NEEDS VS.

WAGES: EXPLORING THE FINANCES

OF CONSTRUCTION WORKERS IN DAVAO DEL SUR

RONA GEL G. MANAPAT

ABIEH JHANE H. DUNGOG

AEVRIL KATE P. TIN-AO

BAIHANA FARESSA M. MALO

CHIRRIE ROSE P. VILLANUEVA

CHRISTINE G. GLORIO

ELLA B. LAPAZ

LORY MAE R. ELTAGONDE

PRINCESS CIELO A. BARIMBAD

A Research Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School, Hagonoy

National High School, GuihingHagonoy Davao del Sur

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

Practical Research I

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Hagonoy National High School

Hagonoy Davao del Sur

June 2023
 APPROVAL SHEET

Thisresearchentitled“NEEDS VS WAGES: EXPLORING THE FINANCES OF

CONSTRUCTION WORKERS IN DAVAO DEL SUR” prepared byMANAPAT, RONA
GEL G., VILLANUEVA, CHIRRIE ROSE P., BARIMBAD, PRINCESS CIELO A.,
ELTAGONDE, LORY MAE V., MALO, BAIHANA FARESSA M., GLORIO, CHRISTINE
G., TIN-AO, AEVRIL KATE P., DUNGOG, ABIEH JHANE H., LAPAZ ELLA JANE B. in
partial fulfillment of therequirements of practicalResearch I, has beenexamined and is
hereby recommended for approvaland acceptance.

ALFIE V. ANDO, MASE

Research Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS
APPROVEDbythe panel ofexaminerson oral examination with a grade of

THERESA T. PLAZA, MA-ELT POLICARPIO L. TIDOR JR., MAELT

Member Member

SHERYL S. TANGUANCO MSERN MARIA FE AIMEE W. NIONES

Member Member

ALFIEV.ANDO, MASE
Chairperson

ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research I.

ALFIEV.ANDO, MASE
MTII/SHS Research Coordinator

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their profound gratitude and

heartfelt appreciation to all those who have contributed to the successful
completion of this research paper. Their invaluable support, guidance, and
contributions have been instrumental in shaping the outcomes of this study.
The sincerest thanks are extended to the following:

To Mr. Romualdo G. Pajigal Jr., Ed.D.,Secondary School Principal, for

giving the researchers the privilege to conduct such a study and for letting
them continue the investigation outside the school campus.

The researchers would also like to express their gratitude to their

esteemed research Adviser, Mr. Alfie V. Ando MASE, and their mentors for
their unwavering support and guidance throughout this research journey. His
expertise, insightful suggestions, and continuous encouragement propelled
the researchers forward and helped them navigate through the complexities of
this study. The research adviser's support and guidance were invaluable in
completing this study.

To the panel members, Mrs. Sheryl S. Tanguanco, MSERM, and Mr.

Policarpio L. Tidor Jr. MA-ELT, Mrs. Theresa T. Plaza MA-ELT, and Mrs.
Maria Fe Aimee Niones, for the noteworthy suggestions and ideas as
refinements for this study. For their guidance and suggestions that helped in
the completion of this study.

To our Guidance Counselor Mrs. Annalou L. Tampipi for her bountiful

words in guiding the researchers on the proper ethics of performing the
interview with the participants and by being one of the validators as well.

The researchers would like to express their gratitude to Ms. Neptune

Ailey May I. Ayuste MBA-MAED section FAYOL adviser of Accountancy,
Business, and Management, for her support especially during the research
defense, her suggestions and guidance is much appreciated.

THE RESEARCHERS

iii
 DEDICATION

I would like to express my heartfelt dedication to my family, who support me

and being my source of strength throughout my journey. To my parents, I am
eternally grateful for your never-ending love and encouragement. You have
been my pillars of strength and attribute my accomplishments to your
unwavering belief in me. To my sister, thank you for providing me with the
resources and assistance I needed to undertake this study. Your support has
been invaluable.

I extend my sincere gratitude to my classmates, particularly my friends, who

have filled my days with laughter and lighting up the mood. I am grateful for
the help I received from all those who assisted me during the challenging
times, for your contributions helped alleviate my struggles and instill a
renewed sense of motivation within me.

I would like to express my deep appreciation to our research adviser, Mr. Alfie
V. Ando, for his invaluable guidance and for giving me the privilege to be part
of this group. His expertise and mentorship have shaped the direction of our
research, and I am grateful for his unwavering support. To our esteemed
class adviser, Ms. Neptune Ailey May Ayuste, I am profoundly grateful for her
unwavering dedication and inspiration.

I would like to extend my dedication to this study to our esteemed School

Principal, Mr. Romualdo G. Pajigal Jr., I am immensely grateful to him for
granting us the opportunity to pursue and carry out our studies beyond the
school campus. His support and understanding have been crucial in enabling
us to explore our research in a broader context.

Lastly, I dedicated this study to the Almighty God, as it is through His

boundless grace, strength, and wisdom that I have been able to accomplish
this endeavor. I am humbled by His blessings and guidance.

-Rona

v
 DEDICATION

This research paper is sincerely dedicated to my supportive and loving

parents, Luchie and Joemyl, who encouraged and inspired me to conduct this
study. They have never left my side throughout the process. They have given
me strength and hope when I thought of giving up, and they have provided me
with a great sense of enthusiasm and perseverance in continuing this. To my
sister, Cyn Caryl Villanueva, who did not think twice about providing me with
the financial support I needed for this project and always brought me food
whenever she thought I was stressed, your effort is very much appreciated.

My deepest gratitude also goes to Ms. Rona Gel Manapat for her guidance
and support as our leader. She has played a crucial role in shaping my
uniqueness, determination, self-belief, and perseverance.

Moreover, I also dedicate this research paper to our adviser, Ma'am Neptune
Ayuste, our subject teacher, Sir Alfie Ando, and the panelists. for their support
and continuous guidance in improving this study.

Lastly, I dedicated this research paper to the Almighty God, who gives me
strength, wisdom, guidance, power of thinking, security, and competence, and
for giving me good health while doing this despite the many circumstances
and sleepless nights. I offer all of these to you.

-Chirrie

vi
 DEDICATION

To express my gratitude to everyone who helped make the research

productive as well as those who helped make it a life-changing experience for
me, I want to take this opportunity to give everyone a big thank you. My
steadfast cornerstone, my wellspring of information,
knowledge,understanding, and wisdom, is our Beloved God. To our God
Almighty, who is always there when I am in need throughout this journey. He
has been my source of strength.Thank you for guiding me and giving me
strength in my everyday life.

To my dear parents, Racquel and Dave Barimbad, and to my siblings,

SheKinahKyLe and DeoterBarimbad, the people who have never stopped
encouraging and supporting me I devoted this message to my Tito and Titas,
who have inspired me throughout my studies and who have been there from
the start to the end. I also dedicate this to my loving idols (seventeen),
friends, relatives, church members, and classmates, who have supported and
encouraged me all the way and whose encouragement has made sure that I
give all it takes to finish what I have started.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my adviser, Neptune Ailey May

I. Ayuste, for her advice, encouragement, and patience throughout this study.
I'm sorry for causing you trouble while I was working on it. This is my devotion
to all of my hardworking and diligent teachers at Hagonoy National High
School. This is my dedication to all of you, for you have taught us so well and
shared your expertise with us.

Moreover, I would like to thank our gorgeous research leader Rona Gel G.
Manapat, and my other team members for their time and effort in this
research journey, providing feedback, and offering their comments. I want to
express my gratitude for all the help you have given me during this academic
year. Thank you for all the things you have done for me.

-Cie

vii
 DEDICATION

This research paper is dedicated to my parents who gavetheir support and

never-ending inspiration throughout our study.They are the ones who provide
the resources that are needed in this study,Ialso dedicate them to the
teachers behind this research endeavor.

This study is also dedicated to the school which gives the opportunity to test
one's skills,and cooperation to make this study possible.

We look up and dedicate this whole study to our Almighty God who gave us
the strength,knowledge,wisdom, and protection, to finish this research.

-Ella

viii
 DEDICATION

To my family, who has always supported and encouraged me in my pursuit of

knowledge and understanding, this research is dedicated to you. Your love,
belief in me, and sacrifices have been instrumental in shaping the person I am
today.

To my mentors and advisors, who have guided me with their expertise,

wisdom, and unwavering support throughout this research journey, I am
deeply grateful. Your mentorship has been invaluable in shaping the direction
of my work and pushing me to achieve my full potential.

To my colleagues and collaborators, who have shared their insights, ideas,

and expertise, I extend my heartfelt appreciation. Our collective efforts have
enriched my research and opened new avenues for exploration.

To the participants and volunteers who generously contributed their time,

effort, and resources, thank you for being an integral part of this study. Your
willingness to participate has been crucial in generating meaningful data and
insights.

To the countless researchers who have paved the way with their
groundbreaking discoveries and knowledge, I am indebted to your
contributions. Your work has been a source of inspiration and has laid the
foundation upon which my research stands.

-Kate

ix
 DEDICATION

This research paper is sincerely dedicated to my supportive parents who

encouraged and inspired me in conducting this study. They have never left my
side throughout the process and gave me strength and hope when I thought
of giving this up. They provided me with a great sense of enthusiasm and
perseverance. Without their love and assistance, this research would not have
been made possible.

Moreover, I dedicate this research paper to my subject teacher, Mr. Alfie

Ando, who constantly guides and teaches us to make this study even better,
to my family for cheering me, and to my group mates of this research who
give all strength and help me to be better researcher because of their
guidance with the help of our research leader Rona.

We dedicate this Project to all the people who have worked hard to help us
complete this project, and to the participants who participated during our
interview.

And lastly, I dedicate this research paper to the Almighty God who gives me
strength, wisdom, guidance, power of thinking, security, competence, and for
giving me good health. All of these, I offer to you.

-Abieh

x
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this to my parents, since I was just a kid, imagination was just there
in my mind until it turned into reality. I want to thank you for taking care of me
and correcting all the wrong things.

I want to express more but seeing the smiles on your faces dictates that me
being in the presence of your arms is enough because the most important
thing in life is being close to your relationships.

-Christine

xi
 DEDICATION

To express my thanks to all those who contributed in many ways to the

success of the study and made it an unforgettable experience for me.

To our God Almighty who is always there when I am in need. Thank you for
guiding me and giving me strength in my everyday life, thank you for always
looking out for me and being there for me. Thank you for making all of
thishappen and ending it with a good outcome.

To my dear parents Baikong Malo & Nardo Malo Sr., Thank you for giving me
the support to reach my dreams. Accomplishing this would hopefully make
you proud of me as much as I am proud of having you as my parents. I love
you, mama, and Papa.

I would like to sincerely thank Sir Alfie V. Ando for your guidance, support,
and patience throughout this study, thank you for the comments and
questions you shared that are beneficial in the completion of this study.

To all my very diligent members, leader Rona Gel Galicia Manapat, I also
dedicate this to all of you, for you have shared your knowledge and effective
teachings with me, Thank you very much!

-Bai

xii
 DEDICATION

This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to my beloved parents, who have

been my source of inspiration and gave me strength when I thought of giving
up, who continually provide their moral, spiritual, emotional and financial
support.

To my brothers, sisters, relatives, mentor, friends, and classmates who

shared their words of advice and encouragement to finish this study.

And lastly, I dedicated this book to the Almighty God, thank you for the
guidance, strength, power of mind, protection and skills and for giving me a
healthy life. All of these. I offer to you.

-Lory

xiii
 ABSTRACT

MANAPAT, RONA GEL G., VILLANUEVA, CHIRRIE ROSE P., BARIMBAD,

PRINCESS CIELO A., ELTAGONDE, LORY MAE V., MALO, BAIHANA
FARESSA M., GLORIO, CHRISTINE G., TIN-AO, AEVRIL KATE P.,
DUNGOG, ABIEH JHANE H., LAPAZ ELLA JANE B., Senior High School
Program, Hagonoy National High School, Guihing, Hagonoy, Davao Del Sur.
2023. NEEDS VS WAGES: EXPLORING THE FINANCES OF
CONSTRUCTION WORKERS IN DAVAO DEL SUR.
Practical research I.

Adviser: Alfie V. Ando, MASE

This study aims to provide a clear understanding of the experiences of

construction workers, particularly in handling their salaries to meet their daily
financial needs in Davao del Sur. Furthermore, they would analyze whether
these challenges affect their family relationships. This study would contribute
more information and knowledge about the lives of construction workers by
sharing their experiences. The primary focus of this study is on Panday or
Panday Mason's thoughts on how they handle their income to meet their daily
needs. The six (6) participants, who are presently employed in Davao del Sur
province, were chosen using the purposive sampling method. They need to
have at least five years of experience and still working in the field of
construction until now. In this study, the researchers used a qualitative
research design, particularly the phenomenological transcendental approach.
From the established, in-depth interview conducted, various themes were
drawn out. The participants' answers were then transcribed, read, encoded,
and analyzed to make it simple to pinpoint the study's overarching theme.
There are seven themes drawn from the analysis of the coded data on the
interview responses regarding the challenges and coping mechanisms faced
by the construction workers. These are (1) Financial Constraints, (2) Pressure
of Adversity, (3) A Pain of Hardship, (4) Ways of Saving, (5) Family as the
Root of Encouragement, (6) Finding Ways and Means, (7) Realization of
Acceptance and Contentment.

