and this choice is user specified (under Preferences icon or System Data / Preferences (Classic) check the
Multiple Demand types box for multiple demands as shown below).
Note: if one Junction Multi Demand node is selected, then ALL Junction nodes will be this type
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Multiple Demand Type

Demand Type - An integer designation to group demands with identical patterns. Demand types generally classify the type of user (residential, commercial, industrial,
etc.) but can represent any common property. The Demand Pattern is used to define multipliers for each demand type for the times (cases) covered by the simulation.

See Also:
Demand Patterns
Node Data Boxes
Preferences
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4.5.25 Libraries
Libraries

See also
Library BFPs Pumps Air Valves
Custom Valves
Pump Library

How to Create a Pipe2024 Library (Other Elements)

A library may be created for specific elements. These instructions will use air vacuum valves as an example

The following steps will allow you to create a library.

Before beginning, click on or Other Data | Library Elements | Other Elements (Classic).
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Use the Save button to name a blank library.

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1. In the map view, create or select the element for which the library will be created (such as a 3 stage air/vacuum valve)
2. Enter all the data for that element in the Node Information window. Each node will have a minimum data that needs to be entered. For 1/2 stage air valves enter
Inflow Diameter and Outflow Diameter at a minimum.
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3. Click on the Library symbol in the top right corner (Classic) or Library (KYnetic) at the bottom of the Node Info window. You will see the Library name.
Click on it.
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4. Click on Add Selected Node to Library and provide a descriptive title for that element such as a model name and number (Define Element Name for Library).

5. You have now created the Template for your element. You can repeat steps 2-4 until library is complete. This is the recommended approach.

You may also directly enter all the desired data for this element into the library spreadsheet. Go to the Other Elements library as shown at the top of this page. The
data that appears can be used as a template for new elements. You should attempt to identify what data input each Value columns corresponds to in the node
info window. If a number appears that you can’t identify use the same number for all your elements (this is an internal key). Note that the information in the first
column is what will appear in the library selection list so make this entry as descriptive as possible (you can use 20-30 characters if desired).
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6. When you are done Save the file.

4.5.26 Loss Element Data

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See also Library BFPs (Back Flow Preventors), Pumps, Air Valves
A loss element node is a directional end node where a head (pressure) loss occurs. The loss element operates on a head/flow curve based on data provided in a
head/flow table. A loss element is a directional node and multiple pipe links may be connected to either side. The directional indicator and the connections must

be consistent with correct operation. The direction can be switched using or and this can be done simply to improve the
appearance of the model (so long as the operation is correct). If no pipe links are connected to one side, this is assumed to be a reservoir connection and the
reservoir HGL must be provided.

A note on calculations. The headloss across elements changes with flowrate but typically the K value (minor loss) itself remain constant. This is generally true
for losses over simple elements such as gate valves, elbows etc. However, loss elements such as heat exchangers do not follow this relationship (i.e., constant K
value as in dH = K * (V^2/2g) ). The headloss vs. flow characteristics of loss elements are generally given by the manufacturer instead of single minor loss coefficient.
Internally, Pipe2024 models a loss element as a pump which produce pressure drop across the element instead of pressure gain. Ideally, the user should
provide multiple point data for a loss element, but Pipe2024 can build a curve internally if the first and last points are not specified in what is traditionally a three-point
curve for a loss element. See below.

Head/Flow Data Table

A table of head (or pressure) - flow data which describes the operation of a pump, loss element or pressure supply. An entry for efficiency is also provided but this is used
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only for computing power costs for pumps and should be ignored for other applications. Note that there is a button to switch between head [ft. (m)] and pressure [psi (kpa)].
Each table has a unique integer identifier (ID).

Loss Element ID
An integer identifier for the head (pressure)/flow data table.

Loss Element Data

There are two options for entering head (pressure)/flow data for a loss element. Note the head (pressure) switch to select units for this entry. *Important*: Multiple data points
should be entered in order of increasing flowrates. Flowrate is entered in your specified units (top bar). Also enter head (pressure) data in order of increasing head
(pressure). Pipe2024 internally assigns a negative ( - ) to this data to indicate a loss and to satisfy the h1>h2>h3 data requirement. Efficiency data is not appropriate.
1. A single head (pressure) drop/flow point can be entered. This is used to generate a loss coefficient which results in a loss proportional to the square of the flow. If you
look at the pump report setion of the output Report, you can see the other two points generated by the KYPIPE program for each of the loss elements modeled.
2. Three or more data points can be entered and a head loss/flow curve generated for the model. **It is best to make the first point a cut-off point (0,0).

Note that any entries for head (pressure) are assumed to be negative internally (represent a head loss).

Device Data
Check Valves- Pumps, active valves, and loss elements all can be equipped with a check (non-return) valve to prevent backflow. Either a normal check valve which will close
or open depending on conditions or a non-reopening check valve which will close only once and remain closed can be designated. The closing time (CV Time) is the time it
takes for the check valve to close once closing is initiated. The check valve resistance (CV Res) is the resistance (head/flow^2) when the valve is fully open.

Minor Loss Components in Pipes versus Loss Elements

Both approaches allow for variation in flowrate (dictated by system hydraulics) across the element. In one case the program uses dH = K * (V^2/2g) relationship and the
other case dH = A + c*Q^n where A, c, and n are constants obtained by fitting an exponential equation for the three point headloss vs. flowrate data. If A were zero and n is 2
in the power fit of headloss vs flowrate curve then both equations are basically identical and should produce identical results. If A is not zero and n is not equal to 2 then the
results would be different.

4.5.27 Library BFPs Pumps Air Valves

See also Libraries
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Custom Active Valves

Pump Libraries

In the KYnetic Ribbon go to Devices - Library Elements

In KYnetic, use the Components menu icon:

Here is the Classic menu location:

Back Flow Preventors - BFPs

The Library Elements editor includes a comprehensive list of Back Flow Preventers which the user references when choosing a BFP for their system. Use the drop-down
selector to select "BFPs".

The most important consideration when choosing a BFP within Pipe2024 is the units for the flow and loss data. In the BFP editor in the default data table, all values are
in English units, ft for loss and gpm for flow. Therefore, to correctly use any of the BFP selections provided in Pipe2024, the Pipe2024 data file must be using
English units.
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In order to use a BFP in a file using SI units, the user should enter the data in SI units (m for loss, l/s for flow) directly into the BFP editor spreadsheet. When entering
data into the editor, the user may create and save a separate data spreadsheet.
Pumps
See Pump Libraries
Air Valves
There are two sets of built-in Air Valve Libraries from a variety of manufacturers.
Air Valve Library Set 1 - Go to Devices - Library Elements - Back Flow Preventers/Pumps/Air Vacuums
Click Load and select the Library from the list. Once it's loaded CHANGE THE SELECTOR to "Air Vacuums"!
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Now that the air valve library is loaded, return to the Map. Select a node at the location where the library air valve will go.

Change the Node Type to Library Air Valve. Click the Library Element cell (initially it will say undefined). The Library Element window appears where the Type, Vendor,
Model, and Size selections are made as shown.
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A great way to see the full library node description is with the "Library Element" label as shown below.
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Air Valve Library Set 2

Select the node where the library air valve will be placed.
Click on the Library icon at the bottom of the Node Info window.
Select the individual library from the list in the window that appears.
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All of the models within the selected library will appear. Choose (click on) an air valve model.
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To apply that model, click the button Change Selected Nodes to Library Element.
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The characteristics of that device are applied to the air valve in the model as shown.
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See End Nodes.

4.5.28 LPS Tank

Low Pressure Sewer (LPS) Tank

For KYPipe EPS and Surge analysis.

Low Pressure Sewer (LPS) tanks are for sewer (or water) applications where gravity flow is not possible and each service point requires storage (holding tank) and a
pump to feed into the network. LPS tanks are constant diameter tanks with an ID Pump (variable speed) situated in the bottom of the tank. The pump is functionally
located between the tank and the network.
This is a discharge-only element. The pump empties the tank INTO the network. The results which are available include outlet pressure, head, and flow. The 'holding'
tank is filled from an outside source - flow specified in the Inflow data field.
For the tank, instead of maximum and minimum elevations as with regular tanks, the Height (ft or m) of the tank above the applied elevation is defined, along with
Diam(eter) (ft or m). The Grade (ft or m of elevation) of the tank is the initial water level elevation in the tank.
For the internal pump, the pump speed ratio and the pump ID are defined.
To view tank levels for LPS tanks, go to Report and view the Tank Report.
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Typical Low Pressure Sewer System.

4.5.29 Metered Connection Data

Metered Connection Data
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KYnetic Components menu icon:

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See the Meter video on the KYPipe web site.

Metered Connection Node

This is an internal node where individual metered connections may be identified by ID. A demand and demand type is assigned to each meter. These demands are allocated
to adjacent junction nodes. The allocation is based on the location within the pipeline. Thus demand is proportionally allocated, more demand going to the nearer junction,
less to the further one. The Metered Connection Data is stored in a Meter Record File which can be updated externally. To view a Meter Data Table, go to Components
menu - Meters (KYnetic) or Other Data | Meters (Classic).
Add - Click here to add a meter to list below.
Delete - Click here to delete
Selected Meter (list) - Select a specific meter from the list.
ID - Provide an ID for the meter. The ID is the name of the meter in the list (hit Refresh if it does not appear in the meter list). Note that the NODE NAME for the meter
(e.g. 'M-1') is independent of the associated meters connected to that meter node.
Type - Select demand type (or key in type)
Demand - Enter demand for meter in specified flow units.
Address - For user reference, the address of the meter location may be entered.
Metered Connection Table
This table contains the information for metered connections. The data is stored in an Excel format file which can be saved and re-loaded, and also generated or updated
externally. With this feature it is possible to use meter record data to generate the meter record file and update your model.
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Each Metered Connection in a model can have several associated meters, each with it's own demand, demand type, name, and user data (e.g. address). Each row of
data in the Meters table refers to an individual meter associated with a Metered Connection in the model. The data columns are as follows:

Meter ID - This the meter name/title. This will appear as the meter name in the Meters with IDs box for the associated Metered Connection (see Associated Node
below). Please note this in not the Node Title. The Node Title applies to the Metered Connection, not the individual meters associated with a Metered Connection.

Type - refers to the demand type specified by the user, 0-9.

Demand - this is the demand in the user-specified flow units.

Associated Node - This is the Metered Connection with which the individual meter is associated. This node must be an existing node in the Pipe2024 file. When the
Metered Connection is selected in the map screen, the data for the individual node will appear when selected in the Meters with IDs box (scroll through the boxes with
the pointing fingers if this box doesn't appear in the Node Information window).

Address - This is user information. It appears when the individual meter is selected in the Meteres with IDs box in the Node Information window.

Info - This is user information with only appears in the Meters table (Components menu or Other Data | Meters).

Data Import/Entry.
There are several ways to input data to the Meters table. Besides simply keying in data, the one of the simplest ways to import data is by copying and pasting blocks of
data from an Excel file into the Meters table.

To import an existing Excel file (assuming the data is in the same format as the Meters table), rename the Excel file with an .mtr file extension, then load it (use the Load
button and browse for it) into the Meters table (Other Data | Meters) in Pipe2024.

To create a new Excel file for the purpose of importing into Pipe2024, first go into Other Data | Meters and save a new file in the meter table (blank or with some data
keyed in). Open the .mtr file in Excel and edit. You will likely be given text conversion information. Once done editing, save and exit Excel, then load the mtr. file in the
Meters table.

4.5.30 Meters
There are several types of meters associated with Pipe2024

Residential Meters - a number of connections associated with a pipe, all with the same demand.
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Metered Connection Data - may be used to incorporate meter records. It is a location within a pipe which may represent multiple meters.

In-line Meter - Inserted in a pipe to track total flow at that location. Results appear in the Report.

For water utility modeling one of the most time consuming tasks is to allocate demands for junction nodes. Demands represent the metered water distribution throughout the
system and these are typically combined and associated with junction nodes. Pipe2024 incorporates meters into the model and the logic to allocate the associated demands.
The quickest and most simple approach is to provide as input data the number of residential meters connected to each pipe link and the average value for the Residential
Meter Demand (System Data/Other) which represents an average value per resident. In addition, data for individual metered connections at any location can be
provided. Pipe2024 automatically allocates the demands associated with meters to the adjacent junction nodes.

4.5.31 Minor Loss Components

Minor Loss Components

A number of components in a pipe system (such as valves, junctions, bends, meters, etc.) produce a head loss which may be substantial and should be included in an
analysis of the flow distribution of that system. The need to include such losses depends on the relative importance of these losses compared to the line losses and this
judgment must be made by the user. These losses are included by using the concept of a minor loss coefficient (K) which is a non-dimensional term which multiplies the
velocity head to give the concentrated head loss at the component. Hence, the loss is given by:
hLM = Sum K V*V /2g

where hLM is the head loss in feet (meters) head, V is the line velocity in ft/s (m/s), Sum K represents the sum of all the minor loss coefficients for that pipe and g =
32.17 ft/s2 (9.807 m/s2 ). The minor loss coefficient may vary somewhat with flow conditions but it is usually sufficient to consider this to be a constant for a certain
component. KYPIPE uses a single data entry for each pipe section for Sum K to incorporate minor losses and some representative values of K which may be used for
common fittings are given in the Minor Loss Coefficients Table.

It is often necessary to compute a value for K from data (observed or furnished by the manufacturer) for a particular component. If the pressure drop across a
component is known for a specific flow, the value of K is easily computed.

If a single value for K does not adequately represent the head loss-flow relationship for a component, it may be necessary to input several values of head loss-flow and
utilize a curve fitted to this data. KYPIPE has a special component for this approach (Loss Element). For this application, the data consists of 3 pairs of head loss - flow
points.
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4.5.32 Network Elements

Network Elements
See the Elements video on the kypipe.com web site.

Pipe distribution systems are constructed using the following two elements:
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1. Pipes - Links and Segments

Pipe links are uniform sections of pipes (same basic properties) following any route. A pipe link may be comprised of one or more pipe segments. A pipe segment
is a straight run of pipe with no internal nodes.
See the Layout and Model videos on the kypipe.com web site.
2. Nodes
Nodes are located at the ends of pipe segments and include all distribution system devices that are modeled. Internal nodes are located between two pipe
segments. End nodes are located at the ends of all pipe links and can connect other pipe links, represent a dead end or a connection to a supply. Text nodes can
be located anywhere on your map and are used for adding information to your map. End nodes count as nodes used for your model while internal and text nodes
do not.
All development is carried out using only these two elements. Additional important definitions follow:

Pipe Links
Pipe links are uniform sections of pipes (same basic properties) following any route. A pipe link may be comprised of one or more pipe segments. A pipe segment is a
straight run of pipe with no internal nodes.

Nodes
Nodes are located at the ends of pipe segments and include all distribution system devices that are modeled.
Internal nodes are located between two pipe segments.
End nodes are located at the ends of all pipe links and can connect other pipe links, represent a dead end or a connection to a supply.
Text nodes can be located anywhere on your map and are used for adding information to your map.

*End nodes count as nodes used for your model while internal and text nodes do not.
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4.5.33 Node Types and Properties

Node Types and Properties

End Nodes
End Node Properties - End nodes are located at each end of all pipe links. End nodes represent both passive connections, such as junctions and connections to
supplies, and active elements, such as pumps. One or more pipe links can connect to a common end node. For non-directional end nodes (junctions, reservoirs, tanks,
variable pressure supplies, and sprinklers), pipe links can be connected in any manner. For directional end nodes (pumps, loss elements, and regulators), an inlet and
outlet connection point are shown and pipe links must be connected to the appropriate side of the element so that the direction indicated is correct. Pumps and loss
elements (but not regulators) can connect (on one side) directly to a reservoir. This condition is modeled when no pipe link connections are made to one side of the
element. This side is then modeled as a constant head reservoir and the reservoir head must be specified with the input data. All end node types can be interchanged. If
a change is made from a non-directional to a directional node, the pipe links will connect arbitrarily. It is necessary to make sure that the direction is correct and the pipe
links are properly connected. However, an end node can be changed to an internal node only if there are exactly two pipe links and the basic pipe link properties are the
same (except length and minor coefficients). If the properties are not the same, the change to an internal node will be possible only if an option to utilize common
properties are accepted.

End Node Types - These include the following node types:

1. Junction - A connection of one (dead end junction) or more pipe links.

2. Reservoir - A connection of one or more pipe links to a constant level reservoir. During a simulation, the reservoir level remains constant unless data is provided to
change its value.

3. Tank - A connection of one or more pipe links to a variable level storage node. For EPS (extended period simulations) level changes are calculated.

4. Variable Pressure Supply - A connection of one or more pipe links to a supply where the supply pressure depends on the supply flow and is determined by using
pressure flow data provided.
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5. Sprinkler (Pressure Dependent Outflow) - A connection of one or more pipe links to a point where flow is discharged based on the pressure in the distribution
system. The characteristics of a connecting pipe may be defined (length, diameter, elevation change). This device can model a leak or a pressure sensitive demand.

6. Pumps (Directional) - A connection of one or more pipe links to a pump. The pump direction must be set and pipe links connected to the appropriate sides.

7. Loss (Directional) - An element identical to a pump except instead of a head gain, a head loss occurs.

8. Regulator (Directional) - A connection of one or more pipes is required to each side of the device that maintains downstream pressure (pressure regulating valve),
upstream pressure (pressure sustaining valve) or flow (flow control valve). The direction must be set and the pipe links connected to the appropriate side.

Internal Nodes

Internal Node Properties - Internal nodes are located between two pipe segments of identical properties. The intermediate node is usually a point where a directional
change occurs while the other internal nodes (valve, hydrant, in-line meter, metered connections, and check valves) are devices or model elements located in a pipe link.
From the modeling viewpoint, internal nodes are essentially passive devices (they do not directly affect the calculation), although they do provide added modeling
capabilities. Internal node types can be interchanged. They also can be changed to an end node at anytime. However, end nodes can be changed to internal nodes only
if there are exactly two connecting pipe links with identical pipe properties.

Internal Node Types - These include the following node types that are situated at a connection of two pipe segments with identical basic pipe properties:

1. Intermediate Node - No device at this location - usually represents a change of alignment.

2. Valve - Indicates location of cut-off valves.

3. Hydrant - Indicates location of fire hydrants.

4. In-line Meter - Indicates presence of an in-line meter for pipe link. It is used for EPS reports of total flows.
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5. Metered Connections - Indicates location of metered connections. Meter ID may be specified to interface with meter records.

6. Check Valve (Directional) - Indicates device in pipe link that prevents flow reversal. The correct direction (flow allowed in direction indicated) must be selected in
the pipe link.

7. Customized Device - Two additional internal nodes can be used to represent any desired devices (such as air release valves).

Additional Information

All Nodes - All nodes, including text nodes, have a location (‘x’ and ‘y’ coordinate) and an elevation (‘z’ coordinate). A text title can be defined and displayed. Also, a
bitmap image can be imported and displayed. Except for text nodes and intermediate nodes, all nodes have additional attributes (data). They are defined in the data
information boxes that are displayed when the node is selected and in the data tables that can be accessed for all nodes.

4.5.34 On/Off Valves

On/Off Valves

Valve on

Valve off
What is an on/off valve?
An on/off valve is an internal node in a pipeline which will control the open/closed status of the link. If you wish to account for the minor loss provided by that valve, it
should be inlcuded in the fittings data for the pipe link.
Surge Users Manual 400

To change the on/off status of the valve, select the valve and click on the On (or Off) button in the upper left corner of the Node Inofrmation Box.

The only data for the on/off valve is elevation.

On/off valves are used to do a pipe break simulation which locates and identifies the valves to be closed to isolate any location in your pipe system. See Pipe Break
Simulation.

4.5.35 Positive Displacement Pump in Surge

A positive displacement pump may be modeled in Surge through the use of the periodic input function. See Surge Elements and Data Requirements / Creating a
Transient - Periodic Variations for examples using this feature.

Positive Displacement (reciprocating) Pump Example

Figure 1 shows a Pipe2024 model to simulate the action of a Positive Displacement pump. This pump provides a periodically varying flow into the piping system. The
elevation and initial pressure are shown at each node and the length and initial flowrate for each pipe. There is an initial demand of 50 gpm at the node noted. This
demand is assumed to be pressure dependent and will increase and decrease with pressure changes.
All pipes have a diameter of 8 inches, a Hazen Williams roughness of 100 and a wave speed of 3600 ft/s as shown.

To simulate the action of the positive displacement pump a periodic input is simulated for the inflow at the pump node. For this example it is assumed that the pump
provides a periodic inflow varying from 0 to 400 gpm at a rate of 1 cycle/second. Figure 2 shows the Pipe2024 input (Other Data/Periodic Input) to set this condition. A
surge analysis is required to do carry out this simulation and a time of 10 seconds is chosen. Note the simulation must be sufficiently long to reach a repeatable solution.
This is determined by inspecting the results.
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Figures 3 and 4 show the pressure and flow variations at the pump. Note that a repeatable periodic response was attained after 3-4 cycles.

Figure 1 Pipe2024 Model

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Figure 2 Setting up a Positive Displacement Pump

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Figure 3 Pressure Variation at Pump

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Figure 4 Flow Variation at Pump

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4.5.36 Pressure Supply Data

Pressure Supply Data
Surge Users Manual 406

What is a Pressure Supply Node?

A pressure supply node is an end node which represents a connection to a supply where the available pressure depends on the flow supplied. For example, a
connection to a transmission main may represent a primary source for a system to be analyzed and the pressure available in the main may vary significantly with the
amount of flow withdrawn at that point. Most connections to existing distribution systems should be modeled as variable pressure supplies. Head (pressure)/flow
data must be provided for variable pressure supplies. Usually data to characterize the supply is obtained from a hydrant flow test. The head (pressure)/flow table
must be created and the ID specified for each variable pressure supply.

Elevation
This is the elevation of the pipe connection.

Guage Dif
This is the elevation difference between the pipe connection and the pressure guage.

Rated
Check this box to define the pressure supply with hydrant flow test data. See Rated Pressure Supply below.
Surge Users Manual 407

Main Supply
This is a GoFlow feature. See GoFlow Nodes.

* * * Additional Box * * *
What is a head/flow data table?
A table of head (or pressure) - flow data which describes the operation of a pump, loss element or pressure supply. An entry for efficiency is also provided but this is used
only for computing power costs for pumps and should be ignored for other applications. Note that there is a button to switch between head [ft. (m)] and pressure [psi
(kpa)]. Each table has a unique integer identifier (ID).

Pressure Supply ID
An integer identifier for the head (pressure)/flow data table.

Pressure Supply Data

There are two options for entering head (pressure)/flow data for a variable pressure supply. Note the head (pressure) switch to select units for this entry. Multiple data
points should be entered in order of increasing flowrates. Flowrate is entered in your specified units (shown on top bar of Map screen).

1. The first entry is tank pressure (head) and zero (0) flow and the second is residual pressure (head) and residual flow (specified units). this is normally
obtained from a hydrant test on a hydrant close to the location of the pressure supply. A curve is generated from this data based on AWWA guidelines.

2. Three or more head (pressure)/flow data points are entered and an operating curve is generated from this data.

Rated Pressure Supply

Static Pr
This is the measured static pressure at the pressure supply (psi or kPa).

Res Pr
This is the hydrant test pressure (psi or kPa).
Surge Users Manual 408

Res Flow
This is the hydrant test flow (selected flow units).

The full, 3-point characteristic curve for a Rated Pressure Supply is obtained as follows:
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4.5.37 Pressure Regulating Valve (PRV)

Pressure Regulating Valve (PRV)
see also Regulator Data

These valves are designed to maintain a specified discharge pressure which is lower than the upstream pressure. A PRV location is modeled, as shown in line "b"
below, as a junction node positioned at the upstream end of the controlled pipe. Within KYPIPE the PRV is modeled as shown in line "c" below as two nodes. The
upstream node is a junction node with an added flow demand set (within the program) equal to the flow through the PRV. The downstream node becomes a FGN feeding
the controlled pipe with the HGL head input equal to the elevation of the PRV plus the set pressure head.

Two situations can occur which can keep the PRV from operating in a normal fashion. l) Where the operating conditions and network configuration indicate flow
reversal, the PRV cannot control the downstream pressure which exceeds the set pressure. The line downstream from the PRV will automatically close in this situation. 2)
The upstream pressure drops below the set pressure. In this case maintaining the PRV setting would result in an increase in the pressure and act as a booster pump which
is incorrect unless this specific application is desired. The analysis will automatically be carried out with the PRV removed (line wide open) if this situation occurs. A
report concerning the valve operation is given in the results. You can choose to model abnormal situations where the set pressure is maintained under all conditions.

4.5.38 Pressure Sustaining Valve (PSV)

Surge Users Manual 412

Pressure Sustaining Valve (PSV)

See also Regulator Data

This device is designed to sustain the upstream pressure at a designated location in the system (by limiting the flow if necessary) through the valve. This valve can
be modeled as depicted below with the controlled pipe upstream from the junction node which represents the location of the PSV. Like a PRV the PSV can
operate in three modes.

l. The valve is fully open and the upstream pressure is above the set value.

2. The valve is throttled and the upstream pressure is regulated at the valve setting.

3. The valve is closed and the upstream pressure drops below its set value but cannot be controlled by the valve.

KYPIPE checks to determine which of these situations occurs and analyzes that situation. The regulating valve report clarifies the valve operation mode at all times.

4.5.39 Pressure Relief Valve in KYPipe

To model a pressure relief valve in KYPipe a pipe leading to a Reservoir (Pressure) may be used. The reservoir is set at the pressure of the relief valve. The pipe has a check
valve allowing flow to the reservoir so when the pressure in the system is greater than the reservoir setting the the check valve opens and vents.
Surge Users Manual 413

Another possibility is to use an active valve at the end of a short pipe with a reservoir on the exit side set to the relief valve pressure setting. The active valve has an internal
check valve to allow only flow to exit. This would look more like a relief valve.

4.5.40 Pump Data

Pump and System Curves , Compressors , Modelling Wells , Pumps - About
Surge Users Manual 414

What is a Pump Node?

A pump node is an end node where a head (pressure) gain occurs. The pump may operate on a head/flow curve based on data provided in a head/flow table, or
be a constant power, constant pressure, or constant flow device. A pump is a directional node and multiple pipe links may be connected to either side.

Here is the icon and input data fields for a Table type pump
Surge Users Manual 415

Pump Type
You can choose between a pump described by a Table (ID) of data, one described by rated conditions, one operating at constant power, constant flow, or constant
pressure, or one described by a pump file (Surge application). For the data table option two boxes (above center) appear while for the other choices a single box (above on
left or above on right) is displayed.
The individual pump types are described in detail below, use these links:
Surge Users Manual 416

Table
Rated
Constant Power
Constant Pressure
Constant Flow
File and File/Table

Pump Grade [ft (m)]

If the pump is modeled with no inlet-side connection, this value MUST be provided. The Grade value represents the Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL or elevation plus head in
feet or meters) of the connecting reservoir. The Grade value (HGL) establishes the head available to the pump. The inlet side head can greatly effect pump performance.
This field may only be edited if no pipe links are attached to one side of pump as shown for the top pump in the image below.

Pump Direction
This arrow button changes the pumping direction. Pump must be oriented in direction of flow.

Parallel (or Series) Pump Configuration

This allows the user to specify several configurations of pumps; single, groups in parallel or groups in series. By specifying a group of pumps in parallel or series,
each pump in the group is considered to be ONE of the type specified in this data box. If the user needs to represent different sized pumps together in series or parallel, or
if the pumps are not always operated in tandem, then these must be defined separately in the model. With parallel or series pumps, it may be desired to define a pump
resistance. See Pump Resistance below. See also Pump/System Curves for information on plotting parallel and series pumps.
Surge Users Manual 417

Pump Resistance
Used only when Parallel or Series pumps are defined. Because a single node is used to represent several pumps together, the friction losses in the connecting pipes within
the pumps station is not represented. This Resistance value is used to represent the friction losses of ONE of the pumps in the group. See Resistance Calculations Tool.

On/Off - The pump may be toggled closed or open by selecting the pump node and clicking on the check mark or closed icon. If the pump is closed, a red X will
appear over it in the Map view. Note, if an Extended Period Simulation or Surge analysis is being executed and the pump is initially turned of, but is intended to turn on
at a later time in the simulation, it is OK to turn the pump off initially.

NOTE: If pipe links are connected only to one side of the pump, this side with no connections is assumed to be a reservoir connection. A data entry for the
reservoir (Grade) will appear and the HGL must be provided.

Check Valves
By default a check valve will be applied. The check valve may be removed by unchecking the Check Valve box.
CV Time (Check valve closure time) may be defined in seconds. This is only relevant for Surge analysis.
CV Res (the check valve resistance) may be defined in units of headloss/(flow)^2. Important note: When viewing the Pump Head in the Report, if a resistance value is
entered here, the added head drop will be reflected in the total head drop in the Pump Report.
Bypass line applies to Surge applications.

Table Pump (VFD pump)

Speed Ratio [rpm]
The speed ratio (operating speed divided by rated speed) for a variable speed pump. Speed Ratio = 1 means the pump is operating at normal speed. Speed Ratio = 0
means the pump is off. The On/Off setting must also be used to turn off a pump. For this application constant power pumps may not be used. Note that the speed may be
changed using Change Pattern data and also may be used as part of a Constraint calculation

Pump ID
An integer used to identify different sets of head (pressure)/flow data, entered by the user, for a particular element (pump, loss element or pressure supply). Different
pumps can use the same pump ID.
Click on Pump ID number to bring up the ID input table.
Surge Users Manual 418

- Copy and Paste buttons allow IDs to be copied entirely or in part. Also applies to Pressure Supplies, and Loss Elements..
Pump Data
There are several options for entering head (pressure)/flow pump data into the head/flow data table. Note the head (pressure) switch to select units for these entries.
Multiple data points should be entered in order of increasing flow rates. Flow rate is entered in your specified units (top bar).

1. A single (head/flow) point can be entered, which will be interpreted as rated conditions (HR, QR). Two additional data points will be automatically generated
(1.4HR, 0) and (0.65HR, 1.5QR) and a power curve is generated based on these three points.

2. Three data points are entered and a power curve is generated.

3. Four or more points (up to 12) are entered and a quadratic fit is generated using three points in the vicinity of the operating point.

The efficiency data is optional (enter as a percent, 0 - 100) and used only for power costs calculations. You can enter three efficiency points (for corresponding head/flow
data points) and an efficiency curve will be used. If you enter just one efficiency point, a constant efficiency based on that entry will be used.

Constant Power Pump

Power
The power (useful horse power or KW) for a constant power pump.

hp = (WRT/550)(k/(k-1))[(p2/p1)^((k-1)/k)-1] comes from the energy equation. It is isentropic. The standard units for pump power is ft-lbf/sec. 550 ft-lbf/sec = 1 Hp
which is a non standard but popular unit. In SI units 1000 is used to convert standard power units (N-m/s which is same as Watt) into kW.
Effcny (efficiency)
The efficiency (%) is for constant power pump only. This efficiency is for the user's reference and is not considered in the analysis. The efficiency of the pump should be
factored in when the useful power is entered into the Power field.

File Pump
Surge Users Manual 419

This pump is used for pump trip simulation in Surge models. See Surge Elements

Rated Pump
Rtd Prs (Rated Pressure) - the rated pressure for the pump (psi or kpa).

Rtd Flow (Rated Flow) - the rated flow for the pump (in specified units)

Note: a head-flow curve is generated for this pump using three data points:

There are three Options for the pump curve:

Option 1 (KYPIPE Default)

1.) cutoff pressure = 1.2*(rated pressure), flow (cutoff) = 0
2.) rated pressure, rated flow
3.) 0.65*(rated pressure), 1.5*(rated flow

Option 2 (EPANET Default)

1.) cutoff pressure = 1.33*(rated pressure), flow (cutoff) = 0
2.) rated pressure, rated flow
3.) 0.0*(rated pressure), 2.0*(rated flow

Option 3:
User enter data (System Data/Other (shown below))
Surge Users Manual 420

Constant Pressure Pump

Pressure - in psi or kPa

Constant Flow Pump

Flow - in selected flow units

Pump Connections - Fixing the pump direction and also the way pipes are connected to pumps, may solve issues with reverse flow or no flow.

The pipe connections are modified by selecting the connecting pipe(s) and clicking on the symbol in the pipe data box (Classic) or (KYnetic) clicking on
the Node 1 cell and the following window appears:
Surge Users Manual 421

Classic Interface Pump Notes:

The on/off button is at the top of the Node Information window:

The data inputs are in one of four associated boxes. Use the More, Less, or hand icons at the top, or thumbnails at the bottom of the Node Information Window to
display additional data boxes.

Here is more information on data boxes.

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4.5.41 Pump Minimum Flow Valve

Pump protection valves are are recirculating valves which ensure a minimum flow rate through a pump at all times. If the flow through the pump falls below a certain level the
bypass system opens and the fluid will be recirculated providing the required minimum flow for the pump.
Pump protection valves often work in a modulating way. Should the discharge increase through the following processes, then the amount of fluid recirculated by the bypass is
automatically reduced- and vice versa. This increases the efficiency of the entire system and optimizes the economy in the low-load operation.

The recirculation could either be back to the pump suction or to a tank.

While there is no specific element in Pipe2024 for a Pump Minimum Flow Valve, a pressure relief valve set at the pressure where the corresponding flow reaches its minimum
may be used. As the pump flow decreases the pressure increases. Pressures associated with a particular flow are known. Important note: Relief Valves tend to create transients
and open/shut frequently so long times may be required for opening/closing to prevent this.
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4.5.42 Pumps
Pump Data

A pump can be included at any location in the pipe system. The effects of pumps can be described in a variety of ways.

Constant Power
Head-Flow Data (single data point)
Head-Flow Data (multiple data points)
Variable Speed Pumps
Constant Head Pumps
Constant Flow Pumps

Constant Power Pumps

The useful power (horsepower or KW) of the pump can be specified as input data. The useful power refers to the actual power which is transformed into
an increase in pressure head of the liquid as it passes through the pump. This method of describing a pump is particularly useful for a preliminary analysis
or design when the specific operating characteristics of the pump are not known. In terms of the fluid density, g, the flowrate, Q, and the pump head, Ep,
the useful power, Pu, is given by:

Pu = Ep Qg/Const

In SI units the constant is 1 (one) for kilowatts, and 550 for horsepower in English units.

Head-Flow Data (3 data points)

A pump can be described by a curve fit to points of operating data. If the pump head-flow curve is smooth and, generally, concave downward as shown in the
following picture
Surge Users Manual 424

The preferred technique is to use three head-flow data points including cutoff head. KYPIPE fits an exponential curve to this data to obtain a pump characteristic curve
describing the pump operation in the form:

Ep = H1 - CQ**m)

KYPIPE determines the coefficient C and exponent m for this curve. The pump cutoff head H1 , and two additional points of operating data (head -discharge) input are
used to define the curve. The picture above depicts this representation.

The data points are shown along with the curve of the form of the above equation which passed through these data points.

The exponential relation given in Equation (2b) closely represents the pump between zero flow and the third data point (H3 and Q3) but is not suitable for flow reversal
and may not be suitable for flows in excess of Q3. It is possible, however, that a solution of the hydraulic equations requires pump flowrate outside the range of pump
representation by this equation (the pump may not be suitable for the conditions specified). In order to satisfactorily handle this, KYPIPE is designed to do the following:

a. A pump described by operating data will shut off if flow reversal occurs. This indicates that the pump cutoff head is not adequate to overcome the
system grade caused by other factors, and the pump as described is unable to operate in a normal manner. KYPIPE automatically places a check
valve in a pump line to prevent flow reversal.
Surge Users Manual 425

b. If the solution indicates that the pump is operating at a flowrate above the third data point (Q3) then it operates on a straight line described by Ep
= A - SQ where the slope is the same as given by Equation (2) at Q = Q3. KYPIPE determines the values of A and S. This gives a characteristic
which is more realistic than Equation (2b) for Q > Q3 and will better stimulate a typical pump curve in this region.

c. If the pump operates out of the flow range 0 < Q < Q3 then the pump is considered to be out of its normal range and a message to this effect is
generated. This alerts you to potential problems associated with the description of the pump. The use of pump data which are not compatible with
the system requirements may lead to poor results.

Head-Flow Data (multiple data points)

If the pump curve is not smooth but includes inflection or near inflection points such as the one depicted below, then additional data points will be required.

When more than three points of pump head-flow data are provided, KYPIPE fits an quadratic equation of the form

Ep = A + BQ + CQ**2

to the three data points closest to the operating point. As the solution is obtained this data used may vary. This will require additional trials and may cause convergence
problems if several pumps are described in this manner. Therefore it is suggested that this approach only be applied if the pump curve is not smooth.

Variable Speed Pumps

Surge Users Manual 426

You can specify a dimensionless pump speed ratio, n, when providing pump data. The speed ratio is defined as the ratio of the actual pump speed, N, to the speed for
which the data is applicable, NR. This ratio is used to modify the pump data by applying homologous considerations

H' = Hn*n , Q' = Qn

where H' and Q' are modified head-flow data and H and Q are the original data points. In this manner, solutions can be obtained for a pump described by a series of head-
flow data points operating at a different speed. The modified exponential head flow curve for variable speed pump operation is

In many instances variable speed pumps are operated such that a constant discharge head or a constant flowrate is maintained. For those applications the approaches
described below provide accurate and simple modeling.

Constant Head Pumps

An alternate method of indirectly incorporating the effects of a pump into the system may be desirable if the analysis is to be made for a situation where the pump is
operated such that the discharge pressure may be specified or is fairly closely known. For this application the pump discharge location is modeled as a fixed grade node
(FGN) with the HGL computed using the elevation of the pump and specified pump discharge pressure. If the pump is on an external line this fixed grade node is simply
a supply reservoir. If the pump is on an internal line (a booster pump) then this application is identical to that for a boosting pressure regulating valve with the regulated
(boosted) pressure being the discharge pressure of the pump. For both applications the analysis determines the pump flowrate associated with the specified discharge
pressure. This approach to pump modeling is illustrated below.

Constant Flow Pumps

If a pump is operated such that it delivers a specified discharge into (or out of) the distribution system the pump can be represented as a junction node. The desired
Surge Users Manual 427

inflow can be specified at this node and the analysis will determine the pump discharge pressure which will be required to produce the specified inflow. This approach is
also illustrated below.

4.5.43 Regulating Valves

Regulating Valve Data

There are three types of regulating valves which can be automatically incorporated into your model. Pressure regulating valves regulate the pressure downstream from
the valve. Pressure sustaining valves regulate the upstream pressure. Flow control valves regulate the flow. All of these valves are designed to operate in a throttled
state and maintain a set condition. However, the valves may operate fully open or fully closed and be unable to maintain the set conditions. KYPIPE is designed to
accommodate these three valves operating in both a normal (throttled) and abnormal (wide open or closed) mode. Data required for regulating valves includes the type
of valve, the valve location (a junction node), the connecting controlled pipe and valve setting. A description of the techniques used to model these valves is described
below.

See Also: Pressure Regulating Valve (PRV)

Pressure Sustaining Valve (PSV)
Flow Control Valve (FCV)
Regulator Data

4.5.44 Regulator Data

Regulator Data
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About Regulators

What is a regulator?
This directional node provides pressure or flow regulation and must have pipe links connected to both sides of the regulator. Five types of regulators can be modeled.
Setting
provide the pressure setting (psi or kpa) for pressure regulator or flow setting (specified flow units) for flow regulator.

Regulator Type
select a regulator type from the dropdown list. The choices are:

PRV-1 pressure regulating valve (normal operation) - may close or operate wide open if inlet < outlet
PRV-2 pressure regulating valve (always provides set value) - boosts pressure when inlet < outlet
PSV-1 pressure sustaining valve (normal operation)
FCV-1 flow control valve (normal operation) - may close or operate wide open if inlet < outlet
Surge Users Manual 429

FCV-2 flow control valve (always provides set value) - boosts flow when inlet < outlet

A PRV requires a downstream pressure setting (psi or kpa), a PSV an upstream pressure setting (psi or kpa) and a FCV a flow setting (in specified flow units).

Direction KYnetic:
This button changes the direction of the regulator. Important note: Make sure that the regulator is set for the correct direction and that the pipe links are connected to the
correct side of the regulator. To change the connection side of a regulator to a pipelink, select the pipe. In the Other Data box, click on the green directional arrows next to
the regulator node.

4.5.45 Reservoir Data

Reservoir Data
Surge Users Manual 430

What is a Reservoir Node?

A reservoir is a fixed head supply node such as a lake or fixed level storage basin. Data required may be entered as:

Grade - HGL elevation and pressure head for the reservoir level, ft or m.
Pressure - psi, kPa, or Bar
Depth - height of water level above the Elevation, ft or m

Note that if a pump or loss element has no connections on one side this is assumed to connect to a reservoir and an entry for the reservoir HGL is required.

grade [ft (m)]

The hydraulic grade (elevation + pressure head = HGL) for the reservoir based on the designated datum.

Modelling Wells
When modelling a well with a pump, either a reservoir element plus a pump element may be used or a just pump element by itself as an end node (at the end of a line with grade
data entered). The elevation of the water in the well is the grade, either for the reservoir or for a pump as an end node. The elevation of the pump is the elevation of the pump
impeller (usually down in the well). See also Pump Data.
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4.5.46 Residential Meters

Residential Meters

Residential Meters may be placed on a pipe to represent the number of domestic connections in a line. The data is entered in the Pipe Information window in the Other Data
box as shown.
Surge Users Manual 433

An average domestic connection demand is then assigned to each residential meter in the system. This data is entered under Other menu (KYnetic) or System Data |
Other (Classic). The total demand in the line due to residential connections is distributed evenly to the nodes at either end of the pipe.

KYnetic Other Menu icon:

4.5.47 Sprinkler Data

Sprinkler Data
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What is a Sprinkler Node?

A sprinkler node is an end node where flow discharges to the atmosphere through a sprinkler orifice. A sprinkler may also be used to simulate a leak.

Elevation - this is the elevation of the discharge orifice.

