Module – 1 Essays We Should All Be a Feminist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

• Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Is a Nigerian Writer

• She Was Born in Enugu, Nigeria
• Her Most Recent Novel Is American ah
• She Has Won Many Awards, Including Women's Prize for Fiction and Mac Arthur Fellowship
She Is Well Known for Her Novels "Purple Hibiscus”, “Half of A Yellow Sun"
•The Essay Is a Modified Version of The Ted Talks Speech Adichie Has Delivered In 2012
• This Essay Published In 2014
• This Essay Analyses What It Means to Be a Feminist
• Adichie States That the Word Feminist and The Idea of Feminism Is Limited by Stereotypes
- Stereotypes Means Repetitive Patterns Which Is Presented Over and Over Again in Same
Manner
• The Word Feminist Carries with It a Negative Baggage
• She Presents the Ideas Through Her Own Personal Experiences and These Experiences
Reveal the Masked Realities of Sexual Politics
• Adichie Depicts Gender Based Discrimination That Women in Nigeria Face. The Issue She
Has Presented Are Not Limited to Nigeria, They Are Universal as Women Across the World
Can Relate to Them
She Narrates Ironically How Unacceptable the Term 'Feminism' Is to People in Nigeria and
Describes Herself As "A Happy African Feminist Who Does Not Hate Men" - There Is a
Popular Misconception That Feminism Means Against Men but She Calls Herself a Happy
African Feminist Who Does Not Hate Men
• The Author Has Presented the Key Issues in This Essay Are: - Difference in Treatment of
Boys and Girls Within Family, The Process of Normalization, Pay Gap - Different Pay Given
to Men and Women, Lack of Acceptance of Women and Invisibility of Women - Women Not
Included in Certain Areas.
• In Her Essay Adichie Cleared the Concept of Feminism.
• In Her View Feminism Is Not a Social Movement Which Is Related to Chewing Inferior. But
Instead, It Is One Such Movement Which Want to Give to Be Women Equal Opportunities
Hand in Hand with Men
Shakespeare’s Sister
Shakespeare's Sister is a selection taken from the Chapter 3 of Virginia Woolf's text A Room
of One's Own published in 1929.
In this essay, she is concerned about the lack of female writers in the history of England and
specially in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.

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She wants to enquire about the conditions in which women lived and what kind of challenges
they had to face.
She refutes the claim that women are less talented and efficient than men.
She even read a book on the history of England written by Prof. Trevelyan and got shocked to
know that he hadn't spared a single chapter on women.
She got to know from this book that wife- beating was a common practice in British society
and it was considered to be a right of men.
If a girl refused to marry to the person of her parent's choice, then she was brutally beaten and
locked in the room.
Women didn't have any say in the matters regarding marriage.
Husband enjoyed all the rights and privileges while wives were considered to be inferior.
Virginia Woolf notices that Shakespeare's heroines don't lack in personality and character but
still there was not any mention of actual conditions in which real women lived.
Virginia Woolf also got to know from the book of history that women didn't participate in any
political movement in history.
She considers it to be shocking that there is no mention of any single women anywhere up to
18th century
Now, Virginia Woolf imagines a sister of Shakespeare whose name is Judith Shakespeare.
She was as talented and imaginative as William Shakespeare, but she was not allowed to
learn grammar and logic.
She was fond of reading her brother's books but parents always reminded her to focus her
attention on household chores.
At a young age, she was forced by her parents to get married to a wool- stapler.
And She was severely beaten by her father when she opposed that marriage, then she
promised to obey her father.
Before she was 17 years of age, she stood outside a theatre because she wanted to become an
actor
Everyone made fun of her and discouraged her but the theatre manager Nick Greene took
advantage of her.
She found herself pregnant of his child and committed suicide after that.
Virginia Woolf says that talented women like Judith Shakespeare would have gone crazy and
suicidal in those times when they were so oppressed.
Women were supposed to protect their chastity in those times and were not allowed the
freedom to pursue their interests.

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Even in 19th century some women writers were forced to use male pen names to hide their
identity because women were not supposed to be popular. George Eliot, Currer Bell and
George Sand didn't disclose their true identity in their works.
In the end, Virginia Woolf pays tribute to all women who have hidden talents in them but they
need opportunity.
Module – 2: Poetry Eunice D Souza: Bequest
Eunice De Souza Is a Contemporary Indian English Language Poet, Literary Critic and
Novelist
• She Has Written and Published a Range of Writings Including the Novels "Danger Lok"
(2001) And "Dev and Simran" (2003) Four Children's Books and Poetry Collections
De Souza's Dealing with Love and Sexuality in Her Poems Show How She Is Dissatisfied with
The Society Which Demands Silent Acceptance from A Woman
• She Is One of The Most Famous Confessional Poets of Second Half of Twentieth Century
• Confessional Poetry: - Movement Started in the 1950s. Poets Write About Their Own Personal
Experience in An Open, Direct Style. Confessional Poets Are Robert Lowell, Anne Sexton,
Sylvia Plath
Bequest Is Written by The Feminist Poet Eunice De Souza in Which She Talks About How
Patriarchy Shapes the Destiny of Women.
• She Talks from The Perspective of a Woman Speaker (Probably Representing the Poet
Herself).
• Whose Mind Is Shaped by The Authoritarian Regulations of The Phalocentric Society
• Her Tone Remains a Bit Lost and Reflects a Sense of Pain
•This Painful Soliloquy Is Not Only a Confession of A Single Woman Out There
It Is an Agonized Monologue of All Those Women. Whose Unique Voices Are Either Subdued
with The Essence of Patriarchy.
Poem line: In Every Catholic Home There's a Picture of Christ Holding His Bleeding Heart in
His Hand. I Used to Think, Ugh.
Explanation: Through This Line, The Poet Is Comparing Her Circumstance with Jesus Christ.
The Narrator Depicts That in Every Catholic Home One Can See the Picture of Jesus Christ
Holding His Bleeding Heart in His Hand. And In the Similar Way, The Societal Norms and
Patriarchy Have Moulded the Speaker's Heart into Somberness and Vexation. The Speaker's
Heart Is Too Bleeding Like Jesus Christ Owing to Kaput Rules of The Society Imposed Upon
Women. Through The Poem "Bequest", The Narrator Tries to Limn That as Jesus Christ Has
Sacrificed Himself for The Love of Mankind and In the Same Way the Poet Too Wants to
Bequeath Her Heart to An Enemy Instead of a Friend or Family.
Poem line: The Only Person with Whom I Have Not Exchanged Confidences Is My
Hairdresser.

