Technology and Developing Nations:
Problems of technology transfer:-
Many reasons can be cited for lack of technology transfer successes in the past. The one which
typically is of greatest interest to the research community is that the algorithms developed in the
past were not considered adequate for operational use. In the speech recognition area, word
recognition error rates were intolerably high unless the speech source was limited vocabulary,
isolated word, wide bandwidth and free of background noise. In addition, applications were limited
to the simplest uses because there was little understanding of how to apply language processing
results to speech. In the text processing area, problems being addressed were often severely
constrained in terms of vocabulary, grammar and application. But it was verbally impossible to find
real-world problems that were constrained enough to allow application of the newly developed
techniques. The substantial progress that has been made by the research community has changed
this situation. The current state-of-the-art, while clearly inadequate for very general problems, has
great prospects for certain moderately specialized applications.
An additional problem that has impeded technology transfer has been the high cost and limited
capability of the data and signal processing equipment needed to implement the algorithms
researchers developed.
Technology assessment:-
Technology assessment (TA) refers to the early identification and assessment of eventual
impacts of technological change and applications, as a service to policy making and decision
making more generally. TA can be done by (or for) business firms, or as a medical, social,
or environmental impact assessment. Its main use is in the public domain, and includes
parliamentary TA. Recent developments include public participation and involvement in
innovation processes (Constructive TA). Since the 1980s and 1990s, public service TA has
professionalized and articulated specific methodologies for that domain. But TA is also part
of broader developments such as the emergence of a risk society.
Impact analysis:-
impact analysis is the process of predicting the consequences a disruption in business
function might cause and how teams can work together to fix these problems.
Examples of business disruptions include:
Damage to property
Software or system malfunction
Supply chain interruption
Power outage
Data corruption
Impact analysis is important in a company's procedures because it helps prevent and
minimize the unintended consequences of actions that cause a disruption to normal
business functions. Not only does an impact analysis allow companies to handle
problems efficiently as they arise, but it also leads to developing strategies that
prevent future issues. It aids companies in identifying crucial business processes,
recognizing areas of improvement and planning for the protection of their financial
and technical assets.
Different types of impact analysis:-
Businesses use different impact analysis methods, as each helps them
accomplish a different goal. Here are the three main types of impact analysis:
1.Traceability impact analysis:-
A traceability impact analysis discovers links between the design elements of
software or processes to determine what teams must accomplish to make
preventative changes. Elements evaluated in traceability impact analysis may
include:
Tests
Specifications
Requirements
Design elements
This process requires substantial time if completed manually, so many professionals
use software to simplify the process.
2.Dependency impact analysis
By examining relationships between the elements analyzed in a traceability
impact analysis, managers can determine positive changes they can make and
how those changes they suggest can affect the entire company. This type of
impact analysis involves a detailed process using dynamic and static algorithms.
Dynamic algorithms reveal information about a process's behavior, and static
algorithms determine the burden of changes on an entire system.
3.Experiential impact analysis
This type of impact analysis predicts the outcome of changes based on past
circumstances. While conducting an experiential impact analysis, managers use
records from prior business disruptions to predict what may happen in the
future and the interventions they can use to prevent or mitigate them.
Experiential impact analysis often occurs at an informal level, such as in
meetings.
Five Problems of Man-Machine Interaction: -
In this age of mechanization the man-machine relationship governs a lot of
parameters for.
A. Higher production.
B. Better quality.
C. Better maintenance of machine.
D. Better system of operation.
E. Alteration of machine design for comfort in operation.
F. Updating the machine to adopt present day raw material and recipe.
G. Updating the design to modernize the specification and make them more
universal.
H. To make the machine cheaper.
I. To make the operation simpler.
J. To make the machine more versatile.
K. To make the machine produce different products of diverse application, large
and
small size, different material of construction all simultaneously.
L. The attitude of the man and the satisfaction of the worker can be changed
and
improved.
Human centered technology:-
Human-centred technology is an alternative approach to the design of manufacturing
systems where the operator is considered an "asset" rather than a "nuisance". A human-
centred system utilizes and relies on the operator's skill, knowledge, flexibility and creativity.