Sprinkler Data
The sprinkler constant (Ks) must be provided. This is based on the relation Q = Ks(Dp)^0.5 where Q is the flow rate (gpm or l/s) and Dp is the pressure drop (psi or kPa).
These units apply no matter which flow units are specified (see Sprinkler Constant). Some standard values for Ks are:

Orifice Size Ks
1/4" 1.4
3/8" 2.8
1/2" 5.6
Surge Users Manual 435

5/8" 11.2
3/4" 14.0

Defining a Sprinkler Connection is done by defining the three data items below. For no connecting pipe, ignore these data items (entries = 0).

Length (ft. or m) - length of the sprinkler connection

Diameter (in. or mm) - diameter of the sprinkler connection

Elevation Change - this is the sprinkler head elevation minus the elevation of the connection to the branch pipe. A negative entry means the
sprinkler orifice is below the branch pipe.

Elbows - user may define the number of elbows in the sprinkler connection.

4.5.48 Tank Data

Tank Data
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Variable Area
Surge Users Manual 437

fixed diameter Options for Overflowing, Non Draining, One-Way (Pipe2014 and later versions)
LPS Tank Hydrotank

What is a Tank Node?

A tank node is an end node which represents a connection to a storage tank. The tank level varies during an Extended Period Simulation (EPS). For a regular
simulation the tank is modeled as a constant level reservoir operating at the initial level specified in the tank data.
If the tank is full no additional flow from the pipe system can enter the tank, and if it is empty no additional flow can leave the tank. However, flow can go in the
opposite direction in either case. This models the action of an altitude valve. Note: For EPS, check valves are not permitted in lines connecting to variable level
storage tanks.
Surge Users Manual 438

Tank Data - The following additional data entries are required:

Surge Users Manual 439

Maximum Level
The overflow level for the tank. No inflow to the tank at this level.

Minimum Level
The low level for the tank. No outflow from the tank at this level.

Initial Level
The starting level for the tank (time = 0 for EPS ). For regular simulation this is the grade for this FGN.

Inflow
The flow rate into the tank from external source at (time = 0), in specified flow units (note top bar). This does not represent flow from the network. A demand pattern
may be applied to tank inflow for an EPS or Surge simulation. Under System Data | Other, a Demand Type number is specified. This Demand Type is then used in the
Demand Pattern Table to define

No Feedpipe / Feedpipe
A button to specify a feedpipe discharging into this tank. If a feedpipe is specified enter the name of a pipe whose discharge feeds this tank in the space provided (Node
Image box). The feedpipe should be modeled as discharging into a reservoir.

* * * Additional Box * * *
Fixed Diameter (Tanks)
Check this box for tanks with a fixed diameter. The units for the diameter will be in feet (or meters for SI units).

Shape ID (Tanks)
An identifier for the tank shape table. The same ID can be used for any number of tanks.
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- Copy and Paste buttons allow IDs to be copied entirely or in part.

Tank Shape Data

Variable level tanks can be fixed (constant) or variable diameter vessels. For fixed diameter tanks (Left box) check Fixed Diameter and enter Diameter [ft. (m)]. For
variable diameter tanks (Right box) enter total Volume referenced to flow units as follows:

Flow Units Volume Units

CFS cubic feet

GPM gallons
MGD gallons
l/s liters
CMS cubic meters
l/min liters
lb/s cubic feet
BPH cubic feet
kg/s cubic meters
USER English cubic feet
USER SI cubic meters

For variable diameter tanks a shape ID is specified. This ID is associated with the table displayed which contains pairs of depth/total depth and volume/total volume
ratios. It is recommended that you enter 9 pairs of data using depth/total depth ratios of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, - 0.9 and the default for the tables uses these values. * Note: If
another number of pairs of data is used for a Shape ID, for example twelve data spaces, then space 1 must equal 0 and space 12 must equal 1 for the interpolation to be
properly calculated.
Options for Overflowing, Non Draining, One-Way (Pipe2014 and later versions)
Overflowing - When tank reaches Max Level, HGL will remain the same, but tank will overflow until HGL drops below Max Level and tank begins to drain.
Non-Draining - An internal check valve prevents flow from leaving the tank, but will accept flow in.
One-Way - An internal check valve prevents flow from entering the tank, but flow may drain out.
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4.5.49 Turbines
Turbines

This section provides help on modeling reaction turbines (Francis and Kaplan Turbines) in Pipe2024. Impulse turbines (Pelton Wheels) may be modeled using the active
valve feature of the Pipe2024 program as the turbine itself will not have any influence on the transient pressures in the penstock.
Turbine characteristics are very site specific. Therefore, turbine data is not built-in. Pipe2024 allows for modeling turbine elements with controlled variation in speed as well
load rejection modeling along with wicket element. The turbine characteristics data must be provided in Suter 4 quadrant format. A tool is provided (see below) that converts
data in Hill chart format into the required format.
Suter representation of non-dimensional pump characteristics has been widely practiced to simulate transient pressures associated with pump elements in piping systems. To
facilitate modeling of pumps working as turbines with the same set of non-dimensional characteristic curves, Pipe2024 employs the same Suter representation to model
turbines, pumps and pumps as turbines (PATs) elements. If the turbine data is available in a format other than the Suter representation, then the available turbine data must
be converted into Suter format. One popular format for collecting/representing turbine data is in the form of a Hill chart. The basic Hill charts comprise two plots, one relating
unit discharge (Q11 = Q/(D2H0.5) with unit speed (N11 = ND/H0.5) and the other relating unit torque (T11 = T/(D3H0.5) with unit speed. Suter representation of pump characteristics
relates h/(a2 + v2) with ð + tan-1 v/a and relates w/(a2 + v2) with ð + tan-1 v/a, where h = H/HR, w = T/TR, a = N/NR and v = Q/QR and subscript R represents the machine rated
conditions. Pipe2024 comes with a tool (Turbine Data Converter under Tools in the main menu) that converts turbine data in Hill charts format into a Pipe2024 Suter file
format. Turbine data may get further complicated when the turbine operation is controlled by a wicket gate. Turbine characteristic data at different wicket gate openings
should also be converted into Suter file format for modeling wicket gate operation in the Pipe2024 program. Once again the Hill charts conversion (Turbine Data Converter)
tool may be used to convert the data at different gate openings into Suter File format.

Turbine Data Converter tool:

The available turbine characteristics data (Hill charts) must first be written to an Excel Spreadsheet file in the following format and the file must be saved as a CSV (comma
separated variable) file. Table 1 shows the sample file format for the raw data file. An example file, Example-1.CSV, is available to demonstrate the complete file format. The
conversion tool comes with a plotting routine to visualize the raw data (data in Hill charts format) as well as the processed data (data generated in Suter files format). Figure 1
shows a screen shot from the Hill chart conversion tool along with a plot of h/(a2 + v2) vs ð + tan-1 v/a for several different wicket gate openings. Two separate files are
generated by this tool, one file (999X) at full wicket gate opening in the standard Suter file format used by Pipe2024 program and other file (888X) at full and all other wicket
gate openings. The X in 999X and 888X represents the file number specified by the user in the Hill Chart conversion tool as well as the file number associated with the
pump/turbine element (****under device data of Pipe2024). Table 2 shows the format for 888X file.
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Table 1. Turbine data in Hill charts format

Diameter (ft or m)
5.000
Rated Head (ft or m)
400.000
Rated Flow (cfs or cms)
70.000
Rated Torque (ft-lb or N-m)
700000.000
Rated Speed (RPM)
350.000
Guide Vane Opening (%)
9.000
N11, Q11, T11
-102.718 -0.041 107.383
-96.675 -0.036 93.312
-90.633 -0.031 78.501
….. …. ….
….. ….. …..
114.940 -0.022 -105.158
120.990 -0.025 -120.181
127.039 -0.029 -139.710
133.089 -0.033 -165.249
-99999
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25.000
-102.717 -0.103 177.737
…. …. ….
…. …. …..
108.891 -0.027 -103.656
114.941 -0.031 -123.936
120.990 -0.034 -146.470
127.040 -0.039 -172.760
133.089 -0.045 -206.561
-99999.000
-99999.000

In Suter representation, the value of è (where è = ð + tan-1 v/a) ranges from 0 to 2ð and it covers all possible modes of operation of a hydraulic machine during a transient
event. While pumps may go through almost all modes of operation during a severe transient event, the modes of operation of turbines generally do not span more than 3
different zones. From this point of view, it may not be necessary for the Hill charts to cover all 4 quadrants completely. In most cases the data converted into Suter
representation from Hill charts (of turbines) will not cover entire possible range of operation, that is è = 0 to ð. However, Pipe2024 expects the Suter files to cover the entire
range of è = 0 to ð. Instead of ignoring (or setting to 0) the data outside the ranges covered by Hill charts are replaced by the data from standard Suter Pump Files available
with Pipe2024 program. The Hill charts conversion tool will interpolate the available Suter Pump Files if the machine specific speed does not match with one of the existing
pump files.

The non-dimensional Suter curves tend to be much steeper at lower wicket gate openings. Small measurement errors in raw data (Hill charts) may produce significant
distortions in the Suter files data. The raw data may be adjusted to minimize the distortions in the Suter data before using the Suter files with the Pipe2024 program.
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Figure 1. Screen shot from Hill Charts Conversion Tool

Table 2. Format for 888X file.

Line 1: Wicket gate opening (%)

Lines 2 – 90: 89 data points representing h/(a2 + v2) at the above wicket gate opening for each è (where è = ð + tan-1 v/a ) at ð/44 interval.
Lines 91 – 180: 89 data points representing w/(a2 + v2) at the above wicket gate opening for each è at ð/44 interval.
Line 181: -999
Repeat lines 1-181 for additional wicket gate openings
Last line: -999 indicating end of data file.

Example 1 (Turbine Ex1.p2k). This example illustrates the modeling of a simple pipeline system with a turbine element in Pipe2024 program. The Pipe2024 model (Turbine
Ex1.p2k) for this example is in the in the Turbines Data folder. Figure 2 shows the schematic for the pipeline system from the upstream reservoir to tailrace on the
downstream end.
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Figure 2. Schematic of the pipeline system for Example-1

The penstock is a roughly 2.5 km long 2.5m diameter steel pipeline. The turbine is rated to operate at 64m3/s of flow and 460m of head. Rated speed is 425 RPM. The
combined Generator and Turbine inertia for this system is 19620000N-m. A 9999 file has been derived from the available Hill charts for this turbine and are stored in
the Pipe2024 folder. Figure 3 shows the device data for the Turbine element. The turbine full load rejection event has been simulated in this example. Figure 3 also shows the
change data associated with the turbine element illustrating the data needed to simulate the load rejection or trip event under full load operation. Note the negative sign for
the initial speed ratio as well as for the speed ratio value under change data at time 0. Negative speed ratio for the turbine element indicates that the device is operating in the
turbine (generating) mode. This ratio should be positive if the turbine element starts as a pump in a pumped storage plant. The data under device data refers to the machine
characteristics while it is operating as a turbine. Figures 4, 5 and 6 show the pressure head, speed and flow variations respectively, following full load rejection at and near
turbine element.
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Figure 3. Device data and change data for the turbine element – Example 1.
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Figure 4. Pressure head trace at turbine element (purple line - downstream side)
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Figure 5. Variation of Turbine Speed following full load rejection

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Figure 6. Variation of Flowrate at Tailrace following Load Rejection

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Figure 7. Wicket Gate Characteristics and Change Data

Example – 2 (Turbine Ex2.p2k): This is a continuation of the previous example wherein a wicket gate immediately upstream from the turbine element starts closing 5 seconds
after load rejection and completely closes in 70 seconds. Though the wicket gate element was created for the previous example, no change data was provided for the wicket
gate and therefore it would act as a simple active valve with a small resistance. It is important to note that a wicket gate element must be located immediately upstream from
the turbine element separated by a very short length pipeline.
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Figure 8. Variation of Turbine Speed following full load rejection with wicket gate closure
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Figure 9. Variation of Flowrate at Tailrace following Load Rejection – wicket gate closes after load rejection

Figures 8 and 9 show the variation in turbine speed and flowrate following load rejection and closing of wicket gate. Because of the difficulties in getting the accurate turbine
characteristic data at low wicket gate openings, the lowest gate opening with available turbine characteristic data was only 3.5% and not 0%. This was the reason the flow
rate staying above zero despite completely closing the wicket gate – no data was available that correctly represents wicket gates in fully closed position.
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Example 3 (Turbine Ex3.p2k): Turbine Trip Followed by Restart. Figure 10 illustrates the change data to simulate turbine startup event following a load rejection event. The
first part of the change data is similar to Example – 1. Following the trip event, the wicket gate closes by 75% in 70 seconds before the turbine was restarted. The 200 in the
change data is a dummy event where in the speed at that time period is captured from the transient run and is used as a starting speed at that time period. The
corresponding zero under the value column of change data is ignored – instead the program calculates the speed ratio internally at that time period. Starting at the internally
calculated speed ratio, the turbine speed will be ramped up to the rated speed in 20 seconds as illustrated in the change data (Figure 10). Figure 11 shows the speed
variation graph and Figure 11 shows the pressure head variation graph for this example.

Figure 10. Change data for turbine element

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Figure 10. Speed Variation after a turbine trip event followed by a restart event
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Figure 11. Head Variation after a turbine trip event followed by a restart event
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Initial Disturbance
Turbine modeling is highly sensitive to initial conditions data, and if the rated flow and pressure are significantly different from computed initial (steady state) flow and
pressure then there can be a a disturbance in pressure at time 0. Sometimes it is simply best to allow the initial steady state conditions to stabilize and initiate the transient
after some time has elapsed and stabilization has occurred.

4.5.50 Vacuum Breaker element

Vacuum Breaker element

Vacuum breaker
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An element for KYPipe systems. This element is used to prevent a vacuum at high points in a system. The pipe is vented to the atmosphere, at atmospheric pressure.
Elevation is the only required data. If the vacuum breaker is activated, the flow will be decreased and the pipe may flow partially full in regions beyond the breaker. Flow
data is valid beyond the vacuum breaker, but pressure data may not be valid.

Flow Without a Vacuum Breaker

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Flow With a Vacuum Breaker

This is illustrated above. The upper schematic shows the flowrate calculated without a vacuum breaker. The calculated pressure at the high point is -18.6 psi
which is not feasible. The second schematic shows the same calculations with a vacuum breaker. The pressure at the highest point is atmospheric (p=0) and
the flow is considerably reduced.

Note - to the left (downstream) of the vacuum breaker the pipe will flow partially full. Element is functionally like a PSV set to 0 psi.

4.5.51 Valves
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Valves

Valves
Pipe2024 models a variety of valves which provide a wide range of features. Among them are:
on/off valves
pipe break simulations
active valves
regulating valves
check valves

4.5.52 Zero Velocity Valves

Zero velocity valves (ZVV):
Defini on: A valve that closes exactly when the flow velocity in the pipeline becomes zero.

Purported Uses: To be installed at strategic loca ons on rising mains to prevent reversal of flow a er a pump trip event thereby protec ng the pipeline
from high surge pressures.
Discussion: ZVV is a non return valve placed at some strategically selected loca ons along the pipeline while tradi onal NRVs are located just near the
pump sta on. The main purpose of both ZVVs and NRVs is same: to prevent reversal of flow through pipeline, except that one is to mainly protect the
pump sta on (NVR) and the other is to protect the pipeline from high posi ve surge pressures (ZVV). Though the main purpose of NRV is to protect the
pump sta on from flow reversal, an ideal NRV must also close when the flow velocity is exactly at zero to prevent secondary pressure surges.
The need for closing ZVV (or NRV) exactly when the flow velocity is zero arises from the fact that any rapid changes in velocity can result in rapid changes
in pressures in accordance with Joukowski’s equa on:
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∆H = (c/g) ∆V

Where ∆H is change in pressure (m), c is celerity or wave speed (m/s), g is gravita onal accelera on (m/s2) and ∆V is change in velocity (m). For
steel pipes, c/g is roughly 100 implying, a ∆V of 1.0m/s can produce a ∆H of 100m or 10bars.

In cases where the change in velocity (∆V) was generated by a valve closure event, there will be an increase in pressure by ∆H on one side of the valve
where the velocity decreases by ∆V and there will be a corresponding decrease in pressure on the other side of the valve because of the separa on of
water column. Therefore, if the ZVV is not set to close exactly when the velocity is zero, there is a poten al for a sharp pressure rise in propor on to the
change in velocity (at the me of complete closure) on one side of the ZVV and there would be a corresponding sharp decrease in pressure on the other
side.
Suppose the residual velocity in the pipeline at ZVV is only 0.1m/s just before the ZVV is closed completely, the complete closure of the ZVV generates
about 10m of posi ve surge pressure on one side of ZVV (downstream side of ZVV on a typical rising main) and a nega ve surge pressure of -10m on the
other side of ZVV. Even if we ignore a 10m of posi ve surge pressure we cannot ignore the nega ve surge pressures as they can poten ally lead to
cavita on condi ons with subsequent collapse of vapor cavi es leading to poten ally unsafe posi ve surge pressures. If the ZVV closes completely when
the pressure is already nega ve at upstream end of pipeline, cavita on condi ons can occur even at smaller residual veloci es (∆V<0.1 m/s). Such small
thresholds on residual veloci es make the ZVVs extremely sensi ve elements of the surge protec on system. Their real-life performance must be very
close to how they were simulated in transient modeling of the rising main. Any devia ons in its performance at the ini al stages of opera on or during
the life me of pipeline project may result in extreme surge pressures capable of inflic ng widespread damage to the pipeline system.
Theore cally, it is easy to assume that the valve (ZVV) closes just when the flow velocity in the rising main near ZVV becomes zero. Most computer
modeling tools for surge analysis assume that the valve (ZVV) closes just when the flow velocity becomes zero. But one must examine if it is physically
possible to have the ZVV close exactly when the flow velocity becomes zero or close to zero. The important issue is how a ZVV operates in real-life and
responds to changing flow condi ons in a rising main.

Two important ques ons to be addressed for proper func oning of a ZVV on a rising main are: 1. What triggers the closing of ZVV? and 2. How much me
it takes to close the ZVV from fully open posi on to fully closed posi on?
In case of single or mul -door ZVV that open and close based on fluid pressure (and no external energy), the flaps start closing as soon as the pressure
force drops below the force required to hold the flap in open posi on. Depending on the type of flaps used and orienta on of ZVV on the rising main, the
flaps may start closing 1.exactly when the flow velocity becomes zero, 2. slightly before the flow velocity becomes zero, or 3. slightly a er the flow
velocity becomes zero. Once the ZVV starts closing, it will take some finite me to go from fully open mode to fully closed mode. Depending on the actual
closure characteris cs of the ZVV and the flow characteris cs of the rising main, the exact me for closure may vary and it could be as high as 1 second
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(or more). Flow con nues to accelerate in the reverse direc on during this period (while the ZVV is going from fully open to fully closed mode) implying
the poten al for unacceptable levels of residual flow velocity just when the ZVV closes completely. As discussed earlier, even a residual flow velocity of
0.1m/s can poten ally generate cavita on pressures on the upstream side of the ZVV which in turn can result in significantly large posi ve surge
pressures on collapse of vapor cavi es. The reverse veloci es can be much higher than 0.1m/s in pipeline systems where the water column accelerates or
decelerates rapidly. Another cri cal aspect of single or mul -door ZVVs is that the speed with which the flaps close increases as the valve approaches
completely closed state. This is due to increase in fluid pressure force on the flaps in the direc on of reverse flow as the flaps approach closed state. Such
an accelerated closing of ZVV further enhances the chances of higher velocity changes (∆V) at the me of complete closure of ZVV resul ng in more
severe transient pressures.
In case the ZVVs are fi ed with external source of energy (hydraulic power pack) to control the closing of flaps, the actual closing me of ZVV increases
compared to those that work purely based on fluid pressure. This defeats the purpose for using the ZVV (i.e. prevent flow reversal in the pipeline to
protect high pressure problems near pump sta on) and can also generate unwanted pressure spikes within the pipeline due to ZVV closure at higher
reverse veloci es. It is difficult to capture the actual closure characteris cs of a ZVV fi ed with external energy source in order to simulate those
characteris cs in surge modeling study. The behavior of hydraulic power pack can be affected by the dynamic pressure forces during the flow reversal
cycle. The characteris cs of a power pack tested under sta c condi ons (on rising main or in factory) could be completely different from those under
dynamic condi ons and get much more complex when there is significant wave ac on within the rising main (for example, air slam condi ons etc).
Dependency on fine tuning the closure characteris cs under dynamic condi ons is not acceptable as the damage to the pipeline or pump sta on (during
the trial and error adjustment process) can be severe and irreversible. An ideal NRV is one that closes right when the flow becomes zero (just before flow
reversal) or the one that closes very slowly to prevent secondary pressure surges associated with reverse flow veloci es. However, an ideal ZVV is one
that closes only when the flow becomes zero. The one that closes very slowly is NOT an op on as it defeats the purpose of having a ZVV on the pipeline.
The delayed closing of ZVV may ensure that the local secondary pressure surges are minimized but it lets the reverse flow veloci es to develop and create
enough damage to the pump sta on and other parts of the pipeline. Besides, this is with the assump on that one can model the actual closing
characteris cs of hydraulic ZVV more accurately which could be a difficult task. One other cri cal issue with hydraulic ZVV is its triggering mechanism to
ini ate the closure of flaps, in case the flaps are directly connected to the hydraulic power pack. There should be some elaborate and reliable sensor
network to sense the flow reversal and ini ate the closing opera on. Wrong flow reversal signals can create more damage to the pipeline.

Other issues that affect ZVV func onality are, mul ple pump opera on, controlled shutdown of pump sta ons, pump startup related transients.
Assuming that the designers were able to arrive at an ideal closing characteris cs for the ZVV based on a full pump trip event (power failure resul ng in
tripping all pumps), the water decelera on characteris cs may be different during other transient events such as single pump trip during a mul ple pump
opera on etc. The decelera on will be different during a controlled shutdown of a pump sta on. There should be a mechanism to adjust the closure
characteris cs for each of the opera ng scenarios which is almost impossible.
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In view of these observa ons, though the ZVVs offer theore cally a good solu on to protect rising mains from returning pressure waves, the prac cal
implementa on is a highly complex process and any devia ons can lead to catastrophic damages to the pipelines and at mes to people.

4.6 Backgrounds and Map Tools

4.6.1 Internet Background Maps and Automatic Elevation Retrieval

______________________________

Internet Background Maps - Pipe2012 and later versions.

Google map and Google elevation source - Pipe2014 and later versions.
Built-in UTM and State Plane Coordinate systems - Pipe2014 and later versions
.
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See Interpolate Elevations, for more information

Map Sources
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Lat/Long Coordinates
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4.6.1.1 Driving Directions - Internet Maps

Pipe2014 and later versions. Only available if an Internet Map is applied to the model.

To get Driving Directions to node locations in a model, go into Group Mode and select the nodes.

Go to Internet Maps menu (under Appearance in the KYnetic Ribbon) and click the Elevations/Addresses tab.

Click the button Driving Directions for Selected Nodes.

A MapQuest Internet map window will appear in your internet explorer application with a driving route to all points.

Tips:
The last node selected in Group mode will be the starting and ending location for the route.
On the left side of the MapQuest window, under the list of Stops is an Options drop-down. Scroll down to see image. Check the box "Allow MapQuest to Reorder Stops"
and click "Get Directions" to recalculate the most efficient route.
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4.6.2 Animate Map

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Use the controls to step through results of an EPS or Surge analysis, or multiple steady state scenarios. Use the red Record button to create an AVI.
In Classic interface this is found under View in the main menu.

4.6.3 Background Images

Background Images

Several types of background images may be used at the same time, which can guide your pipe system layout and provide a scale to determine pipe length.
Internet Background map (Google, MapQuest)
Grids
Raster (CAD) Files
Vector (Image) Files
Node Images
See also Backgrounds
Scaling Background Maps

Note regarding shapefiles as background images: While some shapefiles will successfully load in the background using the Add Map Button within the Backgrounds
Menu, shapefiles are not an officially-supported background format. The appearance of shapefiles imported as background images is inconsistent and cannot be
controlled. A better option may be to export the shapefile to a CAD format and use the resulting CAD file as the background image. The export to CAD function is
available in many GIS mapping programs. Some of the more advanced CAD mapping programs allow the import of shapefiles into CAD format.

GRIDS
You can turn on grid lines of any spacing. The spacing can be changed at any time. This feature is accessed using the Grids menu or Map Settings / Grid tab (Classic).
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RASTER FILES
Raster files are picture files in which every pixel has a specified color. A photographic image is typically stored in a raster file. Raster file background layers can be loaded
and turned on or off as desired. This feature is accessed using the Background menu or Map Settings / Backgrounds (Classic) tab. These drawings can occupy all or a
portion of your drawing area. A number of file formats are supported (.pdf (Pipe2014) .bmp, .tif, .bml, .shp, .jpg, .mif). Other formats can be converted to the (.tif) format
using the To TIFF module which is included in the Pipe2024 package.

Raster files require a coordinate reference file which may be modified using the Map Link module which is included.

See Scaling Background Maps for detailed instructions.

VECTOR FILES
Vector files are files that describe the size, length, color, and position of lines (vectors). Vector files are typically used to represent things like plat maps and CAD
drawings. Vecor file background layers can be loaded and turned on or off as desired. This feature is accessed using the Backgrounds menu or Map Settings /
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Backgrounds tab (Classic). These drawings can occupy all or a portion of your drawing area. A number of 2D file formats are currently supported and include AutoCad
DXF and DWG and MicroStation DGN (may require saving in earlier version formats). The actual drawing coordinates are used to position the image on your pipe system
coordinates. However, drawings can be shifted and scaled.
See Scaling Background Maps for detailed instructions.

NODE IMAGES
See Node Images and Text Nodes.

4.6.4 Backgrounds

Backgrounds

KYnetic icon:
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The Backgrounds tab is used to control the loading and display of background images. Pipe2024 can input a background maps or drawings in a variety of vector and
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raster formats. Using a scaled background map or grid lines will allow pipe links to be precisely scaled (length calculated).

Supported formats:
PDF (Pipe2014 and later versions)
SHP and MRSID (some source formatting limitations)
BMP
JPG
TIF (some geo-referenced TIFs also)
GIF
for other formats see MapLink Utility
CAD DWG and DXF files may be added using section at the bottom of the menu (more information below)
Internet Maps supported via different menu.
Add Map
This button brings up a file selector that allows you to choose a picture file as a background for your piping system. You can have more than one picture loaded at a time.
For example, you may want to have your pipe system overlaying a plat map overlaying an aerial photograph. See Scaling Background Maps

Remove Maps
This button will remove a background picture from your data file. You must first click on the name of the picture that you want to remove and then click this button.

To Top
This button will change the order that the pictures are drawn on the screen. The order that the filenames appear in the list is the order in which they will be drawn. This is
significant in the case where you are overlaying one picture on top of the other (incorrect ordering can cause one of the pictures to be obscured). To move one of the
pictures to the top of the list first click on the picture name and then click on this button.

Properties
Under Map Settings | Backgrounds, the Properties button accesses the window below. The Map Properties window displays the title, extent and visibility status of
the selected map. For raster-type maps, transparency may be specified along with the transparent color. This is useful for multiple map layers.
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Scale Background to Pipes

This button allows you to alter the scale of the background pictures to fit the scale of your piping system. This will change the X shift, Y shift and Scale Factor of your
background. These settings will be saved when you save your Pipe2024 file. Keep in mind, however, that these settings will change if the system is rescaled for any reason.
See Scaling Background Maps.

Scale Pipes to Background

This button allows you to alter the scale of the piping system to fit the scale of your background pictures. Note that this will change the length any pipes that are not fixed
(see Pipe Data Boxes - length). Coordinates will also be changed. This option will also orient the system to the map by rotating the network model. See Scaling
Background Maps.

Make Maps Visible / Hidden

By first clicking on the picture name in the list and then clicking this button you can make the picture appear (Visible) or not appear (Hidden) in the drawing area.

Zoom to Selected Map

By first clicking on the picture name in the list and then clicking this button you can cause the current map viewport to be set as large as possible while still containing the
selected picture in its entirety.
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Zoom to All Maps

By clicking this button you can cause the current map viewport to be set as large as possible while still containing all the background pictures in their entirety.

Zoom to Maps and Pipes

By clicking this button you can cause the current map viewport to be set as large as possible while still containing the piping system and all the background pictures in
their entirety.

Start MapLink Utility

The MapLink Utility allows the user to create a reference file for a specific background picture, recording the scale and location for that background. See MapLink.

X-shift
This entry causes all the background pictures to be shifted along the X axis the distance (in coordinate units) specified (positive is to the right).

Y-shift
This entry causes all the background pictures to be shifted along the Y axis the distance (in coordinates units) specified (positive is up).

Scale Factor
This entry causes the size of all the background pictures to be scaled by this amount (numbers <1 decrease the size).
See Scaling Background Maps.

Show Text on DXF and DWG maps (slower)

When dxf or dwg files are used as a background the user has the option of displaying or hiding the text within that file. Keep in mind that this display option is slower.

Display a single CAD file with enhanced method

A CAD file may be loaded in this section instead of the main map list. When loaded here, individual CAD layers may be turned on and off. The entire CAD map may be
turned on/off without losing the layer settings by checking/unchecking the box "Display a single CAD file with enhanced method"
Layers - To view layers, simply click the drop-down selector arrow. The layers toggle between off and on by clicking on the row.
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4.6.5 Extended CAD Formats Background Method

Extended CAD Formats Background Method

Using CAD files as background images.

Here are some tips for CAD files that experience issues upon loading as a background:
1) CAD files from AutoCAD 2010 and later, plus some CAD files from applications that are not AutoDesk often need to be exported to earlier AutoCAD formats such as
AutoCAD2000 to be successfully loaded as a background image.
2) If XReferences are associated with the CAD file, these need to be detached.
3) Make sure the CAD file is in a local folder, not on a network, cloud, or external storage device.
4) Use the Extended CAD option.

With the Extended CAD option, most CAD drawing formats may be successfully loaded without export or other modifications. To use the Extended CAD formats
feature:
1) Check the Extended CAD formats box
2) Click Load CAD File button and browse to load the CAD file.
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Map Update
On Refresh Only - The default setting is “On Refresh Only” so that the background will re-load when the user manually refreshes the map view using the
refresh button:

KYnetic Classic

Every New View - In some instances the user may wish to automatically refresh the map view every time the map window changes. This option can be slow. The
“Every New View “ option may be useful in addressing the Map Object LT ESRI conflict which occurs with some installed applications.

4.6.6 Colors
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Colors

KYnetic Colors menu icon

The Colors / Sizes tab is used to set the display properties of nodes and pipes on the map. Changing these settings can make a system much easier to see if you are
running at high resolutions (> 1280 x 1024) or if you have a complicated background picture.

Pipe Color
Sets the color that pipes will be drawn

Node Exterior Color

Sets the color that will be used to outline node pictures
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Node Interior Color

Sets the color used to fill node pictures

Background Color
Sets the base color for the map. This essentially sets the color of the "paper" that the system is drawn upon.

Pipe Size
Sets the thickness (in pixels) of the lines used to represent pipes.

Node Size
Sets the size of the pictures used to represent nodes.

Selected Item Color

Allows the user to choose the color of the items currently selected under Group Mode.

Node Image Size

Sets the size of the bitmap pictures (images) that can be stored for each node. Often these images are digital photos of the site of the node.

4.6.7 Contours - Main Menu

Contours - Main Menu
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This shortcut menu is available to quickly build contours and pipe emphasis for the map screen.
See also Map Settings | Emphasis/Contours and Pipe Emphasis.

4.6.8 Cursor Notation

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The cursor may be configured to display any combination of the options listed in the drop-down menu shown above.
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Set Contour Type - the mouse, when hovering over any point on the map, will display the interpolated value of the parameter selected in this drop-down sub menu.

4.6.9 Emphasis / Contours - Nodes

Emphasis / Contours - Nodes

This menu is used to set up Contours or color emphasis for nodes. Contours show colored areas on the map that contain nodes within a specified data range. Color
Emphasis sets the color of the node pictures based upon the value of their data.

Please note - the Refresh button KYnetic: Classic: will regenerate the contours. This is useful, for example, when zooming in to redraw the contours at the
maximum resolution.

See the Contours video on the kypipe.com web site.

See also Pipe Emphasis. or Contours Main Menu shortcut

KYnetic:
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Value/Colors - These are the values used to determine the range used for each color. Colors are applied to values up to an including each range increment (values that are
less than or equal to the target value are set to the target color). So if Pressure values of 50 are blue, then values above the previous increment and up to and equal to 50
are blue.
Select the number of increments, 3, 6, 9, 12
Select the range for contour values - full range, high values, very high values, and low values.
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- Drop down additional menu options. For all of the above settings, the user can override and specify specific colors, values and ranges.
Set a specific number of values
Use one of the default ranges or click User Defined Values to enter your own
Use one of the default color paletts or selecte User Defined Colors to select your own
Key - set key location and font size
Compare Two Parameters

The button in the Contours menu opens the following menu:

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Here you can select the two parameters to subtract. Results from a previous analysis may also be selected.
Customized Parameter names may be specified.
Once entry is complete, close and it is important to refresh the values list using the Auto option as shown:
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This produces a contour of the difference between the two values, as shown:

Parameter - Setting the parameter also operates as the contour on/off function. Select Other for more contour parameter options.
Added in Pipe2018 - Loss and Loss/1000
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Emphasis - colors the interior of each node icon

The first button turns the emphasis off and on, using the contours settings
Three options for built-in emphasis are Hydrant Monitor status, Pump status, and NFPA Hydrant Rating.
Transparency settings for solid or gradient contours, allows background images to show through.
Contour Pattern - icons indicate the appearance. The top right button allows for added intermediate contours to be added. Note does NOT apply to solid contours.

Classic Interface:
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Value
These are the values used to determine the range used for each color. Ranges are filled from the highest range down, and values that are less than or equal to the
target value are set to the target color. In the example above Nodes with Elevations <=20 will be yellow, nodes with elevation >20 and <=40 will be purple, etc.
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Color
These are the colors used to fill the nodes that fall within the specified range of values
Pump Status
When this box is checked, the menu pictured below will appear. While checked, Node Contours will be replaced by Pump Status Emphasis. All nodes
which are not pumps will be emphasized with the first color. A pump that is turned off in the in the baseline data (set to 'off' through the Node
Information window) will be emphasized with the second color. A pump that has been turned off during a simulation or is experiencing flow reversal
will be emphasized with the third color. A flowing pump will be empasized with the specified Pump Flowing color.

Selector Boxes
Clicking on these boxes allows you to set the target color to the left.
Auto Fill
This box automatically sets the values in the value boxes to establish equal sized ranges to span the data type selected in the Parameter box.
Range Fill
This button causes the Value boxes to be filled in to establish equal sized ranges between the bottom and top value boxes. Note that you should fill in the first value
box with the lowest value and the top box with the highest value BEFORE pressing the Range Fill button.
Default Colors
Reset colors to default setting.

Number of Items
This sets the number of user specified ranges that will be present.
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Show Contours check box

Selecting this box causes the defined contours to be shown on the map.
Show emphasis check box
Selecting this box causes the nodes on the map to be colored according to the ranges.
Label Contours check box
Selecting this box causes the contours generated to be labeled with the parameter value.
Show Key check box
Check this box to have key or legend appear on the map showing contour values
Parameter
This selects the data item used to set the ranges. Note that if a result is selected the "A" box on the main menu may be used to identify which specific result you are
referring to (in the case of Extended Period Simulations or Changes).
Contour Style
This popup box allows the user to select the style that the contours will be filled with. The choices are:Diagonal, Crosshatch, Solid, and Lines.
Key Location
This popup box allows the user to select the corner of the map in which the key will appear.
Label/Key Font Size
This box allows the user to choose the font size for the Key and for contour labels.

Show Intermediate Contours

This check box will add additional contours based on the Intermediate Contour Spacing specified below. Will be in the same color as the range within which the
intermediate contours fall. Not applicable for solid contours.

Intermediate Contour Spacing

In the same units as the Parameter specified, the intermediate contour spacing is specified. For example, if the contours are elevations and range 1 is
556 to 671 and the contour spacing is 20, then there will be 6 intermediate contours added to range 1.

NFPA Hydrant Color Coding

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After running a hydrant analysis, go to node emphasis click button that says “NFPA Hydrant color coding” Or you may hit ctrl – Alt – H, or to go to Labels |
Results A or B | Fireflow/Static/color code NFPA. Emphasizes the hydrants.

4.6.10 Emphasize Pipes as Nodes

Emphasize Pipes as Nodes

Emphasizes pipe with colors and values from Node Contours and Node Emphasis.
Pressure contours from the Node Emphasis Menu:
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Click the Emphasize Pipes as Nodes box.

It can be found in the Node Contours-Emphasis menu or Pipe Emphasis menu in KYnetic Ribbon:

Or KYnetic Toolbar:

In the Node Contours menu in KYnetic:

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And as a check box in the Node Contours or Pipe Emphasis menus in Classic:

Once the emphasis is applied, the pipes are colored the same as the node contours:
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Close-up view:
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4.6.11 Grids
Grids
Classic - Map Settings - Grids
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This window controls the color and size of the grids on the map. The map allows for major and minor grid lines. The major lines are typically an order of
magnitude further apart than the minor grid lines. By choosing different colors for the two types of grid lines one can establish a good visual indicator or
approximate position of features on the map.

What are Grids?

Grid lines are scaled horizontal and vertical lines which may be displayed on the map and printouts. You can set the grid scale and use the resulting grid to produce a
scaled layout of your system.
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Major Grid
This checkbox determines if the major grid lines are shown.

Major Grid Value

This drop-down selector box allows you to set the spacing of the major grid lines.

Major Grid Color

This button brings up a window that allows you to choose the color of the major grid lines.

Minor Grid
This checkbox determines if the minor grid lines are shown.

Minor Grid Value

This box allows you to set the spacing of the minor grid lines.

Minor Grid Color

This button brings up a window that allows you to choose the color of the minor grid lines.

Mark Origin
This checkbox determines if the origin is marked on the map.

Origin X, Origin Y
These boxes allow you to set an X and Y value of a coordinate to be marked as the origin of your map

Origin Color
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This button brings up a window that allows you to choose the color of the origin symbol.

Offset Grid to Match Origin - if the origin is set to a value other than (0,0), and if this box is checked, a grid intersection will occur at the specified origin.

4.6.12 Labels
Selected Labels Only - or troubleshoot: why won't my labels show up?
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Multi-line Pipe Labels (Pipe2018) - For Pipe Labels, each label is stacked vertically instead of all on the same line.

One Item per Line (Pipe2024) - For Node labels, each label is stacked vertically instead of all on the same line.
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Flow Arrows - Flow arrows appear only when label Pipe Result A is checked.

Tip: to show only arrows and not the Result A label, set the font size to 1.
Show Zero Value Items
If this box is checked, node labels which are equal to zero (e.g. nodes with no elevation data) will be displayed on the map.

Label type details

Text in Rectangular Box - The label will be displayed horizontally within a box. Use the "Box Background Color" setting to change the color of the box.
Angled Text - Aligns the labels along the pipe. For a big system, generating this display will be slower than other alignment options.
Horizontal Text - Makes the label text horizontal. This is the fastest-loading option
Angled on longest segment places the label on the longest section of pipe (when/if intermediate nodes are present in the pipe).
Angled on longest segment (if space permits) - Shows labels aligned with the pipe, but only those labels, based on font size and zoom level, which fit within the length of
the pipe will be displayed.
Parallel to End Nodes - Draws a line between the two end nodes of the pipe and aligns the label along this line.

Text at a fixed angle (nodes) - when selected, the angle editor becomes available, default = 45

Classic Interface Labels Menu

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Check the boxes to select labels to display.

Use the two selector boxes to add specific labels
Selected Labels Only - See below
Box Color - changes the background color when "Label in Box" option is checked/selected.
Change Font - allows font size, color, and style to be changed.
(Pipes) Angled Text - label is parallel to a line connecting the two pipe end nodes.
(Pipes) Horizontal Text - label is horizontal. This is a good option is the map loading time is slow
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(Pipe) Angled (if space permits) - only label which fit between the pipe end nodes will be displayed.

Selected Labels Only (KYnetic and Classic)

Check the Selected Labels box for Pipes or Nodes. Only labels which are group-selected will appear. If label attributes are checked, but they don't appear on the map
view, this Selected Labels Only option may be activated.
Use Group Mode to create a group of pipes or nodes. Once the group is created, go back to Layout mode.
To be able to create a group, clear the group, then easily select the group again, create a User Data attribute. To re-select the group after it has been cleared, query the
group attritbute.

4.6.13 Legend
Legend

KYnetic Legend icon:

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Show Legend On Map - causes the legend to be visible while viewing the map
Rectangle Around Map - adds a frame around the map as shown below.
Show Legend On Prints - causes the legend to be included when printing the map
Crop Around Rectangle - the optional frame is inset from the edges of the map, this visually crops any portions of the background or pipes which appear outside the
frame.
Always show Time/Case in Title for Animations - for use with the View | Animate feature.
Title - a title may be added to the map
Title In Box - adds a frame around the title
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Transparent Box - allows the background and pipes to show within the title frame.
Font - set the font of the title
Background - allows the user to set the color of the background of the title frame.
Show Time/Case - time/case is displayed in the title bar
Legend - User may enter the desired text.
Divide With Lines - draws a line between each line of text (separated by hitting Enter).
Transparent Box - allows the background and pipes to show through the Legend frame
Include Distance Scale - add a scale to the map.
Show Logo - User may create a bmp called Logo.bmp and save in the Pipe2024 folder. This may be checked to display this logo in the Legend.
Logo.bmp may be placed in one of three locations (path names relevant for Win7). In the order shown, the logo.bmp which is found first is the one applied to the
map.

C:\Users\Public\Public Documents\KYPipe Docs\Images

C:\ProgramData\KYPipe
C:\Program Files(x86)\KYPipe\Pipe2024 (or other version)

If the logo.bmp is not being recognized, make sure there is no other logo.bmp in any of the locations that take precedence.
Logo Size - sets the size of the logo from a choice of five settings.
Font - set the font of the Legend.
Background - allows the user to set the color of the background of the Legend frame.
Key Locations - the Legend may be placed in any one of the four corners of the map.
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4.6.14 Map Link

Map Link
See also Scaling Background Maps
Utility Programs

Adding Maps – General Information

Both raster (jpg, gif, bmp, etc.) and vector (dwg, dxf) files may be used as background maps in Pipe2024. With vector files, the coordinates and scale are built in and may
not need to be set by the user, but can be if desired. The scale or location of a vector map may be modified using the X Shift, Y Shift and Scale in the Map Setting |
Background screen. For raster files, the user will almost certainly need to set a scale. The location will need to be set if a raster map is added to an existing model or if
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the user wishes to reference coordinates. These may both be set using the Map Link utility. See Scaling Background Maps.