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Explanation: In These Lines, The Poet Says That Jesus Christ Is a Symbol of Openness and
Truthfulness. Because Before His Death, Jesus Christ Has Held His Bleeding Heart Out to
Mankind. In Addition, Christ Has Not Tried to Hide His Genuine Love and Care for Human
Being. By These Lines, The Speaker Delineates That Now It Is the Time for Her to Remain
True to Everyone. Because, One Should Not Fear in Revealing One's True Self to Others. But
Unfortunately, The Narrator Has Not Yet Exchanged Confidences with Her Hairdresser
Poem line: Some Recommend Stern Standards. Others Say Float Along. He Says, Take It as It
Comes, Meaning, Of Course, As He Hands It Out.
Explanation: With These Lines, The Speaker Has Displayed Her Regret on Not Being Allowed
to Be Herself by The Society and Its Rules. The Narrator Says That When She Tries to Be
Herself, Then Stay Float Along with The Ongoing Patriarchal Norms. Because In Order to Be
Relevant in The Society, One Must Not Rebel Against It or The Consequences Will Be Dire.
The Line "He Says, Take It as It Comes": May Indicate to The Saying of Jesus Christ in His
Testament That Humans Should Accept Whatever It Comes to Its Way. They Must Be Ready
for The Things That the Creator Has Sent Them, Whether It Is Good or Bad. But According to
The Poet, If Jesus Christ Has Really Meant That; That Means Christ Is Also a Symbol of
Patriarchy Because Women Are Helpless
Poem line: I Wish I Could Be a Wise Woman Smiling Endlessly, Vacuously Like a Plastic
Flower, Saying Child, Learn from Me.
Explanation: In This Stanza, The Poet Expresses Her Wish to Be A "Wise Woman". A Wise
Woman Will Always Be Appreciated by The Patriarchal Society If It Follows Its Rules. But
The Poet Asks the Question Who Is a Wise Woman from The Point of View of Society? A
Woman Who Knows Only the Art of Smiling Is the Wise Woman or One Who Go Against the
Obsolete Norms? But The Poet Says That She Wished That She Could Be a Wise Woman.
Because A Wise Woman Will Smile Endlessly and Vacuously Just Like a Plastic Flower. A
Plastic Flower Has No Life Inside and It Is Empty and Useless. In The Similar Way, The Poet
Wants to Fake Her Smile to Cope Up with Societal Pressure. But The Narrator Is Also Feeling
Sad as She Has to Teach the Same Thing to Her Child or The Future Generation.
Poem line: It’s Time to Perform an Act of Charity to Myself, Bequeath the Heart, Like A Spare
Kidney Preferably to An Enemy.
Explanation: Before The End of The Poem, The Poet Outlines That She Is Now Going to
Perform an Act of Charity to Herself; Likewise, Jesus Christ Accepted Crucifixion for The
Sake of Mankind. But Her Sacrifice Will Not Be Meant for Humankind, Rather It Will Be for
Redeeming Herself from Her Incessant Mental Sufferings. Because The Longer Her Heart Will
Be in Her Body the More Pain She Has to Endure. As Bequeathing the Heart Will Keep Her
Mental Torture and Suffering Aloof from the Patriarchal Society. Besides, The Poet Says That
She Suffers Most When Her Own Close One's Complaints About Her Not Following
Patriarchal Norms. Therefore, She Has Made Her Mind to Bequeath Her Heart to An Enemy
Rather Than a Family or Friends.
Structure & Form
• Five Stanzas with Irregular Line Count
• There Are 21 Lines and Do Not Follow a Set of Rhyming Patterns or Meter
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• It Is Free Verse Poem
• It Is Written in The Perspective of a Female Speaker in First Person Point of View
• It Is an Example of Lyric Poem
Poetic Device
Irony
• Irony Refers to Intended Meaning Is Opposite of The Literal Meaning
• "I Used to Think Ugh!"
• Here The Speaker Disgust with The Image of Christ Is Portrayed Even Though She Was a
Catholic
Alliteration
•Repetition Of Consonant Sounds
• Eg: - “Wise Woman”, “He Hands”
Simile
•Comparison Of Two Different Things Using "Like" Or "As"
• "Smiling Endlessly, Like A Plastic Flower”
• "He Says Take It as It Comes"
Metaphor
•The Image of Christ Holding His Heart Is a Metaphorical Reference Το Christ's Sacrifice of
Mankind
Themes
• Patriarchy, Feminine Identity, Womanhood
Vintage: Amy Lowell
• Amy Lowell Was Born in Brookline Massachusetts in 1874
• She Wrote and Published Over 650 Poems
• Amy Lowell Was Deeply Interested in And Influenced by The Imagist Movement
Imagism Was a Movement in Early 20th Century
• Imagist Is a Group of American and English Poets Whose Poetic Program Was Formulated
About 1912 By Ezra Pound
• Another Imagist Are Hilda Doolittle, Richard Aldington, T. E Hulme
"What's O'clock?" Was Awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry In 1926
• "A Dome of Many Coloured Glass" Is Published in August Of 1910, At the Age of Thirty-Six