Keywords: Construction Workers, Finances, Wages

xiv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES PAGE

TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
DEDICATION v
ABSTRACT xvi
TABLE OF CONTENTS xvii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Purpose of the Study 5
Research Questions 5
Theoretical Lens 5
Significance of the Study 6
Limitations and Delimitations 6
Definitions of terms 7
Organization of the Study 8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OFRELATED LITERATURE
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
Research Design 21
Research Participants 21
Data Sources 21
Data Collection 22
Data Analysis 22
Role of the Researchers 23
Trustworthiness 23
Ethical Considerations 24
CHAPTER IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
V. IMPLICATIONS
Implications for Practice 48
Implications for Future Research 49
REFERENCES 52

xv
APPENDIX 62
A. Letter of Permission 63
B. Letter of Validation for Research Questionnaire 64
C. Informed Consent Form 65
D. Certificate of Member-Checking 66
E. Participants’ Profile
F. Participant's Profile
G. Audit Trail (Arrowing and Diary type)
H. Gantt Chart
CURRICULUM VITAE 53
 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Manolo is a construction worker in Davao del Sur, with two children in

elementary school, two in high school, and one in college. He works as a

Panday mason on a construction site to provide for and support his family's

needs. Every day he wakes up early in the morning so that he won’t be late

for work. After he finishes his morning routine, he drives his children to school.

When he arrives at his workplace, he will do all the tough work to cover the

needs of his family, which have been shaped by a variety of problems due to

limited pay. There are various financial obstacles that construction employees

encounter, ranging from minimum wage to family obligations.

Manolo's story reflects the experiences of construction workers in

Davao del Sur, who faced some challenges such as a stable source of

income, job stability, and especially in budgeting their salary to provide for the

needs of their family. Just like Manolo, they must deal with the challenges

they face each day, they must adjust their schedule and their time to rest just

to give their family financial support.

Globally, the nature of employment in the construction industry remains

casual and uncertain. No one neither the contractor nor the owner, gives an

assurance of the job to the workers. It is seen that construction activity is

slack in rainy seasons which reduces the demand for workers. On the other

hand, the shortage of water in the summer season also affects the demand

for workers in the construction industry. According to Ponnaian (2016), nine

out of ten construction workers suffer due to this problem. Hence, this is one
 2

of the most important problems faced by the workers. It affects the family

income and standard of living and it develops tension, stress, and

dependency in the construction workers.

Nationally, the construction industry has grown enormously over the

past few years, this made a demand for construction workers. Despite this

growing concern, construction workers face some difficulties in this industry.

No timely payment is one of the major problems of the construction worker.

The construction workers need timely payment for their daily bread, water,

and survival. This is the actual reason that most of the time they are agreed to

work at a lesser rate. Construction problems are all too common throughout a

project’s life cycle. Project managers tasked with ensuring projects remain on

schedule, within budget, compliant with safety regulations, and running

smoothly know that it can be difficult with the amount of potential and

unanticipated issues that tend to crop up. In the Philippines, many citizens

often opt for construction job opportunities and other related jobs to survive

(Philippine Statistics Authority 2022). Aside from the problems in the

construction industry mentioned earlier, construction workers face many

challenges or problems in their day-to-day lives. These major problems may

include working for a greater number of hours, staying away from home, bad

habits, absence of social security, misunderstanding, arguments with

partners, stress, skin problems, sexual behavior and sexual health problems,

and physical health problems (Pramanik, 2013).

In the local context, construction workers have to deal with life’s

challenges every day, it is seen that construction workers undergo various

problems including casual nature of employment, ignorance and illiteracy,

 3

wage discrimination, irregular work, absence of social security, uncertain

working hours, unsafe working environment, occupational diseases, injuries,

improper implementation of labor law, excessive vibration, working at height,

non-availability of raw materials, delay in wage payment, and cost of materials

in the study area. These common problemswould influence their productivity

to work as a construction worker and ultimately their ability to maintain a

standard of living.

Observations of construction workers reveal the demanding nature of

their daily lives. These individuals face physically strenuous and potentially

hazardous work environments. Despite exhaustion, they must manage tight

schedules, rising early and dedicating themselves to their jobs. Their limited

weekly wages necessitate careful budgeting to cover basic needs, essential

bills, and often, the educational expenses of their children. The challenge of

balancing work demands with the financial well-being of their families is a

constant reality for construction workers.

These common problems are not new to construction workers not only

in Davao del Sur but also in different parts of the world. Dealing with a small

amount of money seems so normal to them. Some researchers have already

conducted a study related to this topic, but previous studies might not have

included a certain population, region, or set of circumstances. This fills in the

gap of those researchers, this study would provide the answers to the

unanswered questions of the previous studies. Along the way, we would

identify the finances of construction workers and their coping mechanisms in

handling their salaries.

 4

Purpose of the study

This study aimed to provide a clear understanding of the experiences

of construction workers, particularly in handling their salaries to meet their

daily financial needs. Additionally, the researchers would identify the

experiences and difficulties faced by construction workers, specifically in

Davao del Sur. Furthermore, they analyzed whether these challenges affect

their family relationships. This study would contribute more information and

knowledge about the lives of construction workers by sharing their

experiences.

Research Questions

The purpose of this study was to identify the challenges faced by

construction workers, particularly in terms of finances and wage. It specifically

sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the challenges faced by construction workers, particularly in

handling their salaries?

2. How do they employ coping strategies to address such challenges?

3. What are the realizations of the construction workers based on their

experiences?

Theoretical Lens

The focus of this study was to understand the experiences of

construction workers in terms of finances and wages that are anchored by the

Financial capability theory, which focuses on understanding the key

components a person needs to manage their money effectively and achieve

financial well-being. This framework highlights the importance of three key

 5

areas financial knowledge, financial skills, and access to financial services.

Financial knowledge includes budgeting, saving, and debt management; while

financial skills talked about creating a budget, tracking expenses, and making

informed decisions; and lastly, under the access to financial services are

affordable bank accounts, financial planning resources, safe and reliable

places to save money (Sen & Robeyns 2022). This framework is in line to the

study as it focuses on understanding the financial experiences of an

individual. It highlights the key components needed for an efficient money

management. These

Significance of the Study

This study was conducted to find out the finances of construction

workers in Davao del Sur and to analyze their needs and wages.

Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). This study has made a

great contribution to the knowledge of Department of Labor and Employment

(DOLE) employees regarding the financial management of lower-level

workers in the construction industry.

Employees. This study would have a significant impact on any employed

individual, particularly in handling and how to manage their salary.

Students. This study would give the students a background in financial

handling that could be useful for them in the near future.

Future Researchers. The conducted studies are beneficial for future

researchers. This may be one of the sources from which a new theory of

learning would be used.

 6

Limitations and Delimitations of the Study

This study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of how construction

workers, specifically Panday or Panday Masons, manage their finances. The

findings from this evaluation aim to inform decisions, adjustments, and

judgments that can be implemented to improve employee retention. However,

it is crucial to acknowledge the limitations of this study. The data gathered

may only provide a preliminary understanding and might not encompass the

entire picture. Additionally, the available historical data may restrict the

comprehensiveness of the investigation, and there is a possibility of

encountering irrelevant, missing, or entirely unavailable data points for certain

variables.

With relation to how they handle their pay, this study focused on the

opinions of construction workers, in particular Panday or Panday Mason. The

purposive sample technique was used to choose the five Panday or Panday

Masons, who are currently employed in the province of Davao del Sur. The

primary source of the data was the interview guide questions, which the

researcher developed after thematically analyzing each participant's

response.

Definition of Terms

To comprehend the study better, the following terms are defined

operationally:
 7

Construction Workers. In this study, the term refers to a laborer that

requires working at ever-changing locations. Furthermore, this term also

refers to Panday or Panday Mason

Wages. In this study, the term represents compensation for an

employee's services.

Finances. In this study, the term refers to spending cash for financial

purposes, such as basic needs which includes food, clothing, medicine, etc.

Organization of the Study

In Chapter 1, which also covers the research gaps, the necessity of the

study, the purpose, the research questions, the theoretical lens, the

significance, the limitations and delimitations, and the definitions of important

terminology, the study is introduced with a vignette. Chapter 2 offers literature

evaluations on the experiences of PandayMason. A methodology is also

provided in Chapter 3 and describes the research plan, study participants,

data sources, data collection, and data analysis. While Chapter 4 presents the

study's results, related subjects including the role of the researchers and

questions of ethics and reliability are also discussed. In Chapter 5, the study

is ended by summarizing the findings, highlighting the ramifications, and

proposing potential areas for future research

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter focuses on the existing studies and writings relevant to

our research topic. This section aims to provide insights and background

information to have a better understanding of the context and significance of

the study.

Construction Workers

Construction workers, as highlighted by Aliakbarlou et al. (2019), are

responsible for doing all the hard and risky work to build the houses and

workplaces we occupy every day. The construction sector, which employs a

diversified workforce worldwide, is an essential part of economic

development. A key function in this industry that requires a variety of skills

and duties is played by the construction worker. El-Batreek et al. (2013) stress

that construction laborers are pivotal in the construction process, constituting

its most dynamic component. Zolkafli et al. (2020) further reveal that

construction workers represent a significant portion of the overall production

cost, ranging from 30-to 50%. Given their substantial contribution to project

costs, maximizing their performance is essential for the successful completion

of any project. According to Loewenstein et al. (2018), construction workers

are subject to significant physical and mental workloads as they perform their

work, which alters their risk perception and comprehension. Because, as

stated by Jebelli et al. (2018), construction workers may be exposed to poor

working conditions and work-related hazards, they are likely to experience

 9

physical and mental fatigue. Workers' cognitive abilities are affected by their

physical and mental state (such as emotional instability or work-related

fatigue) as well as the demanding environmental conditions onsite. Worker’s

perception and comprehension of sources of risk and safety information

change with these elements as well (Lee et al. 2012; Nazir, Colombo, &

Manca 2015).

In Mexico, it is the maestro who handles labor recruitment and control,

as well as training. The contractor or subcontractor often has no direct contact

with the workers, instructions being given only through the maestro. But

although the maestro controls the laborprocess, he does not pay the workers,

unless he is also acting as a subcontractor. The maestro will often recruit his

friends and relations, or he may go to known spots where unemployed

building workers offer their services. The relationship between the maestro

and the workers is generally benevolent and almost paternalistic, but it can

also be exploitative (Connolly, 2018). The situation is similar in Egypt, where

large construction firms use subcontractors and labor recruiters to gain

access to a flexible workforce, rather than hire workers directly on legal

contracts. An estimated 90 percent of manual construction workers are either

hired on a casual basis as wage workers or are self-employed. Construction

workers’ coffee houses are where subcontractors and craftsmen meet and

socialize and where recruitment takes place. Craftsmen are hired from

amongst relatives and friends. Strong ties between employers and workers

(patrons and clients) and cohesion between members of the same group

restrict access to jobs from “outsiders”. However, the market for laborers (who

wait outside the coffee houses) is more open (Assaad, 2017). In the Republic
 10

of Korea, the labor intermediary is called an oyaji, meaning father. The oyaji is

usually a skilled craftsman who operates as an independent manager-

coworker. He receives a contract from a subcontracting company and does

the construction work by employing daily workers. The subcontracting

company may employ the oyaji on a monthly pay basis and control the work

process itself. More usually, control is exercised through a contract, in which

case the management is left to the oyaji. The subcontractor controls the oyaji

because the latter is dependent on the former for future work (Yoon and

Kang, 2019). In the Philippines also, workers are commonly employed

through subcontractors who negotiate the contract for labor on a project and

then hire the workers through the foremen or gang leaders. For small projects,

it is the foremen who deal directly with the contractors. Often the foremen

recruit their relatives or friends from their neighborhood.

Construction Workers’ Experiences

As construction work varies depending on site conditions, type

of building, differences in work system, variation in work methods, and other

factors, these differences could either increase or decrease worker exposure

to various occupational risk factors (Spielholz 2016), such as slips and trips

that depend on several contributing factors such as work conditions, working

surfaces, environmental conditions, etc. (Lipscomb et al. 2020). Accordingly,

work-related MSDs are strongly associated with manual material handling,

especially lifting (Valero et al. 2016). Previous studies (Liu and Gambatese

2018) have mentioned that there is a high physical demand for construction

workers while performing construction tasks. Some lifting tasks without the
 11

assistance of machines could even reach or exceed human beings’ physical

limitations. Performing high-strength level physical tasks results in high risks

for MSDs and other impacts on musculoskeletal systems (J. S. Boschman, al

2014). Construction tasks such as laying bricks, scaffold erection, and

material handling are the reported tasks that receive the most complaint 1%

of all work-related deaths in 2002/03 in the UK (HSE, 2010). The majority of

construction fatalities this year resulted from falls from height (46%) and

struck by a moving vehicle (15%).