Creating a reference file with Map Link

Map Link is a Utility program used to create a reference file for a Raster file to be used as a Background Map. A reference file specifies location and scale for a Raster
Background Map. Reference files have different file extensions depending on the file type. Those extensions are as follows:

file type reference file

bmp bmpw or bpw

jpg, jpeg jpgw or jgw

tif, tff, tiff tfw

gis gsw

lan lnw

bil blw

bip bpw

bsq bqw

sun snw

rs, ras rsw

rlc rcw

The Map Link program is accessed by clicking on the Map Link icon in the Pipe2024 directory.
A new Raster Background Map may not be added without a reference file. An old reference file from another Raster Background may be used, but it is generally
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preferable to create a new reference file so that the position of the old Raster Background is not changed for future use or if it is currently in use.
To create a new reference file enter the Map Link Utility and, under File, click Load Map. After choosing the map file, you will be prompted to specify your Map location.
If you are adding the map to an existing system and you know the coordinates of that system, you may try to approximate where the corners of your Map may fall (keep in
mind, coordinates correlate with feet), or where one corner falls and assume a scale. This is not a necessary step however, and serves only to speed up the Map Scaling
process. In general, it is recommended to choose Specify Corner and Scale under Position Options and for the Lower Left Corner (the default selection) to enter 0 and 0
for the X and Y coordinates and 1 and 1 for the Xscale and Yscale. Specifying a position (any position) creates a reference file. You may now exit Maplink and the
Background Map may now be added then viewed on the Pipe2024 Map screen. See Scaling Background Maps to reset a position and scale for the map if necessary. If you
don't see the map, use the Zoom to Selected Maps feature under Map Settings / Background tab in Pipe2024, or scroll your Map screen to the coordinates you specified in
Map Link.

Other Map Link functions

Viewing options
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Under View, there are standard Zoom In and Zoom Out options.
Editing options

Clicking here will bring up the following screen:

Map List
This is a list of all of the maps currently loaded into the Map Link utility.
Move/Resize Maps
This will bring up the Specify Map Location Box shown above, allowing the user to specify the map location using coordinates and scale or with a
reference file.
Zoom to Selected Map(s)
This will cause the viewport in Map Link to zoom to the map or maps which are selected (highlighted) in the Map List.
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Make Visible/Invisible
This toggles the map selected in the Map List between visible and invisible in the Map Link viewport without removing from the Map List.

Aligning new raster maps using Map Link - When creating a new model, a user may have several background maps he or she would like to overlay in
the Pipe2024 Map screen and use to lay out the graphical piping system. Maplink may be used to align several raster maps to each other at once. (To
align background maps to existing pipes see Scaling Background Maps.) To do this, load the desired maps, specifying a temporary position such as
described above. Then under Edit Maps, select Move/Resize/Edit Maps. Then select Move/Resize Map with the target map highlighted in the Map List.
Coordinates and scale may be changed as needed to achieve alignment of the maps.

4.6.15 Map Screen

This is the main drawing area. You system will be shown graphically here. This is the main space in which you will work to enter or edit your piping system.

KYnetic Return to Map icon:

Classic:
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Operating Modes
Panning Controls
Pipe System Layout and Modification

4.6.16 Minimum View Scale

Minimum View Scale

If, upon zooming in with a vector background map, Pipe2024 crashes, follow these simple steps. This will allow the user to set the minimum view scale and zoom further
in, past the map's viewable point .

1. In Pipe2024, open the file with the vector background map. Click Zoom All. Then begin Zooming In using the button. Count the number of zoom levels used
until the program crashes. For example, lets say you zoom in 11 times and on the 11th time it crashes.
2. Reboot Pipe2024. Open the file again and click Zoom All again. Now zoom in one fewer times than it took to cause the program crash. Using our example you would
then zoom in 10 times.
3. Under Map Settings | Backgrounds click on the Properties button. Read and make note of the number in the Scale field. Let's assume it says 500.
4. Click on the Properties button (within the current Properties window). In the field called Minimum View Scale, enter the value you read in step 3 minus 1. In our
example, this would be 499.
5. Now the user will be able to zoom in past the minimum viewable size of the vector map without problems.

4.6.17 Node Images and Text Nodes

Node Images and Text Nodes
See the Images video on the KYPipe web site.

See also Node Data Boxes

Node Images
An image file (bitmap) can be loaded and displayed for any node (including Text Nodes) in the system. This feature can greatly enhance your model and can be used for
a variety of purposes. This includes primarily cosmetic information such as a photograph of a tank or functional information such as a detailed map of a shutoff valve
location.
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KYnetic Interface:

- Image icon, brings up the Image menu shown below:

The three buttons on the top left are used to 1) Display all node images, 2) Display only the node images which are turned on for that node or 3) hide all images.
The slider changes the size of the currently selected image as it appears on the map.
On the top left, the buttons will load an image, show, hide or refresh the image.
In the next row the options are to delete the image from the node, print, or change the location (quadrant) of the image on the map.

Classic Interface:
Here a photo of a pump which has been attached and can be displayed when the pump is selected on the graphical system.
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Here is a map which field personnel may use to quickly find the location of a particular valve:
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Once the map is scanned to create a bitmap file, it may be attached to the selected node or element by using the Load button. Viewing options within the Node
Information Window toggle between Full, Large and Small (shown here). The Print button will print the image. The Clear button removes the image from the node. The
Move button will change the quadrant of the image relative to the node on the map.
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Text Nodes
These may be placed anywhere on your map to provide information. They can be easily added, moved or deleted.

See Text Nodes and Text Node Data

Back to Internal Node Data
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4.6.18 Panning Controls

Panning Controls

KYnetic Interface:
Zoom with mouse wheel or with the controls under the Map tab:

These buttons may be docked to the left side of the Map window using the Configuration menu. Open the Configuration Menu with this icon
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The individual buttons are explained below:

Pan - simply click and drag the map window in Layout mode.
Important note: In group mode, click and drag will move select nodes! Go back to Layout mode to pan.

Zoom All - This button causes the view in the Drawing Area to be zoomed to the point that all the features of the drawing are visible. You may wish to turn off node and or
pipe labels if this view appears cluttered.
Zoom Window (Zoom Lock) - Allows the user to draw a box around the area to be magnified. Right click this button for Zoom Lock, or CTRL+SHIFT+W
Zoom Previous - Allows user to zoom to the previous zoom setting.
Zoom Selected - To be used with Group Mode. Zooms in to fit all elements highlighted in Group Mode within the viewport.

Classic Inteface:

These buttons allow you to quickly pan across the picture my moving in the direction of each arrow a large piece at a time.
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The first two buttons zoom directly in and out.

Z All - This button causes the view in the Drawing Area to be zoomed to the point that all the features of the drawing are visible. You may wish to turn off node and or pipe
labels if this view appears cluttered.
Z Win - Allows the user to draw a box around the area to be magnified.
Z Sel - To be used with Group Mode. Zooms in to fit all elements highlighted in Group Mode within the viewport.
Z Prv - Allows user to zoom to the previous zoom setting.
Pan (hand) - Allows the user to use the cursor to click and drag the map within the viewport to the desired location.
Pan Lock (hand + lock) - Lock into pan mode. To cancel pan mode, simply click again.
Arrows - The arrows pan the viewport toward the direction of the arrow (thus exposing the portion of the map opposite the arrow direction) a distance of half the
viewport screen. Direction of pan may be switched in System Data | Preferences.
Zoom Slider - Zooms to custom level by click and drag slider bar.

4.6.19 Pipe Emphasis

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Pipe Emphasis
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This tab is used to set up color emphasis for pipes. Color Emphasis sets the color of the pipes based upon the value of their data.

Value - These are the values used to determine the range used for each color. Values that are less than or equal to the target value are set to the target color.
Auto Fill - This box automatically sets the values in the value boxes to establish equal sized ranges to that span the data type selected in the Parameter box.
Range Fill - This button causes the Value boxes to be filled in to establish equal sized ranges between the bottom and top value boxes. Note that you should fill in
the first value box with the lowest value and the top box with the highest value BEFORE pressing the Range Fill button.
Number of Items - This sets the number of user specified ranges that will be present.
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Color - These are the colors used to draw the pipes that fall within the specified range of values
Classic - click on the color to bring up a color palette.
Auto Colors - uses default color set
User-Defined Colors - user may set individual color values, click on color to bring up a palette.

Turn on/off emphasis - Classic - use "Show emphasis" check box, KYnetic - select the parameter button (Diameter, Flow, etc)

Parameter - In Classic this selects the data item used to set the ranges.
In KYnetic, this doubles as the on/off function for emphasis display.
Added in Pipe2018 - Loss and Loss/1000

Key / Key Location - This allows the user to select the corner of the map in which the key will appear. In KYnetic, the location button functions as on/off button. In
Classic, Key display is turned on/off with the Show Key checkbox

Key Font Size - This box allows the user to choose the font size for the Key.
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4.6.20 Pushpin
Pushpin

When you click the pushpin symbol on the left-hand side of the map screen, a node or area of the map screen may be selected. A blank 'note' will appear to which text
may be added.

The font and color may be set for the pushpin note. Also, all notes are stored in a table. Notes may be printed singly or all together in the table format.
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To make notes invisible click the Clear button. To make them reappear, click the pin again (then OK and the pushpin button again if you do not want to add a new
pushpin note).
A table summary of all Notes may be created (KYnetic only) by clicking the Table icon under Pin Font.

4.6.21 Scaling Background Maps

Scaling Background Maps
Adding and Scaling Vector Files: to new Pipe2024 files
to existing Pipe2024 files
Adding and scaling raster files: to new Pipe2024 files
to existing Pipe2024 files
see also Backgrounds
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Background Images

Vector Files (dwg, dxf, etc.)

Vector files are those created in AutoCad or similar environment where coordinates and a scale are inherent. Pipe2024 recognizes these parameters and will use them as
the default. In order to use different settings, Pipe2024 must be instructed to do so. For vector files, this is done using the X Shift, Y Shift and Scale under Map Settings |
Backgrounds. For problems zooming in with a vector file see Minimum View Scale.

Kynetic Background menu icon:

Vector files - New Pipe2024 file (no pipes entered):

1. When adding a vector file, under Background menu or Map Settings / Background (Classic), simply click Add Map and select the desired file. If your scale and
coordinates are acceptable, begin laying out your system.
2. If the scale of your vector file does not match the scale you would like to use in laying out your Pipe2024 model (e.g. meters vs. feet), then use the Pipe Scale Factor
under Other menu or System Data / Other (Classic) to set the desired scale. If the scale factor is not known, then lay out a pipe of known length on the background. Use
the map legend scale (as in the example below) if one is included on your background. Click on the pipe. Compare the scaled length in the Pipe Information box to the
length you want your pipe to be. Use this ratio (desired length/scaled length) in the Pipe Scale Factor setting in Other menu or System Data / Other (Classic). In the
example below, the length we want the pipe to be is 1 mile or 5280 feet, which corresponds to the scale shown on the legend. The scaled (Pipe2024 assigned) pipe length
is 72.481 feet. The Pipe Scale Factor would be 5280 / 72.481 which is equal to 72.85. Enter this into the Scale Factor box.
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3. If the coordinates of your vector file do not match those you would like to use in the Pipe2024 model, first make sure scale factor is set as above, then place a node on
the background map for which the coordinates are known. Set the X Shift and Y Shift in Map Settings / Background accordingly (to change a location from an x
coordinate of 9 to 5 the X Shift would be -4). Note that this will affect any other maps already loaded onto your system, and it must be taken into consideration when
adding new maps.

Vector files - Existing Pipe2024 file:

1. If you are adding a vector file as a background to an existing system model, click Add Map under Background menu or Map Setting / Background (Classic)and view the
background in the Map screen (you may need to use the Zoom to Selected Map feature). If the coordinates and scale used in generating the vector file are identical to the
ones you want your Pipe2024 model to be in, then the map should be aligned with the piping system. If there is a discrepancy, use the above instructions in items 2 and 3
to set the coordinates and scale.

Raster files (bmp, gif, tif, etc)

Pipe2024 uses a reference file to specify the permanent location and scale of a background map. The scaling options under Background menu or Map Settings/
Backgrounds (Classic)are view-related settings when used with Raster files. Scale and position set this way may be saved with your Pipe2024 .P2K file, but will be need to
be manipulated with the addition of other backgrounds. Hence the need for a permanent, separate reference file. The scaling options are invaluable in obtaining the
correct scale and coordinates to be recorded in the permanent reference file. The reference file is created using the utility called Map Link.
Note that there are a few Raster formats not supported within Pipe2024. Most of these may be converted to a .tif format usable in Pipe2024 with the To TIFF utility.
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New Pipe2024 file (no pipes entered):

1. When a background file has not been used before it will have no reference file. Therefore, when it is added in Pipe2024 (Add Map button) it will be placed by default at
the origin (0,0). This default postition is fine when only one background map is used and there is no need for specific coordinate data. To define a different coordinate
location for the background map, create a reference file by clicking on Map Link. In Map Link, under File, click on Load Maps. Select the desired file. When the Specify
Map Location Box appears, three options are given. Use one of the first two to set new coordinates. Next the user will need to scale the map.

2. Scaling the background. There are two easy ways to determine the scale for a raster background map. If the map has a legend, you can zoom in on the map scale, place
a pipe along the scale, compare the length of the pipe with the scale and calculate the ratio of the lengths (desired length/scaled length). Otherwise, place a pipe of known
length on the map (e.g. from the intersection of Main Street and 1st Street to the intersection of Main Street and 2nd Street, which is known to be 350 feet.). In the
example below, the length we want the pipe to be 1 mile or 5280 feet, which corresponds to the scale shown on the legend. The scaled (Pipe2024 assigned) pipe length is
72.481 feet. The Pipe Scale Factor would be 5280 / 72.481 which is equal to 72.85.
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3. If you are only using one map, you may enter the scale (for our exampple 72.85) into the Scale Factor box. Otherwise to create a permanent reference file, go back into
the MapLink utility. Load the map. Under Position Options, choose Specify Corner and Scale. Make sure the Lower Left corner is set to 0, 0 (unless you want to specify
different coordinates). Enter the scale you calculated in step 2 in the Xscale and Yscale boxes.
4. Your map should now be scaled. You may begin to lay out your piping system.
Existing Pipe2024 model:
1. When a background file has not been used before it will have no reference file. Therefore, when it is added in Pipe2024 (Add Map) it will be placed by default at the
origin (0,0).

KYnetic Backgrounds menu icon:

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2. With the newly added background selected (highlighted), click Zoom to Selected Map. Go back to your model by clicking the Map tab.
3. If you have a model already set up, your background and your network will not be aligned. The best way to establish the correct position for your background is with
the Scale Background to Pipes option. In order to do this, establish a correlation between two nodes at opposite corners of your piping system and their corresponding
position on the background. In the Text Mode (vertical task bar on the left of your Map screen) add two text nodes onto the map in the location you would like the system
nodes to be and give them the same names as their corresponding system nodes.
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4. Next, in Map Settings / Backgrounds, select Scale Background to Pipes. View the result in the map screen. If the background and pipes are not lined up to your
satisfaction, repeat step 3, zooming in on the target text node locations for accuracy.
5. Now, the map is aligned, but the coordinate and scale data must be recorded in the reference file so that Pipe2024 will always recognize the location of this map, even if
subsequent maps are added.
a. Under Map Settings / Background, view and make note of the X-Shift, Y-shift and Scale.
b. Then, set these parameters back to 0, 0, and 1, respectively.
c. Next, remove the map.
d. Go back into the Map Link utility.
6. In Map Link, load your background again. Repeat step one, entering the x, y, and scale data collected from step 5. This will reset your reference file to the location
established in step 3.
7. In Pipe2024 add your background as in step 1. Maps and network model should now be aligned.

4.6.22 Scroll Bar

Scroll Bar
The scroll bars show your position of the Drawing Area relative to the extents of the picture. By clicking on the end arrows or by dragging the indicator box
in the middle you can shift the area that the Drawing Area contains.

See Input and Editing Shortcuts

4.6.23 Text Nodes

Text Nodes
See the Images video on the KYPipe web site.
See also Map Legend.
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Text Nodes - Text nodes are used to provide text information and can be located anywhere on your map. They are added and deleted in the ‘TEXT’ mode and several
options are available for displaying this information. See Text Node Data and Node Images and Text Nodes
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4.6.24 Text Node Data

Text Node Data
See the Images video on the KYPipe web site.
See also Map Legend.
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Creating and Locating Text Nodes

To create a Text Node, select the Text operating mode (button located in the left-hand, vertical toolbar in the Map screen). Then move the mouse to the desired location
and left click. This creates a small square symbol (locator box) to mark the text location. This box is also used to click and drag the location of the text. In the associated
Node Data Box, the title is entered, which is the text which will be displayed at the text node location (this may be left blank).
Angle - define an angle for the text label.

To add or delete a text node, you must be in Text Mode by clicking on the "Text" button.
A bitmap image may also be loaded in the Node Image Box and displayed on the screen (see Node Images and Text Nodes). Lastly, an elevation may be assigned to the
text node location. This is useful in creating elevation contours.
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Viewing Text Nodes

Under View (Main Menu) or Push Pin and Notes icon (KYnetic), select Show Text. The following options are displayed:
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To select a Text Node (to move, edit text, or delete), the first selection must be activated and the locator box displayed. Then simply point to the locator box and left click
to select.

4.6.25 Text and Notes menu

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Enter Text Mode

Add North Arrow
Add Push Pin Note
Show Only Text
Show Text and Boxes
Do Not Show Text
Change Push Pin Font Size and Appearance
View all Push Pin Nodes in a Table
Set Push Pin Size
Set Note Size

4.6.26 URL and SCADA for nodes

Adding an URL link to a node
Pipe2014, KYnetic interface only.
Go to Scenarios/EPS - SCADA
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Or in KYnetic Toolbar, go to Preferences menu, under Map/Layout, click Scada Menu button.

Select URL
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Back in Map view, select node.

Copy in URL.
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You may click on URL icon at the bottom of the Node Info window to go to the location.

SCADA for Nodes

Select SCADA for URL Data Label.
Locate SCADA-format text file, which is used to update boundary conditions (tank level, pump status, etc) in the model. Optionally specify how frequently the the SCADA
file is re-loaded, or use "Update Now" button.
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4.7 Analysis and Design Tools

4.7.1 Cost and Inventory Calculations

Cost and Inventory Calculations
Power Cost
Inventory/Cost

Power Cost
A Power Cost calculation may be set up as part of an Extended Period Simulation (EPS). To calculate the power cost for pump operations, select (highlight) the pump of
interest. In the Node Information window, a percent Efficiency must be entered along with the ID data describing the pump.
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Under the System Data, EPS tabs, a default power cost ($/kwhr) is specified. The Use EPS box must be checked. Other EPS specifications are also entered for the
simulation.
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A Power Cost analysis is automatically conducted with an EPS simulation when a cost is specified. Therefore, to see Power Cost calculations results, select Analyze under
Analyze in the Main Menu.

The results may then be reviewed in the Report (under the Report tab). The cost for each computational period (incremental cost), cumulative total cost, and the total
Surge Users Manual 596

cost for the simulation are all reported.

Variable rate power costs (for different time periods or computational periods) may be simulated by specifying the rate data under the Setup/Defaults, Demand Patterns
tabs. A row called Power Cost is provided for this data.

KYnetic Demand Pattern icon:

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Inventory/Cost
Specify the material/installation cost for pipes, nodes and fittings. The create an Inventory to see the total cost.
Pipes - A Unit Cost may be specified under the Setup/Defaults, Pipe Type tabs for each type of pipe in the system. If English units have been selected for the model, this
value is cost per foot of pipe. For SI units, this is cost per meter.
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KYnetic Components menu icon:

Surge Users Manual 599

'

Nodes - Create a User Data item called "Cost". Displaying User Data in the Node Info window, click on the node and input the total cost for that device (Pipe2014 and
later versions).

Fittings - In the Fittings Table, (under Setup/Default in the Classic Interface and the Components menu in KYnetic) input a total cost for the fitting (Pipe2014 and
later versions).

Inventory

To generate the inventory and to view cost totals, go to Reports and select Complete Inventory or Selected Inventory, Inventory/Cost under Analyze in the Main Menu
(Classic).
You can group-select a subset of the piping system using Group Select and choose Selected Inventory, producing inventory and cost of only that group.
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The cost totals along with an inventory report are then viewed in the Report under the Report tab.
The Inventory includes Pipe Volume, Fittings Summary and Fittings Cost.
Added in Pipe2024 is a Demand Summary. This gives a total demand, but also breaks down the demands by how they are defined (Junction Demands, Residential
Meters in pipes, and Metered Connection Nodes), by Demand Type (e.g. R, 1, 2, 3, etc), and also applies the Global Demand Factor.
Last is a Device Summary which give totals for different devices in the model.
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4.7.2 Network Analysis

Network Analysis
See also Analyze (Main Menu)

Once the system layout and data entry is complete, you are ready to perform the analysis. Prior to attempting the analysis, you should perform an Error Check.

Click on Analyze (Main Menu) and select Error Check

Note and correct all errors which are flagged. When the Error Check provides the message No Errors you are ready to proceed with the analysis.
Surge Users Manual 605

Click on Analyze in the main menu and select Analyze.

An Analysis Setup pop up menu appears.

Select the Analysis Year (use current year or enter a different year) and Analysis Type and then click on Analyze. Note that the Analysis Type selection must be one which
is available for your data file and Pipe2024 configuration.

You can now review results. It is recommended that the tabulated output (click Report tab) be reviewed first to check for any errors flagged by the analysis engine and
review the general nature of the results. Then proceed to develop and print presentations of the results (pressure/flow labels, contours, color code, etc.).
Surge Users Manual 606

4.7.3 Operational Control Settings

Operational Control Settings

Operational Control Settings Screen

This screen provides some very advanced capabilities for reviewing and modifying settings which affect the operation of the system and launching an analysis using these
settings.
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Important Note: When analyzing using this feature, only the settings in the Operational Control Settings screen are considered. The Change Data and Demand Pattern
Data entered into the main data file are not recognized. Therefore, for example, when running an EPS using the Operational Control Settings screen, remember to use the
Edit Demand Factors button to set up demand data if desired.

Click on Analyze | OCS Screen (Analysis) and the following screen appears.
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Within this screen, the following settings can be viewed and modified if desired.

Tank level and on/off status

Pump speed (or power) and on/off status
Valve setting (% open) and on/off status
Regulator setting

Once the settings have been reviewed and modified (if desired), a variety of hydraulic analyses can be launched. This is controlled by selecting Analysis Type and then
clicking the button, Analyze System Using Settings

The Analysis Types (KYPipe) are:

1) Normal Simulation: The simulation (regular or EPS) specified for this data file
2) One Case (Select Time) A regular simulation using the GDF (gobal demand factor) for the time shown in the Time:Demand Factor box.
3) 24hr EPS (Select Starting Time) A 24 hour EPS starting at the time shown in the Time:Demand Factor box

The Time:Demand Factor list (KYPipe) for options 2 and 3 is defined and can be edited by clicking on Edit Demand Factors. The following box appears:
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You can load and save 24 hour Demand Factor files (.dmd extension). One example file is provided (AWWA.dmd) which has the values shown above. These
values are provided by AWWA. Important note: When an EPS analysis is run through the OCS screen, demand factors in this table are global, that is, they are
applied to all demands in the system regardless of the demand type.

There are several additional user options which are provided using the selection shown below.
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Load Settings From File and Save Settings to File - The setting can be saved or loaded using a .ocs extension.

Apply Settings to My Data - The basic data file will be modified using the settings shown.

Reset Settings from Map Data - This will over write any modified settings to those in the Map data.

Using SCADA data to update settings - The option Load SCADA Settings allows you to interface your model with SCADA data and use this data to update
your settings. You can then launch an hydraulic analysis based on the current time to obtain real time results. The SCADA data is assumed to reside in a file
called SCADA.ocs which resides in the Pipe2024 directory. The data file format is
Surge Users Manual 612

a Node Name
b on/off
c setting

repeat for each setting

for example:

T-1
on
735
Pump - 3
off
0

This file will set tank T-1 to 735 feet and set pump Pump-1 to off.

4.7.4 Pipe Break

Pipe Break Simulation

See also Pipe Break in Surge Analysis

To simulate a pipe break, click on Facilities Management on the Main Menu at the top of the screen. Select Pipe Break.
Surge Users Manual 613

A special cursor symbol will appear and a pipe may be selected for the simulation. The pipes affected by the break and the on/off or active valves which must be closed to
isolate the break will become highlighted.
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Note: After simulation, valves may be clicked to open or close. Pipe Break area will be extended or limited accordingly.
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Results may also be viewed in the Pipe Break Report. Once the pipe break has been simulated, click Facilities Management in the Main Menu again. Select Pipe Break
Report. A report appears as follows:
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The addresses which appear are Node Title entries (see Node Images). Click Map to return to the map screen. To clear the pipe break simulation from the Map screen,
click Clear on the vertical toolbar on the left of the Map screen.
The Volume of the liquid loss due to the pipe break is also included at the top of the report
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4.7.5 Profile
These instructions are only for the "Static" or original Profile feature.
For the current or "Animated" Profile, see Animated Profile
See also how to Create a Profile path.
The Pipe2008 and earlier versions profile function allows the user to select two or more nodes in a system and create an elevation and hydraulic grade line graph vs. pipe
distance which may be displayed and printed. To use this function, a starting and ending node must first be selected. Nodes in between may also be highlighted to specify
a specific path. This is done within Group Mode. Once the nodes are selected, click on Analyze in the main menu bar and select Profile. The following three options will
appear:

Create Profile from Last Selected Node will draw the profile from the last node highlighted and back along the specified pipe path.
Create Profile from Leftmost Selected Node will draw the profile from the node that is furthest to the left in the map screen and along the specified pipe path from there.
Clear Profile unselects all highlighted nodes.
Upon choosing one of the first two options, a graph similar to the following will appear:
Surge Users Manual 618

Several display options exist which the user may specify at this point.
Animation - For a system with several cases or times, will display each result in turn.
Surge Users Manual 619

Step - allows the user to skip sets of results, e.g., if 2 in entered, the animation will display every other result.
Delay - the amount of time in seconds that each results set is displayed.
Create Movie - If a file has multiple cases, a movie can be created of the animate function based on the Step and Delay defined in the Animation menu. This AVI
may be played on certain movie players. There is an option (under System Data/Preferences) to create bitmaps instead of an AVI file. The bitmaps will be in a
folder called 'Movie' which you must create first within your Pipe2024 folder.
Note: AVI movies can be created faster if:
* You have more memory
* The step size is larger
* The Pipe2024 Window is made smaller
Font Size allows the user to set the font size of the profile labels
Print/Capture - Save to various formats or print to printer. Also, Add to Presentation (Pipe2014 and later versions)
Save Profile - allows the user to save up to 10 profiles. To open a saved profile, select Analyze (main menu in the Map screen) and click on the desired profile..
Default Settings will reset all options to the default settings
X Label user-specified label for x axis
Y Label user-specified label for y axis
Title user-specified title for the profile
Copy to Clipboard copies the profile to the clipbaord.
Min Elevation and Max Elevation allow the user to set the y-axis limits.
Time/Case A, and Time/Case B allow the user to turn the hydraulic grade line portion of the graph on and off, displaying results A or B, which are selected in the
map screen prior to creating the profile.
Show Internal Nodes includes all internal nodes in the graph.
Use Profile Title overrides the title entered in the Title field with the name given to a profile when saved.
Show Envelope allows the user to show the hydraulic grade line envelope.
Actual Pipe Lengths allows the user to toggle the x-axis between displaying each pipe link in equal sections for easy reference or displaying the pipelinks in
proportional lengths.
Reverse reverses the x-axis of the graph.
Default Y-axis chooses an appropriate y-axis range for the current profile.
Pressure toggles the profile to display pressure instead of the default hydraulic grade line.
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Monochrome causes the graph to be displayed in shades of grey.

Legend - Creates a legend which includes references all items displayed on the profile
Travel Time - Calculates and displays the travel time through the profiled pipe section for the selected time/case A.
Refresh may be used to redraw the graph when changes are selected.
Lower Head Limit and Upper Head Limit may be used to add an upper and lower head line to the graph for the user's reference.
Show Cavitation - If the current result being displayed fall below the cavitation level which is specified in this field. Note it does not use the cavitation limit set
under Simulation Specs.

Emphasis Menu

Show Caviation - emphasize where along the pipeline cavitation occurs using this color.
Lower/Upper Head Limit - a head line will be drawn at the level specified in this field when the box is checked.
Show Pipe Ratings - The pipe rating defined in the Pipe Type Table or in the Data Table is in units of psi or kPa. Checking this box will show the rating limit on
the profile.
Pipe Ratings Factor - multiplies the pipe rating by this number.
Show Where Pipes Exceed Rating - Emphasizes the pipe in this color where rating is exceeded.

The symbols used in graphing are as follows:

junction node

device, such as PRV

Surge Users Manual 621

pump

tank or reservoir

internal node

plot of elevation vs. pipe distance

plot of hydraulic grade line (or pressure) vs. pipe distance

plot of upper and lower head limit

4.7.6 Profile Animated

Pipe2010 and later versions include animated profiles. The former profile feature is still available and may be specified as the default profile function. To use the former
profile go to Appearance - Map/Layout (Previous interfaces - Preferences ). In the Map/Layout section, check the box which says "Non-Animated Profiles". If this
box is unchecked then the Animate Profile will be the default.
Once an analysis is run and results are available, there are a few ways to select a profile path, then open the profile window. The easiest way is to use the Quick Profile
option.
Quick Profile:
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You may also launch a quick profile under Analyze - Profile.

If you want to create a custom path, see also How to Create a Profile Path.

Once a profile is created, the nodes within the profile path may be automatically Group-Selected using Select Nodes:

This group may then used with Custom Table, Group Labels, or Limited Report Output.

Below is an image of a typical profile. The system depicted is a Surge analysis of a system for which a pump has tripped and a bladder tank has been employed to provide
surge protection.
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There are many options for controlling the appearance and function of the Animate Profile
Style - Normal/Simple/Static
Normal - as shown above.
Simple - appears a more simple-lined version shown below. Ideal for inclusion in reports.
Static - reverts to the original profile feature
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Simple Profile

Appearance
(Simple Mode - Symbols on/off) - show or hide the symbols for devices.
Water Size - in animating water flow, color-gradiated, moving segments are used to indicate direction of flow. The number of segments can be increased or
decreased.
Pipe Size - the width of the pipe can be made narrower or wider. The width of the pipe also affects the appearance of the pumps, tanks, reservoirs and surge
devices.
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Pipe Color - the four color choices include a 256 color grey which provides a preview of what an AVI of the animation will look like. The file size of the
generated AVI will be much smaller in 256 colors.
Cavitation Pressure - cavitation is depicted in the animation as black space (with colored dots) in the interior of the pipeline. The value entered for Cavitation
Pressure will determine when and where cavitation is indicated in the profile. A cavitation Emphasis line can be displayed and the color selected.

Element sizes - Many of the elements included in the pipeline may be sized using these individual scale. A'0' makes the element invisible. Important note: The
size of the pipe (see Pipe Size above) will also affect the size of certain elements, pumps, tanks, reservoirs and surge devices

Axis
X-Axis Type - Choosing "Equal Segments" will divide the pipe equally between elements in the pipeline regardless of the distance between the elements. This
makes the elements most easily viewable in the profile. "Actual Pipe Length" uses the horizontal pipe length. "Graphcial Length" displays the angled length of
each pipe segment.
X-Axis Units - ft (m) or miles (km). Only applicable when Graphical or Actual type X-Axis is used.
Y Axis may be defined using the default which will fit the head envelope within the viewed area or the user may uncheck the default box and enter max and min y
axis data.
For the following options, if the selection is not reflected in the profile, use the Refresh button at the bottom of the Profile menu.
Show lines at nodes - vertical lines where each node is located in the pipeline
Lines at X divisions - vertical lines at each distance division or pipe segment
Volume Graph - for Surge protection devices, a graph of changing volume is added
Pressure - Profile is plotted to show pressure envelope instead of Hydraulic Grade line
Show Ground - show or remove green ground color
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Show Sky - show or remove blue sky color

Reverse Profile - switch the pipeline ends, but will not take effect until the profile window is closed and a new profile is generated.
Show Axis Lines - adds a line at the axes
Box Around Graph - draws a box around the profile

Labels
Font - to modify the font, click on the Font area and a font setup menu will appear.
Top Label - Pressure, head, HGL results, Name, and X Coordinate or name for each node may be displayed as text across the top of the profile screen by
selecting one of these options. Note if "pressure" option is checked under Axis, head and HGL will not be available.
Bottom Label - Velocity and flow results or name for each pipe may be displayed as test across the bottom of the profile by selecting one of these options.
Show Units - determines whether the units for the Top Label and Bottom Label are displayed.
Title - may be added to the top of the profile
Show Title - used to turn title off and on.
Show Time Case - if checked the time/case currently represented in the profile is displayed along with a title, if specified.
Show Travel Time - travel time of water in pipeline from beginning of simulation based on velocity and pipelength in each pipe segment.

Envelope
Colors - the number of colors used to gradiate the head envelope may be specified. Up to seven colors may be used. To change the individual colors click on the
color box and a color palette will appear. The range for each color is automatically determined based on the number of colors chosen, unless the Automatic Values
box is unchecked.
Key - a Y-axis key for pressure results may be displayed or hidden using this check box.
Style/Lighten - are used to modify the appearance of the head envelope.
Default Colors - resets the envelope gradient colors
Automatic Values - the gradient pressure values are automatically assigned unless this box is unchecked. If unchecked Auto Fill and Range Fill options become
available. See below
Auto Fill - if Automatic Values is unchecked, this option can be used to automatically assign pressure values to the number of gradients selected.
Range Fill - if Automatic Values is unchecked, an upper pressure value may be entered into the bottom pressure field and a lower pressure value in the top
pressure field. Then this button is used to fill in the pressure fields in between with equal intervals.
Surge Users Manual 628

Show HGL Line - if this box is unchecked the HGL profile is not shown within the envelope.

Animation
Animate Water - The profile may be depicted as a solid pipe or as a cut-away with animated water flow/
Water Speed - this determines the speed at which the water animation moves to depict flow.
Total Cycle Time - sets the time it takes to animate the simulation from start to finish, one cycle.
Cycle - determines how the animation cycles, "Loop" goes from beginning to end of the analysis repeatedly, "None" goes through the cycle once and then stops,
"Rock" goes from beginning to end then cycles backwards to the beginning repeatedly.
Surge Animation - within closed surge tanks and bladder tanks, the range of the volume of air calculated in the analysis may be depicted to scale (using the "From
Zero to Max" options) or the measured range can 'fill' the animated device (using the "From Min to Max" option). In other words, the "From Min to Max" option
'stretches the actual range across the entire animated device.
Return to Static Profile - initiates the former method of profiling. To set the default profile method, go to System Data | Preferences. Under Map / Layout, use the
"Unanimated Profiles" check box.

AVI
Animation Type - the four option affect the file size and quality of the captured animation
Time Range - the animation may be created for the entire simulation or just for the flow and conditions at a single time.
Frame Rate - This affects the size and quality of the AVI that is created.
Pixel Height/Width or Screen Size - the AVI may be sized using the specified number of pixels or according to the size of the window.
AVI Lenth / Use Cycle Time - If the Use Cycle Time box is checked the time specified under Animation/Total Cycle Time will be used. If it is unchecked, then a
time length for the AVI may be specified.
Estimated Size - this is the size the created AVI will have.
Create AVI - Make a movie based on the specified settings.

Emphasis
Lower Head Limit - enter a value which will be plotted on the profile. Used to show where the pressure results fall below a certain value. You may change the color
by clicking the color block.
Upper Head Limit - enter a value which will be plotted on the profile. Used to show where the pressure results fall above a certain value. You may change the color
Surge Users Manual 629

by clicking the color block.

Show Pipe Ratings - if the pipe data includes Rating values, these value may be plotted on the profile. You may change the color by clicking the color block.
Pipe Ratings Factor - multiplies all pipe ratings by this value and then plots the new pipe rating. You may change the color by clicking the color block.
Show Where Pipes Exceed Rating - Changes the color of the HGL/Pressure results line to indicate where the pressure is greater than the plotted pipe ratings line.
You may change the color by clicking the color block.
Previous - Shows the results line for the analysis run immediately prior to the current profiles analysis. You may change the color by clicking the color block.
Previous Envelope - Shows the head envelope lines for the analysis run immediately prior to the current profiles analysis. You may change the color by clicking the
color block.
Case B and Case C - the pressure/HGL line for the selected case can be displayed along with the current case (selected in the Results Selector bar of the program
window).
Show Legend - displays a key for any of the above emphasis options which are turned on.
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Some Profile Emphasis Options

Surge Users Manual 631

File Menu
Copy to Clipboard - an image of the current time is copied and may be pasted into another application.
Load - Load a previously saved profile
Save/Save As - Save current profile. Saved profiles have a ".PRO" file extension.
Exit Without Saving
Exit and Add to Presentation - add current profile to Presentation Builder
Load "Previous" - add to the current profile the envelope and results plot for a previously saved profile.

Print/JPG/PDF/DXF - open a print menu with the following options, which includes Export to Excel and DXF File:
Surge Users Manual 632

"DXF File" opens the following export menu:

Surge Users Manual 633

.
Refresh - refreshes the profile so any change that has just been made will be displayed.
Note, all changes to the profile are automatically saved for that model file upon exiting. They will be used next time the profile for this model is generated.
Default - returns the profile to the default settings.
Undo All - cancel all changes made during the current profile session.
Exit - exits the profile animator

These buttons are used to select the case/time displayed on the profile. The outside buttons move the to beginning or end of the
simulation, the double arrows select every fourth case/time, and the single arrows select each case/time.
Slider - may be used to select a case anywhere in the simulation by clicking and dragging the bar.
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These three buttons are used to play the profile animation to the left, to the right, or pause the animation.

4.7.7 Creating Profiles

Creating Profiles
Custom Profile Path
To select a pipe profile path, go into Group mode

Or left side of map with KYnetic toolbar active:

Next select the starting and ending node of the profile path.
Surge Users Manual 635

Then choose to create the path from the “Last” selected node or the “Left” (leftmost) selected node.
KYnetic Ribbon - Reports - Profile. Click From Leftmost Node or From Last Node:

KYnetic - go to Tables, Graphs, and Profiles menu. Click Left or Last button:
Surge Users Manual 636

Classic – Go to Analyze – Profiles and select the “leftmost” or “last” option:

Surge Users Manual 637

Complex Paths
If the system has loops and the desired path is not the shortest between the two nodes, multiple nodes along the path may be selected.

IMPORTANT NOTE: If selecting more than two nodes in group mode, make certain one of the two nodes which are at the end of your path is clicked on LAST or
the path will not be able to be drawn.

Custom Profile Path in TranSurge

If it is desired to make a custom path in TranSurge, toggle to Surge
Surge Users Manual 638

.
Once in Surge, follow the steps described above. Select nodes in Group mode, then go to Tables, Graphs, and Profiles menu and select the Left or Last button. Once
complete, toggle back to TranSurge.

Quick Profiles
KYnetic Ribbon:
Two Ways to access Quick Profile. In the top toolbar for each access:

Or under Reports tab:

KYnetic Toolbar:
Classic – go to Analyze – Profile – Quick Profile.
To determine the Quick Profile path, the program will consider for starting and ending points all reservoirs, tanks, and branched ends. Internally it will draw the shortest
path from the leftmost node that is considered to the rightmost considered node.
Surge Users Manual 639

Longest Path Option

In the Preferences menu (KYnetic , Classic – System Data / Preferences) , an option exists to ensure that the Quick Profile is drawn on the longest path available path
given certain criteria. Considering Reservoirs, Tanks, and Branched ends (same as with standard Quick Profile) for the starting and ending points of the profile, the
program draws the most direct paths between all of these considered nodes. Then the longest path of them all is selected for the profile.
Note this process can take a while to complete on bigger systems.

4.7.8 Pump and System Curves

Pump and System Curves

Pump Curves
For information about entering Pump data, see Pump Data.
Pipe2024 has the ability to provide a plot of pump curves (head/flow data). Pump curve data is data entered by the user. A plot of this data is readily available by clicking
on Facilities Management in the Main Menu and selecting Pump Curves.
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The following graph appears:

Surge Users Manual 641

The graph of the pump curve represents the actual data used in the KYPipe calculation.
Surge Users Manual 642

Refresh - refreshes the graph

Print/Capture - prints the graph or captures to JPG, BMP, or PDF. Also can be used to add the plot to a Presentation.
Clipboard – copies the image of the graph to the clipboard for pasting into other applications
Excel - (added in Pipe2018) exports the pump data point to and Excel file.
Type - multiple curve option, see below.
System Curve - displays the calculated system curve. See below. See also System Curve for Surge
Efficiency - when this box is checked, the efficiency of the selected pump is graphed
Font Size - uncheck the Auto box in order to customized the font size.
Max/Min - a minumum and maximum head and flow can be specified for the graph if the Use Default box is unchecked.
Type - There are several graph Type options for displayed the performance for mulitple combinations of a single pump curve. Curves up to 9 in parallel and series was
added in Pipe2018. Select the curve in the first drop down selector then set the combination in the Type drop-down selector as shown:
Surge Users Manual 643
Surge Users Manual 644

Rated Pump Curves and ID with single data point.