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• Amy Lowell Never Married; People Whispered Everywhere Must Have Been a Lesbian
• Amy Lowell Was Loud, Outspoken, Dictatorial and Argumentative
• Vintage Published In 1914
Her Poems
• “Patterns” (1918) • “Legends” (1921) • "What's O'clock" • “East Wind” (1926)
• “Ballads For Sale” (1927)
Poem line: I Will Mix Me A Drink of Stars,
Large Stars with Polychrome Needles,
Small Stars Jetting Maroon and Crimson,
Cool, Quiet, Green Stars.
I Will Tear Them Out of The Sky,
And Squeeze Them Over an Old Silver Cup, And I Will Pour the Cold Scorn Of
My Beloved into It,
So That My Drink Shall Be Bubbled with Ice.
• In This Poem One Could See a Persona Who Is So Enraged That She Prepares a Drink That
Is So Colourful and She Will Also Add the Cold Scorn of Her Beloved into It. It Means That
Her Beloved Is Worth Nothing and She Adds Her Beloved Is Like Ice Added to A Drink.
Poem line: It Will Lap and Scratch as I Swallow It Down; And I Shall Feel It as A Serpent of
Fire, Coiling and Twisting in My Belly. His Snorting’s Will Rise to My Head, And I Shall Be
Hot, And Laugh, Forgetting That I Have Ever Known a Woman.
• She Continues That This Scorn She Is Drinking Is Alive and Is Like Some Sort of Evil. She
States That This Drink Contains a Darkness Which Is the Scorn. She Is Drinking Away the Pain
from Her Beloved. In This Poem One Could Assume That the Persona Must Have Received
Some Sort of Debilitation from Her Beloved. And Being a Female, She Is Trying to Get Away
from Those Dark Scorn.
• Major Themes in This Poem Are: - Drinking, Love, Women
To Anactoria in Lydia: Sappho
Sappho Was an Ancient Greek Female Poet
• She Wrote Lyrical Poetry Famous for Its Intense Passion and Description of Love
Sappho Is Referred to As Sometimes a Lesbian. The Word Lesbian Is Actually Derived from
Her Place of Birth – Lesbos
There Is No Hard Evidence of Her Sexuality
• Her Poems Express Great Passion for A Variety of People - Both Men and Women

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• The Poetry of Sappho Often Revolves Around Themes of Love and Passion
• Her Poems Has a Clarity and Simplicity of Language
• The Style Is Often Conversational
•One Legend About the Death of Sappho Is That She Ended Her Life by Throwing Herself of
The Leucadian Rock Out of Love for A Young Sailor, Called Phaon
•'The Anactoria Poem' By Sappho Is a Love Poem with Philosophy at Its Heart in Which
Sappho Considers What Is Beautiful and What Is Meaningful
The Anactoria Poem' Is A Widely Read Love Poem in Which Sappho Uses the Story of Helen
of Troy to Speak on The Nature of Beauty.
'The Anactoria Poem' By Sappho Is a Love Poem with Philosophy at Its Heart in Which
Sappho Considers What Is Beautiful and What Is Meaningful. In The Stanzas of This Piece,
Sappho, Or At Least The Speaker She's Channeling for This Poem, Addresses the Nature of
Beauty and Love. She Knows That What She Loves Is That Which Her Lover, Anactoria Loves.
She Thinks These Same Things Are the Most Beautiful and Most Worth Admiring. Sappho
Uses the Example of Helen Leaving Her Family, Friends, And Home as Proof. Anactoria Is
Sappho's Lover, And the Person to Whom the Poem Is Addressed-- And the Question in It Is,
Appropriate for A Lyric Poem, Only, "The Most Beautiful of Sights the Dark Earth Offers."
What Is It? Well, It Depends on Who You Are, For Beauty, For Sappho, Is A Matter of
Perspective. Whatever One Finds the Most Beautiful Is Whatever You Love; Beauty Is a
Function of Love. Sappho Then Goes on To Show This to Be True Using the Example of Helen
of Troy. Though Her Physical Beauty Was Allegedly the Greatest, Helen Herself Did Not Think
So, And Left Her Life in Order to Cavort with Paris, To Wander with Longing.
Sappho Reveals Her Taste in Beauty at The End of The Poem, Saying That What She
Loves Best Is This Woman, That Sappho Would Rather See Helen's Glittering Face Than All
of The Power in The World. This Is a Philosophical Poem That Turns into A Love Poem.
Structure And Form
• Five Stanzas Poem, That Is Separated into Sets of Four Lines, Known as Quatrains. Especially
In This Case Sapphic Stanzas: - This Refers to A Stanza That Is Made Up of Four Lines, The
First Three of Which Contains Eleven Syllables and The Last Which Contains Five Syllables
To Other Women Who Were Ugly Once Inez Hernandez Avila
Inez Hernandez Avila Is a Professor of Native American Studies at University of California at
Davis.
• One Of Six Co - Founders of The Native American and Indigenous Studies Association.
• She Is a Poet, Visual Artist and Cultural Worker.
• She Received the Academic Senate Distinguished Teaching Award for Her Work Mentoring
Graduate Students (2009).
• She Also Received the Outstanding Mentor Award from The Consortium for Research on
Women