Further, although the construction output is less in Sri Lanka,

compared to developed countries in general, the magnitude of the accident

rate in the construction industry is still significantly high as reported in other

countries such as the USA (Chauet al., 2018), the UK (Health and Safety

Executive, 2010, Sacks et al., 2009), Hong Kong (Siu et al., 2014) and

Singapore (Chau & Goh, 2017). It was reported that annual accidents in the

construction sites were 750-900 and among them, 50-60 were fatal

(Amarasinghe, 2018). Further, this annual figure represented more than 30

percent of accidents which was about 13 times higher than in the other

industries in Sri Lanka (Rameezdeenet al., 2019; Amarasinghe, 2019). Thus,

the construction industry, being one of the most injury-prone industries in Sri

Lanka and worldwide in terms of serious injuries, lost work time,

hospitalization, disability, and mortality, is in great need of improving worker

safety (Ahmed et al. 2020; Teo 2005; Kines 2020).

According to Bridges S. (2010) and Sweet E. et al. (2013) positive

associations between depression and various indicators of financial stress,

such as debt stress, financial hardship, or difficulties. He noted the significant

 12

relationship between financial problems and stress-related illnesses. Also, he

said that financial problems influence a person’s other daily functions. Related

to this, Bennett René (2023) says that financial stress is one of the most

common and persistent kinds of stress. Moreover, according to Druskat et al.

(2018), effective communication, including clear and specific instructions from

supervisors, is likely to contribute to creating a positive emotional climate. Job

loss and declining economic status are stressful life events regardless of

circumstance. Lower economic status has been reported to be associated

with increased pain frequency and severity (Johannes, Le, Zhou, Johnston, &

Dworkin, 2016).

Furthermore, the said sector in the country demands high performance

pressure and standards with high-stress work environments, and poor work-

life balance that affects employee well-being (Errighi, et al., 2016).). As

indicated by Stoltz (2022), a high Adversity Quotient workforce translates to

an increase in employee capacity, productivity, and creativity for

organizations, as well as lower attrition and improved morale. A related study

in the Philippines by Ablaña& Isidro (2015) stated that there are adversities

that workers face that may impact how they perform at work. Employees who

respond to adversities positively are more likely to take positive actions that

will enhance the achievement of organizational goals (Manzon, 2021).

Construction Workers’ Coping Mechanisms

The well-known proverb "Health is the greatest gift; contentment

is the greatest wealth" is attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known

as Gautama Buddha (Carter, 2019). For more than 4,000 years, the sensation
 13

of fullness, or contentment, has been at the center of philosophical

discussion. This low-arousal, pleasant emotion is the cornerstone of

psychological well-being, according to both anecdotal evidence and popular

theories, and it is the ideal human emotional experience. For millennia,

contentment has been a topic of extensive philosophical, spiritual, and

scientific discourse. However, the nature of this emotion has not received

enough attention in the literature on social psychology. The research

presented here offers an empirically developed definition of contentment and

elucidates how contentment relates to different social and cognitive

characteristics (e.g., unwavering acceptance of oneself and wellbeing). More

precisely, we investigate two questions: first, how does satisfaction differ from

happiness and other better-understood positive emotions (such as wonder,

compassion, pride, etc.)? Second, how and why are happy experiences linked

to improved well-being?

Hammer and colleagues (2019) explicate the notion of family-

supportive supervisors (FSS), who identify four elements of emotional

intelligence and provide work resources to help employees better fulfill their

family duties support, helpful support, behavior modeling, and innovative

work-family scheduling Policies about work-family and Organizational views

that promote families are furthermore important workplace resources that

construction workers may use to help them balance work and family positions

(Crain and Stevens, 2018). Work-family balance is demonstrated by boosted

job satisfaction much more and decreased intention to leave (Wayne et al.

2017). Garnitz (2018) proposed that the employer should offer work/life
 14

support programs and services in a way that educates and empowers

employees to make their own "enlightened" financial decisions.Becker, 2016;

and Bernasek & Shwiff (2021) that the most important social group in shaping

an individual's financial habits is their family. Financial decisions are made by

family decision-makers on behalf of all family members. For many economic

activities, the family is the unit of decision-making.

On the other hand participant’s reason why they chose to stay with one

employer for multiple years was the fact that they have learned to truly love

the work they do. On this basis of definitions and research, there is a relation

between job satisfaction and employee loyalty and commitment (Rhashid,

2012)

Wages

According to (Carraher, 2011) High turnover rates are a sign of a lack of

employee loyalty due to certain factors such as low compensation, poor

working conditions, and inadequate benefits. Hassan et al (2013) found that

compensation was the most important factor for job satisfaction whereas

employee empowerment was also a significant factor for employees. One

purpose of a person as an employee of a company is to earn income in the

form of wages or compensation. Received wages to meet basic needs such

as food, clothing, and housing. Every company in determining the number of

wages paid to the employee must be feasible so that the lowest wage is given

to meet the needs of their life (Kanzunnudin, 2017). As supported by Chang

and Huston (2019), studies have looked into what influences customers'

short- and long-term savings and how prepared they are for a significant
 15

financial emergency. Additionally, Houston & Chang (2012) and Cho, Fang, &

Hanna (2007) discovered, for instance, that most households do not save as

much as recommended. Other research has examined household

composition concerning savings. Huston and Chang (2014) divided savings

into three groups: emergency funds, or rapid funds; these are made up of

highly liquid assets. Moreover, (Huston & Chang, 2014),

The majority of studies on financial decisions use economic models,

such as income, spending, borrowing, saving, investing, and accumulating

assets, mostly on an individual or household basis. The household is

considered to function as a single decision-making unit in the traditional utility

model, pooling resources to maximize utility. Furthermore, according to

Deshkal (2004), they are employed in the unorganized labor market, and they

are unable to negotiate for decent pay. They receive neither minimum wage

nor timely payment of the agreed-upon salary. Additionally, the study of

Brown, et al (2014), which examined consumers in Germany, Italy, the US,

and the UK all have borrowing habits. The data indicates that economic and

financial aspects, such as income, have a big impact on what consumers

borrow, despite taking personality qualities into account. Lower-income

households borrow less money both in the UK and globally, while consumer

credit use typically rises as household income does (Brown S, et al 2008;

Ejebu 2018). Four high-caliber research have provided evidence that low-

income consumers could use. Borrowing, especially on expensive loans, to

cover necessities like food and home bills. One purpose of a person as an

employee of a company is to earn income in the form of wages or

 16

compensation. Received wages to meet basic needs such as food, clothing,

and housing.

According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), the purpose of

the minimum wage is to give wage earners a just and equitable share of the

company’s progress, to sustain workers’ decent living from social and

economic vicissitudes, and to promote social justice. Minimum wage systems

supplement and reinforce other social and employment policies. It is also one

of the measures to tackle income and labor market inequality. With that

purpose in mind, ILO suggests designing a minimum wage on the principle of

full consultation with social partners. Collective bargaining and social dialogues

are mechanisms to ascertain the legitimate needs of both workers and

enterprise, with the presence of the government to ensure regulations are

complied, with and contracts binding. In the Philippines, under the Wage

Rationalization Act or Republic Act No. 6727, the state ascertains that the

wage system in the country is a tripartite dialogue. In each region, the

Regional Tripartite Wages and Productivity Boards (RTWPB) facilitate the

region’s minimum wage.

As Tirole (2016) explains, financial constraints arise due to frictions in

the supply of capital, the chief source of friction being information asymmetries

between investors and the firm. Supply frictions decrease the elasticity of the

supply of the external capital curve, driving a wedge between the internal and

the external cost of capital. 3 Almeida and Campello (2011), for example,

observe that "constrained firms are at the point where the supply of capital

becomes inelastic." In the limit, a perfectly inelastic (i.e., vertical) supply curve

implies that the firm "has been cut out of its usual source of credit" (Kaplan and
 17

Zingales (2019). On the other hand, Brochado and Mendes (2021) identified

several themes in the relationship between financial literacy and

savings.Financial behavior is human behavior related to how one manages

money (Hira &Dan Mugenda, 2019, as cited in Hasibuan, 2018). It is related to

decisions made relative to the management of cash. It includes a person's

saving behavior. Saving behavior has something to do with a person's

perception of his future needs, and what saving decisions and actions one

must take to provide for the needs (Thung et al., 2012, as cited in Perangin-

angin, 2022).

Insight Gained

As seen from the literature review, the significance of construction

workers is undeniable. Yet, there is a lack of research on this topic as it

relates to the construction industry. The present research aims to address this

knowledge gap by providing the necessary tools to establish a worker reward

system that accounts for and addresses the workers’ needs, the workers’

importance, and safety concerns. The outcome of the research will provide a

clear understanding of the importance of the right treatment (safety, job

security, the right amount of salary, etc.) and the challenges faced by

construction workers. The researchers explore such challenges from the

construction worker’s perspective and understanding. These pieces of

information, in combination, will provide industry decision-makers with a

comprehensive picture of what is essential to motivating workers.

 18

Furthermore, the construction industry underscores its profound significance

not only in economic development but also in societal welfare. In addition to

playing a significant role in the development of infrastructure and industry, the

construction industry is an essential source of jobs, especially for

underprivileged groups and individuals with little or no formal education or

skills. It symbolizes a special ability to draw labor from the most marginalized

groups in society, providing chances for economic empowerment and upward

mobility.

.
 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the methodology, outlining the approach for

data collection and analysis, including sections on research design, research

participants, researchers' roles, data sources, credibility, and ethical

considerations.

Research Design

In this study, the researchers used a qualitative research design,

particularly the phenomenological transcendental approach. According to

Sheehan (2014), it is an approach to qualitative research methodology

seeking to understand human experience. The main focus of this

phenomenological study is to explore the finances of construction workers in

Davao del Sur. To provide a clear understanding of construction workers’

wages and how they manage their earnings to cover their daily expenses.

Research Participants

The primary focus of this study is on Panday or Panday Mason's

thoughts on how they handle their income to meet their daily needs. The

six(6) participants, who are presently employed in Davao del Sur province,

were chosen using the purposive sampling method. They need to have at

least five years of experience and still working in the field of construction until

the present.
Data Sources

A semi-structured, in-depth interview would serve as the main source

of data for this study. It is a technique for gathering data in which questions

are created based on a preset set of topic parameters. While questions are

crafted within these parameters, the placement and wording of the questions

are not predetermined. This approach allows for flexibility during the interview

process, enabling researchers to explore participants' experiences and

perspectives in depth (Tegan & George, 2023). The researcher asked the

construction workers about the challenges and experiences that they face.

The place and time of the interview were also decided by the preferences of

the participants.

Data Collection

An in-depth interview was used to collect data from the selected participants,

which was guided by the Interview Guide Protocol (IGP). The researchers first

obtained the request letter, which was addressed to the participants directly.

Prospective participants were given the letter of consent with the agreement

letter attached after receiving the request letter. Participants were able to

choose the location and time of their interviews before the interview. As a

result, the interview was held at the location and time specified by the

participants. The interviews were all conducted in English, but participants

were free to speak in their native language. The responses of the participants

were audio and video recorded as the participants agreed and then

transcribed.
Data Analysis

To analyze the data, Colaizzi's method of thematic analysis was

employed. According to Colaizzi (1978), the process of data analysis is

rigorous and robust, making it a qualitative method that ensures the validity

and dependability of its conclusions. With the consent of the participants, the

researcher audio-recorded the interview, which was later transcribedverbatim.

The participants' data was coded, interpreted, and analyzed to make it simple

to pinpoint the study's overarching theme. The anonymity of every transcript

was manually examined. To find patterns, a thorough process of data coding,

theme development, familiarization, and modification will be used.

Role of the Researcher

The role of the researcher is to facilitate and gather detailed

descriptions of the participants’ experiences. The person conducting the study

was present during interviews but avoided influencing the participants’

responses. Therefore, researchers ensure there’s no pressure on participants.

The participants have the right to withdraw their participation in the said study

at any point without feeling an obligation to continue the interview.