As of Pipe2018, Rated Pumps and pump IDs with a single data point may also be plotted as shown below. Rated pumps appear below ID list as indicated.
Surge Users Manual 645

Combining Two Pump Curves

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Convergence Issues Due to Pump Curve Shape

Convergence problems (maximum number of trials or accuracy not attained errors) can occur when using a pump curve which is not concave downward throughout its entire
range. For example, the curve shown in red has a substantial region where the curve is concave upward. This particular curve would not allow a correct solution to be
computed. The curve in green is concave downward throughout its entire range and will produce a good solution. Note that even though the two curves characteristics are
quite different in the range up to 600 gpm they are very similar beyond 600 gpm. Thus solutions beyond 600 gpm will closely match the operating conditions for either curve.

If you encounter a problem while using a curve with concave upward regions (like the red curve) you should replace the curve with one which is concave downward
throughout and closely matches the initial and final steady state operation
Surge Users Manual 649

System Curves
Available for Surge with release Pipe2018
A system curve is a set of head/flow data which describes the performance at a given node in a piping system. A system curve is useful, for instance, in determining the
maximum flow the system can handle based on the rating of the pipes and is useful for determining the pump requirements and sizing a pump for that location. A tank,
reservoir, or sprinkler needs to be in the region of where the system curve calculation is taking place. The system curve calculation functions by forcing flow into that
region and so there needs to be a fixed grade node where this flow can go.
To obtain a system curve, first choose the node at which the curve is to be generated and enter the Junction name, the Flow Rate which is desired at this junction, and
Available Head under System Data|Other, in the System Head Curves Data box as shown below. The Available Head is equivalent to the head that will be available
on the suction side of a pump at this location and it is recommended to enter this value if the system curve is calculated near a reservoir or some other constant head
location.
Important: Make sure that no flow is coming from a pump or supply upstream of the designated node. This is normally accomplished by turning upstream pumps OFF.

KYnetic Other menu icon:

.
Then analyze the system using the System Head Curves under Analysis Type as shown.
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After the analysis has been carried out, the system curve is viewed using the Pump/System Curves option under Facilities Management.
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The system curve will appear and the user may choose any other pump in the system to compare to the system curve. The user could also create a new pump curve to
compare to the system curve by creating a new pump ID (click on an existing pump, give it a new ID table number and enter pump curve data points then change ID
number back to original ID if desired for modeling purposes). See Pump Curves above for other options.
Surge Users Manual 652

Setting up a system curve manually (indirectly).

With a few easy steps, a model may be set up to generate system curve data. This data may then be entered as an ID as described in the Pump Data section and
graphed as described above. To generate a system curve, use the following steps:
1. At the point which the system curve is to be generated, create a node or use an existing node to substitute for the pump at the outlet port of the pump
Surge Users Manual 653

with an elevation equal to that of the pump. However, increase the elevation of this node to account for suction-side head available to the pump. For
instance, if the suction side of the pump sees 50 feet of head due to an upstream reservoir (after subtracting any applicable piping losses between the
reservoir and the pump – use the final piping losses expected if you are redesigning the system, not the existing piping losses), raise the elevation of the
newly-created node by 50 feet. Close down the pump. Next enter a series of inflows (negative demands). This process is done using Change data as
described in the Node Change Box section and illustrated as below.

2. Run an analysis of the system. Obtain a plot or table of the resulting heads (click the Rslt button in the Node Information Window) at the node where
the negative demands were imposed. This data in conjunction with the flow data entered (as a positive value) makes up the system curve.
Surge Users Manual 654

3. This data may now be entered as head/flow data for an ID in the Node Information Window and graphed as shown below (select a pump node with
Data Table selected as the pump type and access the ID table).
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4. This data can now be plotted with other selected ID's to display the system curve and appropriate pump curves to see where the two intersect.
Surge Users Manual 656
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4.7.9 Skeletonize/Subset
Skeletonize/Subset for Surge models

In KYnetic use Skeletonize icon:

Pipe2024 has the ability to analyze a user-specified subset, excluding all pipes, elements, and demands outside the subset. It also has the ability to Skeletonize the system,
which is minimizing the total number of pipes, but keeping the system the same hydraulically by maintaining all demands and major elements (tanks, pumps. etc.) in the
system. The Skeletonize/Subset tab is used to create a subset for analysis. For skeletonizing (minimizing), see Skeletonize.
The Subset feature is similar to the Group Mode function in that it is used to select a subset of pipes. However, this particular selected pipe group may be used to conduct
an analysis of only the specified portion of the system. This is especially important when a Surge analysis is being conducted on a system. To conduct a complete analysis,
but only show a portion of the output in the Report, see Selected Output.
To select a pipe group, the user first selects the Pipe Attribute for System Skeletonization/Subsetting using the drop-down selector box. Then the Minimum Value and
Maximum Value for that attribute are entered. One or the other or both Values may be entered. By clicking on Show System Subset, the user may view the highlighted
Surge Users Manual 658

subset. The Use System Subset for Analysis checkbox is used to specify that the selected portion of the system is to be for subsequent analyses. If the box remains
unchecked, a complete analysis will be conducted.

4.7.10 Skeletonize
Skeletonize

See also Skeletonize/Subset

Skeletonization Module
This Pipe2024 module skeletonizes (minimizes) a pipe system while maintaining the total system demand. The principal features include
1. Removing branch lines
2. Removing pipes equal to and smaller than a designated size

When pipes are removed the demands are moved to the skeletonized model. Unless specified, pumps, tanks, reservoirs and regulators will not be removed. The user can
also designate specific pipes to be removed or to be retained by defining a pipe user data item (skeleton) as 2 (remove pipes) or 1 (retain pipes).

To skeletonize a system select Analyze | Skeletonize and provide a name for the skeletonized model. The following menu will appear.
Surge Users Manual 659

Make a selection such as the ones shown and proceed.

Once the skeletonized model is obtained, it is a good idea to compare the performance to the original model, using an EPS if possible.

4.7.11 Travel Time Path and Distance

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Travel Time/Path and Distance

Travel Distance
KYnetic interface only.
Select starting node.
In the KYnetic Ribbon, go to Facility Analysis and select Travel Distance:

Or in KYnetic Toolbar, go to Facilities Management and select Travel Distance.

The linear pipe distance from the starting node may be shown with both contours and labels.
Surge Users Manual 661

See also the Contours and Emphasis menus to change settings.

Surge Users Manual 662

Travel Path/Time
For Surge models, run a Steady State analysis first. This feature is not for unsteady flow.
Select a starting node. In the image below, the starting node is labeled Tower B. Go to Facility Analysis and select Travel Time-Path (or in the KYnetic Toolbar select
Facilities Management and select Travel Path/Time).
The path of the flow emanating from the select node over time is animated.
The time units are seconds.
The color, speed and time range of the animation may be customized. Animation controls are available: play, pause, and slider bar.
Surge Users Manual 663

This image shows an animation snapshot of the travel path from Tower B after a segment of time has elapsed. The green color emphasis is expanding to show the
progression of flow through the network and the arrows show flow direction.
Surge Users Manual 664

4.7.12 Former Analysis Method

The setting for Former versus Current Analysis Method is a check box found in the Analysis Setup menu.

In the former analysis method the results are stored in a file, then read back from the file, and ultimately stored in the main p2k files.
In the current method, the results value are stored in memory and accessed directly by Pipe2024, but are never stored in the p2k file.
The current method analysis is faster and access to results when making maps and contours is faster, but the nature of complex hydraulic models is such that the former
method is sometimes more stable.

4.8 Results

4.8.1 Customized Reporting

Customized Reporting
Utility Programs

The Customized reporting utility is used to create a customized printout of data items from the output report.

Important Note: It is necessary to apply the "Use former analysis method" option in Analysis Setup to use this features.

Customized Report is accessed by clicking on the Customize button in the Report screen.

KYnetic Report icon:

Surge Users Manual 665

The following screen appears:

Surge Users Manual 666

Selecting the Node, Pipe and Result (case number) data to be included in the customized report:

Check (click on) the items to be included and then click the to send them to the Selected Fields box.

will remove the highlighted data item from the Selected Fields box.

will include all of the available data items in the customized report.
Surge Users Manual 667

will delete all of the data items from the customized report.

Other operations:

This will save the customized reporting settings for the current data file.
Limited Output Options - There are four Limited Output options for nodes or pipes as follows
No Nodes (Pipes) - Removes all nodes (or pipes) from the customized report
All Nodes (Pipes) - This is the default setting. All nodes (or pipes) are included in the customized report.
Selected Nodes (Pipes) (Pipe2000) - The customized report includes only the nodes (or pipes) as specified for Selected Output. See Selected Output.
Selected Nodes (Pipes) (Local) - When using this option, a drop-down selector box appears and the individual nodes (or pipes) to be included in the customized
report are selected individually by the user as shown:

- Prints the file to a viewing utility for previewing as shown below. The Font and Color settings within this window apply to this viewing module only and not to
the report printout.
Surge Users Manual 668

This button brings up the following window:

Surge Users Manual 669

X - Axis, Y - Axis, Select NODES - The user selects the x and y-axis parameters and the nodes for which results are to be displayed.
Graph Title - User may enter a title for the graph.
Show Marker - By checking this box, the graph lines are marked with various symbols.
Show Graph - Displays the graph for the chosen selections or updates a graph if selection changes have been made.
Surge Users Manual 670

End - Exits the window.

4.8.2 Presentation Generator

Pipe2014 and later versions.
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4.8.3 Result Selector Bar

Result Selector Bar
KYnetic, click bottom right of program screen:

Classic, use the pop-up menus and arrows:

The Results Selector Bar is located at the bottom of the display and defines selection for the type of results and time (case) for two sets of results (Result A and Result B)
Surge Users Manual 693

P / Pipe
Select type of pipe results (Velocity, Flow, Loss, Loss / 1000)

N / Nodes
Select type of node results (Pressure, HGL, Head, Flow/Demand))

A
Select case, time, or the Max, Min, or Avg value for Result A. Small red arrow goes forward or backward one case. Large blue arrow goes forward or backward 5%.

B
Select case, time, or the Max, Min, or Avg value for Result B

Both a Result A and a Result B are provided to allow the user to display two different sets of results on the map alternately or simulaneously. Activation of the display of
Result A or Result B or both is done from the Label selection from the main menu or from the Map Settings / Labels Tab.

4.8.4 Results Presentations

Pipe2024 Presentations
Pipe2024 provides a variety of means of presenting data and simulation results. These are listed below:
Presentation Generator (version Pipe2014 and later)
Tabulated Reports
Network Plots with Labels
Node and Pipe Results Boxes - Quick Tables and Plots
Customized Reports and Plots
Contours
Surge Users Manual 694

Color Emphasis
Profiles

Tabulated Report
The analysis produces a tabulated report showing the Input Data Summary and the Results for the Analysis. The report is divided into a number of sections. The whole report
or the various sections can be selected and viewed on the screen and printed. By default the results section will report on every pipe and node. However, you can use Selected
Output to limit the report to specific pipes and nodes. See also REPORT (Main Menu) and Analysis Report Setup icon or Reports (System Data) (Classic).
The selector can be used to select the data summary, any of the results sections and various other summaries. Examples of the sections which can be selected for Regular
Simulations and EPS are shown below.

Regular Simulations Extended Period Simulations

Some examples of the tabulated reports are shown below.

Surge Users Manual 695

Data Summary
Surge Users Manual 696

Set of EPS Results

Surge Users Manual 697

EPS Max - Min Summary

Network Plots with Labels
Plots of the entire network or any section of the network can be displayed and printed (with or without a background map). Pipe and node labels can be displayed for a variety
of data and results. Labels can be displayed for all or only for selected nodes and pipes. The Label menu (or Map Settings/Labels - Classic) provides the complete range of
label selection with control of appearance, font sizes, etc. The Label button on the top menu bar allows a quick selection of various important labels and a selection to turn off
pipe, node, or all labels. The Results Selector Bar at the bottom of the display allows users to quickly select the type of results and time (case) to be displayed and choose
between displaying one time selection (Result A or Result B) or two selections simultaneously (Result A and Result B). Activation of the display of Result A or Result B or
both is done from the LABEL tab on top of the screen. An example of a network plot with labels is shown below.
Surge Users Manual 698

Network Plot showing Pipe Flow and Diameter and Node Pressure

Node and Pipe Results Boxes - Quick Graphs and Tables

These boxes display results for selected nodes and pipes including a Results table and graph as shown below. These provide a very quick and simple method of producing full-
sized graphs and tabulated results for nodes and pipes. In group mode, tables and graphs can be generated for a set of nodes or pipes. Some examples are shown below. See
also Node Results Boxes and Pipe Results Boxes concerning options for customizing the graphs and tables.

In KYnetic, to access Tables and Graphs:

Classic:
Surge Users Manual 699

Graphs and Tables (Small View) in Pipe Results Boxes

When the Graphs or Tables are maximized (Full view), more options are available for customizing and using them for other applications, as shown below. Tables also
have ASCII and EXCEL export options.
Surge Users Manual 700
Surge Users Manual 701

Table of Node Pressures

Surge Users Manual 702

Plot of Node Pressures

Customized Reports and Plots

With the customized reporting and graphing module, the user may select the elements and parameter to be included in a report for viewing and
printing. A plot may be created and customized by the user as shown below. The axes, the graph title, the plot style (marker), the node or pipe
results to be plotted, and the print size may all be selected by the user.
Surge Users Manual 703

Contours
Contour maps can be generated, displayed, and printed for a variety of node data and results. A variety of contour types can be analyzed including shaded regions and lines.
Contours are set up using the Emphasis / Contours tab (Map Settings).
Surge Users Manual 704

Color Emphasis
Color emphasis for nodes, pumps, or pipes and sets the color of items based upon data or results values. This is used to show data and visual trends. Color emphasis is set
up for nodes and pumps using the Emphasis / Contours - Nodes tab (Map Settings) and for pipes using the Pipe Emphasis tab (Map Settings).
Surge Users Manual 705

Profile
Profile shows a section of pipeline profile with head and maximum/minimum envelopes. Profiles are very useful for the design and operation of pipe systems. See Profile for
more information.
Surge Users Manual 706
Surge Users Manual 707

Previous Profile -
Surge Users Manual 708
Surge Users Manual 709

4.8.5 Selected Output

Selected Output

Selected Output is a feature which allows the user to specify which pipes and nodes will be included in the Output Report when running a Pipe2024 analysis. This is
especially useful for large network models for which the Output Report can be quite large. It may be time-consuming to locate the results of interest to the user. This
feature is also used to select nodes for results review for Surge (see Surge Reviewing and Presenting Results)
Below is an example of how to specify and apply a group for Selected Output. For more information about Selected Output features see
Reports (System Data)
Pipe User Box
Node User Box
Sets and Group Mode
Data Tables - Limited Output
Example:
Let's say a user would like to see only the output for pipes 5, 6, 7, and 8. In the Map screen, enter Group Mode. Highlight pipes 5, 6, 7, and 8. Displaying User Data, click
"Limited Output" row heading (KYnetic) or (Classic)under Edit Pipe Set in the Pipe Information window, click on the Item to Edit drop-down selector box. Select Limited
Output (or any other user attribute). Select New Value. In the Value box, assign an integer identifier such as 1 to the Limited Output group and click Proceed.
If you would like to verify that there is a Limited Output group called 1 consisting of pipe 5, 6, 7, and 8. Click Clear to unhighlight the pipes. Click the Limited Output Row
heading (KYnetic) or (Classis) in the drop down box under Set Selection, click Limited Output. In the Value(s) box, a 1 should appear. Select the 1 and click on New Set.
Pipes 5, 6, 7, and 8 will be highlighted.
Now to use this group for Selected Output, go into System Data / Reports. Under Pipe Output, choose Selected. In the drop-down selector under Attribute for Selected
Pipe Output, choose Limited Output. Then click on the Value drop-down selector and the integer 1 should be one of the options. Select 1 then analyze the system. When
the analysis is finished, view the output Report by selecting the Report tab. Under Pipeline Results, only the output for pipes 5, 6, 7, and 8 will be displayed (although all
pipes will have been included in the analysis). See also Selecting Nodes for Limited Ouput.

4.8.6 Sliders/Precision
Sliders/Precision
In KYnetic, use this icon:
Surge Users Manual 710

See the Units video on the KYPipe web site.

This screen controls the units and characteristics of most of the data and results and associated data sliders for each of the flow units accommodated. Items appearing in
red are not directly edited using this screen. They are either set using the System Data or System Data/Simulation Specs (Classic) screen or are calculated values.
Although the ability to edit this file provides additional flexibility (such as labels precision), most users will find the defaults acceptable and have no need to modify this
data.

Load, Save, Save As Default, Load Default

A Sliders/Precision setting may be saved by the user as a .unt file. These buttons are used to Load an existing .unt file, Save a setting as a .unt file, Save As Default a
setting, or Load Default, either the original default .unt file or one specified by the user. Note that if the original default is lost and needs to be recovered, a backup copy is
available called unit.bak. Contact Tech Support.
Surge Users Manual 711

Item
Two data fields are located by this heading. The first is a drop-down box where the user may select the data item for which Slider values and Precision may be set. In the
next field, the units appear in red, meaning the units are not entered directly into this field. To set the units for a data item, go the the System Data or System
Data/Simulation Specs (Classic) screen.

Min Slider Value

minimum value for data slider

Slider Increment
increment for data slider

Max Slider Value

maximum calculated value for data slider (appears in red, may not be directly edited)

Precision
a drop-down box provides a selection of precision choices

4.9 Import/Export
Surge Users Manual 712

4.9.1 ArcView Import Utility

ArcView Import Utility
Utilities / Data Exchange
See also ArcView Export
Utility Programs

ArcView Import
Notes about the Arcview import module. This utility has the ability to associate data with different elements (junctions, pumps, tanks etc), and save the matched items
settings for future usage. There is an option to check for overlapping pipes but using this option increases conversion time. The number of intermediate nodes in a
single pipeline is limited to 950. Import module allows for processing multiple line and point shape files. All line shape files must be read before processing the pipe
data. The number of shapes in a shape file are displayed.
From within Pipe2024, under File the import utility may be found.

When the utility starts you will see the following window:
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Before proceeding, you may set the following options:

Surge Users Manual 714

Tol % - See below

Tol (ft) - See below
Pipe Prefix - allows the user to choose a prefix for assigning pipe names.
Node Prefix - allows the user to choose a prefix for assigning node names.
Set Node Names -

To import shp files:

1. - Choose the file type you will be creating from these choices.

2. - If you wish to add GIS data to an existing .p2k file, click on this button and browse for the p2k file you wish to append.

3. - Click on this button and browse to select one of the .shp files in the target folder.
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4. - Click to load the data in all the .shp files.

5. - In the drop-down selector, choose the name of the pipes .shp file.

6. - Highlight, check, and use the Match Selection button to associate attributes in the
two columns. Matched selections will appear in the bottom field as follows:

. See "Matching Nodes" below for data type information for various nodes.

7. - Click this button to process the pipe data.

Surge Users Manual 716

8. - Next, use the drop-down

selector to choose available node .shp files.

- IMPORTANT: select the type of node represented by the shp file in the top left side of the window.

9. Match attributes as described in step 6.

10. - Click the Process Data button for each node type.

11. - When all the node .shp files have been processed, save the .p2k file.

12. In Pipe2024, open the newly created .p2k file. Use the Zoom All (Z All) button to view the system.

Matching Nodes
Surge Users Manual 717

With node items usually very few matches are made automatically because of the diverse names (like Pump Power for pumps and Tank Inlet Height for tanks). You will
need to look at the table below to determine where each item needs to be matched for a specific node type.

(~type) Type ITEM1 ITEM2 ITEM3 ITEM4 ITEM5 ITEM6 ITEM7 ITEM8 ITEM9 ITEM10

(1) Junction Dmd 1 Dmd 1 Type Dmd 2 Dmd 2 Type Dmd 3 Dmd 3 Type Dmd 4 Dmd 4 Type Dmd 5 Dmd 5 Type

(2) Tank Max Level Min Level Init. Level Inflow Vol Shape ID

(2) Tank (Fixed Diameter) Max Level Min Level Init. Level Inflow Diam * -1

(3) Reservoir Grade

(4) Pump (Table)<a> Speed Grade 0 Pump ID

(4) Pump (Power)<a> Power Efficiency Grade 1

(4) Pump (Rated)<a> Pressure Flow Grade 3

(5) Check Valve <b>

(6) Hydrant Static Pressure Residual Residual Flow

<c> Pressure <c> <c>

(7) Valve

(8) Sprinkler K Factor Riser Length Riser Diameter Riser Elevation Elbows
Change

(9) Regulator <a> Setting Type [0-4]<d>

(10) Metered Connection STATUS = 0

(10) In-Line Meter STATUS = 1

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(11) Loss Element<a> Grade Loss Element

ID

(12) Active Valve Resistance WO Initial ratio Grade Type [0-5] <e>

(13) SDO Inflow R Outflow R

(14) Pressure Supply Gauge Elevation Pressure

Supply ID

(15) Intermediate Node

(16) BFP <a> Unique ID #

(17) Rack Sprinkler K Factor Riser Length Riser Diameter Elevation Elbows
Change

<a> = direction (inlet to outlet) determined by status [0,1] 0=right to left, if pipe connects to left use negative index #
<b> = always in direction specified by pipe N1 to N2
<c> =measured values
<d> = [PRV1, PRV2, PSV, FCV1, FCV2]
<e> = [Ball, Butterfly, Gate, Globe, Needle, User-defined]

Tolerances
Note if there are nodes in a model that are very close to each other - e.g. within 0.5ft or so, setting the length tolerance to a number such as 0.1 may be helpful.
Surge Users Manual 719
Surge Users Manual 720
Surge Users Manual 721
Surge Users Manual 722

4.9.2 ArcView Export Utility

ArcView Export Utility
Utilities / Data Exchange
See also ArcView Import Utility
Utility Programs

The ArcView Export Utility is a program that exports your piping system model along with selected data items to an ArcView shape file.
Below are the steps to export your information to an ArcView shape file. The Export Arcview utility may be found under File in Pipe2024.

An analysis must first be run in order to export the model. Open the Analysis Setup window and make sure "Use Former Analysis Method" is checked.
Surge Users Manual 723

The results do not necessarily have to be valid, but the analysis process will produce necessary internal data files used by the ArcView Export utility.

The following window appears:

Surge Users Manual 724
Surge Users Manual 725

Use the buttons to select which attributes will be exported by populating the 'Selected P2K Attributes' column.

- causes the attributes checked in the 'Available' column to be copied to the 'Selected' column

- causes the attributes checked in the 'Selected' column to be deleted.

- causes ALL of the attributes in the 'Available' column to be copied to the 'Selected' column

- causes ALL of the attributes in the 'Selected' column to be deleted.

Do this for both Pipes and Nodes.
Once the 'Selected' column is finished, click Generate Shape Files. Shape files called 'Pipes' and 'Nodes' will be created in the same file folder as the original p2k file.

4.9.3 AutoCad Exchange

AutoCad Exchange
To make your model data file appear in AutoCad.
Utility Programs

AutoCad Import

Here are some important notes before proceeding with the import:
Surge Users Manual 726

Note that AutoCAD R12 format is required. Save to this format before before proceeding with import.
From within Pipe2024 the Import DXF is found under File - Import Export (or Pipe2000 Utilities in Classic)
You will be prompted to save your current p2k file. Then the following window appears:
Surge Users Manual 727

Select Plan View or Profile View.

Note: Some elevation data in DXF may be successfully imported. Be sure to use correct configuration: Plan View or Profile View. Profile View is only for transmission
mains. Coordinate X, Y and Z data have different interpretations in these two layouts.

Click and browse to the DXF release 12 file you have prepared.

Once the file name appears at the top, click .

Layer names will appear on the left. Check the layers to be imported.

At this point, if you wish for the selected layers to be available for future imports, you may click . Then next time you import this same dxf, click to
load the layer selection.
Surge Users Manual 728

Tolerance - This refers to the distance between lines in AutoCAD. Distances smaller than this number will be considered to be connected.
Tolerance Length - Pipes shorter than this length will not be imported as an individual pipe. This will reduce the overall number of pipes in the resulting p2k model.
Default Diameter and Default Roughness - these values will be applied to the imported pipes, unless a layer named with three numerical characters is defined for pipe
diameters.

Click .

Then you may either click or . A file will be generated called filename.p2k or filename.DT2 in the same folder as the
original dxf file.

Click . You may now open the newly created p2k file.

AutoCAD export:
To make your Pipe2024 data file appear in AutoCad, do the following:

1. Run Pipe2024.
2. Load your data file.
3. Select Analysis. In the Analysis Setup box, check the "Use Former Analysis Method" box.
4. Run the Analysis.
5. Under File select Export DXF.
Export Contours - Important Note - To export contours, the contour style must be set to Line style before opening the DXF Export utility.
You will be prompted to save your current p2k file. Then the following window will appear:
Surge Users Manual 729

Once the text, node, and pipe sizes and colors have been chosen, the settings may be saved (click Save). Next time the DXF Export is opened, click Load to
load the saved settings.
Use the ACAD Color Codes button to reference color codes and choose colors for the dxf file.
Choose one node and one pipe label and one Case/Time from each list.
When the settings have been chosen, select Generate DXF file. A file called "filename"_p2k.dxf will be created in the same folder as the original .p2k file.
Surge Users Manual 730

4.9.4 Convert WaterCAD

Convert WaterCAD

Found under File. Each conversion utility contains detailed step-by-step instructions.

4.9.5 Copy and Paste

Copy and Paste

Copy and Paste Pipes

Added in Pipe2024 - Pump IDs are now included in copy/pasted models or pipe groups.
You may select a group of pipes and nodes and copy them with all assigned attributes to another system (another .p2k file). Using the GBox or individually selecting
Surge Users Manual 731

nodes and pipes in Group Mode, select the portion of the system which you want to copy. Under Edit in the Main menu, select copy. Close the file and open the file to
which you want to paste. Under Edit select paste. This will paste the nodes and pipes at the same coordinates at which there were located in the original file. However, if
you enter Layout mode and select a node and then paste, the paste will occur at that node. The pasted system will not be connected to or overwrite any part of the system
to which it was pasted, even if two nodes are at the same coordinate location. After pasting the system you can click near the pasted pipes and nodes and drag them to the
desired position. It may be necessary to de-select and re-select one of the nodes if the click and drag doesn't work initially.

Excel – Merging Pipe2024 Data Files using Excel (For Version 1 Users)
The main purpose of merging the Pipe2024 datafiles is so the user can work on a simple subsystem and later merge the subsystem datafile
into an existing main system datafile. There are a few restrictions that must be adhered to concerning the subsystem file before the merger
can be successful.
1. No Duplicate Names. The Subsystem Datafile cannot have any pipe, node or component names identical within the Subsystem file itself or identical to
an existing name within the Main System Datafile.
2. No Change Data or EPS Data can be merged from the Subsystem Datafile into the Main System Datafile. Any of this data for the Subsystem file will
need to be added through the final merged datafile.
3. The Subsystem Datafile cannot have any Intermediate nodes or components in a pipe between end nodes such as check valves, hydrants, control
valves, etc. Only those components that can be deemed as end nodes may be included in the Subsystem Datafile such as tanks and pumps. However,
using the Edit Group feature of Pipe2024 the user can change the intermediate data into end node data, rather than lose it, and change it back to
intermediate data in the merged file.

MERGING DATAFILES USING EXCEL

IN Pipe2024:
1. LOAD Pipe2024.
2. OPEN the Main System File and make any necessary changes before opening EXCEL.
3. Click FILE | Import Export (Pipe2000 Utilities in Classic interface) | EXPORT EXCEL FILE.
4. On the Save the file? Information box, Click Yes.
5. On the Saving C:\pathname\systemfilename.XLS Pipe2024 box, Click OK.
6. OPEN the Subsystem File and make any necessary changes to comply with the rules defined above before opening EXCEL.
7. Click FILE | Import Export (Pipe2000 Utilities in Classic interface) | EXPORT EXCEL FILE..
Surge Users Manual 732

8. On the Save the file? Information box, Click Yes.

9. On the Saving C:\pathname\subsystemfilename.XLS Pipe2024 box, Click OK.
IN MICROSOFT EXCEL:
1. LOAD Microsoft Excel.
2. OPEN the System Excel File.
3. Align the System Excel File Window so the top of the System file is at the top of the Excel file window and the bottom of the System file is below the
halfway point of the Excel file window. See figure below.
4. Open the Subsystem Excel File. Do Not close the System file opened in step 2.
5. Align the Subsystem Excel File Window so the bottom of the Subsystem file is at the bottom of the Excel file window and the top of the Subsystem
file overlaps the bottom of the System file. See figure below.

MERGE NODES:
1. Click on the NODES tab at the bottom of the Subsystem file.
2. Starting at Column A, Row 2 hold left click down and drag mouse down and to the right to highlight all rows of nodes and all columns from
Column A to Column AA.
3. Click Edit | Copy.
4. Click anywhere on System file.
5. Click on the NODES tab at the bottom of the System file.
6. Click on Column A on the first row after all node data. The cell becomes highlighted.
7. Right click highlighted cell and Paste. Node data is now merged.

MERGE PIPES:
1. Click anywhere on Subsystem file.
2. Click on the PIPES tab at the bottom of the Subsystem file.
3. Starting at Column A, Row 2 hold left click down and drag mouse down and to the right to highlight all rows of pipes and all columns from Column
A to Column Z.
4. Click Edit | Copy.
Surge Users Manual 733

5. Click anywhere on System file.

6. Click on the PIPES tab at the bottom of the System file.
7. Click on Column A on the first row after all pipe data. The cell becomes highlighted.
8. Right click highlighted cell and Paste. Pipe data is now merged.

MERGE PUMP IDs:

1. Click anywhere on Subsystem file.
2. Click on the Pump ID Data tab at the bottom of the Subsystem file.
3. Starting at Column A, Row 2 hold left click down and drag mouse down and to the right to highlight all rows of pump ID s and all columns from
Column A to Column AM.
4. Click Edit | Copy.
5. Click anywhere on System file.
6. Click on Column A on the first row after all pump ID data. The cell becomes highlighted.
7. Right click highlighted cell and Paste. Pump ID data now merged.

SAVING MERGED FILE:

1. Click anywhere on Subsystem file.
2. Click File | Close.
3. Click File | Save As.
4. Give the merged file a new filename and click Save.
5. Click File | Exit.

IN Pipe2024:
1. Reopen the Pipe2024 window. If Pipe2024 is not still loaded then RELOAD Pipe2024.
2. Click FILE | Import Export (Pipe2000 Utilities in Classic interface) | IMPORT EXCEL FILE.
3. On the Save the File? Information box, Click No.
Surge Users Manual 734

4. On the Opening File box select the merged file and click OK.
5. Correct the Pump ID s for Subsystem pumps. The pumps from the Subsystem file will have new ID numbers assigned in the new merged file. The
correct pump curve data is included in the merged file but the assigned ID numbers are now different and needs to be corrected.

For copy and paste of node data, see Node Information Window

4.9.6 Cybernet Import

Cybernet Import
Pipe2000 Utilities / Data Exchange
Utility Programs

This utility converts Cybernet 2.x files with the .DXF and .INP extension to the KYPipe format .KY used by later version of KYPipe. Once in the .KY format, the user may
enter Pipe2024 and use the Import KY command (Main Menu/File) to import the file and create a new .P2K file.
To enter this utility, click the Cybernet Import icon in the Pipe2024 directory. The screen below will appear. Click Convert Files. This prompts the user for the .DXF and
.INP files to be converted. Once selected the conversion is done automatically and the new .KY file will be found in the same directory as the original .DXF file.

For later version of WaterCAD, see Convert WaterCAD

Surge Users Manual 735

4.9.7 DAT Import

DAT Import
Pipe2000 Utilities / Data Exchange
Utility Programs

This utility is used specifically to convert KYPipe files from KYPipe versions prior to KYPipe2 Plus. The utility converts these MSDOS files from the .DAT format to .P2K
format used by the current Pipe2024 program.
You may append existing p2k files or create a new file. If you are appending and existing file, load it first. Then launch the DAT Import utility.
If you are creating a new file, go to File - New and then open the DAT Import utility.

To launch, go to File - Import/Export (KYnetic) or File - Pipe2000 Utilities (classic). Click this button:

Browse to the DAT file and click Open.

Surge Users Manual 736

The file is imported and nodes are spread out in a spiral shape. Some examples are shown below.

The reason for this shape is that old KYPIPE 2 and earlier models lack coordinate data. In order to be able to manage data graphically, the nodes need to be visible in the
Map window. Lacking coordinate data, all nodes imported from the DAT file would appear at coordinate (0,0) and being in the same location, they are stacked on top of
one another and cannot be selected with the mouse pointer. The nodes being spread out in a spiral allows the modeler to find and select specific nodes.
Tip: use View - Find Node and type in the node name to find a specific node on the map.

Notes:
Disconnected reservoirs - Original DAT file format allowed for the input of reservoir grade data without an associated node or pipe. Thus disconnected reservoirs may
exist in the converted p2k file.
Surge Users Manual 737

Pump elevation - Original DAT file format did not require an elevation for pumps. Pump elevation data will need to be added.
EPS and Change Data - This associated information is NOT imported in the DAT Import process. The .p2k file represents a baseline steady state model only.
System Data - Check the System Data before proceeding. Some of this is imported from the original DAT, but Darcy Weisbach equation selection and Specific Gravity are
some examples of data that may not be set in the .p2k file.
Regulators / Pressure Reducing Valves - these nodes are not converted.

4.9.8 Data Exchange

Pipe2000 Utilities / Data Exchange

See also Utility Programs. Click on the buttons for more information.
Surge Users Manual 738

4.9.9 DEM Elevations Import Tool

DEM Elevations Import

See also Internet Maps and Elevations.

Located under Tools | Extract Elevation from DEM files (main menu).
Surge Users Manual 739

This is a series of utilities for importing elevation information from a DEM file.

When a model is created from an AutoCAD file, elevation data may not be imported. If the AutoCAD model uses state plane coordinates, elevation data may be imported
from a DEM file.
Download SDTS File
This takes you to the GeoCommunitytm web site (http://data.geocomm.com/dem/demdownload.html). USGS DEM files may be downloaded for free. The download is a
.tar.gz data set which is a packed (zipped) file.
Convert SDTS to DEM
This opens the sdts2dem conversion utility in a DOS window. The guidelines for using sdts2dem successfully on a Windows system are as follows:
Do we need to copy sdts2dem into the folder where we upzipped????
Each .tar.gz dataset downloaded collects several *.DDF files representing just one "SDTS transfer" -- a single elevation grid. Unpack each transfer in its
own directory, for the file names in different transfers may not be unique.
If you unpack using WinZip, be sure that the "TAR file smart CR/LF conversion" box is NOT checked on the Options/Configuration/Miscellaneous screen.
To run sdts2dem by clicking its icon, put it in the same directory as the .DDF files.
If sdts2dem exits unexpectedly, open a command window and run it there so that you can see any error messages. (Make the directory containing the
DDF files your current directory.)
The program can accept command-line options, but if you just run it with none it will print a usage message and prompt you for what it needs.
Create XY File
This takes the currently loaded Pipe2024 model file and creates an XY coordinate file.
Convert DEM and XY files to XYZ file
This takes the elevations (or Z coordinates) from the DEM file and adds them to the XY file.
Import Elevations from XYZ file
Surge Users Manual 740

This brings the XYZ data back into the Pipe2024 model file.

4.9.10 EPANET Conversion

EPANET Conversion
Pipe2000 Utilities / Data Exchange

Pipe2000 Utilities / Data Exchange

The EPANET2 import provides the capability to utilize most of the other widely used pipe system software. WaterCad ® (version 5) and H2ONET can both export to an
EPANET2 file. This provides a very convenient means of using Pipe2024 KYPipe or Surge features with these models.
Surge Users Manual 741

1) select KYPipe or Surge as the target model type.

2) Click "Select INP File", then browse for the .inp
Surge Users Manual 742

3) Click "Read INP File"

4) For Surge modes, click the "Additional Data for Surge Analysis" button and fill in desired additional data.
5) Click "Convert INP File"
6) Click "Write P2K File"
The new .p2k file will be named the same as the .inp with "(new)" added and located in the same file folder as the .inp file from step 2 above.

NOTE: the imported file is NOT automatically loaded into Pipe2024.

Other Settings:
Set Closed RVs as Closed Active Valves - In Pipe2024, regulating valves cannot be closed, so this is the default setting. Otherwise, RVs will be imported as opened even if
they are closed in EPANET.
Set RVs with 0 setting as Active Valves with 0.0001 Resistance - regulators in Pipe2024 cannot have a setting = 0. An active valve with a resistance of 0.0001 has
essentially no loss across it.
Remove closed pipelines for surge model - In Surge, pipelines must be closed using a closed valve rather than closing the pipeline directly.
Junction Demands from [DEMANDS] data - If demands for junction nodes are specified more than once under [DEMANDS] data, only the last occurrence of the demand
specified at a junction node will be processed and all earlier occurrences ignored.
Steady State based on Demands at time=0
"Number of [elements]" - these are filled in after the conversion is complete to indicate the final number for each element in the imported model.

Demand Pattern, Change Pattern and Control Switch data may also need to be manually added to converted models (import and export) using the EPANET conversion tool.
EPANET General Purpose Valves (GPVs) are not supported in import.

4.9.11 EPANET Export

EPANET Export
Pipe2000 Utilities / Data Exchange
Surge Users Manual 743

Export to EPANET without running a Pipe2024 water quality analysis.

4.9.12 Excel Import and Export

Excel Import
Pipe2000 Utilities / Data Exchange
Utility Programs

Export
Select File | Import Export (or Pipe2000 Utilities in Classic) | Excel Export. This will create an xls file with the same name as the p2k file. For an explanation of data
column headings, see below or see Data Tables.
Surge Users Manual 744

Import
The conversion process involves copying columns of information from a source spreadsheet to a destination spreadsheet. You can work within Pipe2024 or Excel to
access the two spreadsheets. Columns of data may also be copied and pasted from Excel directly into the Pipe2024 Advanced Editor (in Data Tables, click "All" button to
access editor)

1. The easiest way to start creating your destination spreadsheet is to enter Pipe2024 and create a New File or load an existing file (in which you will overwrite the data). If
you want to work in Excel, then use the Export to Excel option under File/Data Exchange on the Pipe2024 main menu, then load the file you created in Excel. If you want
to work within the Pipe program then choose the Edit/Data Tables option from the main menu. When the data table appears, click the All button to enter the advanced
user spreadsheet editor.

You should now be in a spreadsheet editor with a Pipe2024 P2K file loaded and ready to edit. Note that you now have access to ALL of the information in the P2K file.
You can edit the file manually or you can copy data into it from another spreadsheet.

2. If you are working in Excel, then load your source spreadsheet so that you have access to both the source and destination files. If you are working in Pipe2024, then
start another instance of Pipe2024 and go to the advanced user spreadsheet as before. Now use the File/Read option from the main menu and load the Excel file
(remember to set the File Type to Excel). Note that you have now loaded into the instance of Pipe2024 a file which is not in a meaningful P2K format. Note that when you
quit the advanced user spreadsheet editor and go back to this instance of Pipe2024, it will contain meaningless data so you should quit this instance of Pipe2024 without
saving any changes to your file.

3. In your destination spreadsheet editor, the first three sheets will be named REFERENCE, NODES, and PIPES. Select the NODES sheet. The column headings on this
sheet should be labeled NAME, ~X, ~Y, ELV, ITEMS1, etc. Copy columns of node information from the source spreadsheet and place them in the appropriate column in
the destination spreadsheet. The first five columns of the destination spreadsheet should now contain Node Name, X coordinate, Y coordinate, Elevation, and Demands.

If you have additional information pertaining to the nodes it can be placed in columns 26 or greater. This information will then be available in Pipe2024 as User Data
which can be edited, or used for labeling maps or making contours, and can be exported to DXF (AutoCAD) files or ArcView files.

VERY IMPORTANT NOTE for Node Page: The 14th column of the destination spreadsheet (which should be labeled TYPE) should contain a 1 for every junction, 2 for
pumps, 3 for reservoirs, or a 4 for tanks. If this column is empty Pipe2024 will delete the entire row of data. You may choose to enter a 1 for each node and then when you
return to the Pipe2024 graphical editor change the nodes which are not junctions into the appropriate type of node.

4. Now select the PIPES sheet. The column headings on this sheet should be labeled NAME, NODE1, ~INDEX1, NODE2, ~INDEX2, etc. Copy columns of pipe
Surge Users Manual 745

information from the source spreadsheet and place them in the appropriate column in the destination spreadsheet. The first columns of the destination spreadsheet
should now contain the Pipe Name, with Node 1 in the second column, Node 2 in the fourth column, and Length, Diameter, and Roughness in the sixth, seventh and
eighth columns. Minor loss can be placed in the ninth column. Pipe material can be placed in the 15th column.

If you have additional information pertaining to the pipes, it can be placed in columns 26 or greater. This information will then be available in Pipe2024 as User Data
which can be edited, or used for labeling maps, and can be exported to DXF (AutoCAD) files or ArcView files.

VERY IMPORTANT NOTE for Pipe Page: The 11th and 14th columns of the spreadsheet (which should be labeled LENGTH FIXED and ROUGHNESS FIXED) should
contain a 1 for every row. This will tell Pipe2024 to use the pipe lengths and roughnesses form columns 6 and 8. If there is no value in column 11, then Pipe2024 will
calculate pipe lengths based on node coordinates.

5. If you have any rows of node data or pipe data that are blank or contain other information then delete these rows now.

6. If you are working in Excel, save your work and quit now. Now start Pipe2024 and select File | Import Export (or Pipe2000 Utilities in Classic)| Excel Import to import
the Excel file into Pipe2024.

If you are working in Pipe2024, do a File/Write command to save your work, using the Excel format. Now close the advanced spreadsheet editor. This should take you
back to Pipe2024 in the data table mode. Click the Map button to go back to the Pipe2024 graphical editor environment.

7. Do a Zoom All by clicking the Z all button. If you don't see a map of your system with pipes and nodes visible, then return to step 6 and check your work.

8. If everything is okay, then add tanks, reservoirs, pumps and RVs or click on a junction and change it to these elements. Then edit the data for these new elements.

9. Add system data, change patterns, and demand patterns of desired. Save the new P2K file.

4.9.13 Execute GenFile

Execute GenFile
Surge Users Manual 746

Pipe2000 Utilities / Data Exchange

This is an interface program used to import ASCII files in system generation for GoFlow. A file is saved as a GEN file. When executed, a system with pipes data will be
created. This is a specialized application. Contact tech support to determine the ASCII, comma-delimited format.