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"To Other Women Who Were Ugly Once" Is Published in Infinite Division In1993
• Avila Belongs to The Chicana Feminist Movement - A Socio Political Movement Which
Started in the 1970s In the U. S As a Reaction Against White Feminism
• Chicana Feminism Is Response Against Patriarchy, Racism, Classism and Colonialism
To Other Women Who Were Ugly Once
There Is Beauty Once You Find Who You Are and Show It Confidently
Do You Remember How We Used to Panic
When Cosmo, Vogue and Mademoiselle Ladies Would Glamour-Us Out of Existence So Ultra
Bright Would Be Their Smile So Lovely Their Complexion
• The Minority Women Draw Flashing Beauty Standards from Western Fashion Magazine
Models
Their Confianza Based On Someone Else's Fasion and Their Mascara'd Mascaras Hiding Their
Cascaras That Hide Their Set
I Would Always Become Cold Inside
Que Mataonda To Compete to Need to Dress Right Speak Right
Laugh In Just the Right Place Dance in Just the Right Way
Poet Criticises Body Shaming and Advocates the Natural Self Rather Than an Artificial "Neon"
Appearance
• This Poem Is a Powerful Evocation to All Those Women Who Have Been Living a Life
Devoid of Self Worth Regarding Their Bodies
• Avila Picturizes the Inferiority Complex of Chicana Women Who Do Not Fit into The Beauty
Standards of The Eurocentric World
• The Minority Women Draw Flashing Beauty Standards from Western Fashion Magazine
Models
• She Critises Body Shaming and Advocates the Natural Self Rather Than an Artificial "Neon"
Appearance
Eve To Her Daughters: Judith Wright
Judith Wright Was an Environmentalist and Campaigner for Aboriginal Land Rights
• She Was a Recipient of The Christopher Brennan Award
• She Was a Recipient of The Australian National Living Treasure Award In 1998
• She Is Voices for The Oppressed Voiceless People and The Land
Poetry Volumes
•The Morning Image (1946) • Woman Το Μαν (1949) • The Gateway (1953)

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• Request To a Year •
It Is a Feminist Poem • It Is Dramatic Monologue
• "Eve To Her Daughters" Appeared in Judith Wright's Poetry Collection “The Other Half”
(1966)
•The Message of The Poem "Eve to Her Daughters” Is That He Himself Is God, The World
Will Be Led Astray from Faith. Eve Warns Her Daughters Not to Submissive but Rather to
Help Man See That God Can Still Exist in The Face of Mechanization and Scientific
Advancement.
•Judith Wright Uses the Biblical Characters of Adam from Garden of Eden to Represent
European Imperialism
The Poem Revisits the Biblical Characters of Adam and Eve Through an Alternative
Version of Eve's Point of View. She Interprets the Biblical Book of Genesis and John Milton's
Paradise Lost. In Both the Works, Adam Is Considered God's Partner and Eve as A Woman
Formed from Adam's Ribs. These Narratives Also Explain How Adam and Eve Were Banished
from Eden for Having Sinned by Eating the Forbidden Fruit. In These Works, One Assumes
Eve as The One Who Provoked Sin. The Poem Starts with The Note on How Eve Passively
and Submissively Follows Adam to The Earth and How She 'Adapts' Herself to the
'Punishment' Of God, Which Is a Stereotypical Image of a Woman. Throughout The Poem, One
Sees The 'Egotist' Adam Who Cannot Reconcile with His Fate. He Tries to Build an Empire of
His Own on Earth Akin to Heaven and Rule Over Like God. He Is Committed to Reinstating
His Pride Which Is a Typical Masculine Concept.
Here, Eve Passes the Message to Her Daughters That as Times Have Changed, They
Should Not Inherit Their Mother's "Fault" Of Being Submissive. She Observes How Their
Sons- Abel and Cain, Have Inherited the Avenging Spirit of Adam. Eden Is Presented as
Flawless- An Imagery of Colonial Europe and the Earth as Australia Which Is Relegated as
Inferior by The Colonialists. The Colonizer Is Analogous to The Dominant Patriarchy and
Colonized to The Oppressed Women. The Sons Have Names and The Daughters Are Nameless.
It Was Not I Who Began It. Turned Out into Draughty Caves, Hungry So Often, Having to
Work for Our Bread, Hearing the Children Whining, I Was Nevertheless Not Unhappy. Where
Adam Went, I Was Fairly Contented to Go. I Adapted Myself to The Punishment: It Was My
Life.
But Adam, You Know...! He Kept on Brooding Over the Insult, Over the Trick They Had Played
on Us, Over the Scolding. He Had Discovered a Flaw in Himself and He Had to Make Up for
It. Outside Eden the Earth Was Imperfect, The Seasons Changed, The Game Was Fleet-Footed,
He Had to Work for Our Living, And He Didn't Like It. He Even Complained of My Cooking
(It Was Hard to Compete with Heaven).
So, He Set to Work.
The Earth Must Be Made a New Eden with Central Heating, Domesticated Animals,
Mechanical Harvesters, Combustion Engines