Trustworthiness

According to Lincoln and Guba (1985), to establish the trustworthiness

of the study, four components are crucial to observe. These are the following:

credibility, confirmability, transferability, and dependability. To establish the

credibility of the study, we ensure that accuracy was properly observed during

the data collection, especially during the interview, wherein the researchers
avoided drawing conclusions from the interviews, but based everything on

factual data, directly from the workers using the Interview Guide Protocol

(IGP). The researchers made sure that no irrelevant data was included and no

relevant data was excluded. They set aside our personal opinions,

assumptions, and judgments to guard against distortion of data. The use of

audio-taped interviews, note-taking, and journals we keep throughout the

research is one way of ensuring confirmability, the researcher makes sure

they don’t include our biases. The thorough explanation in this study may

allow readers to apply information to different contexts and ascertain whether

the findings are transferable. We ensure consistency during the data

collection and analysis by doing the thematic analysis during the data

reduction then apply the examination and investigator triangulation of the data

collected and analyzed.

Ethical Consideration

Ethical considerations for conducting a research study include informed

consent, confidentiality, privacy, respect for diversity, debriefing, ethics

approval, and conflict of interest. The protection of human subjects through

the application of appropriate ethical principles is crucial in all research

studies. In qualitative studies, ethical considerations are particularly significant

due to the in-depth nature of the research process. Researchers must ensure

that collected data is kept confidential and is used solely for the study; all

identifying information must be removed or anonymized in accordance with

RA 10173, commonly known as the Data Privacy Act; and personal

information must be securely stored. The research should be conducted with

honesty, openness, and objectivity to safeguard the rights and welfare of the

participants.

Furthermore, existing ethical guidance for qualitative research often provides

general principles rather than practical application, especially when

interviewing groups such as construction workers. According to Gupta (2013),

obtaining informed consent minimizes harm to participants by enhancing their

understanding of the study design, outcomes, benefits, and risks.

 Chapter IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

From the established, in-depth interview conducted, various themes

were drawn out. The participants' answers were then transcribed, read,

encoded, and analyzed in order to make it simple to pinpoint the study's

overarching theme. That was presented in accordance with each research

question and later given support by the researchers' previous research.

There are seven themes drawn from the analysis of the coded data on the

interview responses regarding the challenges and coping mechanisms faced

by the construction workers. These are (1) Financial Constraints, (2)

Pressure of Adversity, (3) A Pain of Hardship, (4) Ways of Saving, (5)

Family as the Root of Encouragement, (6) Finding Ways and Means, (7)

Realization of Acceptance and Contentment.

Theme 1: Financial Constraints

Audio Clip Transcripts on the Challenges Faced by Construction Workers,

particularly in handling their Salaries.

RQ: (Is it possible for you to share some challenges you faced in handling
your salary?)

RP1: Daghang mga challenges kay tungod sa atong palaliton karun nga
taas na, nya og ikumpara nato sya sa sweldo, sa daily nato nga nadawat,
so kulang gyud sya…
 25
(There are many challenges because of our current commodity price, which
is high. And when we compare it to our salary, the daily amount we receive
is really insufficient…)

RP2: Oh Naa, nag kuan kog challenges, labi na sa pagkuan pag budget o
pagdumala sa akong sweldo…para sa akong pamilya.

(Yes, I have been facing such challenges, especially when it comes to

handling or budgeting my salary…for my family).

RP3: Naay mga pagsulay nga akong nasinati, sa masa pagkuan

kinahanglan jud tipid-tipiron kay gamay ramag sweldo.... kailangan idivide
gyud sya sa konsumo, tubig og kuryente.

(There are trials that I have experienced, like having to save the salary
because it is so small; it has to be divided between consumption, water, and
electricity).

RP5: Kanang usahay nga dili bitaw nimo na ma kuan ma budget tungod kay
usahay nay bayrunon ana ba.

(There are instances when you cannot even budget the salary because you
have bills to pay).

RP6: oh, naa gyud koy nasinati na mga pagsulay, pagsulay sa pag budget
sa akong sweldo, kay tag 300 to amoang kaning gina rate sauna. Maong
daghan jud kayo og pagsulay, usahay kanang mahutdan og pangunsumo
tungod sa kabarato sa sweldo.
(yes, I have experienced trials, trials in budgeting the salary, because before,
our rate was only three hundred pesos, which is why sometimes, we run out
of consumption because the salary is so cheap).
 26

FRAME 1

The participants were asked about the challenges they faced in handling

and sufficing their salaries to meet their daily necessities. Several statements

from their answers share the same thought, and this has led the researchers

to the theme of “Financial Constraints”.

The frame above shows the challenges faced by construction workers

in handling their salaries. As can be seen in the frame, the Majority of the

participants' response towards the challenges they faced in handling their

salary, is mostly about their salaries being insufficient to meet their daily

necessities. participants have shared their experiences and difficulties when it

comes to sufficing and handling their salary to meet their daily needs.

The data shows how the insufficient salary affects the participants

negatively. As responses presented above, both participant 1 and 3 shared

that, “Daghang mga challenges kay tungod sa atong palaliton karun nga taas

na, nya og ikumpara nato sya sa sweldo, sa daily nato nga nadawat, so

kulang gyud sya… Naay mga pagsulay nga akong nasinati, sa masa pagkuan

kinahanglan judt ipid-tipiron kay gamay ramag sweldo.... kailangan idivide

gyud sya sa konsumo, tubig og kuryente.”

It is apparent from the following statements presented in the first frame

that it seems like they are having difficulties in handling their salary to meet

their daily expenses because of the current commodity price, which is high.

Moreover, they are also experiencing challenges in budgeting their salary due
 27

to paying electric and water bills. Which was supported by participant 2 that,

“Oh Naa, nag kuan kog challenges, labi na sa pagkuan pag budget o

pagdumala sa akong sweldo… para sa akong pamilya” that he’s also

experiencing challenges especially in budgeting and handling their salary for

their family”.

Participant 6 shared the same idea which stated that “Oh, naa gyud

koy nasinati na mga pagsulay, pagsulay sa pag budget sa akong sweldo, kay

tag 300 to amoang kaning gina rate sauna. Maong daghan jud kaayo og

pagsulay, usahay kanang mahutdan og pangunsumo tungod sa kabarato sa

sweldo .which was then supported and added by participant 5 that, Kanang

usahay nga dili bitaw nimo na ma kuan ma budget tungod kay usahay nay

bayrunon ana ba.'' That gave emphasis to the workers the reasons why they

are experiencing challenges and difficulties because of the low rate of salary

that led them to have no food. Additionally, they also stated how insufficient

their salary is to also pay off their debts and provide for their needs.

This could imply that the worker might leave this job as he possibly

received an offer from the other company with better benefits and higher

compensation that is more than enough to pay, provide, and support the

needs of his family and debts. This could mean that ranging from the

minimum wage and family obligations he is persuaded to leave as he

prioritizes the future of his family that this offered job can give him. This could

also indicate why they are still staying in this job because they have no other

choice since they did not graduate, or maybe, they are so loyal and

passionate in this job that despite the insufficient salary, they still choose to
 28

stay. It could also possibly indicate that the workers are experiencing financial

stressandillness, which could result in them stopping working for an extended

period. This change in circumstances can mean that they must manage with a

reduced income. This in turn can lead to them experiencing difficulty meeting

their existing financial commitments, such as debts and consumption.

This was further supported by Carraher (2011) High turnover rates are

a sign of a lack of employee loyalty due to certain factors such as low

compensation, poor working conditions, and inadequate benefits. Hassan et

al (2013) found that compensation was the most important factor for job

satisfaction whereas employee empowerment was also a significant factor for

employees. One purpose of a person as an employee of a company is to earn

income in the form of wages or compensation. Received wages to meet basic

needs such as food, clothing, and housing. Every company in determining the

number of wages paid to the employee must be feasible so that the lowest

wage is given to meet the needs of their life (Kanzunnudin, 2007).

However, according to Smith (2015), participant focus was not on the

good benefits and pay but was the relationships built and interactions

between employees, co-workers, managers, supervisors, members, and

clients. Participant’s primary reason why they chose to stay with one employer

for multiple years was the fact that they truly love the work they do. On this

basis of definitions and research, there is a relation between job satisfaction

and employee loyalty and commitment. Moreover, Bridges S. (2010) and

Sweet E. et al. (2013) have shown positive associations between depression

 29

and various indicators of financial stress, such as debt stress, financial

hardship, or difficulties. He noted the significant relationship between financial

problems and stress-related illnesses. Also, he said that financial problems

influence a person’s other daily functions. Related to this, Bennett René

(2023) says that financial stress is one of the most common and persistent

kinds of stress.

However, participant 4 stated that “Daghan oii usahay kanang daghan

suguon sa foreman tas lain pud di masabtan pud maong libog among utok

ay…” that his experiencing trials, since sometimes, the foreman has so many

vague commands that confuse their brains because it is difficult to

understand. This was then supported by Druskat et al. (2018), that effective

communication, including clear and specific instructions from supervisors, is

likely to contribute to creating a positive emotional climate within teams,

leading to higher job satisfaction and productivity levels. Moreover, based on

the study of Igbal et al. (2015), which focuses on the effect of leadership style

on employee performance, which can also be linked to employee satisfaction,

the communication style of leaders is likely to influence how employees

perceive their roles and responsibilities within the organization.

Theme 2: Pressure of Adversity

Audio Clip Transcripts on the Challenges Faced by Construction Workers,

particularly in handling their Salaries.

RQ: (How these challenges affect the relationship between you and your
family?)

RP1: Sa adlaw-adlaw kung maka apekto siya kay usahay dili nato
kalikayan nga adunay sakit sa pamilya dili man nato gusto pero moabot
man gyud nasya sa atung kinabuhi.
 30

(Every day if it affects because sometimes it cannot be avoided that

someone in the family gets sick. We don't want it, but it will come into our
lives).

RP2: Sa akoa oo, pero mabuhi man akong pamilya bahalag lisod, gina
sabot og gina suportahan rako sa akoang pamilya.

(For me, yes, but for me, yes, but my family is still alive, even though it's
difficult. My family understands and supports me).

RP3: Naka apekto jud gamay kay usahay kanang di malikayan nga magka
utang-utang nya way budget ang bata imbis naa untay balon kay ibayad
nalang sa kuryente ug tubig.

(Somewhat affected a little because sometimes it cannot avoid borrowing

money; then children do not have a budget even though they have an
allowance because they would rather pay for electricity and water).

RP4: Naka apekto ay suma anang paglasan sa sweldo ana nya daghan
kayg mga utang ana dipa mabayaran kay sweldo dili ana, so ma
apektohan jud among panginahanglan.

(It is affecting the handling of the salary, and since there are so many debts
that have not yet been paid because the salary is insufficient, the needs
will be affected).

RP5: Oh, naay panagsa na kay kanang usahay dili man gud pirmenteng
himong income.

(Yes, there are times, because sometimes your income is not forever like
this).
 31

FRAME 2

The participants talked about the challenges they faced and how the

challenges affected their daily lives. They spoke about how they were

struggling and made a statement that led to a crucial theme. "Pressure of

Adversity"

The participants were questioned about their challenges and how they

affected their daily lives. Participant 3 shared that, "Naka apekto jud gamay

kay usahay kanang di malikayan nga magka utang-utang nya way budget ang

bata imbis naa untay balon kay ibyad nalang sa kuryente ug tubig". It seems

that the person being referred to is experiencing financial difficulties; however,

the situation may still be challenging for them and their children, as the lack of

allowance could limit their ability to participate in activities or purchase items

they may want or need.

The statement suggests that someone's situation may limit their ability

to pay for medical expenses or take time off work to care for a sick family

member. Participant 2 said" Sa akoa oo, pero mabuhi man akong pamilya

bahalag lisod, gina sabot og gina suportahan rako sa akoang pamilya". In

some cases, families may need to make difficult choices about which

expenses to prioritize or find ways to increase their income through additional

work.

Participant 5 stated that, “ahm pagsulay? (Ohm.) Oh, kay dili nako

mabalance." It appears that the statement is referring to how variable income

can impact individuals. Depending on the nature of their income, individuals

may experience fluctuations in their financial stability, which can have an

 32

impact on their overall well-being. Participant 5 statement supported by

Participant 6, he stated that, "sauna naka apekto pero karon sa pagka karon

wala."This suggests that there was a time when something had an impact on

a particular group or individuals, but that impact has lessened or disappeared

over time.

This could imply that they cannot even buy the things they want and

need because of financial instability, and difficulties in handling their budget.

When it comes to their health, it also indicates that their lack of funds

prevented them from being able to cover hospital or medical expenses. This

may also mean that they were struggling to save money for their emergency

fund. Furthermore, this could imply that the family continues to take on

borrowing but is unable to pay them back. This can result in a vicious cycle of

debt and financial instability, which might negatively impact their daily life and

possibilities in the future.