4.9.14 Google Earth Import and Export

Google Earth Import and Export

Available in KYnetic interface under Build/Edit - Import-Export

Or under Classic menu drop-down: File - Pipe2000 Utilities, and KYnetic Toolbar: File – Import/Export.
This is a Professional package feature.

Google Earth Export

Must be used in conjunction with Internet Maps.
Surge Users Manual 747

Pipe Color and Thickness – the options are to use the color which is the default for Google Earth, or to export colors which are currently being used in the Pipe
program.
Contours –It is important to Zoom All and refresh the contours prior to Export. In addition to the settings in the Google Earth Export menu, the Contour and View
menus may be launched from within the utility.
Surge Users Manual 748

Original model

Export to Google Earth:

Surge Users Manual 749

Detail of node symbols.

Surge Users Manual 750

Google Earth Import

KMZ File with embedded KML may be imported to build a P2K model file.
Attributes from the KMZ and KML files may be matched with data attributes in the model. For example, if pipe diameter is associated with the Google Earth file, it may
be matched with Diameter data in the Pipe program.
Important Note: At this time, pipes must be defined as polylines. Pipes drawn as polygons will not be imported!

4.9.15 Import DT2 File

Import DT2 File
Pipe2000 Utilities / Data Exchange

If your P2k and backup files become lost, the Import DT2 Utility may be used to build a new P2k file if a DT2 file is available. Some data will not be recovered, such as
intermediate nodes.
All of the following import utilities create a DT2 file: EPANET, Surge5 (Version 2), and WaterCAD (Version 2). The DT2 Import is then used to create a P2K file.
Surge Users Manual 751

4.9.16 Import KY
Import KY
Utility Programs

To import a KY data file created in a previous version of KYPIPE simply click on File | Import KY, select the KY application, then browse for the file to be converted. A
new p2k file is created and opened in Pipe2024. If a PCX background was included with the KY file, Pipe2024 will attempt to convert that file and place use it as a
background as well.

For earlier versions of KYPIPE with DAT files, use the DAT Import to create a KY file and then import that file as described above. This is found under File | Pipe2000
Utilities.

4.9.17 Profile Data Import

Surge Users Manual 752

Browse - To locate xls or csv file to import, click the Browse button.
Load - This button loads the file that appears in the pathname displayed to the left of the button.
Old Tool - This brings up the previous profile importer. The data read by this earlier tool is more limited.
Select Worksheet - If the profile data loaded (using the Load button) is located on a sheet other than first one, you can use this drop-down selector to choose the correct
sheet
Data File from ARIavCAD - if the profile data was generated in ARIavCAD, check this box.
Surge Users Manual 753

Increase/Decrease - Increases or decreases the width of the columns displayed

Matching Data with spreadsheet column

Enter the column letter next to each data itemFor any data that exists in the spreadsheet
As shown in the example above, the Northing values are in column B. so "B" is entered next to "X-Axis (Northing) Col =".
If nodes besided junctions existing within the pipeline, these may be specified with a Node Type Code. Click the Codes button to see the node type codes.
When column headings are present, specify the Starting Row. In the example above, the data begins in row 3. The Ending Row will be automatically entered, unless
the user wishes to overwrite this value.

Pump At Starting Point - a single or multiple pumps may be placed at the beginning of the pipeline. The data describing the pump may be specified in the Pump Data
area on the right side of the screen. For a pump trip, the pump must be described with a Suter file. In this case, in addition to the Rated Head and Rate Flow, the Rated
Speed, Initial Speed Ratio (usually 1), and Efficiency must be entered. Click the compute button and the Intertia and Pump File number will be calculated
Valve at delivery end - when this is checked a valve will be added to the pipeline at the opposite end which is discharging to atmosphere.

Units - Select SI or English, specific gravity of fluid, kinetmatic viscosity of the fluid, flow units, default values for diameter, roughness and wave speed. See "Pump at
Starting Point" for more infomation on Pump Data

Surge Data - To set up a Surge simulation, enter a total Sim(ulation) Time and specify the event type, either a Pump Trip or Pump Shutdown. For Shutdown, specify the
Shutdown time. You may leave the default value for Caviation Head.

tips:
If you load the wrong profile data file or want to load a different one, completely exit the Profile Data Import Tool and open it again. Then browse for the correct file.

4.9.18 Surge5 Conversion

Surge5 Conversion
Pipe2000 Utilities / Data Exchange
Surge Users Manual 754

Click File | Pipe2000 Utilities or Import Export (KYnetic) to conduct a Surge 5 conversion. Follow the instructions in the window.

4.9.19 To TIFF
Surge Users Manual 755

To TIFF
Utility Programs

To TIFF is a Pipe2024 utility which converts .pcx files into .tif files. When a user converts a KYPIPE3 or KYTMP file using the KY Import function (File - Main Menu), this
step is carried out automatically. A reference file will be created and the map will appear in Pipe2024 in the appropriate scale and location. However, if a user needs to
add a PCX map to a Pipe2024 file, the To TIFF utility is used.
To use To TIFF, browse to the click on the Pipe2024 directory and click on the To TIFF application. You will be prompted for the file which you would like to convert.
Upon selecting the file, the conversion is automatically carried out and the converted file may be found in the same directory as the original PCX file. You may now create
a reference file for the new background in the Map Link utility, and proceed to add the map in Pipe2024, then Scale the Background Map.

4.9.20 Utility Programs

Pipe2000 Utilities / Data Exchange

There are several programs that are bundled with Pipe2024 that assist you in various tasks.

ArcView Export Utility

Arcview data exchange utility.

ArcView Import Utility

Arcview data exchange utility.

AutoCad DXF Import and Export

AutoCad exchange utility.

Customized Reporting
Allows the user to create a customized printout of analysis results.

Cybernet Import
Convert Cybernet 2.x files to a format which may be imported by Pipe2024

DAT Import
Surge Users Manual 756

Convert pre-KYPipe2 Plus data files to a format which may be imported by Pipe2024.

DT2 Import
Import DT2 files. The main vehicle for importing EPANET, WaterCAD, Surge5 and other data files.

EPANET import and export

Enter data for water quality simulation using EPANET.

Excel Import and Export

Import Excel-format data into Pipe2024. For merging two Pipe2024 files see Copy and Paste.

Execute GenFile
For GoFlow applications

International Decimal Settings

Easy way to check decimal settings and change to compatible format. Also use to change decimal back to comma when Pipe program is not in use

KY Import
Import KY data file from a previous version of KYPIPE into Pipe2024.

MapLink
Create a reference file for a background map.

Pipe2024 Help
Complete online help for Pipe2024

RuralVB
The Peak Demand Allocation utility for Rural Water calculations.

To Tiff
Convert a .PCX background file to a TIFF format readable by Pipe2024.

4.9.21 WaterCad Conversion

WaterCad Conversion
Surge Users Manual 757

Pipe2000 Utilities / Data Exchange

WaterCAD, WaterGEMS, Hammer and other modeling software that uses EPANET for hydraulic calculations may be imported to Pipe2024 via the EPANET file format
with file extension ".inp".
The conversion pathway may be easily followed a different ways. Not all model create the .inp file directly. In Bentley programs, most have an Export to EPANET
option. When this is used, the option to use "ID Numbers" should be selected. This generates an .inp file. To import the .inp, go to File | Pipe2000 Utilities and select
EPANET import.
Alternatively, if EPANET .net and .map files are available, these may be saved as .inp format within the EPANET program. EPANET 2.0 may be downloaded for free.
Upon loading the .net file into the EPANET program, go to File | Export and select Network. This generates the .inp which may then be imported to Pipe2024 by going to
File | Pipe2000 Utilities and selecting EPANET import.
There is a separate utility for converting Cybernet 2.0 file.
See also EPANET import.

4.10 Tools - Calculators

4.10.1 10 Year HW Coefficient

10 Year HW Coefficient
This tool calculates the value for the 10-year Hazen Williams coefficient required to utilize the Pipe2024 aging capability. The New Pipe roughness and a value
for the roughness at a known age are required.
Surge Users Manual 758

See also Pipe Type and Age-Based Roughness.

4.10.2 Calculator Tool

Calculator
This tool is for simple mathematical operations.

4.10.3 C Factor Calculator Tool

C Factor Calculator
Surge Users Manual 759

4.10.4 Headloss Calculator Tool

Surge Users Manual 760
Surge Users Manual 761

Select Units, Equation and enter the flow and pipe characteristics to calculate the head loss and velocity in a particular section of pipe.

4.10.5 Hose and Nozzle Constants Tool

Hose and Nozzle Constants
Combining Hydrant and Hose Constants. This is done automatically when the Fireflow and Hydrant Analysis option for Hydrant Flow - Hose Attached is selected. But the
following formula shows how this calculation is done:
C1 = constant 1 (hydrant nozzle)
C2 = constant 2 (hose constant)
Cc = combined constant
Cc = [(C1*C2)^2/ (C1^2 + C2^2)] ^0.5
Example C1=100, C2 = 200, Q = 500 gpm, Cc = 89.44
Surge Users Manual 762

4.10.6 Power (HP or KW) Calculations Tool

Power (HP or KW) Calculations
This tool calculates the useful power used by a pump for a specified operating condition. See Constant Power Pump.

4.10.7 Pump Characteristic Curves Tool

Surge Users Manual 763

Pump Characteristics Curve

Surge Users Manual 764

4.10.8 Pump Selection Tool

Pump Selection
User defines a pump head and flow. The tool then searches all existing pump curves entered by the user or in default files and finds the closest match. The curve is then
displayed on the pump curve graph.

4.10.9 Residual Pressure Adjustment Tool

Surge Users Manual 765

Residual Pressure Adjustment

May be used when a fire flow test point is located apart from the location where a residual pressure value is desired.

4.10.10 Resistance Calculations Tool

Surge Users Manual 766

Resistance Calculations
The resistance, R, is the head drop (in ft. or m) over the flow squared (in cfs or cms).
This tool does some very useful resistance calculations based on a variety of information. The calculations include the resistance based on
a) minor loss coefficient
b) valve flow coefficient
c) orifice data
d) connection to a tank
e) head-flow data
f) piping section (for parallel or series pipes)
May be used with active valves, surge tanks, SDOs, pressure relief valves, parallel or series pumps.
Surge Users Manual 767

For Active Valves: R 100% (also Cv 100%) - This is the resistance of the valve while it is 100% open. For example, a wide open valve which has a head drop of 1.2 ft at 500
gpm (1.114 cfs) has a wide open resistance of (1.2 / (1.114^2) ) = 0.97.
Under System Data/Preferences, a check box is provided to allow the use of a flow coefficient, Cv, instead of R. The Cv is usually provided by the manufacturer, in lieu of
the calculated resistance. Cv 100% must be a non-zero number. Cv is the flowrate in gpm required to cause a 1 psi drop in pressure (units gpm/psi^0.5). In SI units, Kv is
used (m3/h at sqr1bar). The conversion is made internally (Cv= Kv*0.856).

Combining resistances for pipe sections. To obtain a combined R for two parallel pipe sections, for example, two 30" sections use this relationship:
1/square root (total Resistance for 30” pipes)= 1 /square root (R 30”) + 1/square root (R 30”)
Surge Users Manual 768

4.10.11 Sprinkler or Blowoff Constant Tool

Sprinkler/Blowoff Constant
This tool provides several options for calculating the constant to be used for a sprinkler/blowoff element. The sprinkler/blowoff constant is defined as the flow (in
gpm or l/s) discharged through the device at a pressure drop of 1 psi or 1 kPa. See also blowoff/hydrant.

Combining Hydrant and Hose Constants. This is done automatically when the Fireflow and Hydrant Analysis option for Hydrant Flow - Hose Attached is selected. But the
following formula shows how this calculation is done:
C1 = constant 1 (hydrant nozzle)
C2 = constant 2 (hose constant)
Cc = combined constant
Cc = [(C1*C2)^2/ (C1^2 + C2^2)] ^0.5
Example C1=100, C2 = 200, Q = 500 gpm, Cc = 89.44
Surge Users Manual 769

4.10.12 Units Converter Tool

Units Convertor
This tool provides a conversion factor for a variety of parameters and units.
Surge Users Manual 770

5 Surge

5.1 Surge - System Data / Simulation Specs

Specific Gravity - ratio of density of liquid to density of water. See also Specific Gravity.
Units - Flow Units CFS (cubic feet/second)
GPM (gallons/minute)
MGD (million gallons/day)
Liters/Sec (liters/second)
CMS (cubic meters/second)
Liters/Min (liters/minute)
Surge Users Manual 771

Lb/s (pounds/second)
BPH (barrels/hour)
kg/s (kilograms/second)
USER (user defined units)
Equation - Head Loss Equation. Choose between Hazen Williams, Darcy Weisbach and Constant Resistance. The appropriate roughness must be entered (Pipe
Information - Data) for the equation chosen. See Hazen Williams Table and Darcy Weisbach Table. For Constant Resistance the resistance is defined as the head drop
(ft or m) divided by the flow squared (CFS or CMS)
Kinematic Viscosity - Required only for Darcy Weisbach equation (ft^2/s or m^2/s).
Length Accuracy - This input defaults to 10 ft (3 m) and represents the maximum difference between the actual pipe lengths and the ones chosen for the model. Note
the calculation time increment and required computational time are affected by this selection and decreasing the length accuracy by a factor of two will double the
required computational time.
Pipe lengths (or wave speeds) in the model must be adjusted so each pipe will be a length – wave speed combination such that the pressure wave will traverse the pipe
in a time which is an exact integer multiple of the computational time increment. Lengths will be rounded to the nearest multiple of the Length Accuracy (not including 0),
therefore the maximum difference between adjusted pipe lengths in the model and actual system is usually Length Accuracy/2. For example if we use Length Accuracy =
20 the lengths will be rounded to the nearest multiple of 20 and the largest difference between the model adjusted lengths and actual length is 10 feet (say 380 feet for a
389 foot pipe). This does not hold for pipes which are shorter than the Length Accuracy. The adjusted pipe length will be equal to the Length Accuracy so that the
maximum difference is <= Length Accuracy. For example if a pipe is 0.5 feet long and the Length Accuracy is 10, then the adjusted pipe length will be 10 ft or 9.5 feet of
difference.
It is important therefore for the Length Accuracy to be similar in value to the length of the smaller pipes in the model.
Note for very large systems, there is a limit to total number of time increments which is effected by Length Accuracy. Sometimes it is necessary to increase the Length
Accuracy value to stay within this limit.
Total Simulation Time - The time for a wave to travel down a pipeline and back is 2L/c, where L= length (or longest path through a looped system) and c=wave speed.
A good approximation for Total Simulation Time would be to allow this cycle to happen 5 times or 10L/c. Once the Surge analysis is run, if the pressure waves have not
dampened to a new steady state conditon, increase the Total Simulation Time. If it dampens rapidly, the Total Simulation Time can be decreased. .
Cavitation Head - This defaults to values applicable at standard pressure and can be entered here to override the default. For water, if left blank the program assumes
caviation head to be -14.4 psi (-99.3 kPa) or -33.2 feet (-10.1 m). If the fluid is other than water then this is divided by Specific Gravity, SG.
Time Step Increment - This must be an integer and will result in a smaller time increment being used. New time increment = calculated time increment / time step
increment. Hence the input 5 will result in a new time increment on 1/5 of the original and will increase the required computational time by a factor of 5. This input may be
required for high frequency periodic disturbances.
System Type - Should say 'Surge'
Additional Data - This will bring up the following box. See also Stabilization Settings.
Surge Users Manual 772

CV Setting for Inertial Effects - With check valves that are opening and closing repeatedly, this allows the user to incorporate inertial effects into the modeling
of the check valve. CV Setting for Inertial Effects is a number between 0 and 1. The default is 0 and will result in no inertial effects. If the CV is in the closing
mode (reverse flow through the element) and the CV open ratio is greater than CV Setting, then Pipe2024 continues to close the CV until it is completely closed
EVEN if the flow changes sign (flow in the forward direction). In other words, it is assumed that the CV continues to close once it reaches certain closing position
due to the inertial effects of the disc or flap. The use of this setting will reduce pressure spiking due to check valve action. The default of zero should be applied
for CVs that are initially closed.
If “CV Setting for Inertial Effects” is set to 0.1 for example, the check valve continues to close when it is in 0-10% range of the initial flow rate even if flow
becomes positive momentarily. Values from 0 to 0.2 are realistic. Values greater than 0.2 begin to be less realistic, but may be used diagnostically.
In general no inertia effect (Zero) results in a "rattling" of the flap. The intended effect of the CV Setting for Inertial Effects is to slow down the rate (frequency) of
the "rattling" flap by requiring the CV action (opening or closing) to be completed before swing the opposite direction. Due to inertia the swing will complete after
reaching a certain % of the opening or closing before the flap can go in the opposite direction. This tends to reduce spiking somewhat because the fluctuation
rate is slowed.

Time Step for Cavity Collapse - Time Step for Cavity Collapse is an integer representing the number of time increments for complete collapse of a vapor cavity.
The default is 1, implying that the cavity collapses in one time increment, however small the time increment is. The purpose of this setting is to "soften" the effects
of cavity collapse. Since air is normally released when cavitation occurs a softening effect is expected. Without allowing for this, excessive pressure spiking may
occur. The factor is applied to the simulation time step. Therefore if your simulation time step is 1/100 second (this value is shown in the Report), then a value of
10 here would have the cavity collapse in 1/10 second.
Demand Calculation - Choose between Fixed Demands and Pressure Sensitive Demands. For Fixed Demands the demands remain constant throughout the transient
analysis and no additional input is required. For Pressure Sensitive Demands the demands vary with the pressure difference in the pipe and the exit region.
Exit Head - The assumed head in the exit region for pressure sensitive demands. This defaults to zero (atmospheric pressure).
Surge Users Manual 773

Calculate Intrusion - If Pressure Sensitive Demands are selected, three options are available:
Do not calculate intrusion
Calculate intrustion using a leakage factor
Calculate intrusion using a leakage contstant.
If one of the last two are selected then intrusion of liquid back into the pipe system will be calculated when the exit head exceeds the head inside the pipe. The user will
need to then enter the Leakage Constant or Leakage Factor for that calculation. See below.
Leakage Coefficient - If intrusion is calculated, this input determines the ratio of flow which can intrude for the same differential head. For example, a Leakage
Coefficient of 0.1 will calculate an intrusion rate 0.1 times as great as the corresponding outflow at the same head difference. The Leakage Coefficient may correlate to
the lost water percent.
The Leakage Factor is the %/100 for leakage in the distribution system. For example, a Leakage Factor = 0.05 means that the leakage is 5% of the demand. From this
factor a leakage coefficient is calculated for each demand junction which will discharge 5% of the flow at the initial pressure. Therefore, at a junction where the demand is
10 gpm at 64 psi (difference) we assume that 0.5 gpm is leaking through an orifice and the leakage constant is computed as Lc = Q(leak)/(pressure difference))^0.5 or Lc
= 0.5/(64)^0.5 = 0.0625. This constant is used with the relationship for leak flow (Q(gpm) = Lc*(pressure)^0.5 when the pressure gradient is negative (Pexit > Pline). For
example if the line pressure is 1psi less than the exit pressure the intrusion = 0.0625 gpm.
The Leakage Constant is defined above using the relation Q(leak) = Lc*(pressure difference). If we use Lc = 0.1 we will get a leak of 0.1 gpm with a pressure differential
of 1 psi. The leakage constant is applied to every node (not just demand nodes) and only is used for intrusion calculations.
Wave Speed Attribute - This should normally display the User Data "wave speed" although another User Data attribute can be used (but this is not recommended). For
new files this should automatically appear. For imported files the "wave speed" attribute may not be defined and will not appear on the drop down list of User Data
attributes. In this case the user should access the User Data and make a "wave speed" attribute and then select this in the drop down list.
Default Wave Speed - If a value is entered here, this will be used for all pipes for which a wave speed is not specified in the Pipe Information window data box (Map
Screen) or in the Wave Speed User Data item defined in the Wave Speed Attribute field above.

5.2 Surge Modeling Requirements

Surge Modeling Requirements
Surge Users Manual 774

Using Surge

Modeling Requirements
A Surge model is comprised of pipe sections connecting junctions, components, and surge control nodes. The following restriction applies:

Only two pipe connections are allowed for regulators and surge control devices. These include side discharge orifice's (SDO's), surge tanks, relief valves, sprinklers, surge
anticipation valves and air/vacuum valves.

The Surge error check will check this requirement and produce an error message if the requirement is not met.

Number of changes - Up to 99 elements may have changes. For example, in a single model, up to 99 different pumps may be set up to trip.

5.3 Surge Calculations and Sign Conventions

Surge Calculations and Sign Conventions
See also Surge Modeling Requirements
Surge Node Results

Calculated Parameters
For surge analysis, calculations (heads, flows, volumes) are made at each element for each time step, and flows for pipes at each time step. This produces very large files
of results. Elements consist of junctions (including reservoirs and dead ends), components (usually pumps and valves) and surge control devices. For each time step the
following values are calculated for each element. Note that there are no results presented for pipes since both head/pressure and flow vary along the pipe.
junction: head/pressure (one value)
flow (each connection)
Surge Users Manual 775

component head/pressure (each side)

flow (each side)

surge control (SDO) head/pressure (inside and external)

flow (side 1, side2, external)
air or cavity volume (external)

Sign Convention for Flow

Flow away from a node is positive and flow toward the node is negative. For example, if 300 l/s is flowing in the normal direction through a pump the outlet flow is +300
l/s while the inlet flow is -300 l/s. Therefore, when plotting and tabulating results you can choose to utilize the outlet value to get positive flow. See Surge Node Results

Notes on algorithm
Air cavities - Surge, as with all surge modeling programs, assumes that cavities and air pockets are located at a point and the pipe segments remain full of water
Surge Users Manual 776

and transmit pressure waves. In other words the lengths of adjacent water columns will not change. There is no attempt to allow vapor cavities and air pockets to change
lengths of adjacent water columns and does not account for the volume occupied by air pockets or consider the changes in wave transmission times which would result.
Intermediate nodes - Because of the effect of friction on pressure waves a calculation is made for each wave in each pipe section. When a wave goes through a pipe with
intermediate nodes the effect of friction is made with one calculation. If there are junctions instead and two or more pipe sections the effect of friction is calculated for
each pipe section. This can cause differences - especially if there are very long pipe sections. We do not recommend that a model have very long pipe sections for surge
because of the handling of the friction.

5.4 Surge Elements and Data Requirements

Surge Elements and Data Requirements

See also Surge Components

Surge Control and Control Devices
Surge Variable Input Data

Surge Elements and Data Requirements

Pipes
Wave speed

Nodes
Junctions
Demands
Reservoirs and Tanks
Pump Table
Pump File
Pump Constant Power
Pump Rated
Sprinkler/Leak
Surge Users Manual 777

Regulators
Loss Element
Pressure Supply
Active Valve
Side Orifice
Open Surge Tank
Spilling Tank
One Way (Feed) Tank
Closed Surge Tank
Hybrid Tank
Bladder Tank
Pressure Relief Valve
Rupture Disk
Surge Anticipation Valve
Air Vacuum Valves
1/2/3 Stage Valves

Creating a Transient
Pumps
Valves
Demand Changes
Reservoir Head Changes
Periodic Variations

Surge – Pipes
Surge Users Manual 778

See also Surge PipeData/Wave Speed

Set User Data item for wave speed and then select wave speed in the box shown below (System Data/Simulation Specifications)

Pipe Data

Diam(eter) – in. or mm
Surge Users Manual 779

Wave Speed – ft./s or m/s.

Length – ft. or m.
Roughness – depends on HL equ.
Number of Residential Meters –
Fittings data – sum of K’s

Pipes connect two nodes and can have intermediate nodes for alignment changes. Because of the importance of the location of closed valves, for
Surge models pipes cannot be closed. Closing pipes must be done using a closed Active Valve. Also for Surge models pipes do not incorporate
internal node type check valves as can be done in steady state models. For Surge models Check Valves are designated at nodes (such as Pumps and
Active Valves) or using the Check Valve Element. If a Check Valve is closed for the steady state then the element which incorporates the Check
Valve will be initially closed. If conditions are appropriate the element Check Valve will open during the transient analysis

Steady State (SS) and Surge Nodes

Surge Users Manual 780
Surge Users Manual 781

The list above and the network below show the devices that can be included in a Surge model. Some of these devices are utilized in both the initial steady
state and the surge analysis. These devices have specific modeling requirements (number of pipe connections) for Surge which are illustrated in the
network shown below and discussed on the following pages. Each of these devices requires unique input data, which includes the elevation (in feet or
meters). The additional data requirements for each device are presented on separate pages along with notes regarding their use.
Surge Users Manual 782

SS & Surge - Junctions

Surge Users Manual 783

Connection Restrictions: No restrictions for junctions

Demands – each junction may be assigned a Demand by the user or through meters connected to pipes connected to the junction. The Demand Type is not
utilized in the surge analysis.

Under System Data menu icon or System Data | Simulation Specs (Classic):
Demand Calculation – select calculation method:
Fixed Demands – demands remain constant throughout transient analysis
Pressure Sensitive Demands – demands vary with pressure according to the orifice relation
Intrusion Calculation – select calculation method
Do not calculate intrusion
Calculate using Leakage Factor or Leakage Constant
Surge Users Manual 784

SS & Surge – Reservoirs and Tanks

Reservoir and Tank Data

On/off switch
Grade – ft. or m.
Initial (level) – ft. or m.

Connection Restrictions: Only one pipe can connect these devices

Reservoir – A constant grade is maintained at a reservoir. The grade maintained is input. Grade is defined as elevation and pressure
head (in feet or meters).
Surge Users Manual 785

Tank – A supply tank is treated as a constant head reservoir for surge analysis. Besides the Elevation the (Initial) grade (elevation of level) is
the only input value required for a tank. A Feedpipe is a steady-state feature, which does not apply to Surge Analysis.

SS & Surge – Pump Table (Head/Flow Data)

Surge Users Manual 786

Pump Table Data

On/off switch
Speed (ratio) – rpm/rated speed
Surge Users Manual 787

Head – ft. or mt.

Or
Pressure – psi or kPa
Flow – specified flow units
Eff(iciency) - %/100 (not used in Surge)

Connection Restrictions: one pipe connected to each side or one pipe connected to one side and reservoir on other side

This Pump Type is selected as Table. It is ideal to input into the head (pressure)/flow table exactly 3 data points including cutoff head (at
zero flow), although more data points are allowed.
Pumps may be specified as multiple pumps (e.g. 2 parallel pumps). Note that results are for combined pump configuration, not for
individual pumps.
All pumps can include a Check Valve, Non Reopening Check Valve and/or Bypass line. These options perform the following functions.
Check Valve – prevents flow reversal through the pump
CV Time = time it takes check valve to fully open (or close) after flow reversal initiates
CV Res(istance) = wide open resistance for the check valve
Non-Reopen(ing) CV – This check valve will not open once it has closed.
Bypass Line – This allows flow to bypass the pump when the suction head exceeds the discharge head.
The bypass line has an internal check, independant of whether a check valve is specified
for the pump. Byps Res(istance) = resistance of the Bypass line
Pump Resistance - With parallel or series pumps, it may be desired to define a resistance to account for pump piping. For this purpose,
Pump Res in the More Device Data box may be used (click the 'More' button or pointing hands to view, if necessary). A pump resistance for
one individual pump is eneter here and is defined in units of headloss/(flow)^2. A special tool is available to calculate the resistance,
Resistance Calculations. In the Resistance Calculation Tool, specify 'Piping for Parallel and Series Pumps.'
Surge Users Manual 788

SS & Surge – Pump File

Surge Users Manual 789

File Pump File/Table Pump

Surge Users Manual 790

Pump File Data

On/off switch
Speed (ratio) – rpm/rated speed
Efficiency - %/100 (at rated flow)
File (number) – 1 to 8
Rated Head – ft. or mt.
Rated Flow – specified flow unit
Rated Speed – rpm
Inertia (more info below) - # ft2 or nmt2

Connection Restrictions: one pipe connected to each side or one pipe connected to one side and reservoir on other side

The Pump Type is selected as File. This description should be employed only if the pump will be tripped and therefore operated
abnormally during the transient (flow reversal, turbining, etc). The other three descriptions should be used for transient analysis only if the
pumps always operate in the normal zone of operation (positive head-positive flow). To use this description, you must select file (1-8) based
on the specific speed (use the Select Pump File/Calculate Inertia tool) and provide the rated head (feet or meters), flow and speed. The
motor and pump inertia is normally difficult to obtain from the manufacturer and a reasonable estimate can be calculated using
Inertia/Specific Speed tool.

Inertia - (Pipe2018 and later) Inertia may be automatically calculated.

Surge Users Manual 791

Selecting an Inertia value using the Tool "Select Pump File/Calculate Inertia": Generally, the Combined (motor + pump) from the tool is used. Since pumps have
gotten lighter, newer pumps have a lower inertia so the user should select older or newer based on the age of the pump. Inertia selection is approximate, just a best
guess. Inertia data from the manufacturer is always best, but is often not available.

SS & Surge – Pump (Constant Power)

Surge Users Manual 792

Constant Power Pump Data

On/off switch
Power – horsepower or kilowatts
Efficiency - %/100 (at rated flow)
(not used in Surge)
Surge Users Manual 793

Connection Restrictions: one pipe connected to each side or one pipe connected to one side and reservoir on other side

This Pump Type is selected as Constant. All the user is required to enter is the useful power (horsepower or kilowatts). For the surge
analysis a head/flow curve is generated based on using the steady state operating point as rated conditions employing the same procedure as
that described for the Rated Pump. The constant power pump description is not recommended for Surge Analysis because of the assumptions
required to apply it. This description also cannot be used for pumps that are initially off since the appropriate rated conditions cannot be
determined.

SS & Surge – Pump (Rated)

Surge Users Manual 794

Rated Pump Data

On/off switch
Rated pressure – psi or kPa
Rated flow – specified units
Surge Users Manual 795

Connection Restrictions: one pipe connected to each side or one pipe connected to one side and reservoir on other side

This Pump Type is selected as Rated. The user is required to enter the Rated Pressure (in psi or kPa) and Rated Flow (selected flow
units). A normal operating range pump curve is generated using the following pressure/flow data:

Pressure Flow
1.4 PR 0
PR QR
.65 PR 1.5QR

where PR is the rated pressure and QR is the rated flow. This relationship may be customized in the Other Data menu or System Data | Other
(Classic).

SS & Surge – Sprinkler/Leak

Surge Users Manual 796

Sprinkler Data
On/off switch
Constant – flow in gpm for 1 psi
or
flow in l/s for 1 kPa
Length – (of connector) ft. or m.
Diameter – (of connector) in. or mm
Elevation Change – ft. or mt.
Number Elbows in connector
Surge Users Manual 797

Connection Restrictions: one pipe connected to each side

This element models flow through a sprinkler orifice. The flow obeys the classic sprinkler relation where Q is the flowrate (in gpm or
liters/s), KS is the sprinkler constant and P is the pressure difference (in psi or kPa) between the inside and exit of the sprinkler.

A connecting pipe between the pipe in the model and the sprinkler orifice can be modeled by inputting data for the characteristics of the
connections (length, diameter, elevation change from pipe centerline to orifice (negative if sprinkler is above pipe centerline) and number of
elbows in the connection.

SS & Surge – Regulators

Surge Users Manual 798

Regulator Data
Setting
PRV psi or kPa
PSV psi or kPa
FCV specified flow

Resistance - R = head drop (in ft. or m) over the flow squared (in cfs or cms)
or Flow Coefficient - Cv = flowrate in gpm (m^3/hr) required to cause a 1 psi (1 bar) drop in pressure (units gpm/psi^0.5 or cmh/bar^0.5)
Connection Restrictions: one pipe connected to each side

This element models flows through regulating valves (pressure regulating, pressure sustaining and flow regulating). You can select PRV-1
(pressure regulating), PSV (pressure sustaining) and FCV-1 (flow regulating) from the drop down list. The other two (PRV-2 and FCV-2)
should not be selected since they model abnormal conditions.
For transient analysis, the regulating valves are modeled as a constant resistance based on the steady state conditions. If the regulator is
wide open or closed for the steady state it will remain in the same condition for the transient analysis. If you wish to model a regulating valve,
which changes its stem position during the transient analysis, you need to use an Active Valve or check the Modulating option (PRV-1 only).

Modulating Regulating Valve - to make the regulating valve modulate, check the Modulating box under Device Data and enter the
Response Time. 'Response time' is how long the regulator takes to respond to the transient. Specifically, it is the time it takes for the regulator
to change the pressure by the amount specified in the regulator setting.

The modulating valve feature of the Pipe2024 : Surge program works as follows.

1. The steady state portion of the program computes head drop across the PRV.
2. Based on this head drop and the flowrate through the PRV, a resistance for this PRV is calculated
Surge Users Manual 799

3. The PRV is then modeled as an active valve and a resistance calculated in step 2 is assigned to the active valve
4. If the "Modulating Valve" option is NOT checked, then this active valve resistance remains CONSTANT for the entire transient simulation.
5. If the "Modulating Valve" option is CHECKED, then the active valve resistance is VARIED during the transient run in the following
manner:

If the pressure at downstream side of PRV continues to INCREASE then the valve resistance is increased otherwise valve resistance is
decreased. The rate at which the valve resistance changes is equal to the initial valve resistance (step 3) divided by the response time. In other
words, the program assumes that the PRV cannot quickly respond to pressure variations during a transient run but at the same time it will
NOT stay at the same initial throttled condition and responds in an user specified time.

SS & Surge – Loss Element

Surge Users Manual 800

Loss Element Data

On/off switch
Head loss – ft. or mt.
or
Pressure loss – psi or kPa
Flow – specified units
Eff(iciency) – not applicable
Two sets of head/flow data not allowed, must use 1 or 3+
Surge Users Manual 801

Connection Restrictions: one pipe connected to each side

This element models a device for which head loss/flow data is available. The modeling is identical to a pump described by head/flow data
except that a head loss (instead of a head gain) occurs across the element. The Loss Element can have a Check Valve to prevent flow reversal.

SS & Surge – Pressure Supply

Surge Users Manual 802

Pressure Supply Data

On/off switch
Gauge Dif(ference) – distance gauge is
above CL pipe (ft. or m)
Static Pressure – psi or kPa
Residual Pressure – psi or kPa
Residual Flow – specified flow units

Connection Restrictions: only one pipe connected to this device

Surge Users Manual 803

This element models a connection to a supply where the available pressure depends on the supply flow. This applies to a connection to an
existing distribution system. The data required to describe the pressure/flow relation for this supply may be provided by a head (or
pressure)/flow table or by hydrant test data (static pressure and residual pressure and flow) for a hydrant close to connection. For Surge
analysis the same pressure/flow relation is maintained.

SS & Surge – Active Valve

Surge Users Manual 804

Active Valve Data

On/off switch
Resistance (Wide Open) - H/Q2
Initial Ratio (stem) - % open/100%
Valve Type – select from drop down table
Surge Users Manual 805

Connection Restrictions: one pipe connected to each side or one pipe connected to one side and reservoir on other side

This element models a variety of valves. A valve is described by the Flow Coefficient, Cv (or Resistance (head loss/flow2) see Prefereces) and the data
in the Active Valve Table shown above. This table gives the open area ratio (open area/fully open area) as a function of ratio of the stem movement to the
full movement (S(tem) Ratio). This table shows, for example, a ball valve where the stem position is half way to full amount (0.5) the open area is 41.88%
of the fully open area. Users can create their own valves. For Surge analysis valve closing and openings are modeled by providing the time history of the
stem movement. For example, a Ball Valve can be linearly closed in 4 seconds, which means that the stem movement is linear.

Note: for Pipe2000 Version 2 users, the active valve element can be used to model a modulating pressure regulating valve. (See Tools | Modulating
Regulating Valves). For other versions, a 'modulating' option is available for Regulators (see Regulators).

SS & Surge – Side Discharge Orifice (SDO)

Surge Users Manual 806

SDO Data
On/off switch
Inflow R(esistance) - H/Q2
Outflow R(esistance) - H/Q2
External Head – ft. or m

Connection Restrictions: one pipe connected to each side

This device represents an orifice in the pipeline where flow enters or exits the pipeline based on the orifice relation. The inflow and outflow
resistances can be different (inflow refers to flow into the pipeline and outflow is out of the pipeline).
Surge Users Manual 807

This device also is an integral part of a number of surge control devices including surge tanks, pressure relief valves and surge anticipation
valves.

Surge – Open Surge Tank (Spilling Tank and One Way (feed) Tank)

One Way Tank Open/Spilling Tank

Open Surge Tank Data

On/off switch
Diameter – ft. or m
Surge Users Manual 808

Maximum Level – ft. or m

(spilling tank)

Connection Restrictions: one pipe connected to each side

This device models an open surge tank including a spilling surge tank where the maximum level is specified and a one way open surge tank
which allows flow only from the tank into the pipeline and requires a check valve to be defined.

Surge – Closed Surge Tank

Surge Users Manual 809
Surge Users Manual 810
Surge Users Manual 811
Surge Users Manual 812

See also - Hybrid Surge Tanks

Surge Users Manual 813
Surge Users Manual 814

Hybrid Tank Diagram

Surge Users Manual 815
Surge Users Manual 816
Surge Users Manual 817
Surge Users Manual 818
Surge Users Manual 819
Surge Users Manual 820
Surge Users Manual 821

Closed Surge Tank Data

Surge Users Manual 822

On/off switch
Tank Volume - ft3 or m3
Initial Gas volume – ft3 or m3
Expansion constant
Diameter - (required) ft or m. This value is used in the calculation.
Init(ial) Level - ft or m above the centerline of the connecting pipe.

Connection Restrictions: one pipe connected to each side

The closed surge tank will contain the Initial Gas Volume and will be initially pressurized to the starting pressure as determined by the initial
steady state analysis.
The expansion constant varies between 1 (isothermal) and 1.4 (adiabatic) and a value between these limits should be used.
Hybrid Tanks

It is a ssumed that the vent is large enough that the pressure in the air is basically atmospheric when the vent is open (no significant pressure drop across the vent). This is
how hybrid surge tanks are designed so this is considered to be an acceptable assumption. Therefore Vent Diameter is no longer required input for Hybrid Surge Tanks.
Surge Users Manual 823
Surge Users Manual 824

Surge – Bladder Surge Tank

Surge Users Manual 825
Surge Users Manual 826

Bladder Surge Tank Data

Surge Users Manual 827

On/off switch
Diameter - ft or m
Init(ial) Level - ft or m above the centerline of the connecting pipe.
Tank (bladder) volume (Vb) – ft3 or m3
Expansion constant
Preset Prs (pressure) default is ft or m head,
if "Use Pressure" box is checked - psi or kPa.

Connection Restrictions: one pipe connected to each side

The pre-set pressure (Ps) is the pressure set in the gas in the bladder prior to opening the valve connecting the tank and the pipeline.. At
any pressure lower than the Pre-set pressure the bladder fills the tank and there is no flow into the pipeline. This is an undesirable condition.
The initial gas volume (Vi) is determined by the program using the initial line pressure (Pi) at the location of the bladder tank. This volume is
calculated assuming isothermal compression (PiVi = PsVb) For example, for the data displayed above if the initial line pressure at the
Bladder Tank is 80 psi, the initial volume is Vi = (14.7+Pa)*135/(50+Pa) = 41.9 cubic feet. Pa is atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi)

The expansion constant varies between 1 (isothermal) and 1.4 (adiabatic) and a value between these limits should be used.
Notes: Initial air volume is typically 50% of the total volume. Ratios of 40% to 60% water, possibly 30/70 are ok but if initial gas volume is too low the
precharge pressure might have to be an infeasible value (negative). See Bladder Precharge Tool.
If a bladder tank is positioned higher than the supply grade, it will "bottom out" and not be able to provide the intended surge protection.
For "Bottomed out" tanks in low pressure applications, it is possible to make the Preset Head/Pressure equal to the initial line head/pressure IF the Initial
Level is set to 0 and the "Calc Init Lvl" option is NOT used.
Initial Level vs. Volume Example.
Surge Users Manual 828
Surge Users Manual 829

Surge – Pressure Relief Valve

Pressure Relief Valve Data

On/off switch
Opening pressure – psi or kPa
or Head - ft. or m
Surge Users Manual 830

opening time - sec

closing pressure – psi or kPa
or Head – ft. or m
Closing Time - sec
External Head – exit head for relief valve – ft. or m

Connection Restrictions: one pipe connected to each side

A Pressure Relief Valves begins to open when the pressure at the sensing node exceeds the opening pressure. The opening time is the
response time for the valve to go from the start to the fully open position. The valve closure is initiated when the pressure (head) drops below
the closing pressure. Because of pressure fluctuation at the sensing node, this valve can remain open for longer periods. If the valve exits to a
pressurized region (tank etc.) the External head should be input. The pressure to activate the valve is generally sensed at the valve but any
node can be used for this purpose

Surge – Rupture Disk

Surge Users Manual 831

Rupture Disk Data

On/off switch
Opening pressure – psi or kPa
or Head – ft. or m

Connection Restrictions: one pipe connected to each side

This device opens very quickly when the pressure exceeds the opening pressure. Good for modeling a pipe break. Set the Opening Head at a value lower
than the initial static head. This will result in a steady state with the Rupture Disk closed and it will open immediately. The Resistance of the RD will be
based on the size of the opening caused by the pipe break
Surge Users Manual 832

Surge – Surge Anticipation Valve

Surge Anticipation Valve Data

On/off switch
Opening pressure – psi or kPa
or (head) – ft. or m
opening time – sec.
Surge Users Manual 833

Fully open time – sec.

Closing time – sec.
External Head – ft. or m

Connection Restrictions: one pipe connected to each side

This device activates on a down surge when the pressure at the sensing node drops below the opening pressure. After opening is initiated
the valve completes a cycle where it opens fully in the opening time, remains fully open for the fully open time and closes completely in the
closing time. If the valve exits to a pressurized region (tank etc.) the External head should be input. The pressure to activate the valve is
generally sensed at the valve but any node can be used for this purpose. For both low and high pressure pilots, either use the SAV in
combination with a pressure relief valve, or use the HydSAV element.