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And Modern Means of Communication and Multiplied Opportunities for Safe Investment and
Higher Education for Abel and Cain and The Rest of The Family. You Can See How His Pride
Has Been Hurt.
In The Process He Had to Unravel Everything Because He Believed That Mechanism Was the
Whole Secret-He Was Always Mechanical-Minded. He Got to The Very Inside of The Whole
Machine Exclaiming as He Went, So This Is How It Works! And Now That I Know How It
Works, why, I Must Have Invented It. As For God and The Other, They Cannot Be
Demonstrated, And What Cannot Be Demonstrated Doesn't Exist. You See, He Had Always
Been Jealous.
Yes, He Got to The Center Where Nothing at All Can Be Demonstrated.
And Clearly, He Doesn't Exist; But He Refuses to Accept the Conclusion. You See, He Was
Always an Egotist.
There Was None of This Fallout.
I Would Suggest, For the Sake of The Children, That It's Time You Took Over.
But You Are My Daughters, You Inherit My Own Faults of Character;
You Are Submissive, Following Adam Even Beyond Existence. Faults Of Character Have
Their Own Logic and It Always Works Out. I Observed This with Abel and Cain.
Perhaps The Whole Elaborate Fable Right from The Beginning Is Meant to Demonstrate This;
Perhaps It's The Whole Secret. Perhaps Nothing Exists but Our Faults?
But It's Useless to Make Such a Suggestion to Adam. He Has Turned Himself into God, Who
Is Faultless, And Doesn't Exist.

Module – 3 Fiction Kate Chopin: The Awakening

•Kate Chopin Was an American Author of Short Stories and Novels Based on Louisiana
Her Major Works Were: -
•Short Story Collection: -
• ‘Desiree' S Baby' (1893) • 'The Story of An Hour' (1894)
Novels
• 'At Fault' (1890) • ‘The Awakening' (1899)
•The Awakening Is Noted as One of The Feminist Works in American Literature
• The Story Centers Around One Woman's Transformation from Traditional House Wife and
Mother to An Individual with A Sense of Self Awareness and An Independent Purpose Beyond
Her Family
•"A Solitary Soul" Is Original Title of This Novel
• Chopin Began Writing the Awakening In 1897
• She Completed the Novel On 21 Jan 1898

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• Published By Herbert S. Stone Company in Chicago on 22 April 1899
Character Sketches
Edna Pontellier-She Is a Protagonist of The Play And 28 Years Old Lady.
• Mademoiselle Reisz-She Is an Unmarried Lady and She Teaches Edn About Independence.
Adèle Ratignolle-She Is a Close Friend of Edna.
• Robert Lebrun-He Is 26 Years Old Single Man. Edna Falls in Love with Him.
Alcée Arobin-He Is a Charming Man.
• Léonce Pontellier-40 Years Old Wealthy Man. And He Is a Husband of Edna.
• Doctor Mandelet-He Is a Physician of Edna's Family.
Set In Two Louisiana Locales: - Grand Isle and New Orleans
• It Is in The Seaside Town of Grand Isle That the Story Begins
• The Pontillier Family, Consisting of Mother and Wife Edna, And Husband and Father Leonce
and Their Two Sons, Vacation Together in A Resort Run by Madame Lebrun and Her Two Sons
Robert and Victor
Her Husband Leonce Is Often Away on Business, So She Spends Most of Her Time with A
Beautiful Shallow Friend Adele Ratignolle
• And A Charming Young Man Named Robert Lebrun
• Edna Seems Bored by Her Children and Frustrated with Leonce
Her Friendship with Robert Has Been Blossoming
• One Night, Edna Is Moved to Tears at A Party by The Music of Mademoiselle Reisz, A Sharp
Voiced Unmarried Woman
• Later The Same Night, Edna Conquers Her Fear of The Sea and Swims Far in To the Ocean
That Night Is the Culmination of Awakening, Her Critical, Thoughtful Examination of the
Social World and Of Her Inner Life
• Her Friendship with Robert Becomes Romantically Charged
• In September the Pontelliers Returns to New Orleans
• Edna Begins to Neglect Her Household and Her Children So That She Can Devote Her Days
to Painting, Reading and Seeing Friends
• She Goes Often to See Mademoiselle Reisz, Who Gives Edna Good Advice, Shows Her
Robert's Letters (Which Mentions His Love for Her) And Plays Beautiful Pieces on The Piano
• Edna's Husband Consults with Doctor Mandelet Who Advises Him to Wait It Out
• Edna Also Becomes Romantically Involved with Arobin, A Young Fashionable Young Man
with A Bad Reputation. She Doesn't Love Him but She Is Strongly Physically Attracted to Him

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Edna's Husband Leaves for A Long Business Trip and Her Children Go to Stay with Their
Grandmother
• She Loves Her New Freedom and Decides to Move to A Smaller House
• By Selling Her Paintings, She Can Become Financially Independent
Edna Meet Robert and Confess Their Feelings Openly
• She Talks with Doctor Mandelet About Her Confused Desire of Freedom and Her Aversion
to Marriage
• When She Comes Home, Robert Is Gone
• He Has Left a Note Explaining That He Can't Be with Her
• Edna Returns to Grand Isle
• She Walks to The Beach
• She Thinks with Despair About Her Indifference to The World and Longs for Complete
Freedom
• As She Begins to Swim, Bright and Lovely Memories from Her Childhood Flicker Across
Her Consciousness
• She Feels Completely Free
• She Drowns
Preciousness: Clarice Lispector
Clarice Lispector Was a Ukrainian Born Brazilian Novelist and Short Story Writer.
She Is One of The Leading Latin American Writers.
Her First Novel "Near to the Wild Heart" - Written as An Interior Monologue.
"Preciousness" Published In 1960, As One Of The Thirteen Short Stories in A Collection
Entitled "Family Ties".
• Clarice Lispector Utilized Post Modern Techniques Like Magic Realism, Self-Reflexivity and
Fragmentation in Her Fiction.
• Preciousness Is Told in The Persona of A 15-Year-Old Rio School Girl
• Preciousness Means Something Valuable.
• The Meaning of The Title Is When a Silent and Submissive Woman Becomes Assertive and
How to Rise Her Voice, She Becomes Precious
Preciousness Is a Story of Transformation
A Two-Day Routine Life of A 15 Year Girl's Journey to Her School and Back
• Towards The End She Realizes Her Value Precious
• This Girl Is Very Self Conscious About What People Say to Her