As supported by Chang and Huston (2019), studies have looked into

what influences customers' short- and long-term savings and how prepared

they are for a significant financial emergency. Additionally, Houston & Chang

(2012) and Cho, Fang, & Hanna (2007) discovered, for instance, that most

households do not save as much as recommended. Other research has

examined household composition concerning savings. Huston and Chang

(2012) divided savings into three groups: emergency funds, or rapid funds;

these are made up of highly liquid assets. Accounts like money market,

savings, or checking; intermediate funds, which comprise CDs in addition to

quick funds; and comprehensive funds, which comprise all of the intermediate
 33

funds' assets, including stocks, bonds, and other securities (Huston & Chang,

2012). Furthermore, resilience, according to Venkatesh and Shiviranjani

(2016), is not an inborn trait. It is an individual's ability to adapt in the face of

traumatic events, tragedy, adversity, or significant ongoing stressors. It is also

often defined as the ability to cope with stressors, overcome adversities, and

maintain good health under pressure.

THEME 3: A Painof Hardship

Audio Clip Transcripts on the Challenges Faced by Construction

Workers, particularly in handling their Salaries.

RQ: (What are the illness you felt physically, mentally, or emotionally?)

RP1: Naay mga panahon nga dili nato kalikayan ng maabot na sya na
panahon sama anang sobra ka init nya maabtan ug tag ulan sa atong
pagpanarbaho so dili gyud nato kalikayan sa atong pang lawas nga
magkasakit.

(There are times when we can't avoid it when the weather comes, like
when it's too hot and it's raining during our work, so it cannot be avoided
that we get sick).

RP2: Sa physical makasinati nag pamaol, kalintura ing-ana dili mana

malikayan; emosyonali wala man nagkalisod sa gastuon.

(Physically experiencing body pain and sickness since it is inevitable, but

not emotionally having a hard time with expenses).

RP4: Oh, nakasinati na uy, kanang balatian sama sa sakit sa hawak kay
pala may gunitan.
 34

(Yes, I've already experienced that, for example, a pain in the waist
because I hold a shovel).

RP6: Ah physical, nakasinati ug sakit sa kalawasan panagsa.

(Experiencing physical pain in the body occasionally).

FRAME 3

The participants were asked about the most challenging part they

faced, particularly handling their salaries. Several related statements from

their answers led the researchers to the theme " A Pain of Hardship.”

In addressing the challenges faced by construction workers,

participants have shared their experiences about their struggles such as

illness and pain while working in the construction industry. The majority of

them claimed that the common challenges faced by construction workers

were difficulties resulting from working conditions. Participant 6 said that, "Ah

physical, nakasinati ug sakit sa kalawasan panagsa". That physical issue is

impacted by job situations.

A straightforward answer from Participant 4 that, "Oh, naka sinati na

uy, kanang balatian sa masa sakit sa hawak kay pala may gunitan".

Experiencing physical pain, such as pain in the waist, because when working

he kept holding a shovel since it's part of their work. Participant 2 stated that,

"Sa physical makasinati nag pamaol, kalinturaing-ana dili mana malikayan;

emosyonali wala man nagka lisod sa gastuon". They experience physical

body pain and sickness since it is inevitable because working requires the
 35

function of the body, but emotionally, they do not have a hard time with their

daily expenses.

Furthermore, participant 1 stated that "Naay mga panahon nga dili nato

kalikayan ng maabot na sya na panahon sama anang sobra ka init nya

maabtan ug tag ulan sa atong pagpanarbaho so dili gyud nato kalikayan sa

atong panglawas nga magkasakit". He claims that their working situation is

affecting their body conditions since they can't avoid getting sick because of

the weather conditions, such as when the sun is too hot and it's raining during

their work.

This could indicate that one of the inevitable challenges they face at

work is unpredictable weather. It also emphasizes that the workers' fever and

physical discomfort are some of the difficulties they have to encounter. They

experience some bodily pain as a result of their intense effort and overwork.

This could indicate that they were in too much severe pain after carrying

massive items. Accordingly, it can be inferred that all the construction workers

have experienced challenges, and those challenges are the obstacles that

make it difficult for them to go to work. Workers can't go to work because of

their physical conditions and their working site conditions.

As construction work varies depending on site conditions, type of

building, differences in work system, variation in work methods, and other

factors, these differences could either increase or decrease worker exposure

to various occupational risk factors (Spielholz et al. 2016), such as slips and

trips that depend on several contributing factors such as work conditions,

working surfaces, environmental conditions, etc. (Lipscomb et al. 2020).

 36

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are recognized as the major occupational

disease in the construction industry (Spielholz et al. 2006). Accordingly, work-

related MSDs are strongly associated with manual material handling,

especially lifting (Valero et al. 2016).

Previous studies by Liu and Gambatese (2018) have mentioned that

there is a high physical demand for construction workers while performing

construction tasks. Some lifting tasks without the assistance of machines

could even reach or exceed human beings’ physical limitations. Performing

high-strength level physical tasks results in high risks for MSDs and other

impacts on musculoskeletal systems (J. S. Boschman, et al. 2014).

Construction tasks such as laying bricks, scaffold erection, and material

handling are the reported tasks that receive the most complaints related to

MSDs (Valero et al. 2016). Symptoms of MSDs include low back pain, neck

and shoulder pain, hand/wrist and elbow pain, and other types of pain (Wang

et al. 2015).

Theme 4: Ways of Saving

Audio clip transcript of the coping strategies construction workers employ

to address such challenges.

(How did you handle your salary?)

RP1: Sa amoang mag asawa, mag sabot ang mag asawa sa sweldo, kay
dili man pwedi ang nanarbaho lang ang mag budget, so apil jud ang
pamilya, so ang mga priority nga kuan nga panaliton importante, mao ray
unahon palit para mainsakto ang amoang sweldo.
 37

(Between me and my wife, the couple plans their salary because it is not
allowed that the worker is the only one who will budget, so the family is
included, so the priority is to buy the important, that's the first to buy to
budget our salary correctly).

RP2: Naay mga panginahanglan in case of emergency, kanang mga ma

hospital-hospital naa tay ma, naa tay kwarta nga gilahi para ani nga
butang or para ana nga butang.

(There are needs in the event of an emergency when hospitalizing, and

when hospitalizing, we have money that we set aside for these things or
for that thing.)

RP3: kuan tipid-tipid jud kay para ma budget ug tarong.

(Saving money to budget it properly).

RP4: Naa uy pamaagi nga dili sigeg gasto, dili palabig utang-utang control
jud kay ang sweldo gamay ra kayo.

(There is a method that doesn't keep spending, doesn't go overboard, and

controls debt because the salary is very low).

RP5: Halimbawa ng kuan sa imong sahod mabalanse man nimo kay mao
manang minimum niya mao ra imong palitonon o ng mabalanse daan
magahinan nimo ug halimbawa sa imong pagkaon sa mga necessity
samatag-adlaw nimo mao nang mabalanse kay mao ra man nay routine
nimo.

(For example, you will be able to balance your salary because that is the
minimum you will buy, or if it is balanced, you will be able to allocate your
food to the necessities every day because that is your routine).
 38

RP6: Ang pamaaginako ana ug pananglitan 3,000 lang ang katong sobra
pwedi to sya ma savings para ug sa sunod nga mga adlaw nga lumalabay
wala pa tay laing ma kuan di pwede nako to makuha para pang isa ka
simana napod.

(My method is that, for example, only 3,000 extra can be used as savings
for the next few days; we don't have anything else, so I can't get it for
another week).

FRAME 4

The participants were asked about how they handle their salary, their

salary experiences, and some related statements from their answers that led

the researchers to the theme "Ways of Saving”.

The participants shared how they handle their salary and their salary

experiences, including budget shortages due to family necessities. Listening

to the statement of participant 3, “kuan tipid-tipid jud kay para ma budget ug

tarong”. Which means that budgeting money helps them cope and ensures

that their spending is planned out appropriately.This could imply that cutting

back on expenses and creating a budget are two ways to save money that

can be used for necessities. As participant 1 said that “Sa amoang mag

asawa, mag sabot ang mag asawa sa sweldo, kay dili man pwedi ang

nanarbaho lang ang mag budget, so apil jud ang pamilya, so ang mga priority

nga kuan nga panaliton importante, mao ray unahon palit para mainsakto ang

amoang sweldo”. Participant 1 statement emphasizes how crucial it is for both

partners to participate in family budgeting and financial decision-making. To

ensure that the family's priorities are fulfilled, and the money is allocated
 39

properly, a collaborative approach should be used rather than relying alone on

the working person's perspective. A more detailed and balanced viewpoint

can be achieved by including both spouses in the budgeting process.This may

indicate the significance of family budgeting. Both spouses could engage in

the budgeting process and make sensible financial decisions. It might also

imply that they would be mindful of how much to spend on needs and whether

they still had money to save.

Participant 4 commented that, “Naa uy pamaagi nga dili sigeg gasto,

dili palabig utang-utang control jud kay ang sweldo gamay ra kayo” .

Participants 4 use a strategy that breaks common thinking about spending and gives

them the power to manage their debt despite the difficulties of having a low income.

This may imply that managing the difficulties of their income can be helped by having

less debt. Moreover, Participant 6 and 2 discusses that “Ang pamaagi nako ana ug

pananglitan 3,000 lang ang katong sobra pwedi to sya ma savings para ug sa

sunod nga mga adlaw nga lumalabay wala pa tay laing ma kuan di pwede

nako to makuha para pang isa ka simana napod.” “Naay mga panginahanglan

in case of emergency, kanang mga ma hospital-hospital naa tay ma, naa tay

kwarta nga gilahi para ani nga butang or para ana nga butang.”which

emphasizes their financial strategy of setting aside money for unexpected

events and other expenses that may arise. They could face the unknown with

resilience, secure in the knowledge that they had taken measures to

safeguard their financial well-being.

A different statement was made by Participant 5 that, “Halimbawa ng

kuan sa imong sahod mabalanse man nimo kay mao manang minimum niya

mao ra imong palitonon o ng mabalanse daan magahinan nimo ug halimbawa

 40

sa imong pagkaon sa mga necessity samatag-adlaw nimo mao nang

mabalanse kay mao ra man nay routine nimo”. This statement emphasizes

his routine of managing his salaries and meeting his daily necessities.

Progress toward his financial goals is made by giving priority to necessities,

sticking to a schedule, and practicing effective financial management.

This implies that they don't budget their salary correctly, they can't

provide for their families' necessities on a daily basis, and they can't pay in

case of an emergency because they didn't budget their salary correctly.

Financial literacy covers broad areas such as spending and credit,

insurance, and savings and investment (Rashid, 2012). Financial literacy is

about spending, and credit is how one can manage the spending. In that

sense, there is a need to have a proper spending plan and maintain discipline

to make expenditures in accordance with the plans. It can be such as how to

buy something that is actually required or necessary rather than only for

fulfilling the desire. It is important to avoid a deficit; avoiding and preventing

the deficit is the core of healthy spending. Meanwhile, credit concerns about

how the credit position is correct. The point is to position credit as a tool that is

healthy and not as excess cash to meet various desires, which is misleading.

The use of credit is intended to meet needs, and its use should be tailored to

the individual's financial capabilities. Investigators have used very different

items to measure financial management. Measures often include who makes

financial decisions, attitudes about credit, whether the family has financial

problems, and satisfaction with financial status, along with the behavioral

measures of planning, budgeting, and record-keeping (Godwin, 2016).

 41

McGregor and Goldsmith (2012) suggested that financial well-being is

a function of money income, transfers and in-kind income, financial assets,

human assets, community resources, durable goods, and services, time,

deferred consumption, attitude toward money, ability to manage, control over

financial affairs and resources, values, insurance-risk management, job

security and employee benefits, ability to adjust to life transitions, and lifestyle

decisions. Garnitz (2018) proposed that the employer should offer work/life

support programs and services in a way that educates and empowers

employees to make their own "enlightened" financial decisions. He

emphasized the importance of budgeting, debt management, goal setting, the

basics of asset allocation, and tax-deferred savings.

Theme 5: Family as the root of Encouragement

Audio clip transcript of the coping strategies construction workers employ

to address such challenges.

(What do you feel whenever you're going to work and what motivates you
to continue working as a construction worker?)

RP1: Sa among trabaho usahay makabati og kahadlok kay risky man sad-
and trabaho sa construction pero agwantahon tungod sa pamilya.

(In our work, sometimes we feel fear because construction work is risky,
but I bear it because of the family).

RP2: Kuan lang kapoy pero agwanta kay naa may pamilya.

(It's just tiring, but bear it because I have a family).

 42

RP3: Okay ra kay gisabot rako sa akong pamilya.

(It's okay because my family understands me).

RP4: Ug sa trabaho kapoy jud pero inig uli sa balay makakita sa mga
anak, pamilya
mawala ng kapoy.

(And at work it's tiring, but when you come home and you see your
children and family, the tiredness disappears).

Frame 5

The participants were asked about how construction workers manage

the pressure they feel, particularly in handling their salary, and what they feel

whenever they go to work. Some respective statements from their answers

share the same viewpoint, leading the researcher to the theme "Family as

the root of encouragement".