Surge – Air Vacuum Valve –1, 2 and 3 Stage

Surge Users Manual 834

1 and 2 Stage 3 Stage

Air/Vacuum Valve Data

On/off switch
Inflow diameter – in or mm
Outflow diameter (D1) – in or mm
Outflow diameter (D2) – in or mm
Switching value -
Initial Air Volume – ft3 or m3
Surge Users Manual 835

Delay - seconds

Switch type – flow, pressure or volume

Connection Restrictions: one pipe connected to each side

A one-stage (or nominal) air/vacuum valve has a single orifice for air inflow and outflow. A two-stage valve has a second (smaller) orifice
for air outflow (to reduce “air slam”). A three-stage valve has a third orifice that will be utilized for outflow if the flow pressure or air volume
exceeds the corresponding switching value. For this valve the same orifice can be used for inflow and outflow prior to the switch (D1=D2). For
all three types an initial air volume can be designated at the valve. This feature allows the modeling of start-up with air in the pipeline. The
solution for expulsion of air from the pipeline considers the compressibility of the air, the pressure variations in the pipeline, and the
characteristics of the orifice. If no switch value is entered for a 3-Stage air valve, D2 will be used for outflow.

Inlet and outlet diameter may be entered as a negative (-) value to represent orifice area instead of diameter.

Creating a Transient - Pumps

Surge Users Manual 836

1) All Pumps (startup) 2) Pump File (trip) 3) All Pumps (speed changes)

Operating speed changes for pumps procedure transients. A time dependent change in the speed ratio(s) (operating speed/rated speed)
may be defined for all types of pumps as shown above (left). Pumps described by a pump file also can be tripped (lose power) and the
resulting rundown calculated based on the pump and motor inertia and dynamic characteristics described in the pump file. A tripped pump
may be restarted, but it is necessary for the speed to be brought to zero before restarting.
A trip can be specified with a ratchet, which will present reverse rotation. A pump with a ratchet will not allow the pump impeller to rotate in
the opposite direction. Following a pump trip the flow can reverse but the impellers cannot undergo reverse rotation.

Several scenarios are shown above:

1) The pump is off (speed = 0) for 1 second and then the speed ramps up to full speed (1) over the next 2 seconds. Note:
Pumps used for Startup must have internal check valves. Do not use non-reopen check valves.
2) The pump trips (loses power) at 1 second.
Surge Users Manual 837

3) The pump speed ramps down from 1 to zero in 2 seconds.

4) The pump ramps down from 2 seconds to 7 seconds, then restarts beginning at 67 seconds ramping up to 100% at 75
seconds.

Creating a Transient - Valves

1) User Valve 2) Standard Valves

A change in the ratio of the stem position (r) for a valve will produce a transient. A ratio of 1 means the valve is fully open, 0.5 means the stem
has turned 50% of fully closed and 0 means the valve is fully closed. For User Valves, any number of pairs of time/ratios can be specified to define a
closure, opening a combination. For other types of valves, only two pairs of value are utilized. The first pair is the time and ratio at the beginning of the
valve action and the second pair defines the values at the end. It is assumed that the valve stem moves linearly during the action period.

Two scenarios are shown above:

Surge Users Manual 838

1) The User is fully open at time – 0 and 20% open at time = 2. The valve is fully closed at time = 10 seconds.
2) The Gate valve is 80% open at 2 seconds and fully closed at 10 seconds.
3) The Gate valve is 80% open at 2 seconds and ramps down to 30% open over the next 5 seconds.

Creating a Transient – Junction Demand Changes

A change in the demand at a junction will produce a transient. This can be used to simulate a hydrant opening or any rapid change in demand. The setup
for this as shown above is to provide time/demand pairs to define the demand variation. The demand is in user specified flow units.

One scenario is shown above

1) A demand of 45 is held for 2 seconds and then ramps up to 1000 over the next 4 seconds.
2) A demand begins a 2 seconds and ramps up to 500 over the next 8 seconds
Surge Users Manual 839

Creating a Transient – Reservoir Grade Changes

Reservoir of Value

A change in the grade (elevation + head) at a reservoir will produce a transient. This feature may be applied only at a valve, which
connect a reservoir (one pipe connected to valve a pump – other side is a reservoir). The setup for this situation is shown above is to provide
time/grade pairs to define the head variation.

Several scenarios are shown above:

1) At a valve the grade ramps from 200 to 300 in the first 3 seconds and then back to 200 in the next 3 seconds.
2) At a pump the grade ramps down from 110 at 2 second to 55 at 17 seconds.
Surge Users Manual 840

Creating a Transient – Periodic Variations

Periodic variations in valve stem positions ratios, pump speed ratios, grades at valves (a pumps) and junction demands may be specified.
This is done as shown above in the Other Data/Periodic Input screen.

A common application of periodic variation is to model a positive displacement pumps, which is modeled as periodic inflow at a junction
node.

Several scenarios are shown above:

1) A valve operates at 50 cps (period = 0.02 sec) with stem position ratio from 0.25 to 0.75 (average = 0.50).
2) A pump operates at 50 cps with a speed variation from 0.8 to 1.2. This oscillation is 180° (3.14159 radians) out of
phase with the other shown.
3) The grade at a valve varies from 50 to 150 feet (m) at 50 cps.
4) The demand at junction J-3 varies from 40 to 60 at 50 cps.

Note: For grade variations at a valve or pump, use Type = 1. For all others, use Type =0.
Surge Users Manual 841

5.4.1 Siphon Breaker

Surge Users Manual 842
Surge Users Manual 843

Siphon Breaker (Surge) - Uses the concept that a submerged discharge located at a lower elevation than the required discharge creates a siphon which lowers the total head
required by a pump. A siphon breaker valve is placed at the top of the siphoning section of pipe. This valve is open when the pump is not operating or is beginning to close,
breaking the siphon. It allows air to discharge during pump start-up. When the pipeline is full, the valve closes and maintains the siphon.
Diameter - diameter of the siphon breaker valve (mm or in)
Open Time - if applicable, the time (in seconds) for the valve to open
Close Time - if applicable, the time (in seconds) for the valve to close
Delay Time - the amount of time (in seconds) actions are delayed.
Disc Coeff(icient) - (units) provided by manufacturer.

5.4.2 Check Valve Node

Surge Users Manual 844
Surge Users Manual 845
Surge Users Manual 846

Check Valve Node implements constant-rate accelerated closure. The valve starts closing when flowrate drops below certain percentage of steady state flow, and starts
opening only when difference in pressure head between u/s and d/s locations of CV exceeds a specified value.
The idea behind starting to close below certain flowrate is that some check valves need a minimum velocity to stay in fully open position and they start closing when flow
velocity drops below that threshold. Similarly, check valves do need some differential pressure head to crack them open.
It does not work well to reopen a check valve when the valve is set to close below certain percent of steady state flow (ahead of flow reversal). The valve may stay in closed
status at pump restart condition or may not develop enough forward flow for it to start opening. This led to utilizing certain threshold differential pressure to open the
closed check valves. It is a process that may even help reduce check valve chattering. Basic Data:
Data for Check Valve Node:
Elevation
Valve Type (pull down menu)
CV Time
CV Resistance
% of SS Flow (Close CV when flow drop below X% of steady state flow)
Diff Pres (Open CV when differential head > X)
Accelerated Closure (check box)
Non-reopening CV(check box)

See also Dynamic Characteristics

Deceleration for check valves
Check Valve Animation
Check Valve Ratio Graph
Surge Users Manual 847

5.4.2.1 Dynamic Characteristic of Check Valves

See also Check Valve Dynamics Tool.

Dynamic Characteristic of Check Valves

Improper sizing of check valves results in check valve slam, a phenomenon that produces undue increase in pressure head due rapid decrease in reverse flow velocity
associated with check valve closure. Check valves are placed in pipe systems to prevent flow reversal. However, most check valves require a finite time to activate after
sensing flow reversal and the flow could develop significant velocity in the reverse direction before the valve is completely closed. This reverse flow velocity is brought to
rest when the valve is closed completely. The rapid change in reverse flow velocity produces a rapid increase in pressure head. The reverse flow velocity at the time of
complete closure depends on several factors including the pump inertia, steady state head and flow values in the pipe system, length of liquid column to the source of
major wave reflection such as a reservoir, friction losses in piping systems, slope of pipeline, and wave celerity.

Although it is difficult to model the exact closure characteristics of a check valve for lack of reliable manufacturer suggested closure characteristics data, one could verify
the validity of check valve modeling assumptions with the help of manufacturer suggested deceleration vs. reverse velocity data.

The proposed check valves for this project are VAG Slanted Seat Swing valves. The manufacturer suggested deceleration vs. reverse velocity data for Slanted Seat Swing
check valves is shown in Figure 22. The example calculations shown on this Figure pertain to deceleration calculations following a rapid closure of a control valve at the
discharge end of a pipeline. ∆H is the magnitude of pressure wave generated by rapid closure of control valve and L is the pipe length. The deceleration equation was
generated by replacing the celerity (c) with L/∆t and rearranging the terms in the Joukowsky’s equation. This example is not applicable for the present modeling study
which involves pump failure scenarios and therefore should be ignored. A different approach should be used to calculate deceleration and the associated reverse flow
velocities.

Reverse velocity at the time of complete closure of check valve can be assessed based on the deceleration at the time of flow reversal. The deceleration at the time of flow
Surge Users Manual 848

reversal can be determined by analyzing Surge model of the pipeline system with NO check valves at pumps thereby allowing flow reversal. Figure 23 shows the flow
velocity at pump discharge following pump trip along with the corresponding deceleration for 2030 flow conditions. From Figure 23, the deceleration at the time of flow
reversal is roughly 1.3 m/s2. This deceleration may then be used to determine the potential reverse flow velocity at the time of complete closure of check valve from
manufacturer suggested data. Figure 24 shows an approximate reverse flow velocity of 0.05m/s for a deceleration value of 1.3 m/s2. Knowing the celerity (c) of ductile
iron pipe (1200m/s) and the velocity change (∆V =0.05m/s), the change in pressure head (pressure spike ∆H) at the time of complete closure of check valve may be
determined using Joukowsky’s equation as

∆H = (c/g) ∆V

∆H = (1200/9.81) 0.05

∆H = 6.11m

This change in pressure head at the time of complete closure may be compared with change in pressure computed by the Surge model to determine if the assumed check
valve closure characteristics are reasonable. Figure 25 shows the flow and head variation at pump discharge for the first few seconds of Surge simulation. It may be noted
that all Surge models for the pipe system under consideration used a 1 second linear closure time for the check valves. From Figure 25, the change in pressure head at the
time of complete check valve closure (zero flowrate though the pump) is around 25m. Since the change in pressure head computed by the Surge model is significantly
higher than the value computed from the deceleration characteristics (6.11m), the assumed check valve closure characteristics provide conservative (worse than what’s
possible in reality) estimates for the transient pressures. Although deceleration at the time of flow reversal (determined from Figure 23) is an accurate representation for
calculating the reversal velocity at the time of complete closure, it may be worthwhile computing reverse velocity based on an average deceleration for further assurance.
The average deceleration may be computed based on initial steady state velocity and time for flow reversal as follows.

d = (Vo – 0) / ∆t

where d is average deceleration, Vo is steady state velocity, ∆t is time required for the velocity to change from Vo to 0. The average deceleration for this model

computed from Figure 23 is 2.7m/s2. The corresponding reverse flow velocity may be computed from Figure 24 as 0.16 m/s. The resulting increase in pressure head
determined using Joukowsky’s equation is 19.6m. Since this value is also less than the increase in pressure head of 25m computed by the Surge program, the measures
recommended in this report will provide more than adequate protection against pressure spikes resulting from check valve action.
Surge Users Manual 849

This exercise was repeated for current flow conditions. Figure 25a shows the variation of velocity with time. Since the average deceleration results in higher reverse flow
velocity, the pressure head change calculations were done with average deceleration only. The average deceleration for current flow conditions is 1.1 m/s2 and the
corresponding reverse velocity is 0.04 m/s (Figure 24). The resulting increase in pressure head is 4.9 m (Joukowsky’s Equation) which is also less than the value (25m)
predicted by the Surge model.

Figure 26, which shows generic closure characteristics for VAG Slanted Seat Swing Check Valves, also assures that the assumed linear closure characteristics for the check
valves will results in conservative estimates for the transient pressures as the actual closure characteristics reduce the flow area very rapidly in the first half of the closure
time.
Surge Users Manual 850
Surge Users Manual 851

Figure 22. Dynamic characteristics of VAG SKR Slanted Seat (blue lines) non-return valves (courtesy: VAG)
Surge Users Manual 852

Figure 23. Flow deceleration at pump discharge following pump trip – pumps were modeled with NO check valves
Surge Users Manual 853

Reverse Velocity = 0.05m/s

Surge Users Manual 854

Deceleration = 1.3m/s^2

Figure 24. Enlarged view of Figure 24 showing expected reverse velocity based on calculated deceleration
Surge Users Manual 855

Figure 25. Pressure head variation from Surge model – pumps modeled with check valves (linear closure time of 1 s)
Surge Users Manual 856

Figure 25a. Change in velocity plot for current flow conditions

Surge Users Manual 857

Figure 26. Generic closure characteristics of VAG Slanted Seat Swing Check Valves (Courtesy: VAG)

5.4.2.2 Deceleration in Check Valve Dynamics Example

Surge Users Manual 858
Surge Users Manual 859
Surge Users Manual 860
Surge Users Manual 861

Run CV Dynamics Tool

KYnetic Ribbon, use the Tools drop-down:

Or go to Devices - Surge
Surge Users Manual 862

In the KYnetic Toolbar, go to Tools icon.

Surge Users Manual 863
Surge Users Manual 864
Surge Users Manual 865
Surge Users Manual 866
Surge Users Manual 867
Surge Users Manual 868
Surge Users Manual 869
Surge Users Manual 870
Surge Users Manual 871
Surge Users Manual 872
Surge Users Manual 873
Surge Users Manual 874
Surge Users Manual 875
Surge Users Manual 876
Surge Users Manual 877
Surge Users Manual 878
Surge Users Manual 879
Surge Users Manual 880

5.4.3 Hybrid Surge Tanks

See also Surge Elements
Surge Users Manual 881
Surge Users Manual 882
Surge Users Manual 883
Surge Users Manual 884
Surge Users Manual 885
Surge Users Manual 886

We assume isothermal process for initial filling of the tank (irrespective of the value specified by the user for the expansion constant). The isentropic process is used during
the unsteady state and the user specified expansion constant is used during that process. For this reason, if the expansion constant specified by the user is 1 (isothermal
process) then the gas volumes match during the unsteady state. If the expansion constant specified by the user is greater than 1, then the maximum expanded gas volume at
0 pressure would be slightly less than the initial gas volume specified.
Surge Users Manual 887
Surge Users Manual 888
Surge Users Manual 889
Surge Users Manual 890

5.5 Surge Pipe Data (Wave Speed)

Surge Pipe Data (Wave Speed)
See also Surge Elements - Pipes
What is Wave Speed?
Wave Speed Calculation Tool
Displaying Wave Speed Data.
Defining Wave Speed
Calculated Wave Speed Option

With the exception of Wave Speed, the Pipe Data is same as required for steady state model.
What is Wave Speed?
The wave speed is the speed for pressure wave propagation in a pipe and is an essential data item for transient analysis. The wave speed has a very significant effect on the
magnitude of the pressure surge generated by a transient event. The wave speed depends on the properties of the pipe and liquid. The diagram below shows values for
some standard pipes.
Surge Users Manual 891
Surge Users Manual 892

Wave Speed Calculation Tool

Surge provides a tool for calculating the wave speed. This is found under Tools in the main menu. You can select the liquid, pipe material and type of restraint and
provide the diameter and wall thickness and calculate the wave speed as shown below.
Surge Users Manual 893

For composite pipes, Composite YoungsMod = (YoungMod1 * Thickness1 + YoungMod2 * Thickness2) / Total Thickness

The Bulk Modulus values given in this table are XE9 Pascals. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) may be considered as Methane Hydrate and its Bulk Modulus is 5.6E9 Pascals.
Surge Users Manual 894

Small amounts of air entrapped in the liquid can greatly affect the wave speed as shown in the diagram below.
Surge Users Manual 895

Displaying Wave Speed Data.

The value of the wave speed is displayed on the main Pipe Data box and the appropriate value can be entered in that location as shown below. All wave speed data defined
as described below in item 1) may be displayed as map labels.
Surge Users Manual 896

Defining Wave Speed

There are several ways to define the wave speed. They are, in order of precedence:
1. Pipe Data Box / Pipe Attribute
You can define wave speed by entering its value in the location labeled Wv Spd provided on the Pipe Data box as shown. If a value is keyed in here it will be
added to the drop down list which can be used to select the appropriate wave speed entry for other pipes. After it is keyed in that value will also appear in the
User Data box under the wave speed user data item. By selecting the word "Default" in the drop down list, any keyed-in wave speed value is erased and the
wave speed is defined by one of the other methods described.

For new files, this data item is automatically created and called "wave speed". It is specified under System Data icon or System | Simulation Specs
(Classic) in the Attribute used for pipes "Wave Speed" box. However, if you import an older KYPipe file, this attribute may not have been defined. If the Attribute
used for pipes "Wave Speed" box is blank, you will need to create a User Data item called "wave speed" (see User Data / Adding User Data Items).
Surge Users Manual 897

2. Pipe Type

This is a very efficient way to provide wave speed data as a system is being created. Under Components icon or Setups/Defaults | Pipe Type (Classic) the
wave speed may be defined in the Pipe Type Data table as shown below. It will then be part of the data included as pipes are created using the Pipe Type button.
Values assigned this way are over-ridden by wave speed data that is keyed directly into the Pipe Data box or in the User Data box under "wave speed".
Surge Users Manual 898

3. Overall Default Wave Speed

Under System Data | Simulation Specs, a box for Default Wave Speed is provided. If there is no data in the Pipe Data box under Wv Spd or in the User Data box
under "wave speed", or no wave speed has been assigned using the Pipe Type table then the Default Wave Speed defined here will be used.

4. Calculated Wave Speed

Wave speed may be calculated for individual pipe types by using the Calculated Wave Speed option. In the Pipe Type table, enter appropriate values and then s
elect "Calculated" as shown below:
Surge Users Manual 899

Enter:

• Young’s Modulus (lb/ft2 or N/m2)

• Bulk Modulus (under Settings – Surge 1) (lb/ft2 or N/m2)
• Restraint Coefficient (Kr) (see Thorley or use Kr = 1)
• Pipe Thickness (in or mm)

5. Internal default
If no wave speed is defined by methods 1, 2 or 3, then the software assigns a default wave speed internally.
Surge Users Manual 900

5.6 Surge Components

Surge Components

See also Surge Elements and Data Requirements

The following describes special data requirements and capabilities for Surge components. Surge Control Devices are not included (see Surge Control Devices). These
components are:
Check Valves
Bypass lines
Pumps- head/flow table
constant power
rated conditions
pump files (Suter diagrams)
Active Valves
Regulating Valves (PRVs, PSVs, and FCVs)

Check Valves
Pumps, active valves, and loss elements all can be equipped with a check (non-return) valve to prevent backflow. Either a normal check valve which will close or open
depending on conditions or a non-reopening check valve which will close only once and remain closed can be designated. The closing time (CV Time) is the time it takes
for the check valve to close once closing is initiated. The check valve resistance (CV Res) is the resistance (head/flow^2) when the valve is fully open.
Bypass Lines
A pump bypass line is one which will open when the suction (upstream) head exceeds the discharge (downstream) head. The bypass line resistance (Byps Res) is the
resistance of this pipe.
A valve bypass line is used to define a different resistance when flow reverses and is assumed to flow in the bypass line.
Surge Users Manual 901

What is a Pump File? A pump file is a table of values defining head and torque as a function of flow and speed. These are based on experimental data and 8 files are
available to use. The file selection is based on specific speeds and the following files are available.
File number specific speed
English Metric
1 1270 25
4* 3725 72
5* 4409 85
6* 5203 101
7* 6792 131
2 7600 147
8* 8764 169
3 13500 261
These files were selected to cover the range of specific speeds for which data is available. This specific speed is defined as
specific speed = (Nr (Qr^0.5))/(Hr^0.75)
Surge Users Manual 902

*files 1, 2, and 3 were available for versions of SURGE prior to SURGE 5 and files 4 - 8 were added to version SURGE 5.1.
The pump file is customized to your pump by providing the Rated Head, Rated Flow, Rated Speed and Inertia. See the Surge Tools for help in calculating the specific
speed and inertia. The use of this tool is illustrated below for this example.
Transients for pumps are initialized by changing the pump speed ratio (pump speed/rated speed) or designating a pump trip where the rundown speed is calculated (see
Variable Input Data).
Surge Users Manual 903

Pumps: Head Flow Table

These pumps should be described by just three data points. If a Kypipe file is imported with additional data points only the first three will be used in the Surge analysis.
Since only normal conditions (positive head, positive flow) are described by the data, transient analysis should be limited to situations where the pumps operate under
normal conditions. If abnormal conitions occur (reverse flow, turbining, etc.) a pump file should be used.
Pumps: Constant Power
This pump description should not be used for Surge applications.
Pumps: Rated Conditions
These pumps are described by three points of head-flow data based on the rated conditions and the previous comments apply (see Pumps: Head Flow Table)
Surge Users Manual 904

Regulating Valves
Regulating valves which control pressure or flow for steady state calculations are modeled as a normal valve for Surge analysis with the initial resistance calculated
based in the steady state conditions. For example, if a PRV reduces the pressure from 100 to 50 psi (pressure change = 40 psi = 92.3 ft) with a flow of 600 gpm (1.337
cfs), the intial resistance can remain constant or be changed using Variable Input (Change) data.
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5.7 Surge Control and Control Devices

Surge Users Manual 908

See also Surge Elements and Data Requirements

The following is an explanation of the data requirements for various surge control devices used with Surge.
Click on the device names below to view the data requirements.

Note: For surge tanks and relief valves the input data includes the inflow and outflow resistance. The resistance is defined as the head drop (ft or m) divided by the flow
squared (cfs or cms). The resistance depends on the type of connection (pipe section or orifice) and can be calculated from the characteristics of the connection. See the
Surge Tools for help with the calculations.

What is a closed surge tank? A closed surge tank has a volume of gas, usually air, in the space above the liquid. The gas expands and compresses as flow leaves and
enters the tank.
Surge Users Manual 909

Init(ial) Level - ft or m above the centerline of the connecting pipe.

Diameter of the tank (required) ft. or m. This value is used in the calculation.
Tank volume - ft3 or m3 *NOTE: This is not used in the calculation, only Initial Gas Volume affects the performance of the device.
The expansion constant varies between 1 (isothermal) and 1.4 (adiabatic) and a value between these limits should be used.

What is an Open Surge Tank? This is a tank connecting to the pipeline which is open to the atmosphere. If the tank becomes full where water spills over the maximum
(Mx) level should be input and the tank is modeled as a spilling tank. See previous note (Closed Surge Tank) if tank is not a vertical cylinder.
Surge Users Manual 910

What is a One-Way Open Surge Tank (Feed Tank)? This open surge tank is equipped with a check valve at the entrance which prevents flow from entering the tank.
This is useful for controlling down-surges at a point where the static head is large and a normal open surge tank would not be practical.
Surge Users Manual 911

What is a Bladder Surge Tank? This is a closed surge tank with a gas-filled bladder. This tank will activate at the set pressure for the bladder and will act as a closed
surge tank for pressures above the set pressure. For pressures below the set pressure the tank has no effect.
Surge Users Manual 912

Init(ial) Level - ft or m above the centerline of the connecting pipe.

Tank volume - ft3 or m3
Preset Prs (pressure) default is ft or m head, if "Use Pressure" box is checked - psi or kPa.
What is a Single Stage Air Vacuum Valve? This device takes air in when the pipeline pressure drops below atmospheric and releases air when the pipeline pressure
exceeds atmospheric. The single stage air valve has the same size orifice for inflow and outflow (usually the same orifice). Also an initial volume of air can be specified to
model startup with air at the air valve location. Delay is in seconds. A discharge coefficient of zero defaults internally to the standard value of 0.62.

Note: Inlet and outlet diameter may be entered as a negative (-) value to represent orifice area instead of diameter.
Surge Users Manual 913

What is a Two-Stage Air Vacuum Valve? A two-stage air valve has a different size orifice for inflow and outflow. The outflow orifice is smaller to reduce the rate of air
expulsion and the "air slam" which occurs when all the air is expelled and the liquid columns rejoin. See Single-Stage Air Vacuum Valves for additional details.
Surge Users Manual 914

What is a Three-Stage Air Vacuum Valve? A three-stage air valve has a second outflow orifice (smaller) to release the air more slowly and reduces "air slam". The
transition from the primary outflow orifice (diameter D1) to the second orifice (D2) usually occurs at a specified pressure (psi or kpa) but can be modeled to switch based
on flow (cfs or cms) or volume (ft^3 or m^3).
Surge Users Manual 915

What is a Pressure Relief Valve? A pressure relief valve is one which opens at a designated pressure (psi or kpa) or head (ft or m) and closes at a second (lower)
pressure or head. The opening and closing times are specified.
Surge Users Manual 916

Note: A sensing node other than the location of the relief valve can be specified. If this specification is not made the sensing is assumed to occur at the valve location.

What is a Surge Anticipation Valve? A surge anticipation valve is a device normally located at a pump discharge which opens on a down-surge at a specified pressure
(or head) to provide protection for a subsequent upsurge. Once activated this device works on a timed cycle. The valve opens fully (Open Tm) and stays fully open for a
designated period (Full Tm) and then closes (Cls Tm). A sensing node can be designated if the opening is to be activated by the pressure at a different location.
Surge Users Manual 917

What is a Rupture Disk? A rupture disk is a device which opens quickly (ruptures) at the specified pressure (or head).
Surge Users Manual 918
Surge Users Manual 919

5.8 Surge Transient Setup Examples

See also Surge Elements and Data Requirements
Below are examples of the data used to describe the cause of a transient. The transient event is described using a series of pairs of data points for time and the value of a
parameter which is the cause of the transient. Also periodic changes can be specified to describe the cause of the transient.
Surge Users Manual 920
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Surge Users Manual 925
Surge Users Manual 926

Pumps used for Startup must have internal check valves. Do not use non-reopen check valves.
Surge Users Manual 927
Surge Users Manual 928
Surge Users Manual 929

Pump Startup (Pump File Definition)

Note: for a File type pump, the pump must always start with a speed ratio = 1. Therefore when modeling a startup, the pump must start as on, then shutdown, wait for
stabilization, then start the pump back up again as shown in the example.
Pump speed starts at 1800 rpm
Starting at time = 2 seconds, speed begins to decrease
From time = 2 seconds to 5 seconds pump speed goes from 1800 to 0, speed ratio = 1 to speed ratio = 0
At time = 50 seconds, speed ratio = 0
From time = 50 seconds to time = 55 seconds, startup occurs, speed ratio increases from 0 to 1
Surge Users Manual 930
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Surge Users Manual 932
Surge Users Manual 933
Surge Users Manual 934
Surge Users Manual 935

Note on setting up a transient with Active Valve. If more than two settings are required, use the "Cv Ratio" description, for the valve type.
Surge Users Manual 936
Surge Users Manual 937
Surge Users Manual 938
Surge Users Manual 939

Note: wide open resistance of the Active Valve used for the grade change must be negligible. So use a very small Resistance, R value or large Flow Coefficient, Cv (Kv)
value.
If the Active Valve is also needed to control flow, use a second Active Valve in series (upstream) of the valve with the grade change.
Surge Users Manual 940
Surge Users Manual 941
Surge Users Manual 942

What is a Periodic Change? A Periodic Change specifies a periodic variation for a changed parameter. The following data must be specified.
Surge Users Manual 943

KYnetic Interface - Periodic Menu

Node - the node where the parameter change occurs
Type - this only applies to a change in the hydraulic grade at a reservoir attached to a valve or pump. For this application the Type = 1.
Period - the period in seconds (1/frequency). For the data shown the frequency is 70 cps and the period is 0.0143 = (1/70).
Phase Shift - the phase shift in radians is required only if there are 2 or more periodic inputs and there is a phase difference between the different
inputs.
Amplitude and Average - These are ratios for each of the Variable Inputs
pump: amplitude (average) / rated speed
valve: amplitude (average) / 1.0
demand: amplitude (average) / initial value
grade: amplitude (average) / initial value
For the example shown, which models a sinusoidal demand variation, the amplitude is 0.834(30) = 11.52 and the average = 0.5(30) = 15

5.9 Surge - System Data / Other

KYnetic Interface icon:

Surge Users Manual 944

Screen Plot Data - It is necessary to designate a node for the screen plot which appears as Surge is executing. The best way is to select one node in Layout Mode and
then click on Use Selected Node. Then fill in the rest of the data (Title is optional).

5.10 Surge - System Data / Reports

Surge - System Data / Reports
Surge Users Manual 945

The Analysis Report Setup menu or System Data / Reports (Classic) allows the user to designate desired outputs. The comprehensive Tabulated Report table appears in
the Surge Report and is limited to 8 items.
Report Time Step - this is the time step used in the Tabulated Output. This defaults to the computational time step which is usually very small. Using this default will
result in a very long report. Units are in seconds.
Edit Report Table - Check on this to bring up the following screen. It is best to first go into Group Mode and select up to eight nodes for this report. Then click on
Create Table from Selected Nodes. The nodes will appear and you can select the desired output parameters.
Surge Users Manual 946

The Node Output options are used to select the nodes which can be accessed for customized plots and tables. Because of the very large amount of results data this output
is limited to 70 nodes. You should designate one of the following:
Full - all nodes are selected. If there are more than 70, the first 70 will be used.
Selected - only nodes selected using the designated User Data attribute will have output. Normally the attribute "Limited Output" is selected and the
value 1 used to designate the included nodes.
Surge Users Manual 947

5.11 Surge - Reviewing and Presenting Surge Results

Surge - Reviewing and Presenting Results
Reducing the Number of Stored Results
Max/Min Heads (Pressures) at Nodes
Graphs_and_Tables
Surge Node Results
Group Node Results
Tabulated Reports
Profiles
Selecting Nodes for Limited Output
Surge Model Results – Excessive Pressure Spiking

All the Pipe2024 capabilities for showing results are available for Surge (Tabulated Reports, Labels, Contours, Profiles, etc.). This section covers some special
considerations for reviewing and presenting Surge results.
For licenses prior to Pipe2006 and when the "Use Former Analysis Method" box is checked, the full number of results is not stored. This is because a surge analysis
produces so many results, it was not practical with this early version of the calculation engine to store every result for review. To do so may occasionally caused memory
problems and excessive computational delays. In addition, every result is not normally required to evaluate the overall results. The following discussion details how large
numbers of results are handled in Surge.
Reducing the Number of Stored Results (Not Required for Pipe2008 and later)
When the analysis is carried out with the Former Analysis Method (or earlier licenses), we can reduce the amount of results stored, hence increasing the speed of the
analysis by not storing every result, as shown below. Because the computational time increment is often very small, storing every 5th or even 10th result may still produce
very detailed graphs and tables.
Surge Users Manual 948

To further reduce the amount of results stored, the number of nodes for which results are stored is limited for larger systems as discussed in a subsequent section (see
Selecting Nodes for Limited Output).

Max/Min Heads (Pressures) at Nodes

This is very useful information which is always available following the Surge analysis. You can display the max/min heads (pressure or HGL) at all nodes by selecting the
Max/Min results label option. This will produce a display such as the one shown below.
Surge Users Manual 949

Also the tabulated Report for Surge always includes a Max/Min Head Summary which can be selected from the Report Section Selector as shown.

This produces the report shown below.

Surge Users Manual 950

If negative pressures occur this report also presents the fraction of the simulation time at each node for which pressures are negative (and reverse leaks (intrusion)
possible).

The Max/Min Line Pressure Report is as follows:

Surge Users Manual 951

Calculations are done to alert the user when there is a possibility that cavitation pressure could occur at some interior location within the pipeline. The largest of the
pressure drops at the end of the pipe are used to make this assessment of the worst possible situation. If the largest pressure drop could result in a pressure below
cavitation the "Cavitation Potential" warning, as shown above, is printed. The user can insert one of more interior nodes to determine if interior cavitation actually might
occur. The expectation is that it won't, but the user is alerted to this possibility.

Graphs and Tables

For surge analysis, graphs and tables of pressures and flows at selected nodes are results which are commonly reviewed and presented. For each node up to six sets of
results are generated and of these the following are available for review if the node is selected for output. Because of the excessive amount of results generated for even
moderately sized systems, it is desirable to designate the nodes to be selected for output (up to 30 nodes can be selected - see Selecting Nodes for Limited Output). If
you do not designate nodes, the first 30 or so (in the node table) will be used. For small systems all nodes will be automatically selected. For a selected node the
following values are displayed.
junction nodes
pressure (head or HGL) (1)
(or) flow in first connecting pipe (1)
component node (pump, valve etc.)
pressure on each side (2)
(or) flow on each side (2)
Surge Users Manual 952

SDO node
pressure internal and external (2)
(or) flow side1, side2 and external (3)
(or) volume (air valves and air vessels) (1)
You can generate graphs and plots for one node at a time (layout or fixed mode) or for groups of nodes (group mode).

Surge Node Results

To see the results for a particular node, turn on the Results (Rslt) button and select that node and select the parameter to display from the Results Selector menu at the
bottom of the program window as shown below.

This will produce the Node Information Results boxes shown below which will include a graph or table (icons for KYnetic shown) which will have 1, 2, or 3 sets of results
displayed as noted above. The picture below is for pump pressures which has 2 sets of results (inlet and outlet sides)
Surge Users Manual 953

Classic
Surge Users Manual 954

KYnetic
The graphs can be expanded in the Classic version as shown below and printed.
Surge Users Manual 955

The Classic tables can also be expanded as shown below

Surge Users Manual 956

For both graphs and tables, the range and frequency of values displayed can be controlled by clicking on the Range button and providing data in the locations indicated
as shown below. This is particularly useful for tables since the small time increments used in the Surge analysis will result in very long tables. However, the total number
of results available in the Results Table is limited to about 500 rows.
Surge Users Manual 957

Transient Pressure Graph and Table (Pipe2024)

This is a feature which plots Pressure, Head, or HGL in terms of the difference caused by transient conditions. It is assumed that the Transient Pressure (the added or
subtracted pressure caused by transient conditions) at the steady state condition is zero. Therefore a Transient Pressure Graph or Table will start out at zero initially,
then plot the pressure difference from this zero baseline as the transient progresses. Here is an original pressure graph at a junction node.
Surge Users Manual 958

This is the Transient Pressure graph at the same location. The "Transient" option is selected. Note the initial, baseline pressure is zero on the Transient Pressure Graph.
Surge Users Manual 959

Group Node Results (Classic)

Graphs and Tables showing multiple Node Results can be produced in Group Mode. Just select the multiple nodes desired in Group Mode and a graph or table showing
Surge Users Manual 960

results for the selected nodes will be generated. For components and SDO results, only one pressure or flow per node will be displayed for Group displays and this
selection is controlled by the drop-down selector "Current" which appears in the Node Results box as shown below (must be in Layout mode to view).

Other Considerations
Tabulated Reports
Surge performs both a steady state (to determine initial conditions) and a transient analysis when a surge analysis is selected. A tabulated report is generated for each
analysis and can be accessed using the Report button and the Load/Swap button to go between the steady state and surge output reports. If the transient analysis is
selected the additional results (labels, graphs, tables, profiles, etc.) are for the transient results. If you wish to display steady state results you should select the Analysis
and then select Steady State and perform the steady state analysis.
Profiles
The Pipe2024 profiles which show the Max/Min head envelope are a particularly useful tool for reviewing results. This envelope can be generated for any path within the
piping system. The maximum/minimum envelope is developed using all results at all nodes. However, the profile for a selected time will use only results for selected
nodes which are included in the profile.
Selecting Nodes for Limited Output (Older versions)
For system with 25 -30 or more pipes, selecting the nodes for which results are available is an important step to assure that you have access to the results required to
evaluate the transient. The normal procedure for doing this is as follows.
1. Select Group Mode
Surge Users Manual 961

2. Select up to 25-30 nodes for detailed results

3. Turn on the Node Information Data box and select Limited Output as shown below. Then provide a New Value to identify the group (usually 1) for the Limited
Output attribute for the group of nodes. Make sure you have first set this attribute to zero or a different value for all the other nodes.

Finally under Report Setup menu or System Data/Reports (Classic) you need to designate Selected Output, the attribute (Limited Output) and value (1) used to
designate the selected nodes as shown below.
Surge Users Manual 962

Of course, you can use this procedure to select a number of groups with different Limited Output values (say 1, 2, and 3) and designate the desired value to use for a
particular run.

Surge Model Results – Excessive Pressure Spiking

Sometimes the results of a transient analysis show excessive spiking of the pressure as shown
Surge Users Manual 963

The solution continues as pressure spikes and no final steady state result will be reached. The spikes may even grow and reach very high values. This occurrence is almost
always due to:
1) Cavitation – spikes due to cavity collapse
Surge Users Manual 964

2) Check Valve action – opening and closing of CV’s

Either one or a combination of these situations can produce an unstable result.

If this type of solution occurs due to check valve action at a pump which has been shut down then the pump is operating in an abnormal fashion (flow reversals, etc.).
Therefore, it is essential that a pump file be used in the analysis and the pump trip option used for the pump shutdown. In this manner the behavior of the pump can be
calculated. Also the effects of inertia and check valve properties can be evaluated.

When these results are obtained it is important to view the results more in a qualitative than quantitative manner. The actual calculated magnitude of the spikes are very
sensitive to the system data and small changes can significantly affect the magnitude of the pressure spikes. The important result is that the response is very unstable.
Because of the sensitivity of actual spike magnitudes to the timing of the events and data it is not reasonable to compare solutions based on the highest calculated pressure
spikes. The solutions are just too sensitive. What can be concluded is that the transients can be unstable and excessive pressure spikes are possible.

If you want to further evaluate the cause of an unstable result you can:

1) Set the default Cavitation Head to a very low value (such as -1000 ft. (m)). When this is done cavitation and the resulting
unstable solution will not occur.
2) Either remove check valves or set them to non-reopening.
These actions should allow for the calculation of a stable response and will allow you to evaluate the cause of the instability for your system.

5.12 Surge QuickStart Example

Surge QuickStart Example
Step 1 - Initial Preparation
Surge Users Manual 965

Step 2 - System Layout

Step 3 - Provide pipe and node data
Step 4 - Save data file
Step 5 - Analyze System and Review Results
See the Demonstration Examples videos on the KYPipe web site.

This will guide you through the complete layout development, data entry and hydraulic analysis of a simple pipe network. We recommend that you run Surge in as high a
resolution as your monitor can display such that it can be comfortably read. We recommend the following Windows 95/NT settings:

Monitor Size Display Setting

14" or 15" 1024 x 768

17" 1280 x 1024
21" 1600 x 1280

Step 1 - Initial Preparation

Initial steps include file selection, system data selections, background preparation and pipe type preparation.

a. file selection
You can access an existing data file or, as for this demonstration, create a new one. Click on File (top menu box) and select New.
b. system data selection
The New File screen appears. Select Surge. Click OK and go to System Data icon or System Data / Simulation Specs (Classic). Specify the flow units (CFS),
head loss equation to use (Hazen-Williams), and total simulation time (10 seconds).

Return to the Map.

c. background preparation
You can import a background map, utilize grid lines or choose not to use a background. For this demonstration we will turn on a grid and use it to guide our
layout letting Surge calculate pipe lengths.

Click on Grids Menu or Map Settings / Grids (Classic) - The default grid settings of 1000 (major) and 100 (minor) are good for our demonstration so we will use
them.

Click on Major Grid and Minor Grid check boxes. This will display background grid lines.
Surge Users Manual 966

Return to the Map

d. pipe type list
Click on Components menu icon or Setup/Defaults (Classic) and Pipe Type and make sure that 16, 12, and 8 inch steel pipe, HWC = 120 and a wave speed of
4000 ft/s are included in the Pipe Schedule you select. This will simplify your data entry requiring only a single selection to define all the pipe data.

Step 2 - System Layout

The map area which appears on the screen will show a region approximately 1000 x 1000 feet with the 100 foot grid lines displayed. This area will be appropriate for the
demonstration. A larger or smaller region can be displayed by clicking on the zoom in ( + ) or a zoom out ( - ) button on the left side.
Surge Users Manual 967
Surge Users Manual 968

The system we wish to lay out is shown above. The node elevations are noted. The diameter and roughness are noted in a box for each pipe. The development of the
pipe system model is accomplished in four steps. You should be in layout mode (button - top left) to proceed.

a. layout pipes and nodes

The entire piping system can be laid out using the mouse and a right click (RC) to add pipes and nodes and a left click (LC) to select a node. The following
operations will produce the system layout:

1) RC on grid-line intersection near the left edge to make first node

2) move mouse 200 feet (2 blocks) to right and RC
3) move mouse 500 feet to right and RC
4) move mouse 1200 feet right and up and RC (note the distance can be observed at the bottom of the screen next to "D")
5) select node at junction and move 900 feet right and up and RC (this node is provided to add a surge tank, if required).
6) move mouse an additional 100 feet and RC

Now all the pipes and nodes are laid out. Note all nodes are either junction or intermediate nodes and Surge has assigned pipe and node names.
b. change node types
Select any nodes which are different than shown and change to the correct node type. To do this LC to select the node and click on drop down node list (Node
Information Window - below Name) and select desired type from list.

1) Select node at Reservoir A (LC) and change node type to Reservoir

2) Select node at Reservoir B and change node type to Reservoir
3) Select node at valve and change node type to Active Valve.
4) Select node at pump location and change node type to Pump.

The system should now look as shown below.