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• The Girl Was Afraid of Boys and Afraid of The Youngest Ones Too
• Each Teenage Girl in The World Can Relate to What This Girl Is Going Through
• Almost All Aspects of This Girl's Life She Is Did Not Feel Confident in Herself
• In This Story Preciousness A 15-Year-Old Rio School Girl Journey Through Transformation
• How She Realises What Is Precious to Her
Theme Of the Story Is Female Sexuality and The Body – Female Sexuality Means How a
Women Realises Her Own Self and Her Own Body and She Starts to Behave in Different
Manner
The Girl Gets Up Early Morning Because She Has to Catch Bus and Tram to Reach Her School
• She Wakes Up Early Because She Can Walk to The Bus Station Through a Deserted State.
There On Be Anyone at That Time So, She Can Enjoy, She Can Laugh, She Can Day Dreaming
Nobody There at Stare at Her, So She Enjoy Those Moments
She Conscious About People Staring at Her, Men Comments Her
• She Waits for The Bus Come, Bus Is Crowded with Laboureres Going to Their Job, When
Bus Come, She Became Self Conscious, She Will Know Everyone Look at Her and Comments
Her
• Surprisingly They Doesn't Notice Her, All Men Are Tired Carrying Their Lunch Box, Go to
Their Job
• In This Moment She Felt Ashamed at Not Trusting Them. Her Stereotypical Image of men
Changed
• One Of the Ironic Thing Is That Her Boot with Made of Wooden Heels They Make a Lot of
Noise
• Whenever She Walk, People Can Understand She Is Coming So, She Wants to Be Secret You
but Her Shoes Make a Lot of Noise
• In The Class She Is a Rebellious Kind of Student. When The Lecture Is Coming On, She
Draws Stars
• She Is a Kind of Unconventional Girl
• When She Returns an Empty Home
• Everyone Goes to Their Own Work Only Maid Is There
• She Is Eats Like Centaur - Like an Animal Her Hair Is on Plate, She Is Skinny Too. Her Maid
Fun of Her
• She Is Angry and Saying Go to Hell
• The Reality Is the Maid Is the Only Person Who Understands Her, Maid Only Person with
She Has a Conversation