Referring to the coping strategies they use to cope with what they feel

while working in the construction industry. Participants mostly responded that

their experiences managing the pressure they feel in different circumstances

resembled coping strategies to address such challenges. Participants 1

responded that "Sa among trabaho usahay makabati og kahadlok kay risky

man sad-ang trabaho sa construction pero agwantahon tungod sa pamilya.”

This means that Participant 1 often feels fear since his work in the

construction industry is very risky, but for the sake of his family, he must

endure it. Moreover, Participant 2 said, "Kuan lang kapoy pero agwanta kay
 43

naa may pamilya." This signifies that even though he feels exhausted from

work, he continues to do it since he has a family.

People are motivated to conquer their fears by their sense of duty to their

loved ones, which serves as a potent source of encouragement. This

statement was added by participant 4 that says, “Ug sa trabaho kapoy jud

pero inig uli sa balay makakita sa mga anak, pamilya mawala ng kapoy” which

emphasizes that seeing your family after work can help ease the exhaustion

of working all day long.

This implies that they are prepared to make sacrifices for themselves

and put up with difficult situations in order to take care of their loved ones

because the needs and well-being of the family play a significant role in their

decision-making process and daily actions. This was then supported by

Becker, 2016; Bernasek &Shwiff (2021) that the most important social group

in shaping an individual's financial habits is their family. Financial decisions

are made by family decision-makers on behalf of all family members. For

many economic activities, the family is the unit of decision-making. The

majority of studies on financial decisions use economic models, such as

income, spending, borrowing, saving, investing, and accumulating assets,

mostly on an individual or household basis. The household is considered to

function as a single decision-making unit in the traditional utility model,

pooling resources to maximize utility.

However, participants 3 and 6 counterclaimed, “Okay ra kay gisabot

rako sa akong pamilya.” “Gisabot rako sa akong pamilya ug gisupportahan,

ing ana nalang kay mao raman ang maabot samatag-adlaw.” This means that
 44

both the participants' families are aware of and understand them, regardless

of the pay they get. They are saying that they feel okay because their families

empathize with them and support them. They acknowledge that their current

pay may not be sufficient, but they find solace in the understanding and

support they receive from their families every day. This support from their

families is what matters to them the most in their daily lives. This was then

supported by A Deshkal (2004) because they are employed in the

unorganized labor market, they are unable to negotiate for decent pay. They

receive neither minimum wage nor timely payment of the agreed-upon salary.

Even After the construction is finished, there is still a sizable amount owed to

the builders or contractors, who are continually looking to siphon off these

unpaid wages.

Theme 6: Finding Ways and Means

Audio Clip on Coping strategies they employ to address such challenges.

RQ: What will you do if your salary does not meet your daily finances?

RP1: So tagaan namog solusyon para dili siya mahimong bug at sa

pagdala sa kinabuhi. So sa mga emergency nga wala man tay kuan ang
among ginahimo kung pwede mi maka cash advance sa among amo sa
amoang employer mag cash advance mi para matagaan pud namog
sulbad ang problema sa among mga anak sa ilahang mga
panginahanglan.
 45

(So, we will provide a solution so that it will not become a heavy burden to
carry in life. So, in emergencies where we don't have money, what we do
is see if we can get a cash advance from our boss or employer. We will
get a cash advance so that we can solve the problem for our children's
needs).

RP2: Kuan lang ngitag pamaagi mga sideline og mga kuan raket-raket
ginagmay sa mga silingan-silingan basin naay mga trabahoon ginagmay
nga construction gihapon.

(I’m just looking for ways to do small side jobs and sidelines in the
neighborhood; they may still have small construction jobs).

RP3: oumm, kuan mangutang.

(Yup, I will borrow money).

RP4: Ah mubalisa engineer.

(Advance salary from the engineer)

RP5: Naa man tay gitawag sa karon na DSWD na mahinabang kuan na

sa government naa mana sila halimbawa kanang na hospital imonganak,

niya pagkahum ana, wla kay , wala kay Philhealth ba ang imong buhaton

naa man nay programs ang gobyerno gud Karon ngamuadto ka saing

ana nga murag halimbawa DSWD ana bana ana silay mga kuan nga

makatabang pod sila kinahanglan lang ka magpasa ng mga

requirements, ah mao pud na ang Isa ka pamaagi imong buhaton kung

walang wala najud ka.

 46

(There is a program called DSWD that can help people like the government.
For example, when your child is in the hospital, you don't have PhilHealth.
What you will do is see if the government has a program like DSWD; they
have something that can help you. You just need to pass the requirements;
this is the one strategy you will use if you don't have anything).

RP6: Bawion rapud sa sunod maka trabaho.

(Taking it back to work the next day).

Frame 6

The participants shared their coping strategies for handling their

insufficient salary. They shared their strategies, such as providing a solution

for their daily needs since it doesn't meet their daily finances, and their

statements arrived at an expressive theme of "Finding Ways and Means".

Their statements talked about their strategies for finding a solution to the

stated question. Participant 3 stated that "oumm. Kuan mangutang" supported

by participant 4 "ah mubalisa engineer" Borrow money to meet their daily

finances Participant 2 responded that" kuan lang ngitag pamaagi mga sideline

og mga kuan raket-raket ginagmay sa mga silingan-silingan basin naay mga

trabaho-on ginagmay nga construction gihapon". Borrowing funds to support

the family's daily expenses. This could mean that they are at a loss for options

other than borrowing money to cover their basic needs. Methods like

attempting to get neighborhood jobs to supplement their income on a daily

basis. This could suggest that other side jobs can greatly help those workers
 47

who don't have enough income to meet their needs. This was then supported

by the study of Brown S, et al (2014), which examined consumers in

Germany, Italy, the US, and the UK all have borrowing habits. The data

indicates that economic and financial aspects, such as income, have a big

impact on what consumers borrow, despite taking personality qualities into

account. Lower-income households borrow less money both in the UK and

globally, while consumer credit use typically rises as household income does

(Brown S, et al 2008; Ejebu2018). Four high-caliber research have provided

evidence that low-income consumers could use. borrowing, especially on

expensive loans, to cover necessities like food and home bills. For instance,

UK qualitative research with those with lower incomes revealed a group of

"survival borrowers"—those with household incomes under £25,000—who

need credit from consumers to make up the difference between their incomes

FCA (2014).

The following statement on the first frame makes it clear that finding a

solution to provide for their daily finances is what is needed; despite the

challenges mentioned, finding ways to provide for their family's needs is the

motivation that forced the construction workers to cope with the challenges

they face every day. The participants' solution was to find ways to supplement

their low salaries to meet their daily demands.

Participant 1 gave a statement that "So tagaan namog solusyon para

dili siya mahimong bug-at sa pagdala sa kinabuhi. So sa mga emergency

ngawala man tay kuan ang among ginahimo kung pwede mi maka cash

advance sa among amo sa amoang employer mag cash advance mi para

 48

matagaan pud namog sulbad ang problema sa among mga anak sa ilahang

mga panginahanglan".

Their answer in times of need is to borrow money from their boss to

take care of their children's needs, removing the burden so their low salaries

won't become a financial hardship. Participant 6 said that" Bawion rapud sa

sunod maka trabaho". The solution to their salary deficiency is to take it back

the next day to work

However, participant 5 provided a different response that, "Naa man

tay gitawag sa karon na DSWD na mahinabang kuan na sa government naa

mana sila halimbawa kanang na hospital imong anak, niya pagkahum ana,

wla kay , wala kay Philhealth ba ang imong buhaton naa man nay programs

ang gobyerno gud Karon ngamuadto ka saing-ana nga murag halimbawa

DSWD ana bana, na silay mga kuan nga makatabang pod sila kinahanglan

lang ka magpasa ng mga requirements, ah mao pud na ang Isa ka pama agi

imong buhaton kung walang-wala najud ka". The method participant employs

to acquire their necessities in the event of an emergency, look for a

government assistance program like a DSWD.

One purpose of a person as an employee of a company is to earn income in

the form of wages or compensation. Received wages to meet basic needs

such as food, clothing, and housing. Every company determining the number

of wages paid to the employee must be feasible so that the lowest wage is

given to meet
Audio the needson
clip transcripts of the
theirRealizations
life (Kanzunnudin, 2007).
of the Construction Worker based
on their experiences.
Theme 7: Realization of Acceptance and Containment
RQ: Are you content with your job?
 49

P1: so isip mga construction worker kay wala man mi lain mahimo og wala
mi lain matagamtam so makontento nalang mi sa among pag panarbaho sa
construction.

(So as construction workers, we can't do anything else, and we can't get

anything else, so we i can only be satisfied with my work in construction).

P2: Oo, kontento nako aning trabahoa kay mabuhi naman akong pamilya.

(Yes, I am satisfied with this job because my family can live).

P3: Oh, kontento nalang Kay wa may lain.

(contented because there is no other choice).

P4: Kontento nalang kay wa may lain kasudlan ani.

(Content because there is no other job available).

P6: Syempre dili may lisod ning nangamo rata pero wala man tay mahimo
nga laing kuan karon ako lang jud kining e kontento.

(Of course not; it's hard to deal with this, especially if you have a boss, but
we can't do anything else, so right now I'll just be content).

Frame 7

The participants were asked about their job satisfaction and shared

their insights into working in the construction industry. Through their

discussions, a significant theme emerged: "Realization of Acceptance and

Contentment."

Participant 2 expressed, "Oo, kontento nako aning trabahoa kay

mabuhi naman akong pamilya." This response sheds light on a profound

aspect of contentment among construction workers. It reveals that the

 50

participant finds fulfillment in their work because it ensures the well-being of

their family, despite any challenges or limited alternatives. Supporting their

family becomes a primary source of contentment, leading to a deeper

realization and acceptance of their job.

Participant 4 added, "Kontento nalang kay wa may lain kasudlan ani."

This response highlights the realization of limited opportunities among some

workers, leading to a sense of acceptance and contentment with their current

situation. Similarly, Participant 3 shared, "Oh, kontento nalang kay wa

maylain." This acknowledgment reflects a realization of constraints in job

selection and the consequent acceptance of their circumstances. Participant 1

contributed, "So isip mga construction worker kay wala man mi lain mahimo

og wala mi lain matagamtam so makontento nalang mi sa among pag

panarbaho sa construction." The statement reflects a resigned acceptance of

their limited professional options as a construction worker. They express the

belief that they have no other choices and must find satisfaction solely in their

current job. This highlights the challenges many construction workers face in

pursuing alternative careers and underscores the importance of finding

contentment within their existing employment despite constraints.

Participants 4, 3, and 1 shared their perspectives, highlighting the

limited opportunities and choices they perceive in their professional lives.

They feel constrained when exploring new fields or alternative jobs, leaving

them with little choice but to find satisfaction within the construction industry.

This realization underscores their acceptance of their circumstances and the

contentment they derive from their work.

 51

Additionally, participant 6 stated, "Syempre dili, kay lisod ning nangamo

rata pero wala man tay mahimo nga laing kuan karon ako lang jud kining e

kontento." This acknowledgment reflects a profound realization and

acceptance of challenging circumstances. Despite facing difficulties, the

participant recognizes the lack of alternative options, leading to a sense of

contentment and acceptance of their current situation.

This could imply that while some participants find genuine satisfaction

in their work, others realize their contentment stems from limited choices

rather than pure fulfillment. Their realization extends beyond mere coping

mechanisms, encompassing a deeper understanding of their circumstances

and the factors influencing their job satisfaction.

Job satisfaction, as described by Locke (2019), entails a positive

emotional state resulting from an appraisal of one's job experiences. It

encompasses personal traits and environmental factors, with employees

evaluating various aspects of their work. Roelen et al. (2008) suggest that

satisfaction with specific job aspects should be considered separately from

overall satisfaction, emphasizing the complexity of individuals' job

experiences.
 52

Chapter V

IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE AND FUTURE RESEARCH

Implication for practice and future research in relation to the experiences of

construction workers in handling their salaries.

A. Implication of Practice

1. Understanding the financial challenges. examines the finances of

construction workers can shed light on the unique financial difficulties

they face. This understanding can inform policymakers, organizations,

and stakeholders to develop targeted interventions and support

systems to address these challenges effectively.

2. Promoting financial literacy: exploring the financial landscape of

construction workers provides an opportunity to identify gaps in

financial knowledge and skills. It highlights the importance of promoting

financial literacy initiatives specifically tailored to this group,

empowering them with the necessary tools to make informed decisions

about savings, investment, and budgeting.

3. Enhancing workers’ well-being: financial stability plays a crucial role

in overall well-being. By gaining insights into the financial situation of

construction workers, efforts can be directed toward improving their

financial security, reducing financial stress, and enhancing their quality

of life. This can be achieved through initiatives such as access to

affordable financial services, tailored saving programs, and improved

wage policies.
 53

4. Informing policy decisions.The findings from studying the finances of

construction workers can inform policymakers in designing and

implementing policies that support this workforce. It can contribute to

the development of fair labor practices, adequate wages, benefits, and

social protection measures that address their specific financial needs.