Surge Users Manual 969

Step 3 - Provide pipe and node data

a) Select each pipe and node and provide data

1) Select each pipe and click Pipe Type (Pipe Information Window) and select choice from drop down list. Select Steel - 16 for pipe from
Reservoir A and the appropriate selections for the rest of the pipes. Note that default roughness and wave speed values are provided.
2) Select each Reservoir and provide values shown for Grade (HGL) and Elevation
3) Select each junction and intermediate node and provide Elevation
4) Select the active valve and provide type (globe), elevation, and wide open (WO) resistance.
5) Select the pump and check Table for the pump type and enter the head flow data in the table for ID =1.

b) Provide Variable Input Data (Changes)

Surge Users Manual 970

1) Select the Active Valve and open just the Change box (Node Information) and provide the data shown below to specify a 2-second closure.
Note the r denotes the ratio for the stem position and is entered by clicking on this location and selecting ration from the pop-up list.

d) Select Node for Screen Plot Display

1) We want to observe the pump outlet pressure during the analysis. Select the pump (layout mode). Click on Other Data icon or System
Data/Other (Classic) and Use Selected Node on the menu which appears (shown below). Select Outlet and provide the limits for the plot as
shown.
Surge Users Manual 971

Step 4 - Save data file

Provide a name and save your data file. Click on File (Main Menu) and Save As and provide a file name in the pop-up menu. Such as QSSurge (for Quick Start Surge).

Step 5 - Analyze System and Review Results

a. check data and run analysis

1) Click Analyze (Main menu) and select Error Check. If errors are flagged correct these. If the message "No Errors" appears proceed.
2) Click Analyze (Main Menu) and select Surge and click Analyze on the pop-up menu to accept the defaults (Analyze with Surge, Use Current Year, and
Load Every Result). A plot of the pump discharge pressure will appear. Click OK when finished to load results for review.

b. review results
The results can be reviewed on the schematic using Results Labels, by looking at the tabulated output or by generating customized tables and plots.
Surge Users Manual 972

1) Click on Report. Any warnings or error messages will appear. Click Load/Swap to load the tabulated results for the transient analysis. These are
presented in three sections. You can select a section or all sections and scroll through the tabulated summary of data and results. Click on Load/Swap to
go between the results for the initial steady state results (KYPIPE) and transient results (Surge). Note the table of Max/Min heads at the end of the Surge
report provides a very useful overview.
2) Click on Labels (Main menu) and select Node Result A to show the results depicted in the Results Selection bar on the bottom right of the screen. You
can click on the Results Selector at the bottom of the program window to change the node results parameter to head or HGL.
3) Plots and Tables - You can produce plots for heads at all nodes and flows at nodes other than junctions. Select the Pump (layout mode) and under
Node Information click the Table or Graph icons/boxes. (Classic) Click on Full and you will see the transient pump suction and discharge pressure as
shown below.
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Surge Users Manual 974

(Classic) Click on Small to display map. For the Results Table showing every result may result in many values (at each 0.025 seconds). To limit this click
on Range and select Every 20th Result and Apply to Tables as shown below.

Click on Okay and then Full on the Results Table to show this table
Surge Users Manual 975

In Group Mode you can select groups of nodes to prepare customized plots and table.

Step 6: Add a Closed Surge Tank

Add a closed surge tank at the node downstream from the pump. This tank is a 5 foot high cylinder initially with two feet of water. Assume a gas constant = 1.4. Click on
the node and select Closed Srg Tnk from the drop down list. The provide the required data as shown below. The resistance of the connection to the storage tank can be
obtained by clicking on Tools/Resistance Calculation and Connection to Tank and specifying a 6" diameter connection. A resistance of 1.0 is calculated and used in the
data. The gas Volume is based on a two foot diameter - three foot high cylindrical space.
Surge Users Manual 976

Click on Analyze and run the Surge Analysis. After completion click on the Pump and the Rslt button to get a plot of the pump discharge and suction pressures. The
results show that the surge tank greatly reduced the surge pressures.
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Surge Users Manual 978

5.13 Surge Pipe Break Analysis

Pipe2014 and later versions.
Use the Pipe Break function to automatically run a pipe break scenario in Surge. Once the Pipe Break has been applied and actively appears in the map view, if a Surge
analysis is run, the option to use this pipe break as the transient event is given.

Select Pipe Break under Facility Analysis in the KYnetic Ribbon

In the KYentic Toolbar, select Simulate Pipe Break under Facilities Management menu, or use the drop-down from the Classic Main Menu.

Click on a pipe. The break will be shown along with valves used to isolate it.
Surge Users Manual 979

After effected pipes are highlighted, valves may be clicked to open or close. Pipe Break area will be extended or limited accordingly.
While the pipe break is being displayed, go to Analyze and select Surge analysis.
Surge Users Manual 980

If you answer "OK", then Change Data for other transient events (e.g. pump shutdown, valve closure, etc) will be ignored and an analysis of the breaking of the selected
pipe will take place.
Surge Users Manual 981

5.14 Units Pipe2000 : KYPipe / Surge

Units KYPipe / Surge
Surge Users Manual 982

Flow length diameter roughness kinematic demand elevations, pressure velocity head loss pump pump pump
(Darcy viscosity grades, head flow power
Weisbach) (Darcy tank level*
Weisbach)

cms m mm mm m*m/s cms m kpa m/s m m cms kW

(gauge)

l/s m mm mm m*m/s l/s m kpa m/s m m l/s kW

(gauge)

cfs ft in mft ft*ft/s cfs ft ft/s ft ft cfs useful HP

psi (gauge)
mgd ft in mft ft*ft/s mgd ft psi (gauge) ft/s ft ft mgd useful HP

gpm ft in mft ft*ft/s gpm ft psi (gauge) ft/s ft ft gpm useful HP

* Remember that elevations, grades, and tank levels are all measured from the same datum (elevation datum). If the elevation of the pipe connection to a reservoir (or
tank) is 100 ft (m) and the reservoir (initial tank level) is 20 ft (m) above that then the grade for the reservoir (or initial tank level) is 120 ft (m) (NOT 20 ft (m)).

Loss Element - table of pressure drop (ft or m) versus flow in defined units.
Sprinkler Constants - (flow rate in gpm (l/s))/(sprinkler pressure drop in psi (kpa))^0.5.
Example: flow = 10 gpm, pressure drop = 4 psi
K = 10 gpm/(4psi)^0.5 = 5
- See the Sprinkler/Blowoff Constant tool under Tools in the Pipe2024 main menu
Valve Resistance - (head drop in ft (m))/(flow in cfs (cms))^2
Example: flow = 1000 gpm (2.228 cfs), pressure drop = 15 ft
R = 15ft/(2.228cfs)^2 = 3.022
- See the Resistance Calcluation tool, under Tools in the Pipe2024 main menu.
For Cv, flow coefficient, the units are number of gpm per 1 psi pressure drop.
Regulator Setting - PRV, PSV - same as pressure (psi or kpa)
Surge Users Manual 983

FCV - flow in defined units

Additional Units for Surge Devices:

Surge Protection Devices Inflow and Outflow Resistances - (head drop in ft (m))/(flow in cfs (cms))^2
For all types of Surge Tanks, Pressure Relief Valves, Surge Anticipation Valve, Rupture Disk, see Resistance Tool - dropdown options.
Surge Tank Diameter - ft. or m

Surge Tank Maximum Level (Spilling Surge Tank) - ft. or m. above pipe center line (not above Elevation Datum)

Air/Vacuum Valve Diameters - inches or mm

Air Vacuum Valve Initial Air Volume - cubic feet or cubic meters
For more units information, see also 'Surge Elements and Data Requirements' in the Pipe2024 Help file.

5.15 Positive Displacement Pump in Surge

A positive displacement pump may be modeled in Surge through the use of the periodic input function. See Surge Elements and Data Requirements / Creating a
Transient - Periodic Variations for examples using this feature.

Positive Displacement (reciprocating) Pump Example

Figure 1 shows a Pipe2024 model to simulate the action of a Positive Displacement pump. This pump provides a periodically varying flow into the piping system. The
elevation and initial pressure are shown at each node and the length and initial flowrate for each pipe. There is an initial demand of 50 gpm at the node noted. This
demand is assumed to be pressure dependent and will increase and decrease with pressure changes.
All pipes have a diameter of 8 inches, a Hazen Williams roughness of 100 and a wave speed of 3600 ft/s as shown.

To simulate the action of the positive displacement pump a periodic input is simulated for the inflow at the pump node. For this example it is assumed that the pump
provides a periodic inflow varying from 0 to 400 gpm at a rate of 1 cycle/second. Figure 2 shows the Pipe2024 input (Other Data/Periodic Input) to set this condition. A
surge analysis is required to do carry out this simulation and a time of 10 seconds is chosen. Note the simulation must be sufficiently long to reach a repeatable solution.
This is determined by inspecting the results.
Surge Users Manual 984

Figures 3 and 4 show the pressure and flow variations at the pump. Note that a repeatable periodic response was attained after 3-4 cycles.

Figure 1 Pipe2024 Model

Surge Users Manual 985

Figure 2 Setting up a Positive Displacement Pump

Surge Users Manual 986

Figure 3 Pressure Variation at Pump

Surge Users Manual 987

Figure 4 Flow Variation at Pump

Surge Users Manual 988

5.16 Stabilization Settings for Surge

These options are found in the System Data for Surge models.

Stabilization Settings

Transient flow models are unable to realistically account for some effects which reduce cavitation effects resulting in pressure spiking and unstable
responses. Surge has several inputs which affect the formation and collapse of cavities and these inputs can be used to provide insight into situations
resulting in severe pressure spiking.

Time Steps for Cavity Collapse. This feature was added to account for phenomena such as air release when vapor cavities occur. Air will cushion the
cavity collapse. As the cavity collapses and the water columns rejoin a momentum calculation provides the pressure spike required to rejoin the water
columns. The computational time increment is used as the default so that the deceleration of the water columns and resulting pressure spike occurs over
this very short time increment resulting in greater pressure spikes. We know that this is the worst case and even a small amount of air in the cavity can
result in the collapse occurring over several time increments (still very fast but can result in considerably smaller pressure spikes).

The bottom line is we know the default of one time increment is the very worst case and a small cushioning due to air can result in significantly lower
pressure spikes. The problem is we really don't have the ability to actually compute this and are limited to being able to show the effects of slowing down
the collapse. We really can't make a recommendation on a number to use although we are confident that there will normally be some cushioning and we
want to provide our users with the capability to gain some insight into this effect.

CV Settings for Inertial Effects: This stabilization settings was primarily meant to address the numerical instability issues rather than addressing the
inertia related issues of check valves. By numerical instabilities we mean that the flow through the pipeline is close to zero but not exactly zero and
flowrate rapidly oscillates between a small positive and negative value (but practically close to zero). The CV (in the model) also oscillates (open & shut)
accordingly causing CV chattering and pressure spikes. Designating the CV to continue to move in the same open/close mode when it's open area is within
the user specified value (10% open for example) will provide a delay in the CV response. This will alleviate the CV chattering to some degree. Again, we
really can't make a recommendation on a number to use although we are confident that there will normally be some CV response delay and we want to
provide our users with the capability to gain some insight into this effect.
Surge Users Manual 989

5.17 Surge Preferences

Surge Friction Method -

Steady State (Old Method) - The Static Friction Method uses a constant resistance based on the initial flow and pressure drop using DH = R*Q*Q where DH is the Head
drop, Q is the flow rate and R is the Resistance. Both head loss equations expressed like this have a resistance that varies with flow. For dynamic friction a new resistance
is calculated for each time increment.
For example consider Q = 200 gpm (.446 cfs), D = 4 inches, Length = 200 feet and HWC (roughness) = 120. For these conditions the head loss = 2.36 feet. Therefore the
resistance = 2.36/(.446)^2 = 11.89.
If this flow changes to 400 gpm (.891 cfs), the loss predicted using the constant resistance = 11.89 (.891)^2 = 9.44 feet. However, using the HW equation the loss is 8.53
feet.
Dynamic (default) - Friction Method results in a better final steady state calculation for Surge analyses. If we use dynamic friction we would get a better result because the
resistance would be adjusted to account for the change in flow. Dynamic Friction is the default setting. The reason why the Static Friction Method is still available is
to accommodate older models with the ability to duplicate the original results obtained with the Static Friction Method.
Dynamic (Interpolate f in a transition zone) - Applies to cases where the Reynolda number is between 2000 (laminar) and 4000 (turbulent). Calculations for f are made
using both laminar and turbulent formulas and the average value is used. This is because both formulas may or may not apply since either condition can exist. Suppose the
R is 2750, then two friction factors are calculated: f1 = R/64 and f2 based on Jain equation. Then f is calculated using f = {f1 * (R-2000)/2000 } + {f2 * (4000-R)/2000)}.

Go Past Graph Automatically / Minimize During Analysis - affects the dynamic screen plot that appears while a Surge Analysis is running.
Wave Speed Adjustment - The wave speed is only adjusted for short pipes (less than the length accuracy) where both the length is increased and the wave speed
decreased by the same percentage. For example if the length accuracy is 40 feet and there is a 10 foot pipe - without wave speed adjustment the length would be adjusted
to 40 feet with the same wave speed (say 4000 f/s). If the wave speed adjustment is used the length would be increased by 50% (to 20 feet) and the wave speed decreased
by 50% (to 2000 f/s) so the wave travel time would be one time increment.
Surge Users Manual 990

When the Wave Speed Adjustment box is checked, the model adjusts both the pipe length and the wave speed for all pipes whose length is less than the value of the
Length Accuracy. Both values are adjusted by the same percentage ("X"), which is applied as follows:

1. The existing pipe length will be X percentage of the adjusted (or computational) pipe length (representing an increase in length).

2. The adjusted wave speed will be X percent of the existing wave speed (representing a decrease in wave speed).

The model sets the time step (or time increment) so that a pressure wave traverses the pipe in an integer multiple of the time step (which will equal 1 time step for
pipes whose length is less than the value of the Length Accuracy).

1st example: If the wave speed is 4000 ft./s, the length accuracy is 40 feet, and the Wave Speed Adjustment Box is checked, then for a 10-foot pipe:

1. The existing pipe length is 10 feet which is 50% of the computational pipe length, which will be 20 feet.

2. The adjusted wave speed will be 50% of the existing wave speed, or 2000 ft./s.

3. The model time step is 0.01 seconds, so at 2000 ft./s, a pipe with a 20-foot computational length will be traversed in one time step (20 ft. ÷ 2000 ft./s = 0.01
seconds).

2nd. example: if the wave speed is 4000 ft./s and the length accuracy is 60 feet, and the Wave Speed Adjustment box is checked, then for a 10-foot pipe:

1. The existing pipe length is 10 feet which is ~40% of the computational pipe length, which will be 25.4 feet.

2. The adjusted wave speed will be 40% of the existing wave speed, or 1633 ft./s.

3. The model time step is 0.0155 seconds, so a pipe with a 25.4 ft. computational length will be traversed in one time step (25.4 ft. ÷ 1633 ft./s = 0.0155).
Surge Users Manual 991

3rd example: if the wave speed is 4000 ft./s, the length accuracy is 48 feet and the Wave Speed Adjustment box is checked, then for a 21-foot pipe:

1. The existing pipe length is 21 feet which is 66% of the computational pipe length, which will be 31.8 feet.

2. The adjusted wave speed will be ~66% of the existing wave speed, or 2646 ft./s.

3. The model time step is 0.012 seconds, so a pipe with a 31.8 ft. computational length will be traversed in one time step (31.8 ft. ÷ 2646 ft./s = 0.012).

4th example: if the wave speed is 4000 ft./s, the length accuracy is 37 feet and the Wave Speed Adjustment box is checked, then for a 13-foot pipe:

1. The existing pipe length is 13 ft. which is 59.1% of the computational pipe length, which will be 22 feet.

2. The adjusted wave speed will be 59.1% of the existing wave speed, or 2364.6 ft./s.

3. The model time step is 0.0093 seconds, so a pipe with a 22 ft. computational length will be traversed in one time step (22 ft. ÷ 2364.6 ft./s = 0.093).

If a user wishes to follow along with these calculations using an original example, then the user should first set the new pipe length, wave speed and Length Accuracy then run the model. Next, look at the Analysis Report and
determine the computational pipe length the program used for the shortest pipe in the model – this length will have been set to a value that allows a pressure wave to traverse that pipe in exactly one time step. So, multiply the
revised wave speed for that pipe by the time step to determine the pipe length (in the first example above, 0.01 s x 2000 ft./s = 20 feet). Next, determine the percent difference between the computational pipe length and the
original pipe length (10 feet is 50% of 20 feet), and verify that the same percent difference was used to reduce the original wave speed to the new wave speed (50% of 4000 ft./s is 2000 ft./s).

5.18 Surge Tank Data

Surge Users Manual 992

Surge Tank Data

Surge Tank data requirements are discussed in detail in this section. The Surge Data Boxes are shown below.

For the great majority of applications the data highlighted is the important data The Inflow and Outflow resistances are based on the size of the pipe connecting the surge
tank to the pipeline and the fittings included in the connection. A Surge Tool (Resistance Calculations) shown below calculates the resistance value to enter.
Surge Users Manual 993

The Initial Volume of gas along with the Inflow & Outflow Resistances pretty much determine how the surge tank will perform and adjusting the Initial Volume until the
specified pressure high and low limits are attained is normally how the surge tank is sized. The surge tank should be sized 20% larger than the maximum gas volume for
the smallest Initial Gas Volume which meets the objectives.

As noted for the great majority of surge tank simulations all that is required for the Diameter and Initial Level is a reasonable estimate. Section 1 provides additional
details.
The Initial Gas Volume (compressed volume under the initial pressure) is the most important input data for accurate surge tank modeling. For a compressor
surge tank this is a known value (the compressor is set to maintain this value). However, for precharged surge tanks (Bladder Tanks and Hybrid Tanks) this value must be
computed and Surge2010 has a tool to make this computation (Sections 3 & 4). Finally for Hybrid Surge Tanks which operate under very low heads and Open Surge
Tanks the diameter, initial level and tank shape can significantly affect the analysis and Surge provides Tools to accurately compute these values (Section 2)
1) Reasonable Estimates for Diameter and Initial Level: Modeling surge tanks requires input data on the geometric characteristics of the tank (equivalent
diameter) and the initial conditions (water height ) for the surge tank. However, for most applications all that is required is a reasonable estimate for this input data. This
is because the changes in water level in the surge tank usually will have a negligible effect on the results. To illustrate this an analysis of a pump trip was carried out using
a 1000 gallon (133.5 ft^3) surge tank. It is assumed that this is a 4 foot diameter tank approximately 12 feet long. It initially has 225 gallons (30 ft^3) of compressed air.
The pipeline is a 7000 foot long, 12 inch pipeline carrying 2000 gpm.

The analysis was carried out assuming two situations:

1) A vertical 4 foot diameter tank with 6 feet of water under the initial line pressure
2) A horizontal surge tank modeled as a 6 foot equivalent diameter vertical tank with 2 feet of water under the initial line pressure.
Surge Users Manual 994

Figure 1 compares results (line pressure at surge tank (upper) and gas volume in surge tank (lower)) for the two variations in surge tank geometries for two different
initial line pressures. Note: all plots show two sets of results which are so similar that the differences can not be distinguished. There results clearly illustrate that
reasonable estimates for the diameter and initial level are all that will be needed for the great majority of surge tank modeling.

Figure 1 Results comparing different surge tank geometries.

For cases where the surge tank is initially operating under low pressure (say < 20) psi) and is expected reach pressures around 0 psi the change in water level can
significantly affect the results. This is especially true for hybrid tanks which admit air when the water level drops to a switching level where the pressure < 0 and perform
as an open surge tank until the water level goes above the switching level and the surge tank operates again as a closed surge tank..
2) Geometric Characteristics: The vast majority of surge tanks are cylindrical vessels with rounded ends aligned either vertically or horizontally such as those shown
below.
Surge Users Manual 995

For virtually all transient analysis these tanks can be modeled as a vertical cylindrical tank and with negligible loss of accuracy. For a vertical tank as shown below the
equivalent diameter, De, and the volume, Vt, of the modeled tank is assumed to be the same as the actual tank while the length, Le, of the equivalent tank is computed as :

De = Dt
Le = Length of tank = Vt/ΠDT^2/4

Example Calculation:
Inputs:
Surge Users Manual 996

De = Dt = 4 ft.
Vt = 1000 gallons (133.5 ft^3)
Lt = 12 ft.
Calculations:
Le = 133.5/(Π*4*4/4) = 10.62 ft
ΔL = (L – Lt)/2 = 0.64 ft.
Note the elevation of the bottom of the equivalent tank will be raised by a small amount (ΔL). However, for all except very low head surge tanks this refinement can be
neglected.

The calculations for determining the equivalent diameter for a horizontal tank to be modeled as a constant diameter vertical tank is shown below. For this calculation it is
assumed that the volume, Vt, and the vertical dimension of the tank will remain the same which is the tank diameter ( Dt).

Dt = diameter tank
Vt = Volume Tank
Lt = Length of tank = Vt/ΠDt^2/4
De = Equivalent Diameter = (4*Vt/ΠDt)^.5
ΔE = 0

Example Calculation:
Inputs:
Dt = 4 ft.
Vt = 1000 gallons (133.5 ft^3)
Calculations:
Lt = 133.5/(Π*4*4/4) = 10.62 ft
Le = Dt = 4 ft.
De = (4*133.5/(Π*4))^5 = 6.52 ft
Surge Users Manual 997

3) Initial Calculations for Compressor Tank

A compressor tank is designed to maintain a specified initial volume of air under the initial conditions so this important parameter does not require a calculation. The
initial level of the liquid surface (Hw) is a simple calculation as shown below. Again except for very low pressure operation and hybrid tanks a reasonable estimate of the
value of Hw will provide very accurate results.
Surge Users Manual 998

De = equivalent diameter of tank (input)

Vt = Volume Tank (input)
Va = Volume of Air (input for compressor tank)
Ht = Height of tank = Vt/ΠDe^2/4
Ha= (Va/Vt)Ht
Hs = Ht – Ha
ΔE = elevation diff. (bottom to pipeline) – (input)
Hw = initial liquid level (above pipeline centerline) = Hs + ΔE

Example Calculation:
Inputs:
De = 4 feet (input)
Vt = 1000 gallons (input)
Va = 500 gallons (input)
ΔE = 2.5 ft. (input)
calculations:
Ht = (1000/7.49)/(4*4* Π/4) = 10.64 ft.
Ha= (Va/Vt) Ht = 5.32 ft.
Hs = Ht-Ha = 5.32 ft.
Hw = Hs + ΔE = 7.82 ft.
Surge Users Manual 999

There is a Tool provided to do this calculation (Surge Tank Level). The screen for this tool is shown below using the data above and showing the computations and
identical results. Note that the selection for Compressor Tank is checked.

4) Initial Calculations for Precharged Tank (Bladder and Hybrid)

The calculations for a precharged tank are more involved because the initial volume of air is known for a precharged condition but not for the initial condition (initial
head in the pipeline) which is required input data. Therefore, this important input data must be calculated.

The help screen for the tool provided for this calculation (Surge Tank Level) shows the situation for calculating the initial air volume and liquid level. We know the
volume of air and the precharge pressure prior to pressurizing the surge tank. Assuming an isothermal compression of the gas we can determine the compressed volume
of gas. The computation is complicated by the fact that we know the pressure in the pipeline but the pressure in the gas is reduced due to the column of liquid between the
pipeline and gas. The calculation may be done by assuming the pressure in the gas is equal to that in the pipeline and computing the height of the liquid column and then
Surge Users Manual 1000

repeating the calculation accounting for the decrease in pressure due to the liquid column.

Two example calculations are presented. The first is for a bladder tank where the precharged pressure is normally the entire tank volume. The second example is for a
hybrid where a known volume of air is initially at atmospheric pressure prior to opening the valve and compressing the air.

Example 1 - Precharged Bladder Tank Calculations :

De = 4 feet (input)
Vt = 1000 gallons (input)
Va = 1000 gallons (input)
Pc = 40 psi, Pi = 60 psi (input)
Surge Users Manual 1001

Va = 1000(40+14.7)/(60+14.7) = 732 gal.

Ha = (732/1000)10.62 = 7.78 ft.
Hs = 10.62 – 7.78 = 2.84 ft.
Adjust air pressure for water height :
Pi = 60 – 2.84/2.31 = 58.77psi = 135.7 ft.
Va = 1000(54.7)/(73.47) = 744 gallons
Ha = (744/1000)10.62 = 7.9 feet
Hs = 10.62 – 7.9 = 2.72 feet

These calculations can be made using the Surge Tank Level tool as shown below:

Example 2 – Hybrid Tank Calculations:

De = 4 feet (input)
Vt = 1000 gallons (input)
Va = 400 gallons (input)
Pc = 0 psi, Pi = 20 psi (input)
Surge Users Manual 1002

Va = 400(0+14.7)/(20+14.7) = 169.5 gal.

Ha = (169/1000)10.62 = 1.69 ft.
Hs = 10.62 – 1.69 = 8.93 ft.
Adjust air pressure for water height :
Pi = 20 –8.93/2.31 = 16.13 psi = 37.2 ft.
Va = 400(14.7)/(30.83) = 190 gallons
Ha = (190/1000)10.62 = 2.02 feet
Hs = 10.62 – 2.02 = 8.62 feet

These calculations can be made using the Surge Tank Level tool as shown below:

The In(itial) Gas Vol(ume) for Surge Tanks refers to the initial volume of air in the tank. To determine what this is for a hybrid tank with a dipping tube, use the tool called
Surge Tank Levels under Tools in the main menu as shown below.
Surge Users Manual 1003
Surge Users Manual 1004

Select Compressor or Precharged

5.19 Modeling Air in Pipeline for Surge

Modeling air in pipelines is a tricky problem. All surge analysis software programs in the world assume that the pipeline is always filled with water. This is true even when air
is allowed into the pipeline, all the air is assumed to be right at the air valve and NOT in the pipeline.
Air valves keep track of how much air comes into the pipeline, and whether there will be air slam problems. We can use this feature to model empty columns as well.
This approach is sometimes used to model filling of long pipelines. Estimate the volume of air in pipeline (empty column volume from water level to upper check valve), put
that as initial air volume at the air valve located at top of pipeline before check valve. The size of air valve should be modeled correctly as well. If there is a large diameter air
valve before the check valve then water column velocity will be very high and there can be sudden deceleration of water column when all air is out of pipeline. Therefore, it is
recommended to have a smaller air valve before the check valve, which will minimize the water column velocity.
Surge Users Manual 1005

With this approach the influence of sudden velocity reduction is demonstrated along with the surge effects, but it is only an approximate method. All surge programs
assume that pipelines are filled with water right from time 0.

5.20 Time Step in Surge

Time Increment used for the Surge simulation may be viewed in the Report in the Data Summary as shown:
Surge Users Manual 1006
Surge Users Manual 1007

Time Increment (Dt) is calculated as Dt = La/WSmax where La is the length accuracy and WSmax is the maximum wave speed. A process is used that may come up with a
larger value which assures that all pipes have a model length within the Length Accuracy.

5.21 Surge Report Definitions

Time Step for Cavity Collapse- Time Step for Cavity Collapse is an integer representing the number of time increments for complete collapse of a vapor cavity. The
default is 1, implying that the cavity collapses in one time increment, however small the time increment is. The purpose of this setting is to "soften" the effects of cavity
collapse. Since air is normally released when cavitation occurs a softening effect is expected. Without allowing for this, excessive pressure spiking may occur. The factor is
applied to the simulation time step. Therefore if your simulation time step is 1/100 second (this value is shown in the Report), then a value of 10 here would have the
cavity collapse in 1/10 second.
CV Setting for Inertial Effects- With check valves that are opening and closing repeatedly, this allows the user to incorporate inertal effects into the modeling of the
check valve. CV Setting for Inertial Effects is a number between 0 and 1. The default is 0 and will result in no inertial effects. If the CV is in the closing mode (reverse flow
through the element) and the CV open ratio is greater than CV Setting, then Pipe2024 continues to close the CV until it is completely closed EVEN if the flow changes sign
(flow in the forward direction). In other words, it is assumed that the CV continues to close once it reaches certain closing position due to the inertial effects of the disc or
flap. The use of this setting will reduce pressure spiking due to check valve action. The default of zero should be applied for CVs that are initially closed.
In general no inertia effect (Zero) results in a "rattling" of the flap. The intended effect of the CV Setting for Inertial Effects is to slow down the rate (frequency) of the
"rattling" flap by requiring the CV action (opening or closing) to be completed before swing the opposite direction. Due to inertia the swing will complete after reaching a
certain % of the opening or closing before the flap can go in the opposite direction. This tends to reduce spiking somewhat because the fluctuation rate is slowed.

Time Increment(Dt) is calculated as Dt = La/WSmax where La is the length accuracy and WSmax is the maximum wave speed. A process is used that may come up
with a larger value which assures that all pipes have a model length within the Length Accuracy.
Component - means devices such as pumps, tanks and surge protection devices. In this case, it refers to the pump

Travel Increments - the number of time increments required for the wave to go from one end of the pipeline to the other end. If the length of pipeline is 4000m and
wave speed for that pipe is 4000m/s and computational time interval (same as Time Increment) is 0.01s then the number of time increments for that pipeline would be
100.
Total Number of Time Increments - is the sum total of time increments of all pipelines in the model multiplied by 2 (wave to travel down and return).

C/GA - C is the celerity or wave speed and G is gravitational acceleration, and A is area. C/GA times the change in flowrate gives potential change in head,
Joukowsky's equation.
Segment Resistance - The resistance applied to each segment that the pipe is divided into. This is the resistance used for the Wave Method "friction orifice"
Surge Users Manual 1008

calculation.
Why Different Wave Speed? Wave Speed Adjustment is used. This is default setting under System Data | Preferences. Here is definition:
Wave Speed Adjustment - The wave speed is only adjusted for short pipes (less than the length accuracy) where both the length is increased and the wave speed
decreased by the same percentage. For example if the length accuracy is 40 feet and there is a 10 foot pipe - without wave speed adjustment the length would be adjusted
to 40 feet with the same wave speed (say 4000 f/s). If the wave speed adjustment is used the length would be increased by 50% (to 20 feet) and the wave speed decreased
by 50% (to 2000 f/s) so the wave travel time would be one time increment.
For Components:
Initial Flow - is flow through pump. Head #1 and Head #2 are head for inlet and outlet side of pump.
Pos #1 and Pos #2 - are position 1 and 2. This means it is the location of the component, which is the pump.
Characteristics A, B, C - are internal values used to plot the curve for pump operation.
Connecting Positions- In surge analysis, each pipe is modeled with its own unique node numbers. For example, if there are two pipes are connected at a junction node
5, node 5 will be common to both pipes for steady state analysis and as seen on the GUI. End nodes for the first pipe might be 4 and 5 and for the second pipe 5 and 6
(with 5 as common node). This is NOT acceptable for surge analysis as both pipes need to have unique end positions. We will rename the starting position of second pipe
as say 10 instead of 5 and now the second pipe will have unique end positions 10 and 5. Now we need to tell the Surge program what this new number is and connecting
positions under junction data represent those new position numbers. For example, if there are two node numbers listed under Connecting Positions column (eg. 55 and
56), these numbers represent the new starting node numbers for the two pipes connected at the node
Check Valve Resistance- is head drop (m) over the flow squared (cms). R = H/Q^2
Time Reverse Gradient - the total time that the pressure is < 0 (sub atmospheric) at that node.
Special symbols:
zz~~temp represents a temporary node created internally to complete calculations for an SDO (surge protection device such as Air Valve or Surge Tank) located at the
end of a pipe, the SDO having only one pipe connection instead of two. In earlier versions of the program, locating an SDO at the end of a pipe with only one pipe
connection was not allowed. SDOs with only one connection are handled in later versions by internally adding a small temporary pipe and node so the two required
connections are made

5.22 Role of Pump Inertia Values in Transient Analysis of Pipe Line System
Role of Pump Inertia Values in Transient Analysis of Pipe Line System
Sathishkumar1, Sarankumar2 , Samir Raval3 , Srini Lingireddy4
Abstract
Surge Users Manual 1009

The combined inertia of pumps and motors, including shafts and couplings, is required for the analysis of transient flow situations associated with sudden stopping of
pumps. Accurate value of pump inertia information is frequently not available at the design time and needs to be determined by empirical means in order to simulate
pump trip events. Underestimated values of pump and motor inertia can result in over sizing of surge protection system while overestimated values may result in under
sizing of surge protection system and consequent failure of pipeline system.
Empirical equations were generated by different groups of researcher based on pump characteristic data collected several years ago. The variation in predicated and
actual values for certain pumps appears to be quite significant (±200%). Though the regression methodology employed appears to be one of the reasons for such
variation, the manufacturing practices in different parts of the world could be another reason for such variation. For example, the combined pump inertia values for large
pumps manufactured in India appear to be several times higher than the values estimated from empirical equations. This study was aimed at collecting more recent data
from different parts of the world and employ better curve fitting techniques (such as neural networks) to arrive at more accurate empirical equations for computing pump
motor inertia values.

Introduction

Interest in large water transmission main projects has increased many folds in recent years especially in emerging markets such as India and China. Transient analysis for
arriving at appropriate surge protection system is an essential component in the design process of large pumping mains. Pump trip event resulting from power failure is
generally the most severe transient condition for most transmission mains. It is a common practice to use the non-dimensional four quadrant pump characteristics in the
form of Suter curves for modeling pump trip events. Moment of inertia of the moving parts (impeller, entrained liquid, shaft, couplings, prime mover etc) plays a major
role in determining the severity of transient resulting pump trip events. Moment of inertia of the pumping machine may be defined as (Wood et. al 2005):

(1)
where I is moment of inertia in Nm2, Wi is weight in Newtons and Ri is radius of gyration in meters of ith moving part, and S is the total number of moving parts of the
pumping machine. Though most manufacturers provide this information upon request, it may be essential to have a rough estimate for the moment of inertia at the
preliminary design stage to estimate the potential cost of surge protection system at the tendering stage.

Empirical Equations
Surge Users Manual 1010

Donsky (1961) has proposed the following empirical equation for estimating the moment of inertia:

(2)
where I is moment of inertia in lb-ft2, HP is the motor horse power, and N is rated pump speed in RPM. Thorley (1991) has proposed similar empirical equations to
account for the light weight design of the pumps manufactured after 1960s:

(3) and (4)

Surge Users Manual 1011

where IP and IM are moments of inertia of pump and motor respectively, PkW is motor power in kilo watts, N is rated speed in RPM. These empirical equations were
developed based on more than 500 data points gathered from a diverse group of pump and motor manufacturers. The shape of the equations was arrived at by comparing
the laws of geometric similarities of pumping machinery with homologous laws of pumps. The coefficients of equations 3 and 4 were determined by regression analysis

relating the power coefficient with manufacturer provided inertia values for pumps and with manufacturer provided inertia
values for motors.

Figure 1 shows a sample plot of the pump inertia data points extracted from Thorley (1991) plotted on logarithmic scale. Though the data appear to correlate very well on
the log scale, a closer look at some of the data points indicates that the deviation between actual (manufacturer suggested) and estimated (Thorley’s equation) values is
quite large. Figure 2 shows the same plot of same data points on a normal scale to illustrate the deviations in actual and estimated values.
Surge Users Manual 1012
Surge Users Manual 1013

Figure 1. Sample data of pump inertia values plotted on logarithmic scale (Thorley 1991)

The effect of inertia on transient pressures generated by a pump trip is demonstrated on an example large scale water transmission system.
Surge Users Manual 1014
Surge Users Manual 1015

Figure 2. Sample data of pump inertia values plotted on normal scale to illustrate the scale of deviation between actual (manufacturer suggested) and estimated values
(Thorley’s equation)

Effect of Inertia on Transient Pressures

The authors have been associated with several large scale water transmission main design projects in the recent years and have realized the huge deviations in
manufacturer suggested inertia values compared to the values computed by using Thorley’s equations. The following case study shows the implications of gross
under/over estimation of combined inertia (pump and motor) values on large scale pipeline systems.

The pipeline system was designed to transfer 14m3/s of water through a 3m diameter of steel pipe over a distance of 40km lifting water by nearly 150m. The transient
modeling of this pipeline system was carried out using the Surge2008 program of KYPIPE LLC, USA (www.kypipe.com).

Figure 3 shows transient pressure envelope over the pipeline system during a 300 second simulation using the pump and motor inertia values (4113252 Nm2) supplied by
the manufacturers. The simulation considered two number of 70m3 bladder vessels as primary surge protection devices and several other secondary surge protection
devices. Figure 4 shows the transient pressure envelope for the same system (with the same protection) but using the combined pump and motor inertia values (161828
Nm2) computed using Thorley’s empirical equations. As evident from Figures 3 and 4, there is nearly 10bar difference in maximum pressures between the two cases and
would require nearly double the volume of bladder vessels to bring down the pressures to acceptable limits. Though the error is more on the conservative side, the initial
estimates for surge protection system with gross underestimates for moment of inertia values could discourage some of the contractors from the bidding process for EPC
(Engineering, Procurement and Construction) or BOOT (Build, Own, Operate and Transfer) projects.
Surge Users Manual 1016

Figure 3 Pressure head envelope with manufacturer provided combined inertia

Surge Users Manual 1017

Figure 4. Pressure head envelope with empirical combined inertia (Eqs. 3 and 4)
Surge Users Manual 1018

Advanced Prediction Tools

Attempts were made to improve the accuracy of estimated combined moment of inertia values using advanced regression tools based on artificial neural networks (ANN).
Data from several different manufacturers was compiled and trained using a ANN tools to obtain a better correlation between input values (rated flow, rated head, rated
speed, best efficiency) with the manufacturer provided combined pump and motor inertia values. The database comprised about 110 data points and the data was divided
in the ratio of 3:1::Training:Testing. The latest version of Neurosort (Neelakantan et. al,., 2007) was used for this exercise. Figure 5 shows the ANN predicted values
compared to manufacturer values as well as values predicted using Thorley’s equation (Equations 3 and 4) plotted as functions of power coefficient

. As evident from this Figure, the ANN predictions are much closer to the manufacturer provided values while the deviation between
manufacturer values and values predicted using Thorley’s equations off by more than 200% for some data points. Figure 6 shows the same data plotted for the lower
ranges of power coefficient. The ANN predictions are far superior compared to Thorley’s equations even in the lower ranges of moment of inertia values demonstrating
the superiority of the proposed approach.
Surge Users Manual 1019
Surge Users Manual 1020

Figure 5. Actual (manufacturer) inertia values compared to ANN and Thorley Equations predictions.
Surge Users Manual 1021
Surge Users Manual 1022

Figure 6. Actual (manufacturer) inertia values compared to ANN and Thorley Equations predictions – lower ranges of inertia values.

Summary and Conclusions

The need for precise estimation of combined pump and motor inertia was demonstrated on an example large scale water transmission pipeline project transferring raw
water of 14m3/s over a distance of 40km through a 3m diameter steel pipeline lifting water by nearly 50m. Moment of inertia predictions by the existing regression tools
could be off by as much as 200% and might lead to gross under/over estimation of the ultimate surge protection requirement. The proposed tool based on artificial neural
network appears to provide more accurate estimate for the combined pump and motor inertia values both in upper (>10000 Nm2) and lower ranges of inertia values.

References

Donsky, B. (1961). “Complete pump characteristics and the effects of specific speed in hydraulic transients.” Journal of Basic Eng., ASME, Vol. 12, pp.
685-691.

Neelakantan, T., Chandramouli, V., Lingireddy, S., Brion, G., (2007) “NeuroSort - Artificial Neural Network Tool for water systems”, University of Kentucky, Lexington,
KY, USA.

Thorley, A.R.D. (1991). Fluid Transients in Pipeline Systems. D. & L. George Ltd Publ., Herts, UK.

Wood, D.J., Lingireddy, S., and Boulos, P.F. (2005) Pressure Wave Analysis of Transient Flow in Pipe Networks, MWH Press, USA
Surge Users Manual 1023

5.23 EPA Surge

Inlcuded in Pipe2012 and later versions.

To download a full manual, go to www.epasurge.com

EPA-Surge is a powerful transient analysis program included with the Surge model. This new feature has been designed specifically for EPANET users so that transient
analysis can be performed on EPANET models easily. This program will utilize a working EPANET file to define a piping system and the initial conditions for initiating a
transient analysis. The transient analysis can be initiated by valve action or pump action or both. A wide variety of surge protection devices can be incorporated into the
analysis.

EPA-Surge empowers the EPANET user by allowing them to model and analyze transients in an EPANET model without re-entering data. The simple wizard will transfer
EPANET data into a surge model with only four quick steps. Surge control devices and events can be specified and results can be displayed in tables, graphs, contours and
animations. Download the free demo and sample this new feature .

Four Simple Steps to Analyze Transients in an EPANET Model.

Step One: Prepare Baseline EPANET File

The EPANET file should define a single initial condition for transient analysis. This involves setting the following parameters:
Reservoir & Tank Levels
Demands
Pump status (on/off) & Speed Ratio
Surge Users Manual 1024

Valve status (on/off) & Setting

Regulator Settings

Step Two: Load EPANET (.inp) File & Start Wizard

Generate an .inp from EPANET's file menu (File | Export | Network)
Step Three: Complete Four Surge Wizard Tasks
Set Wave Speed
Set Demands & Demand Options
Insert Surge Protection Devices
Modify Baseline Data with Operational Control Screen (*OCS)
*OCS displays and provides the capability to modify the following settings: 1) Tank and Reservoir Levels and ON/OFF switch 2) Pump ON/OFF status, initial speed ratio and number operating for multiple
pumps 3) Valve ON/OFF status, type and initial setting 4) Regulator settings

Step Four: Run Analysis

Final Results
Steady State
Surge

5.24 Surge Tools

5.24.1 Air Slam Pressure Surge Tool

Air Slam Pressure Surge
This tool is used to estimate the surge pressure potential due to air expulsion from an air release/vacuum valve. It calculates the pressure surge generated by
water column impact following the expulsion of air from an air release/vacuum valve. Provide the required data displayed on the screen and an upper limit for the
air pressure just prior to the slam and the tool computes surge pressures for a range of air pressures up to the maximum specified.
Surge Users Manual 1025

5.24.2 Air Valve Orifice Size Tool

Air Valve Orifice Size
This tool will calculate the orifice size required for an air valve to flow a specified volumetric flowrate at a specified pressure drop. This will aid in air valve
selection.
Surge Users Manual 1026

See also Air Vacuum Valves and Three Stage Valves

5.24.3 Bladder Precharge Tool

Bladder Precharge

This tool will allow the user to use the results obtained for a Closed Surge Tank to size a Bladder Tank and determine the required precharge pressure. This
Bladder Tank will provide the same results as the Closed Surge Tank. The Initial Volume is input for the closed surge tank and the Maximum Volume is
determined by the Volume plot for the surge tank (Make sure the initial maximum volume has been reached). The initial air pressure is computed by the initial
steady state analysis. See also Bladder Tanks.
Surge Users Manual 1027
Surge Users Manual 1028
Surge Users Manual 1029
Surge Users Manual 1030
Surge Users Manual 1031
Surge Users Manual 1032
Surge Users Manual 1033
Surge Users Manual 1034
Surge Users Manual 1035
Surge Users Manual 1036
Surge Users Manual 1037
Surge Users Manual 1038
Surge Users Manual 1039
Surge Users Manual 1040
Surge Users Manual 1041
Surge Users Manual 1042
Surge Users Manual 1043
Surge Users Manual 1044
Surge Users Manual 1045
Surge Users Manual 1046

5.24.4 EPS2Surge
EPS to Surge is a Pipe2014 feature.

If you check the EPS2Surge box and then run an eps analysis and then click the EPS 2 Surge button it will modify the existing system in this way:

Remove all change patterns, demand patterns, and global demand factor.
Make the system not EPS.
Make all nodes single demand type.
Remove all control switches, skeletonization, and constraints.
Turn all closed elements to open.
Remove all residential meters.
Set new demands based on the last time simulation of the last EPS analysis.
Set new tanks and reservoirs levels based on the last EPS.
Set pump speed ratios and on/off status based on last EPS.