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• When The Family Comes in The Evening, They Have Their Supper but No Communication
Happens with Them
• We Remembered an Incident Happens to Her When She Was 10 Years Old, A Boy Who Had
a Crush on Her Had Thrown a Dead Rat at Her.
• This Was a Kind of Trauma to Her. Then She Is So Conscious About Men and Boys They
Had to Insult Her and Hurt Her
• Second Day Is the Repition of The Same Thing Second Day She Wakes Up Like Slow Ostrich
-
Two Images Used in The Short Story One Is Centaur - Greek Mythological Animal Half Man
and Half Horse
Her Body Still Boyish
Other One Is Ostrich - Is A Bird They Can Not Fly
She Is Not Pretty, But She Strong. She Can Do a Lot of Things
Second Day Climax Happened the Transformation Happened
• Just Like First Day She Goes to School on The Way She Walks Towards the Bus Station
• She Notices Two Men Walking Towards Her This Is Something Unusual
• Her First Reaction Is to Run Back Then She Decided to Walk Straight on To Them
• When They Meet at The Point This Men Suddenly Touch Her. At The Moment She Paralyzed
That Was Totally Unexpected
And The Men Who Touch Her Leaves Her and Start Running with The Fear That She May
Risen Alarm When They Run, Their Boot Noises Sounds Make Dance Her. Suddenly She
Realises That Men Were More Scared Than Her.
• They Were Scared If She Rise an Alarm People Will Open Their Doors and That Will Be the
End of Them. That Was the Moment of Self Realisation for Her. That's The Moment of Change
She Reaches the School Two Hours Late and Her Friend Has Asked What Happened To You?
You Looks So Pale, Are You Sick, She Said No Her Voice Is So Loud. The Others in The Class
Turned Look at Her, Then She Goes to Bathroom She Rest There Sometime and She Looks at
The Mirror She Says I Have to Take Much Care Myself and She Realizes That She Is Precious
She Has to Risen Alarm, She Has to Rise a Voice
• When Returning Home, Everyone Having Supper She Says I Want a New Shoes, New Pair
of Shoes Because It Make a Lot of Attention.
• Initially Her Parents Do Not Agree That
• The Story Ends Up She Get a New Shoes
• New Shoes Symbolizes Learning About Her Own Self Her Own Preciousness. She Undergoes
a Transformation from A Girl to A Women in The Story When a Men Touch Her
The Flowers Alice Walker
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• Novelist, Poet and Feminist Walker Was Accidently Wounded in The Right Eye by A Gun
Fired by One of Her Brothers
• She Had Become Permanently Blind in That Eye
Alice Walker's Novels
•The Third Life Grange Copeland (1970) •Meridian (1976) • The Color Purple (1982)
The Flowers Published In 1973, In the Short Story Collection ‘In Love and Trouble: Stories of
Black Women"
• This Short Story Comes Under the Category of Flash Fiction
• Flash Fiction Means It Is a Story, Word Limit From 500 To 1000. This Short Story Exactly
565 Words
It Is a Story of Myop a Ten-Year-Old Afro – American Girl – Whose Innocent Was Spoiled
When She Was 10 Years Old
• Set in The Deep South of Us – Where Slavery Was Highest Practiced
• Theme: - Innocence and Experience - 10-Year-Old Girl's Innocence Is Lost Because Of An
Experience That Happen to
• The Story of Myop
• Myop Is a Word Taken from Myopia Greek Word Which Means Near Sitedness. - Only We
Can See Things Near You. You Don't Have Far Sitedness
• She Is World of Fantasy, For Those Do Not Know What Happened Around the World
One Fine Morning She Gets Up and She Finds This Best in Her Life, Its Harvest Season, The
Breeze Is Filled with The Smells of Harvest Corns, Wheat, She Is Very Happy, She Has Got
Some Hens
• On That Day She Decided to Take a Journey for Her Own
• She Walks Far Miles Away from Her Home for Some Mile At 12 Clock She Decided to Return
with Her from Flowers and Other Things
• Then The Incident Happened She Accidentally Walks into The Face of a Dead Man and Her
Heels Struck Between His Eyebrows and Nose Bridge
• But This Girl Doesn't Panic She Does Not Make Any Cry
She Removes Her Heels • When She Removes the Heels, The Naked Eye Is Staring at Her That
Only Gives Her Some Sort of Panic
• But Surprisingly She Looks Around She Observes What Happened
• She Finds This Man Had White Teeth but All of Them Were Chopped, Broken. He Was the
Tall Man. Не Occupies a Lot of Space
All His Dress Are Rotten and The Copper Button Torn into Green Colour
• But She Is Not Panic
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• She Looks Around She Spots a Wild Pink Rose Around the Head She Plucks the Rose
• Then She Noticed Something There Is a Noose Around This Man's Neck
• Then She Looks Closely and Finds a Piece of Rope
• And An Oak Tree Next to Her She Looks At
She Realized This Man Is Brutally Lynched a Group of People and Left There Without Any
Proper Burial
She Leaves the Flower A Sign of Respect Then the Story Ends That Some Hours Over Author
Means So Far, She Is Innocence but When She Realizes the Kind of Trauma She Was
Undergone
•. She Gives the Flowers to The Dead Person as A Sign of Respect
Symbols &Motifs
• Flowers: - Generally in Alice Walker’s Story Stands for Women but Because Alice Walker
Felt Women Is More. Secondly, The Innocence of Myope She Giving Flowers Her Innocence
Is Gone. She Realizes the Racial Discrimination, She Understands What Awaits Her
• The Wood: - Here Wood Represents the World - Is Violent and Unpleasant
• End Of Summer: - That Moment She Starts from The World of Innocence to Experience
• Pink Rose: - It Is So Close to The Skull of The Man
Module – 4 Drama and Film: Thozhil Kendrathilekku
•First Feminist Play in Malayalam
• It Was a Historical Play
• Written And Performed by A Group of Namboothiri Women More Than Half a Century Ago
as A Part of The Struggles for Their Own Emancipation Was Brought Back to Life Again In
2013
The New Version Was Directed by Geetu Joseph
Staged In Thrissur
'Thozhil Kendrathilekku' Is A Metaphor for Women's Freedom
• At A Meeting of Antharjana Samajam, The Women's Wing of The Yogakshema Sabha, Held
In 1944, Expressed A Strong Desire to Work and Stand on Their Own Feet
• In 1947 E. M. S Namboodirappad a Women's Collective, Thozhil Kendram, At Lakkidi
Cherumangalathu Mana
The Collective Had 16 Members Along with Training in Stitching, Weaving and Cooking
• It Was a Reaction of Oppressed Women in The Namboodiri Community Against Gender
Inequalities