5. Fostering economic development construction workers are an

essential component of the local economy. Understanding their

financial circumstances can help identify opportunities to enhance their

potentialleading to increased spending power, local investments, and

sustainable economic growth in Davao del Sur.

B. Implication for Future Research

6. Policy and regulatory reforms studying the finances of construction

workers can highlight areas where policy and regulatory reforms are

needed to ensure fair wages, better working conditions, and improved

financial security for workers. This exploration can catalyze

policymakers to enact meaningful changes in labor laws and

regulations to protect the rights and financial well-being of construction

workers in the future.

7. Advocacy for social protection measuresUnderstanding the

financial challenges faced by construction workers can contribute to the

advocacy for comprehensive social protection measures. It can help

create awareness about the need for health insurance, retirement

plans, and other safety nets that provide long-term financial stability

and protect workers against unforeseen circumstances. This

 54

exploration can drive the development of initiatives aimed at ensuring

adequate social protection for construction workers in Davao del Sur.

8. Skills development and empowerment insights gained from studying

the finances of construction workers can inform the design of future

skills development programs. By identifying areas where workers lack

financial literacy or necessary skills, targeted training programs can be

developed to empower workers with the knowledge and tools needed

to effectively manage their finances. This can lead to increased

financial resilience and better long-term prospects for construction

workers in the region.

9. Encouraging financial inclusion by exploring the finances of

construction workers can contribute to efforts to promote financial

inclusion among this workforce. The findings can inform initiatives

aimed at improving access to financial services, such as banking,

credit, and saving options tailored to the specific needs and

circumstances of construction workers. By fostering financial inclusion,

construction workers can have greater opportunities to save, invest,

and build assets for a more secured future.

10. Informing future research and interventions the exploration of

construction workers’ finances in Davao del Sur can serve as a

foundation for future research and interventions. It can inspire scholars,

organizations, and policymakers to delve deeper into this topic, leading

to a better understanding of long-term financial dynamics of

construction workers. Subsequent studies can then inform the

 55

development of targeted interventions and programs that address the

evolving financial needs of construction workers in the region.

 REFERENCES
Abbe, O. O., Harvey, C. M., Ikuma, L. H. & Aghazadeh, F., (2018), Modeling the
relationship between occupational stressors, psychosocial/physical symptoms
and injuries in the construction industry, International Journal of Industrial
Ergonomics,
AGC (Associated General Contractors). 2017. “2017 Workforce survey results:
National results.” Accessed February 3, 2018. https://www.agc
.org/sites/default/files/Files/Communications/2017_Workforce
Ahmed, S., Rao, C., & Vijayakumaran, K. (2020). An investigation into the
relationshipbetween organizational culture and safety performance in the
construction industry. Construction Management and Economics, 18(5), 529-541.
Aliakbarlou, S., Kaka, A., & Hosseini, M. R. (2019). A conceptual model for
identifying safety risk factors in construction projects using fuzzy TOPSIS. Safety
Science, 121, 56-72.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260014430_Construction_projects_Sele
ction_and_risk_assessment_by_Fuzzy_AHP_and_Fuzzy_TOPSIS_methodologie
s
Almeida, P., &Campello, M. (2011). Financial constraints, investment opportunities,
and the use of corporate cash holdings. The Review of Financial Studies, 14(4),
1031-1064.
Amarasinghe, N.C. (2018), Importance of reporting accidents and illness, speech for
National Safety Conference 2009 on Safe Work Promotes Healthy Life",
Colombo, Sri Lanka, 7 October.
Amarasinghe, N.C. (2019), Deaths due to accidents in workplaces, Lankadeepa2, 10
October, p. 1, newspaper article.
Assaad, Ragui. (2017). “Formal and informal institutions in the labor market, with
applications to the construction sector in Egypt”, in World Development (Oxford,
Pergamon Press), Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 925-939
Becker, G. S. (2016). A theory of social interactions. Journal of Political Economy,
82(6), 1063-1093. doi: 10.1086/260265
Bernasek, A., &Shwiff, S. (2021). Gender, risk, and retirement. Journal of Economic
Issues, 35(2), 345-356.
Borsting Jacobsen, H., Stuhaug, A., Schirmer, H., Nielsen, C. S., & Binderup, M. L.
(2013)Construction workers struggle with a high prevalence of mental distress,
 and this is associated with their pain and injuries. Journal of Occupational Health
Psychology, 55(11), 1197.
Borsting Jacobsen, H., Stuhaug, A., Schirmer, H., Nielsen, C. S., & Binderup, M. L.
(2017). Cognitive effects of perioperative pregabalin: Reply. Acta
Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 57(7), 914-915.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38032998/
Boschman, J. S., van der Molen, H. F., Frings-Dresen, M. H. W. & Sluiter, J. K.,
(2014), The impact of common mental disorders on work ability in mentally and
physically demanding construction work, International Archives of Occupational
and Environmental Health.
Bridges S, Disney R. Debt and depression. J Health Econ. 2010;29(3):388–403. doi:
10.1016/j.jhealeco.2010.02.003
Brochado, A., & Mendes, V. (2021). Savings and financial literacy: a review of
selected literature. European Review of Business Economics, 1(1), 61-72.
https://doi.org/10.26619/ERBE2021.01.3
Brown, S., & Taylor, K. (2008). Household debt and financial assets: evidence from
Germany, Great Britain and the USA. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
Series A: Statistics in Society, 171(3), 615-643.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-
985X.2007.00531.x
Brown, S., & Taylor, K. (2014). Household finances and the ‘Big Five’ personality
traits. Journal of Economic Psychology, 45, 197-212. https://doi.org/0167-4870
Chau, K.H. and Goh, Y.M. (2018), Incident causation model for improving feedback
of safety knowledge, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol.
130 No. 4, pp. 542-51.
Chau, N., Mur, M.J. and Benamghar, L. (2004), Relationships between certain
individual characteristics and occupational injuries for various jobs in the
construction industry, American. Journal of Industrial Medicine, 45, pp. 84-92.
Chandrima B.C. (2010). El-Batreek, M. A., Mohamed, A. A., & Al-Hammadi, A. A.
(2013). Identifying factors affecting the productivity of building construction
projects in Egypt. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 52(2), 235-240.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2012.12.002
Chang, Y. R., & Huston, S. J. (2019). Patterns of adequate household emergency
fund holdings: Financial Counseling and Planning, 6, 119-128.
Chiang, F. T., & Birtch, T. A. (2018). Achieving task and extra-task related behaviors:
A case of gender and position differences in the perceived role of rewards in the
hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(4), 491-503.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.07.001
zero.sci-hub.se/1665/3a683003d8418b389cdedf185cebdafa/chiang2011.pdf
Cho, S. H., Fang, M. C., & Hanna, S. D. (2007). Who Has Emergency Savings
Goals? The Proceedings of the American Council on Consumer Interests 53rd
Annual Conference. St. Louis, MI: American Council on Consumer Interests, 53:
223-230.
Connolly, Priscilla. (2018). Recent trends in the Mexican construction industry and
outlook for the 21st century: Its image, employment prospects, and skill
requirements. Unpublished report for the ILO.
Cordado, D. T., Bai, Y., Zhu, F., Han, R., & Bradley, C. M. (2024). Contentment: A
special positive feeling essential to well-being and life satisfaction. Journal of
Positive Psychology. Advanced online publication.
Crain, J. L., & Stevens, D. E. (2018). Work-family conflict and employee well-being in
the construction industry. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,
144(4), 04018054. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068474/
Deshkal (2004). As cited in British Journal of Economics, Finance and Management
Sciences, 43(2)
de Souza, J. M. (2000). The informal sector: A global perspective. International
Labour Organization.
https://www.ilo.org/employment/Whatwedo/Publications/WCMS_142295/lang--
en/index.htm
Druskat, V. U., & Wolff, S. B. (2018). Group emotional intelligence and its influence
on group effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(4), 505-522.
Ejebu, O. Z. (2018). An exploratory study of comparison income and individual debt
using the British Household Panel Survey. Review of Economic Analysis, 10(2),
181-202.
El-Batreek, M. A., Mohamed, A. A., & Al-Hammadi, A. A. (2013). Identifying factors
affecting the productivity of building construction projects in Egypt. Alexandria
Engineering Journal, 52(2), 235-240.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2012.12.002
Errighi, L., Khatiwada, S., & Bodwell, C. (2016). Business process outsourcing in the
Philippines: Challenges for decent work. ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series.
https://www.ilo.org/asia/publications/WCMS_538193/lang--en/index.htm
 60

Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). (2014). Consumer credit and consumers in

vulnerable circumstances. https://www.fca.org.uk/publication/research/consumer-
credit-customers-vulnerable-circumstances.pdf
Fisher, C. (2017) Women: Construction's Untapped Resource, Associated
Construction Publications Date: Saturday, September 15, 2007.
Gatti, U.C. and Migliaccio, G.C., (2013). A Study on the Influence of Construction
Workers' Physiological Status and Jobsite Environment on Behavior and
Performance. In: 49th ASC Annual International Conference Proceedings.
Government of India. (2008a). Report of the second working group on conditions
ofwork of workers in the unorganized sector (Vol. I). Planning Commission.
https://www.welcomehomerwc.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/RWC-Joint-
HHCC-PC-Report-Oct-19-21.pdf
Gunawardena, N.D. and Priyangika, L.M. (2015), Minimizing construction accidents
through the integration of safety practices into ISO 9000 quality requirements,
Built-Environment, Vol. 5(2), 28-33
Hasibuan, N. (2018). The influence of financial literacy on financial behavior of the
people in produktifusia in Medan City, North Sumatera, Indonesia. International
Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(3.36), 8822-8827.
Haupt, T. (2013), A study of management attitudes to a performance approach to
construction worker safety, Journal of Construction Research, 4(1), 87-100,
Hammer, L. B., Burke, R. J., & Conner, D. T. (2009). Emotion regulation, family-
supportive supervisors, and work-family conflict: A moderated mediation model.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1183-1192.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261731494_Work-
Family_Conflict_Family-
Supportive_Supervisor_Behaviors_FSSB_and_Sleep_Outcomes
Health and Safety Executive (2006), Injuries and ill-health in construction, [online],
available from: www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/industry/construction.htm (accessed
January 2013).
Health and Safety Executive (2010), "Work-related injuries and ill health in
construction", available at:
www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/industry/construction/injuries htm (accessed 24
September 2013).
 61

Henderson, K. (2013). Motivational orientations of construction workers: A

latentclass analysis. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,
129(8), 835-844.
Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, R. B. (2020). The motivation to work**.
John Wiley & Sons. Maslow, A. H. (2018). Motivation and personality**. Harper &
Row.
House, J. S., J. A. Wells, L. R. Landerman, A. J. McMichael, and B. H.Kaplan.
(2019). “Occupational stress and health among factory workers.”J. Health Social
Behav. 20 (2): 139–160.https://doi.org/10.2307/2136435
Huston, S. J., & Chang, Y. R. (2012). Adequate emergency fund holdings and
household type. Financial Counseling and Planning, 8(1), 37-46.
Iqbal, N., Anwar, S. and Haider, N(2015). Effect of Leadership Style on Employee
Performance. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 5(5), 1-6.
Improving Working and Living Conditions in Construction. (2014). Improving
workingand living conditions in construction: A joint ILO-UNCHS (Habitat)
programme: Report of the first technical meeting. International Labour
Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---
sector/documents/instructionalmaterial/wcms_161768.pdf
International Labour Organization (ILO).(n.d.). Minimum wages.
https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/wages/minimum-wages/lang--en/index.htm
Jannadi, O.A. and Bu-Khamsin, M.S. (2019). Safety factors considered by industrial
contractors. in Saudi Arabia Building and Environment, 37(5), 539-547.
Jebelli, M., Pourhashemi, S. M., & Zadeh, S. M. (2018). The effect of fatigue on
safety performance in the construction industry: A systematic review. Safety
Science, 102, 190-202.
Johannes, C. B., Le, T., Zhou, X., Johnston, S. S., & Dworkin, R. H. (2016). Pain and
hardship among older men: Examining the buffering effect of Medicare insurance
coverage. Pain Medicine, 11(4), 628-
636. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9531792/
Kalleberg, A. L., and M. E. Van Buren. (2017). “Is bigger better? Explaining the
relationship between organization size and job rewards.” Am. Social. Rev. 61 (1):
47–66.https://doi.org/10.2307/2096406.
Kalleberg, A. L. (2009). “Work values and job rewards: A theory of job satisfaction.”
Am. Social. Rev. 42 (1): 124–143.https://doi.org/10.2307/2117735.
 62