It is not really a Surge file, just a steady state case.

Surge Users Manual 1047

5.24.5 Equivalent Surge Tank Converter Tool

Used to find an equivalent diameter for when a surge tank is horizontal. In Pipe2024, Horiztontal Surge tank designation makes this equivalent calculation unnecessary.

5.24.6 Force Calculations Tool

Force Calculations
This tool calculates unbalanced forces for straight pipe segments. A force file is generated (print to file and view button) which then can be used with third party
software to compute pipe stresses and forces at joints. This allows the user to create a file of dynamic forces which can be used as input into various pipe stress
programs. The Quick Reference Guide button provides additional details as shown.
Surge Users Manual 1048
Surge Users Manual 1049

There are four Force File Formats available:

Format A - compatible with versions of NuPipe
Format B and D - compatible with Caesar or Caesar II
Format C - a generic format

The force equation used in Surge uses the following definitions for specific weight and mass density.
Specific weight (Greek letter gamma) is weight per unit volume and therefore employs N/m^3 as the units. Mass density (Greek letter rho) as the mass per unit volume
and hence uses kg/m^3 as the units. Since the force term resulting from pressure is pressure * area (p * A) or head*sp. weight*area (H * gamma * A) or Head* mass
density * acce. gravity * Area (H * rho * g * A). Since the g term in the equation converts the mass units into weight units, we should use 1030kg/m^3 (instead of
10101N/m^3).

5.24.7 Generate Air Valvel Locations Tool

Surge Users Manual 1050

5.24.8 Generate Intermediate Pump File Tool

Generate Intermediate Pump File
This tool will create a pump file at an intermediate specific speed by interpolating the data from two standard pump files. See also pump file.
Surge Users Manual 1051

5.24.9 Modulating (Regulating) Valve Tool

Modulating (Regulating) Valve
For use with Pipe2000 : Surge Version 2 or later versions to model modulating (regulating) valves. This tool allows the user to calculate the data needed to use an Active
Valve as a Modulating Regulating Valve. For normal applications regulating valves are assumed to maintain their initial setting during the transient analysis. Using an
Active Valve and the data provided by this tool the valve will modulate from an initial setting to a final setting over a specified time period. To use this tool the user should
run the steady state for both the initial and final conditions and input valve operating conditions data as shown on the input screen.
Surge Users Manual 1052

5.24.10 Pump File Characteristics Tool

Pump File Characteristics
Based on specified pump file data, this tool is for computing torque and head for the pump at any given speed and flowrate. File 9991 is a non-dimensional pump
Surge Users Manual 1053

characteristics file and sometimes the users are interested in the torque at some pump operating speed other than the rated value. At rated speed and rated flowrate, the
computed torque and head will be same rated values specified on the left hand side. Rated values are sometimes referred to as reference values.
The tool may be used to generate data points for a Head/Flow curve dictated by the pump file.

See also Pump Files for Surge

5.24.11 Select Pump File Calculate Inertia Tool

Select Pump File/Calculate Inertia
See also article Role of Pump Inertia Values in Transient Analysis of Pipe Line Systems. This paper summarizes the problems associated
with the empirical data and equation that use with the Select Pump File Calculate Inertia tool.
Surge Users Manual 1054

Based on rated pump data this tool selects the appropriate pump file to use for a pump trip analysis. This tool will also calculate the motor and pump inertia using
the properties of the pump and curve fits of available data. See also pump file.
Surge Users Manual 1055
Surge Users Manual 1056

The motor and pump inertia is normally difficult to obtain from the manufacturer and a reasonable estimate can be calculated using
Inertia/Specific Speed tool.

Inertia selection: The Combined (motor + pump) is often a good estimate but it is very important for the modeler to use judgement and knowledge of existing pump
characteristics. Since pumps have gotten lighter, newer pumps have a lower inertia so the user should select older or newer based on the age of the pump. Inertia
selection is approximate, just a best guess. Inertia data from the manufacturer is always best, but is often not available.

Old pumps generally refer to those manufactured in th e1960's or earlier. Use of high speed computers starting in mid 60s changed the manufacturers designed pumps.
Use of finite element techniques and other fluid dynamics methods helped reduce the size of pumps for delivering the same rated head, flow, and efficiency compared to
pumps designed earlier. For the same capacity, pumps have become lighter and saved a lot of manufacturing cost. So pumps manufactured prior to 60s are generally
bulky and those manufactured after 60s are small and light weight.

Inertia: This is the weight moment of inertia (N-m2 or lbf-ft2) of the combined pump and motor. It is calculated as WR2 (where W is the weight of the combined moving
parts of the object in N or lbf, and R is the radius of gyration in m or ft).

European pump manufacturers may use different equations and units: For a European inertia value defined using WR2 but with kgf instead of Newtons (and radius in
meters) which will have units of kgf-m2, multiply the given inertia by the force of gravity, 9.81 m/s, to obtain units of N-m2.

For a European inertia value defined using GD2 where weight, G, is in kgf but diameter is used instead of radius, which will also have units of kgf-m2, multiply the given
inertia by the force of gravity and divide by 4 (i.e., multiply the given value by 9.81/4), to obtain an inertia value in terms of WR2, in units of N-m2.

Note: pump inertia is almost universally reported in terms of a weight moment of inertia as opposed to a mass moment of inertia: however, the mass moment of inertia is
a value commonly calculated in the literature for other objects besides pumps. To ensure that the inertia value presented for a pump is in terms of weight instead of mass,
as discussed above, North and South American units for inertia will be in N-m2 or lbf-m2, and European units will be in kgf-m2, which must be converted to N-m2. Mass
moment of inertia values, on the other hand, will be kg-m2 or lb-ft2, with the "f" (as in force) omitted. Therefore, if you are presented with a mass moment of inertia value
for a pump, convert this value to a weight moment of inertia by dividing by the force of gravity, 9.81 m/s2 in the case of SI units and 32.2 ft/s2 in the case of North/South
American units. However, first clarify with the pump's manufacturer which type of inertia value is actually being presented, since there is a possibility that the "f" as in
force was inadvertently omitted from the given units.

5.24.12 Spike Track Tool

Surge Users Manual 1057

Spike Track
In Analysis Setup menu, run analysis with "Use Former Analysis Method" option checked.
This tool tracks the origin of pressure spikes following the Surge analysis. This helps identify the events and elements which produce the extreme pressures.
The tool is very useful for tracing where the largest changes occur at a glance.
The main objective is to determine where the maximum change in pressure occurs at any given point in time. For example, the first row in the image below
shows 2.009s under time column and 0.8 under column 1. That is the maximum difference in pressure of 0.8 occurred at time 2.009 (from the beginning of
simulation - no change in data for first two seconds in this model). The maximum change in pressure at time 2.017 (row 2) was 1.3.

Change in pressure larger than 1.3 occurred at 8.283s and it was 11.3 (value under column 1). All other pressure changes throughout the network were less than
1.3 till 8.282s. When the cursor is moved to any particular row (such as 8.283s row in the image), the corresponding locations where these pressure changes
occurred will be listed in the bottom window. Largest change in pressure of 11.3 was at node 21 where the head changed from -9.4 to 1.9. The previous higher
change value was at node 1 where the pressure dropped from 76.9 to 75.6 which had occurred at time 2.017. Scrolling down, the 10 largest pressure change
values along with their locations are seen.
Surge Users Manual 1058

Click on the graph button and the following screen will appear. The maximum change in pressure at every time step is plotted. Click on any of the lines and the time and node
name is displayed.
Surge Users Manual 1059
Surge Users Manual 1060

The begin and end times may be set for closer observation.
Surge Users Manual 1061

5.24.13 Surge5 Conversion

Surge5 Conversion
Pipe2000 Utilities / Data Exchange

Click File | Pipe2000 Utilities or Import Export (KYnetic) to conduct a Surge 5 conversion. Follow the instructions in the window.
Surge Users Manual 1062

5.24.14 Valve Stroking Tool

Valve Stroking
This tool calculates the optimum 2-stage valve closure based on the pipeline characteristics and the valve closure time. See also Active Valves for Surge
analysis, how to create a transient.
Surge Users Manual 1063

5.24.15 Wave Speed Tool

Wave Speed
This tool calculates the speed of the pressure wave in a pipe based on the characteristics of the pipe, the liquid, and the restraint applied to the pipeline. See also
wave speed.
Surge Users Manual 1064

6 Index
~Type, 235-240
10 Year HW Coefficient , 756-757
About the Online Help , 34-35
accuracy, 278-284
accuracy was not attained, 638-656
Active Valve, 318-321
active valve surge, 775-840
active valves surge, 899-906
actual diameter, 257
Additional Data Surge, 987
air in pipeline for surge, 1003-1004
air in pipes, 456-458
Air Slam Pressure Surge Tool, 1023-1024
Air Vacuum Library, 366-371 , 373-386
air vacuum valve surge, 775-840
air valve locations export, 1048-1049
Air Valve Orifice Size Tool, 1024-1025
Air Valves, 906-917
Algorithm, 773-775
All about nodes, 321-325
All About Pipes, 321
Analysis method former versus current, 663
Analysis Setup, 114-119
Analyze (Main Menu), 114-119
analyze scenarios, 605-611
Analyzing for liquids other than water, 303
Animate map, 162-165 , 515-517
Animated Profile, 620-633
Surge Users Manual 1065

Annulus Pipe Flow, 325-326

Anticipation Valve, 906-917
anticipation valve surge, 775-840
Apply / Undo to Last Apply, 255-257
ArcView Export Utility, 721-724
ArcView Import Utility, 710-721
ARI-CAD Profile Import, 750-752
Arrow for Flow, 547-552
arrow panning, 566-568
Atmospheric Discharge, 326-328
audio video tutorials, 88-91
AutoCad Exchange, 724-729
AutoCAD files as Backgrounds, 524-525
Automatic Demand Distribution, 216-220
automatically insert nodes into pipe, 119-125
Back Flow Preventor Library, 366-371
Back Flow Preventors, 373-386
Background file types supported, 555-559
Background Images, 517-519
Background maps from internet, 462-510
background position, 555-559
background reference file, 555-559
background scaling, 573-580
Backgrounds, 519-524
Backgrounds Grids, 544-547
Backup Files, 204-205
Ball Valve, 318-321
BFP Library, 366-371 , 373-386
Bladder Precharge Tool, 1025-1045
Surge Users Manual 1066

bladder surge tank, 775-840

Bladder Tanks, 906-917
blowoff constant, 767-768
Blowoff Hydrant, 326-328
bmp file for nodes, 561-566
boxes node information, 171-177
branch lines - removing, 657-658
break in pipe with rupture disk in Surge, 775-840
Break Pipe Surge, 977-980
breaker, 456-458
Butterfly Valve, 318-321
buttons, 255-257
buttons node information, 171-177
buttons on map, 144-150
Bypass line for pump, 899-906
bypass lines surge, 899-906
C Factor Calculator Tool, 757-758
CAD files as Backgrounds, 524-525
CAD Import Export, 724-729
Calculate Intrusion, 769-772
Calculator Tool, 757
Calibration Demonstration, 45-88
case/time report, 150-155
Cavitation Head , 769-772
Cavity Collapse Surge, 769-772 , 946-963
CD tutorials, 88-91
Changes for nodes, 166-167
Changes for pipes, 182-183
changes in surge limit, 772-773
Check Valve, 328
Surge Users Manual 1067

Check Valve action Surge, 946-963

Check Valve Closure Time, 856-879
Check Valve Dynamics Example, 856-879
Check Valve Dynamics in Surge, 846-856
Check Valve Node, 842-846
Check Valve Settings Surge, 769-772
Check Valves - Zero Velocity, 459-462
Check valves surge, 899-906
Chinese, 162-165
Classic Menu in KYnetic Interface, 112-114
Closed Loop Systems, 328
Closed Pipes, 104-109
closed surge tank, 775-840
Closed Surge Tanks, 906-917
Closed Tank Hybrid, 879-889
Colors, 525-527
Colors contours emphasis, 531-540
Column Headings, 228-235
Compressors, 328-329
Connection to Main, 404-410
Connection to tank resistance, 764-767
Connectivity Check, 114-119 , 220-227
Constant for sprinkler or leak, 432-434
Constant power pumps, 412-421
Contact Us, 15
Contour animation, 162-165
Contours, 531-540 , 692-708
Contours - Main Menu, 527-529
conventions surge, 773-775
convergence issues, 638-656
Surge Users Manual 1068

Convert Surge 5 files, 752-753

Convert WaterCAD, 729
Converting files
WaterCAD, 755-756
Copy and Paste, 212-216
Copy Paste, 119-125
Cost and Inventory Calculations, 592-603
Could not form a continuous path, 633-638
creating a transient surge, 775-840
Creating Custom Pump Files, 329-334
Creating Profiles, 633-638
CrissCross Pipes, 220-227
Crossover, 187-194
crossover pipes connecting, 220-227
csv file profile import, 750-752
cumulative flow, 357
Cursor Notation, 529-531
curve graphing, 638-656
curves for pumps, 638-656
Customized Reporting, 663-669
customized reports, 692-708
Cv 100%, 318-321
CV Dynamics Example, 856-879
CV Setting for Inertial Effects, 769-772
CV Time Tool, 856-879
Cv valve coefficient , 144-150
Cybernet Import, 733
Cylindrical Tank, 434-440
Darcy-Weisbach Table, 303-305
DAT Import, 733-736
Surge Users Manual 1069

Data conversion
WaterCAD, 755-756
data editing in groups, 261-278
Data Entry in Tables, 235-240
Data Exchange, 736-737
Data Files, 205-207
Data Files Combining, 212-216
data for nodes, 167-171
Data Records, 207
Data Requirements, 228
Data Table - Quickstart Example, 235-240
data table button, 255-257
data table set up, 207-208
Data Tables, 228-235 , 742-744
Deceleration in Check Valve Dynamics Example, 856-879
decimal place in labels, 708-710
decimal seperator, 32-33
deep wells, 428-431
Default Wave Speed, 769-772
Deleting Intermediate Nodes, 240-241
DEM Elevation alternative, 462-510
DEM Elevations Import Tool, 737-739
Demand
Meters, 389-392
demand change surge, 775-840 , 917-942
demand residential connections, 140-143
Demands
Meters, 392-393 , 431-432
Demands in Surge, 769-772
demands multiple types at nodes, 144-150
Surge Users Manual 1070

p yp , 44 5
demands surge, 775-840
demo kypipe, 37-45
Demos, 45-88
diameter nominal and actual, 257
Digital Elevation Maps, 737-739
Dip Tube Surge Tank, 879-889
Discharge to atmosphere, 326-328
disconnected hydrants valves or meters, 284-288
disconnected pipes, 220-227
Disconnection, 104-109
distance of flow through piping, 658-663
Distance Scale, 552-555
DOS versions, 750
Driving Directions - Internet Maps, 510-515
DT2 Import, 749-750
DXF Import Export, 724-729
Dynamic Air Valves, 334-338
Dynamic Characteristic of Check Valves, 846-856
Dynamic Friction Method, 987-990
Edit (Main Menu), 119-125
edit pipes and nodes, 209-212
editing groups of pipes or nodes, 261-278
Electrically Actuated Surge Anticipation Valve, 338-342
EleSAV, 338-342
Elevation Contours, 531-540
elevation datum, 140-143
Elevation Import from DEM, 737-739
Elevation Retrieval, 462-510
Elevations - Interpolate or fill in, 250-252
Surge Users Manual 1071

Emphasis, 692-708
Emphasis / Contours - Nodes, 531-540
Emphasize Pipes as Nodes, 540-544
End Nodes, 342-344 , 396-398
Envelope pressure hgl, 620-633
EPA Surge, 1022-1023
EPANET Conversion, 739-741
EPANET Export, 741-742
EPS demonstration, 45-88
EPS2Surge, 1045
equations for flow, 278-284
Equations KYPipe analysis, 94-95
Equivalent Surge Tank Converter Tool, 1046
Error - Could not form a continuous path, 633-638
Errors in Report, 104-109
example model kypipe, 37-45
Example Surge Model, 963-976
excel file profile import, 750-752
Excel Import and Export, 742-744
Excel import of hydrants, valves or meters, 284-288
Execute GenFile, 744-745
Exit Head Surge, 769-772
export air valve locations, 1048-1049
Export EPANET, 741-742
Extended CAD Formats Background Method, 524-525
Extract Elevations from DEM Files, 737-739
Facilities Management (Main Menu), 125-127
FCV, 344-345
Features, 21-32
Feed Pipe, 434-440
Surge Users Manual 1072

feed tank surge, 775-840

File (Main Menu), 127-133
File Conversion, WaterCAD, 755-756
File format Surge 5 SIC, 752-753
File printing, 200-204
File Pump - Custom, 329-334
File Recovery, 204-205
File size, 144-150
file types for background, 555-559
filename display, 144-150
Files Backup, 204-205
fill empty pipeline in Surge, 1003-1004
Find Pressure Zone, 125-127
find/purge parallel pipes, 114-119
Finding and Correcting Disconnected Pipes -Connect Crisscross Pipes, 220-227
Fittings, 241-247
fittings losses, 308-311
Fittings table, 183-187
Fix Crisscross Pipes, 220-227
Fixed Demands Surge, 769-772
fixed mode, 255-257
Flow Change Surge, 917-942
flow coefficient resistance, 764-767
Flow Control Valve, 426-428
Flow Control Valve (FCV), 344-345
flow control valves surge, 899-906
Flow cumulative, 357
Flow Direction Arrow, 547-552
Flow equations, 278-284
Flow path, travel time, and distance, 658-663
Surge Users Manual 1073

Flow specifications, 101-102

Flow Units, 313-315
flows negative, 114-119
Fluids not water, 303
Flush Flows, 347-348
flushing flow method, 140-143
Font for Labels, 547-552
font size labels, 171-177
Force Calculations Tool, 1046-1048
Force Main Pumping, 386-389
Former Analysis Method, 663
Friction Method, 144-150 , 987-990
Full Menu, 162-165
Gate Valve, 318-321
Generate Air Valvel Locations Tool, 1048-1049
Generate Intermediate Pump File Tool, 1049-1050
Generator, 440-456
GIS data from Google Earth, 745-749
GIS Export, 721-724
GIS files as background images, 517-519
GIS Import, 710-721
GIS import tips, 284-288
Globe Valve, 318-321
Go Past Graph Automatically, 987-990
Google Earth Import and Export, 745-749
Google Maps, 462-510
grade, 428-431
Grade Change Surge, 917-942
Graph during Surge analysis, 942-943
Graph pipes, 194-197
Surge Users Manual 1074

Graph results setup, 177-180

graphic files for nodes, 561-566
Graphs, 692-708
Graphs Surge, 946-963
grid snap, 144-150
Grids, 544-547
group editing, 261-278
Group mode buttons, 255-257
Group Operations, 247
Groups
User Data, 288-303
Groups, Subsets, Minimizing, 247-248
Guage Difference, 404-410
Hazen Williams factor calculator tool, 757-758
Hazen-Williams Table, 305-308
Head drop element, 371-373
Head envelope, 620-633
head flow data resistance, 764-767
Headloss Calculator Tool, 758-760
Headloss Factor, 278-284
Help (Main Menu), 133-135
Hill Charts, 440-456
History and Development, 15-16
Holding Tank, 345-347
Holding tank element, 386-389
Hose and Nozzle Constants Tool, 760-761
Hose connections, 348-351
hover data, 529-531
hybrid surge tank, 775-840
Surge Users Manual 1075

Hybrid Surge Tanks, 879-889

hydrant constant, 767-768
Hydrant Data, 347-348
Hydrant flow equation for pressure supply, 404-410
Hydrant Monitor, 348-351
hydrant/monitor data, 140-143
Hydrants - Excel Import, 284-288
hydraulic grade, 428-431
Hydraullically Actuated Surge Anticipation Valve (HydSAV), 351-354
Hydropneumatic Tank, 355-357
Hydropneumatic Tank Element, 354-355
Hydrotank, 354-355
Hydrotank Using Tank Element, 355-357
HydSAV, 351-354
hyperlink for nodes, 586-591
image files for background, 555-559
images for nodes, 561-566
Import , 754-755
Import DT2, 127-133
Import DT2 File, 749-750
Import Elevations from DEM, 737-739
import inp EPANET, 739-741
Import KY, 750
Import WaterCAD, 729
inertia calculation, 1052-1055
Inertia for pumps, 1052-1055
Inertial effects Surge, 769-772 , 946-963
Inf error, 144-150
Inflow to Tank, 434-440
Information Window pipes, 187-194
Surge Users Manual 1076

Information Windows, 166

infows demand pattern, 140-143
Init Ratio, 318-321
Initial Gas Volume, 990-1003
Initial Level - Bladder Tank, 775-840
Inline Meter, 357
inp export, 741-742
inp import, 739-741
Input and Editing Shortcuts, 248-250
Input Table, 109-111
insert nodes into pipe automatically, 119-125
Installation Instructions, 18-21
Intermediate Nodes Deleting, 240-241
Intermediate pump file, 1049-1050
Internal Node Basic Data, 359-360
Internal Node Data, 360-363
Internal Nodes, 357-359 , 396-398
International Decimal Settings, 32-33
Internet Background Maps and Automatic Elevation Retrieval, 462-510
Internet link for nodes, 586-591
Interpolate Elevations, 250-252
Intersection of pipe - crossover, 187-194
Introduction to Modeling, 92-94
Intrusion Surge, 769-772
Inventory, 592-603
Inventory Cost, 114-119
Junction Data, 363-365
junction data surge, 775-840
Junction Multi Demand, 363-365
K, Loss Coefficients, 241-247
Surge Users Manual 1077

Key for map, 552-555

Kinematic Viscosity, 278-284
KMZ export import, 745-749
Korean, 162-165
Ks sprinkler constant, 432-434
KY files, 750
KYnetic Configuration Menu, 109-111
KYNetic Features, 669-691
KYPipe and Surge Demo files , 45-88
KYPipe equations, 94-95
Label font settings, 547-552
Labels, 547-552
Text, 582-585 , 580-582
User Data, 288-303
Labels (Main Menu), 135-139
labels decimal place, 708-710
Labels editing, 171-177
Labels on Map, selecting results, 691-692
Labels won't display (Selected Labels Only), 547-552
Language
Korean, 162-165
Latitude and Longitude, 462-510
layout mode, 255-257
Leak Element, 432-434
leak surge, 775-840
Leakage Coefficient, 769-772
Legend, 552-555
Length Accuracy (Tolerance), 769-772
Libraries, 366-371
Library BFPs Pumps Air Valves, 373-386
Surge Users Manual 1078

Library elements, 373-386

License Agreement, 17-18
limited output, 708
link for nodes, 586-591
liquids not water, 303
Liquified Natural Gas Bulk Modulus, 889-899
LNG Bulk Modulus, 889-899
Load CAD File, 524-525
Load Rejection, 440-456
Locate Best Route with Mapquest, 510-515
lock button, 255-257
Lock Zoom Window, 566-568
Logical Text Inputs, 252-253
Logo on map, 552-555
Loss Coefficients, 241-247
Loss Element Data, 371-373
losses for fittings, 308-311
Low Pressure Sewer element, 386-389
Low Pressure Sewer Holding Tank, 345-347
LPS Tank, 386-389
Main Connection, 404-410
Main Menu, 139
Main Supply, 404-410
Map animation, 162-165
map buttons, 144-150
Map label editing, 171-177
map labels, 692-708
Map Legend, 552-555
Map Link, 555-559
map notes, 572-573
Surge Users Manual 1079

map panning, 566-568

Map printing, 200-204
Map results, 135-139
map scaling, 573-580
Map Screen, 559-561
map screen crashes, 561
MAP SETTINGS, 139-140
Map view
saved, 162-165
map views, 255-257
MapBox Maps, 462-510
Mapquest Maps, 462-510
Maps from internet, 462-510
Material Cost, 592-603
Material Roughness table HW, 305-308
Materials and Rating, 253-254
max/min output values, 155-159
Maximum number of trials, 278-284
maximum number of trials executed, 638-656
Memo, 162-165
Menu Customize, 112-114
Menu, missing items, 162-165
Merging Data Files, 212-216
Meter Based Demands, 254-255
Meter inline for EPS, 357
Meter Record Data, 389-392
Metered Connection Data, 389-392
Meters, 392-393
Methane Hydrate Bulk Modulus, 889-899
Surge Users Manual 1080

Method of Analysis, 94-95

Minimize During Analysis, 987-990
Minimum View Scale, 561
Minor Loss Coefficients Table, 308-311
minor loss components, 371-373 , 393-394
minor loss resistance, 764-767
Minor Losses, 241-247
Model combining, 212-216
Model Simplification, 95
Modeling Air in Pipeline for Surge, 1003-1004
Modeling intro, 92-94
modeling primer, 37-45
Modelling wells, 428-431
Modulating (Regulating) Valve Tool, 1050-1051
modulating regulator valve, 775-840
Monitor, 348-351
monitor data, 140-143
mouse pointer data, 529-531
Move System, 119-125
Movie, 620-633
Multiple Scenarios - Changes, 102-103
Name Label Off, 547-552
names for nodes and pipes, 144-150
Needle Valve, 318-321
negative flows, 114-119
Network Analysis, 603-605
Network Elements, 394-395
New Features, 21-32
New File Specifications, 127-133
Node ~Type, 235-240
Surge Users Manual 1081

Node Change Box, 166-167

Node Color, 525-527
Node Data Boxes, 167-171
Node Emphasis, 531-540
Node Images and Text Nodes, 561-566
Node Info window, 109-111
Node Information Window, 171-177
Node memo, 572-573 , 162-165
Node Results Boxes, 177-180
Node Results for Pipes - color coded, 540-544
Node Size, 525-527
Node types, 396-398
Node Types and Properties, 396-398
Node User Box, 180-182
Nodes, 342-344 , 394-395
Nodes Internal, 360-363 , 359-360 , 357-359
Nodes Too Many, 240-241
nominal diameter, 257
Non Return Valves, 459-462
Non-Spilling Tanks, 906-917
north arrow, editing, 255-257
notes on map, 572-573 , 162-165
nozzle constant, 760-761
NRVs, 459-462
number formats in Windows, 32-33
OCS Screen, 605-611
On/Off Valves, 398-399
one way surge tank, 775-840
open surge tank, 775-840
Open Surge Tanks, 906-917
Surge Users Manual 1082

Operating Modes, 255-257

Operational Control Settings, 605-611
Orifice constant, 432-434
orifice resistance, 764-767
orifice size air valve, 1024-1025
Orthogonalize pipes, 248-250
Other, 140-143
OTHER DATA, 144
output - reports, 155-159
Output Generator, 669-691
output selected, 708
Output Surge, 943-945
Overview and Getting Started, 35-37
Panning Controls, 566-568
panning crashes, 561
parallel pipes, 114-119
Parallel pump graph, 638-656
partial pipe flow, 456-458
path of flow through network, 658-663
pathname display, 144-150
PCX background files, 750
PCX backgrounds, 753-754
PDF Presentation, 669-691
Penstock, 440-456
periodic variation, 775-840
Pipe Break, 611-615
Pipe break in surge using rupture disk, 775-840
Pipe Break Transient, 977-980
Pipe Break Volume, 611-615
Pipe Change Box, 182-183
Surge Users Manual 1083

Pipe Color, 525-527

Pipe connections, 431-432
Pipe Copy Paste, 212-216
Pipe Cost, 592-603
Pipe crossover, 187-194
Pipe Data Boxes, 183-187
pipe data surge, 775-840
Pipe Diameter, 257
pipe direction, 183-187
Pipe Emphasis, 568-572
Pipe Emphsis, 531-540
Pipe Fittings, 241-247
Pipe fittings losses, 308-311
pipe flow partial, 456-458
Pipe Info window, 109-111
Pipe Information Window, 187-194
pipe length minimum, 119-125
Pipe losses, 371-373
Pipe Material HW roughness table, 305-308
Pipe Material Roughnesses DW, 303-305
pipe meter demand, 140-143
Pipe meters, 431-432
Pipe Minor Losses, 241-247
Pipe Results Boxes, 194-197
pipe scale factor, 140-143
Pipe schedules, 257-261
Pipe Size , 525-527
Pipe Startup Surge, 917-942
Pipe System Components, 100-101
Surge Users Manual 1084

Pipe System Geometry, 95-100

Pipe System Layout and Modification, 209-212
Pipe Type Data, 257-261
Pipe Type Table
User Data, 288-303
Pipe User Box, 197-200
PIPE2000 Tutorial (Audio/Video) , 88-91
Pipe2010 Features , 620-633
Pipe2012 Features, 21-32
Pipe2014 Features, 669-691 , 21-32
Pipe2016 Features , 21-32
Pipe2018 Features, 21-32
Pipe2020 Features , 21-32
Pipeline profile, 620-633
Pipeline profile Pipe2008 , 615-620
Pipes, 394-395
Pipes - color code pressure values, 540-544
Pipes number in model, 133-135
pipes parallel, 114-119
pipes wave speed, 889-899
piping equivalent resistance, 764-767
pointer data, 529-531
Positive Displacement Pump in Surge, 399-404
Power (HP or KW) Calculations Tool, 761
Power Cost, 592-603
Powerpoint presentation, 669-691
Precharge Bladder Tanks, 1025-1045
precision, 708-710
Preferences, 144-150 , 987-990
Prefixes node and pipe names, 144-150
Surge Users Manual 1085

Presentation Generator, 669-691

Presenting results, 692-708
Pressure and Flow Specifications, 101-102
Pressure Change Surge, 917-942
Pressure color coding for pipes, 540-544
Pressure Contours, 531-540
Pressure graph during surge analysis, 942-943
Pressure Reducing Valve, 426-428
Pressure Regulating Valve (PRV), 410
pressure regulating valves surge, 899-906
Pressure Relief Valve in KYPipe, 411-412
pressure relief valve surge, 775-840
Pressure Relief Valves, 906-917
Pressure Sensitive Demands Surge, 769-772
Pressure spiking Surge, 946-963
Pressure Supply Data, 404-410
pressure supply surge, 775-840
Pressure Sustaining Valve, 426-428
Pressure Sustaining Valve (PSV), 410-411
pressure sustaining valves surge, 899-906
Pressure Zone, 125-127
Pressurized Tank, 354-355
Printing, 200-204
Printing reports, 150-155
Profile, 615-620 , 620-633
Profile Animated, 620-633
Profile Data Import, 750-752
Profile Path, 633-638
Profile Troubleshooting, 633-638
PRV, 410
Surge Users Manual 1086

PSV, 410-411
pump - well, 428-431
Pump and System Curves, 638-656
Pump Characteristic Curves Tool, 761-763
pump connections, 412-421
pump curve equations, 421-426
Pump curves, 638-656
Pump Data, 412-421
Pump Design, 638-656
Pump File - Custom, 329-334
Pump File Characteristics Tool, 1051-1052
Pump file intermediate, 1049-1050
Pump Library, 366-371 , 373-386
Pump Minimum Flow Valve, 421
Pump off/on, 412-421
pump on/off surge, 775-840
pump power, 761
Pump Selection Tool, 763
Pump shut down Surge, 917-942
Pump Sizing, 638-656
pump trip surge, 775-840 , 917-942
Pumping Cost, 592-603
Pumps, 421-426
Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps in Surge, 399-404
Pumps no flow - steady state, 412-421
pumps reverse flow - steady state, 412-421
pumps surge, 775-840 , 899-906
purge parallel pipes, 114-119
Pushpin, 572-573
Pushpin notes, 162-165
Surge Users Manual 1087

Quick Start, 37-45

R 100%, 318-321
R Value, 764-767
R valve coefficient , 144-150
Rapid Pressure or Flow Change Surge, 917-942
Ratchet Pump Trip, 775-840
Rated Pressure Supply Curve Equation, 404-410
Rated pump curves, 638-656
Rated Pumps, 412-421
rating pipes, 253-254
Records
User Data, 288-303
reference elevation, 140-143
reference file for background, 555-559
Reference Manual, 91-92
refresh, 255-257
regional settings, 32-33
Regulating Valves, 426
regulating valves surge, 899-906
Regulator Data, 426-428
Regulator Flow Control Valve, 344-345
Regulator pressure sustaining, 410-411
regulators surge, 775-840
Relief Valve in KYPipe, 411-412
Relief Valves Surge, 906-917
REPORT, 150-155
Report - Automatic, 669-691
report - limiting output, 708
Report Customized, 663-669
report notes, 140-143
Surge Users Manual 1088

Report Setup , 155-159

Report Surge, 943-945 , 946-963
report table sorting, 144-150
Reports, 692-708
Reservoir Data, 428-431
reservoir grade change surge, 775-840
reservoirs surge, 775-840
residential meter demand, 140-143
Residential Meters, 431-432
Residual Pressure Adjustment Tool, 763-764
Resistance Calculations Tool, 764-767
resistance for active valves, 144-150
Resistance R, 764-767
Result Selector Bar, 691-692
results - limiting output, 708
Results animation, 162-165
Results Contours Emphasis, 531-540
Results in Surge, 946-963
Results Labels, selecting, 691-692
results map labels inlet versus outlet, 144-150
Results Nodes, 177-180
results on map, 135-139
results pipes, 194-197
results precision, 708-710
Results Presentations, 692-708
Results previous, 177-180
Results Selected Surge, 943-945
Reverse flow in pumps - steady state, 412-421
Riser elevation for sprinkler, 432-434
Surge Users Manual 1089

Role of Pump Inertia Values in Transient Analysis of Pipe Line System, 1007-1022
Roughness calculator, 757-758
Roughness Darcy Weisbach, 303-305
Roughness Table HW, 305-308
Ruler on map, 552-555
Rupture Disk, 906-917
rupture disk surge, 775-840
Rural Data Attribute, 140-143
saved views, 255-257
SCADA, 605-611
SCADA for nodes, 586-591
scale pipes, 140-143
Scale System, 119-125
Scaling Background Maps, 573-580
Scenarios for nodes, 166-167
schedules for pipes, 257-261
Screen Capture, 119-125
Screen Plot Data, 942-943
Scroll Bar, 580
Select Pump File Calculate Inertia Tool, 1052-1055
Selected Output, 708
series pump graph, 638-656
Sets and Group Mode, 261-278
SETUP / DEFAULTS, 159-160
Sewer holding tank, 345-347
Shape Data, 434-440
shapefiles as background images, 517-519
SHP Export, 721-724
SHP Import, 710-721
SIC files, 752-753
Surge Users Manual 1090

side orifice surge, 775-840

sign conventions surge, 773-775
Simplified Menu option, 162-165
simulation memo, 140-143
Simulation Specs, 278-284
Siphon Breaker, 840-842
Skeletonize, 657-658
Skeletonize/Subset, 656-657
Sliders/Precision, 708-710
Snap Hydrants Valves and Meters, 284-288
Snap to Grid, 144-150
Some Special Features, 103-104
sorting table in report, 144-150
Specific Gravity, 278-284
Spike Track Tool, 1055-1060
spiking Surge, 946-963
spilling surge tank, 775-840
Spilling Tanks, 906-917
Spreadsheet editor, 742-744
Spreadsheets, 235-240 , 228-235
Sprinkler Data, 432-434
Sprinkler or Blowoff Constant Tool, 767-768
sprinkler surge, 775-840
Stabilization Settings for Surge, 987
Stabilization Settings Surge, 769-772
static head elevation, 140-143
Steady State Demonstration, 45-88
submersible pump, 428-431
Subsets, 247 , 247-248
Supply from Main, 404-410
Surge Users Manual 1091

Surge - Reviewing and Presenting Surge Results, 946-963

Surge - System Data / Other, 942-943
Surge - System Data / Reports, 943-945
Surge - System Data / Simulation Specs, 769-772
Surge 5 conversion, 752-753
surge anticipation valve, 775-840
Surge anticipation valve hydraulically actuated, 351-354
Surge Anticipation Valves, 906-917
Surge Calculations and Sign Conventions, 773-775
surge changes limit, 772-773
Surge Check Valve Dynamics, 846-856
Surge Components, 899-906
Surge Control and Control Devices, 906-917
Surge Control Device examples, 906-917
Surge Demonstration, 45-88
Surge Elements and Data Requirements, 775-840
surge events, 775-840
Surge Friction Method, 144-150 , 987-990
Surge Graph during analysis, 942-943
Surge Modeling Example, 963-976
Surge Modeling Requirements, 772-773
Surge Pipe Break Analysis, 977-980
Surge pipe break with rupture disk, 775-840
Surge Pipe Data (Wave Speed), 889-899
Surge Preferences, 144-150 , 987-990
Surge QuickStart Example, 963-976
Surge Report Definitions, 1006-1007
Surge Stabilization Settings, 987
Surge Tank - Hybrid, 879-889
Surge Tank Data, 990-1003
Surge Users Manual 1092

surge tanks, 775-840

Surge Transient Setup Examples, 917-942
Surge5 Conversion, 752-753
Suter Diagram - custom, 329-334
Suter file, 440-456
System Curves, 638-656
SYSTEM DATA, 160
System Data Preferences, 987-990
System Data Surge, 769-772
system head curves data, 140-143
System is Disconnected, 220-227
system type, 278-284
System Variable Graph, 162-165
table pipes, 194-197
Table pumps, 412-421
Table results setup, 177-180
Table Setup, 207-208
table sorting, 144-150
Tables, 692-708
Tables Surge, 946-963
Tabs, 160
Tabular Data Entry, 235-240 , 228-235
Tabulated report, 692-708
Tailrace, 440-456
tank connection resistance, 764-767
Tank Data, 434-440
tank inflows demand pattern, 140-143
tanks surge, 775-840
Text and Notes menu, 585-586
Surge Users Manual 1093

text mode, 255-257

Text Node Data, 582-585
text nodes, 561-566 , 580-582
time of flow through piping, 658-663
Time Step in Surge, 1004-1006
Time Step Increment, 769-772
Time/case report, 150-155
Title for map, 552-555
Titles
Map, 582-585 , 580-582
To TIFF, 753-754
Too Many Nodes, 240-241
toolbar, 144-150
Tools (Main Menu), 160-162
Torque, 440-456
total flow, 357
training videos, 88-91
Transient data Surge, 917-942
transients setting up, 775-840
Travel Time Path and Distance, 658-663
trials, number of, 278-284
trip pump surge, 775-840
Troubleshoot, 104-109
Troubleshoot CAD background, 524-525
Turbine - Initial Disturbance, 440-456
turbine data convertor tool, 440-456
Turbines, 440-456
tutorial videos, 88-91
unconnected hydrants valves or meters, 284-288
undo / redo, 255-257
Surge Users Manual 1094

Units, 313-315 , 316-318

Units Converter Tool, 768
Units Help - Hover Buttons, 315-316
Units Pipe2000 : KYPipe / Surge , 316-318
Unsupported CAD background, 524-525
URL and SCADA for nodes, 586-591
User Data, 288-303
User Data configuration, 207-208
User data nodes, 180-182
User data pipes, 197-200
USER Flow Units, 313-315
Utility Programs, 754-755
Vacuum Breaker element, 456-458
vacuum valve surge, 775-840
Valve Closure Surge, 917-942
valve open/close surge, 775-840
Valve pressure regulating, 410
Valve pressure sustaining, 410-411
Valve resistance calculation, 764-767
Valve Stroking Tool, 1061-1062
Valves, 318-321 , 458-459
valves on/off, 398-399
Variable Level Storage Tank, 434-440
Variable Pressure Supply, 404-410
Version Features, 21-32
Version number, 133-135
Versions previous, 750
View (Main Menu), 162-165
view controls, 566-568
Volume - Bladder Tank, 775-840
Surge Users Manual 1095

Volume Pipe Break, 611-615

Warnings and Error, 104-109
Water Quality Demonstration, 45-88
WaterCAD Conversion, 729 , 755-756
WaterCAD import, 739-741
Wave Speed, 769-772 , 889-899
Wave Speed Adjustment, 144-150 , 987-990
Wave Speed Tool, 1062-1063
Web link for nodes, 586-591
Wells, 428-431
Wicket Gate, 440-456
Word Presentation, 669-691
Zero Velocity Valves, 459-462
Zoom Lock, 566-568
Zoom save, 162-165
zoom saved views, 255-257
zooming, 566-568
zooming crashes, 561
Volume Pipe Break, 0
Warnings and Error, 0
Water Quality Demonstration, 0
WaterCAD Conversion, 0 , 0
WaterCAD import, 0
Wave Speed, 0 , 0
Wave Speed Adjustment, 0 , 0
Wave Speed Tool, 0
Web link for nodes, 0
Wells, 0
Wicket Gate, 0
Word Presentation, 0
Zero Velocity Valves, 0
Zoom Lock, 0
Zoom save, 0
zoom saved views, 0
zooming, 0
zooming crashes, 0