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• Young Girls Running Away from Early Marriage Learned How to Read and Write and Were
Trained to Be Financially
The Script Was Based on The Life of Kavungara Bhargavi, Who Was Rescued by Activists of
Antharjana Samajam When She Was Forced to Marry Against Her Wish
• Bhargavi Left Her Marital Home to Reach Thozhil Kendram In 1948 At Cherumangalathu
Mana in Lakkidi Which Was a Sort of Free Commune of Women Who Gathered Seeking the
Freedom to Eke Out a Living for Themselves Finding a Work
•Scenes From Aristophanes Play 'Lysistratа' – А Соmic Account Of
A Woman's Mission to End the Peloponnesisn War Have Been Included
• Scenes From Ibsen’s ‘A Doll' S House' Also Have Been Included
• Nora, It's Heroine, Is Expected to Look Beautiful, Look After Her Home and Satisfy Her
Husband's Needs
• But She Does Not Want to Be Chained to The Traditional Roles Women Are Expected to
Done
• Ibsen Depicts Her Attempts to Articulate Her Own Desires and Needs
The Documentary Also Re Creates Episodes from Kuriyedathu Thathri's life
• History Records Thathri as A Bold, Beautiful, Scholarly and Fun Loving Namboodiri Woman
Who Questioned the ills in Her Community
• This Documentary Portrays the Rights of Women and Those Discrimination That Women
Face Due to The Cause of Being a Female
• This Documentary Very Beautifully Criticizes All Women's Right of Being Part of The
Working-Class Community
•Women Have Always Been Chained Inside the Four Walls of Her Home
• This Documentary Puts Light on How Women Can Be Empowered
• Our History and Culture Has a List of Strong Hold Women
•Though Many of Them Have Crossed the Boundary of Life Their Footsteps Still Remind
Ourselves
• It Is the Right Time and Space to Provide the Way for Women's Empowerment
At Five in The Afternoon: Samira Makhmalbaf
•Samira Makhmalbaf Is an Iranian Writer, Director • It Is A 2003 Film
• It Tells the Story of An Ambitious Young Woman Trying to Gain an Education in Afghanistan
After the Defeat of The Taliban
•The Title Comes from A Frederico Gracia Lorca Pоеm
• The Film Premiered in Competition at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival and The Prize of
Ecumenical Jury
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Nogreh Is a Young Woman, Living in A War-Torn Kabul with Her Father, Sister-in-Law and
Her Sister in Law's Baby
•She Begins to Attending an All Girls School Against Her Conservative Father's Wishes
• Nogreh Is One of The Few Girls at The School Who Dreams of One Day Becoming President
• While Searching for Water One Day After School She Comes Across Several Truckloads of
Refugees Returning from Pakistan and Helps Them Resettle in The Ruins, She Calls Home
• They Manage to Find Shelter in An Abandoned Airplane but This Too Is Eventually
Overcrowded by Refugees
Nogreh Meets a Refugee Among the Ruins Who Is a Poet
• She Asks Him If He Knows Whether the President of Pakistan Is a Man or Woman and He,
Like Everyone Else Does Not Know
After Befriending Nogreh and Learning of Her Ambitions to Be President
• He Helps Procure Political Speeches and Goes with Her to A Photographer to Get Photos of
Her That She Can Use to Campaign
Nogreh's Father Learns from One of The Refugees That His Son Has Died
• Unwilling To Tell His Daughter in Law He Moves the Family Further in To the Desert Where
His Grandson Dies of Starvation and Malnutrition.
• After Nogreh's Father Buries His Grandson, The Family Continues On, To the Desert
Mustang: Deniz Gamze Ergüven
2015 Turkish Language Drama Film
• Set In a Remote Turkish Village
• The Film Is Based on Ergüven's Personal Life
•The Film Depicts the Lives of Five Young Orphaned Sisters and The Challenges They Face
Growing Up as Girls in A Conservative Society
•Mustang Is About the Oppression of Five Young Women Whose Sexuality Frightens the
Muslim Elders in The Community
Nominations And Awards
•People's Choice Award 2016 • European Film 2015 • Feature Film Selection 2015
• The Film Is Set in Northern Turkey in A Village
• It Starts on The Last Day of Summer Term
• 5 Sisters of Different Ages
The Girls Are Orphans

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• Cared For by Their Grandmother and Authoritative Uncle – Who Are More Concerned in
Protecting the Family's Honour Than They Are in Allowing the Girls Their Freedom and Basic
Rights
•Early Summer, In A Village in Northern Turkey Lale and Her Four Sisters Are Walking Home
from School, Playing Innocently with Some Boys
• The Immorality of Their Play Sets Off a Scandal That Has Unexpected Consequences
• The Family Home Is Progressively Transformed into A Prison
• Instruction In Home Making Replaces School and Marriages Start Being Arranged.
•The Give Sisters Who Shared a Common Passion for Freedom, Find Ways of Getting Around
the Constraints on Them
Lale, 13 Lives with Her Sister in A Small Village of Turkey
• Summer Begins the School Year Ends
• On The Way Home from School the Girls Play Innocently with Some Boys by The Beach
Water Without Ever Imagining There Could Be Consequences to Such an Innocent Act
• The Girls Arrive at Home, The House Is Turned in To Prison, The Girls Are Kept Inside the
House and Are No Longer Allowed to Leave at Their Will
Or Go to School
• Effectively Prisoners in Their Own Home, The Girls Refuse to Be Passive and They Began
to Sharing Their Collective Dream of Freedom
Their Marriages Are Being Arranged by Their Grandmother
• Instead Of Attending School, They Must Stay Home, Where They Are Taught How to Cook,
Clean and Sew by Their Female Relatives
• The Oldest Sister Sonay Occasionally to Meet Her Lover
• Lale Looks for Various Ways to Escape
Lale Loves Football, Is Forbidden from Attending Matches
A Friend Tells Her That the Girls in The Village Are Going Together on A Bus
The Sisters Are Happy for An Opportunity to Leave the House
When They Miss the Bus
They Hitch a Ride with A Passing Truck Driver Yasin Who Helps to Catch the Bus
• Back Home, Their Aunt Catches A
Glimpse Of Them at The Match on Tv, Just as Their Uncle and Other Village Men Are About
to Tune In • To Prevent the Men from Finding Out, She Cuts House's and Then the Whole
Village's Electricity
Their Grandmother Decided to Starts Marrying the Sisters Off

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• Sonay Vows to Only Marry Her Lover and Refuses to Meet Suitor and His Family
• Selma Become Engaged
• On The Night of Her Wedding, Selma's in Laws Come to View the Bed Sheets in A Traditional
Ritual to Establish That Selma Was a Virgin Before Her Wedding Night
• Ece Revealed That Her Uncle Is Sexually Abusing Her at Night
• She Shoots Herself and Dies
• Uncle Starts to Abusing Nur and Their Grandmother Knows About It
• On The Night of Nur's Wedding, Lale Convinces Her to Resist, They Manage to Escape in
Car, Crashing It Close to Their House
•They Hide and Wait for Yasin
• The Girls Take the Bus Ti Istanbul Where They Find Their Former Teacher, Who Greets Them
Warmly

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