Kines, P., Owusu-Manu, D. G., & Greenwood, D. (2020). Safety climate and
safetyperformance in Ghana's construction industry. Journal of Construction
Engineering and Management, 136(7), 720-729.
Kouvonen, A., Kivimäki, M., Vahtera, J., Oksanen, T., Elovainio, M., Cox, T.,
Virtanen, M., Pentti, J., Cox, S. J., & Wilkinson, R. G. (2016). Psychometric
evaluation of a short measure of social capital at work. BMC Public Health, 6,
251. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-6-
251
Kwon, H. J., & Hein, M. (2013). The roles of motivation, leadership, and
organizational climate in construction safety. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 59,
262-272.
Laskar, R., & Murty, S. R. (2014). Status of women workers in construction industry
in India: A review. International Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 142-147.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264534904_Status_of_female_workers
_in_construction_industry_A_review
Lee, C. D., Park, M., & Lee, I. (2012). The effect of workload on construction
workers' situation awareness and safety performance. Accident Analysis &
Prevention, 49, 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.09.022
Liu, D., & Gambatese, J. A. (2018). Energy consumption by construction workers for
on-site activities. In Construction Research Congress 2018 (pp. 533-542).
American Society of Civil Engineers.
Li, S. and Xiang, X. (2018). The establishment of a cause-system of poor
construction site safety and priority analysis from different perspectives, World
Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology (57)
Locke, E. A. (2019). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M. Dunnette (Ed.),
Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1297-1349).
Loewenstein, G., Perlman, A., & Sella, A. (2018). The role of situation awareness in
health and safety training for construction workers. Journal of Safety Research,
32(4), 343-352.
Loosemore, M. and Lam, A. (2014). The locus of control: a determinant of
opportunistic behavior in construction health and safety, Construction
Management and Economics, 22(4), 385-94.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Simply Psychology.
https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow
 63

Manzon, M. E. C. (2021). The relationship between adversity quotient and job

performance: A study on IT programmers of an IT company. PEAK Learning
Journal, 3(2), 14-24.
McGregor, I., & Goldsmith, J. (2021). Financial well-being: More than just money.
Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 33(4), 407-425.
McLeod, S. A. (2018, May 21). Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Simply Psychology.
https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow
Meltzer, H., Griffiths, C., Brock, A., Rooney, C., & Jenkins, R. (2018). Patterns of
suicide by occupation in England and Wales: 2001–2005. The British Journal of
Psychiatry, 193(1), 73-76. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.040550:
[https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.040550]
Nazir, M. Z., Colombo, L. G., & Manca, D. (2012).
Investigating the use of situation awareness in behaviors and practices of health
and safety leaders. Journal of Safety Research, 43(6), 449-458.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2012.06.003
Oude Hengel, K. M., Blatter, B. M., Geuskens, G. A., Koppes, L. L. J., & Bongers, P.
M. (2016). Factors associated with the ability and willingness to continue working
until the age of 65 in construction workers. International Archives of Occupational
and Environmental Health, 85(7), 783-790.
[scienceon.kisti.re.kr/srch/selectPORSrchArticle.do?cn=NART75620159]
Perangin-angin, N. (2022). The Effect of Financial Literacy, Financial Inclusion, and
Financial Attitude on Saving Behavior with Self Control as Moderation: Study on
Households in Cingkes Village, Dolok Silau District, Simalungun Regency.
Academia.edu.
https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR_Vol.9_Issue.1_Jan2022/IJRR053.pdf
Pratham Education Foundation. (2019). ASER 2019: Early
years.https://www.pratham.org/British Journal of Economics, Finance, and
Management Sciences 43 April 2013, Vol. 7 (2)
Rameezdeen, R., Pathirage, C. and Weerasooriya, S. (2019), Study of construction
accidents in Sri Lanka, Built Environment, Vol. 4 No. 1, 27-32.
Sacks, R., Rozenfeld, O. and Rozenfeld, Y. (2009), Spatial and temporal exposure to
safety hazards in construction, Journal of Construction Engineering and
Management, Vol. 8, pp. 726- 36
 64

Shields, M. D., Christner, P. S., & Allen, T. D. (2016). A framework for understanding
the relationship between high-performance work systems and safety climate in
construction. Safety Science, 82, 135-153.
Shirom, A., Melamed, S., Toker, S., Berliner, S. & Shapira, I., (2015), Burnout and
Health Review: Current knowledge and future research directions, in International
Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (volume 20), Hodgkinson, ,
G. P. & Ford, K, (eds), Consulting Psychologists Press. Palo Alto, CA. pp.
Siegrist, J., Junger, T., d'Hory, D., Bullinger, M., & Jammer, M. (2014). Work stress:
A conceptual model and review of the literature. Journal of Occupational Health
Psychology, 9(3), 274-288.
Siu, O. L., Phillips, D.R. and Leung, T.W, (2014), Safety climate and safety
performance among construction workers in Hong Kong: the role of psychological
strains as mediators, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 36, 359-66.
Spielholz, P. (2016). [Musculoskeletal disorders in construction] Physical risk factors
and controls for musculoskeletal disorders in construction trades. Applied
Ergonomics, 37(5), 601-614
Stoltz, P. G. (2022). Adversity Quotient @ Work: Make everyday challenges the key
to your success—Putting the principles of AQ into action. HarperBusiness.
prezi.com/4pyg3n5ad37c/adversity-quotient
Sweet, E., Stewart, N., & Funk, M. J. (2013). The relationship between financial
strain and mental health: A meta-analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75(5),
1243-1262.
Teo, M., Ling, F. Y. Y., & Liew, M. S. (2005). A review of construction safety
literature. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 37(5), 823-842.
Valero, E., Bar-On, E., &Goldsheider, D. (2016). Physical Risk Factors and Controls
forMusculoskeletalDisordersinConstructionTrades.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320756407_The_prevalence_of_muscu
loskeletal_symptoms_in_the_construction_industry_a_systematic_review_and_m
eta-analysis
Valero, E., Bar-On, E., &Goldsheider, D. (2016). Physical Risk Factors and Controls
forMusculoskeletalDisordersinConstructionTrades.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320756407_The_prevalence_of_muscu
loskeletal_symptoms_in_the_construction_industry_a_systematic_review_and_m
eta-analysis
 65

Vaid, K.N. (2005). “Contract labour in the construction industry in India”, in D.P.A.
Naidu (ed.): Contract labour in South Asia. Geneva, ILO, Bureau for Workers’
Activities
Wang, Q., Xu, W., & Luo, Y. (2015). The prevalence and risk factors of work-related
musculoskeletal disorders among different occupational groups in China. Journal
of Occupational Health, 57(4), 344-353.
Wayne, S. J., Kacmar, K. M., & Jones, A. E. (2017). Balancing effectiveness and
satisfaction: The relationship between work-family balance and job satisfaction
and turnover intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(8), 1014–1026.
Wells, J. (2007). Informality in the construction sector in developing countries.
Construction Management and Economics, 25(1), 87–93.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190600601339
Yoon, Jin Ho; Kang, Byung Gu. (2019). The structure of employment in Korean
construction industry. Paper presented to the International Conference on
Structural Change in the Building Industry’s Labour Market, Working Relations
and Challenges in the Coming Years. Institut Arbeit und Technik, Gelsenkirchen,
Germany, 19-20 Oc
Yuson, Albert S. (2016). The Philippine construction industry in the 21st century: Is
there globalization of the local construction industry? Report for the ILO (Sectoral
Activities Department) and the IFBWW.
Zolkafli, N. A., Nawi, M. N. M., & Ibrahim, Z. A. (2020). Human resource
development in the construction industry: A review. World Academy of Science,
Engineering and Technology, 44(February), 358-364.
 66

BAIHANA FARESSA M. MALO

baixxxfm18@gmail.com
09075555064

PERSONAL DATA

Home Address : GemvillGuihing, Hagonoy, Davao del Sur.

Date of Birth : October 18, 2006

Parents :BaikongM.Maloand Nardo B. Malo Sr.

Sibling/s : Bainar Farhana M. Malo

Bai Ali Ferdauz B. Malo
Nardo M. Malo Jr.
Bai Ghada Falizia M. Malo

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School : : Current Grade 11 ABM Hagonoy

National High School S.Y. 2022-2023

Junior High School :Hagonoy National High School

Elementary:GuihingCentral Elementary School

 67

ELLA JEANE B. LAPAZ

ellaberolapaz@gmail.com
09302713757

PERSONAL DATA

Home Address : Paligue, Hagonoy, Davao del Sur

Date of Birth : January 11, 2004

Parents :Helen B. Lapaz

Edwin F. Lapaz

Sibling/s :Ellen joy Lapaz

Edwin B. Lapaz jr.

Edelen B. Lapaz

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School :Currently Grade 11 ABM.

Hagonoy National High School

S.Y. 2022-2023

Guihing, Hagonoy, Davao del Sur

Junior High School :Hagonoy National High School

Elementary :Romaguera Elementary School

 68

CHIRRIE ROSE P. V ILLANUEVA

chirrierosevillanueva@gmail.com
09193527904

Personal Data

Home Address :Purok 15, Raut st, Guihing

Hagonoy, Davao del Sur

Date of Birth : May 22, 2006

Parents :Joemyl M. Villanueva

Luchie P. Villanueva

Siblings :Jann Arville P. Villanueva

Lady Lou P. Villanueva
Cyn Caryl P. Villanueva
Leila Jay P. Villanueva
Jay Vee P. Villanueva
Mayumie P. Villanueva
Xian P. Villanueva
Zion Brielle P. Villanueva
Yuki P. Villanueva

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School : Currently Grade 11 ABM

Hagonoy National High School

S.Y. 2022-2023

GuihingHagonoy Davao del Sur

Junior High School :Hagonoy National High School

Elementary :Guihing Central Elementary School

 69

PRINCESS CIELO A. BARIMBAD

princessbarimbad24@gmail.com
09102322842

PERSONAL DATA

Home Address : Purok 5-A, Maravillas street,

Poblacion, Hagonoy, Davao del Sur

Date of Birth : Oct. 24, 2006

Parents :Dave P. Barimbad

Racquel A. Barimbad

Sibling/s : SheKinahKyLe A. Barimbad

Deoter A. Barimbad

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School : Current Grade 11 ABM Hagonoy

National High School S.Y. 2022-2023

Junior High School : Hagonoy National High School

Elementary : HagonoyCentral Elementary School

 70

AEVRIL KATE P. TIN-AO

aevrilkatet@gmail.com
09639280077

PERSONAL DATA

Home Address : Purok-3A Hagonoy Crossing

Hagonoy Crossing, Hagonoy, Davao del Sur

Date of Birth : April 12, 2006

Parents : Jeffrey B.Tin-ao

Rhea L. Palgan

Sibling/s : None

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School :Current Grade 11 ABM Hagonoy

National High School S.Y. 2022-2023

Junior High School :Hagonoy National High School

Elementary : HagonoyCentral Elementary School

 71

CHRISTINE G. GLORIO
christine.glorio@gmail.com
09922328678

PERSONAL DATA

Home Address : Sitio BucanaGuihing, Hagonoy, Davao del Sur.

Date of Birth : June 21, 2005

Parents : Nenita G. Montipalcon

Lorenzo A. Glorio

Sibling/s : None

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School :Current Grade 11 ABM Hagonoy

National High School S.Y. 2022-2023

ABIEH JHANE H. DUNGOG

 72

dungogharescoabiehjhane@gmail.com
09121463649

PERSONAL DATA

Home Address : Purok 5, San Isidro Hagonoy Davao del Sur

Date of Birth : November 18,2005

Parents : Arbeth H. Dungog

Jeramil C. Dungog

Sibling/s :Mae Ann H. Dungog

Jeramil H. Dungog Jr.

Abegail H. Dungog

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School :Currently Grade 11 ABM

Hagonoy National High School

S.Y. 2022-2023

Guihing, Hagonoy, Davao del Sur

Junior High School : Hagonoy National High School

Elementary :San Isidro Elementary School

 73

LORY MAE R. ELTAGONDE

lorymaeeltagonde56@gmail.com
09302713757

PERSONAL DATA

Home Address : PaligueHagonoy Davao del Sur

Date of Birth : October 22, 2005

Parents : Allen S. Eltagonde

Yehlen R. Eltagonde

Sibling/s : Laurence R. Eltagonde

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School : Currently Grade 11ABM

Hagonoy National High School

S.Y. 2022-2023

Guihing, Hagonoy, Davao del Sur

Junior High School : Hagonoy National High School

Elementary : Romaguera Elementary School

 74

RONA GEL G. MANAPAT

ronagelgaliciamanapat@gmail.com
09385784466

PERSONAL DATA

Home Address : Purok 4, Aplaya, Hagonoy Davao del Sur

Date of Birth : December 04, 2005

Parents : Ronald C. Manapat

Estelita G. Manapat

Sibling/s : Merliza G. Abarquez

Ronald G. Manapat II

Mark Ron G. Manapat

Ronalith M. Silva

Rona Mae G. Manapat

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School : Grade 11ABM

Hagonoy National High School

S.Y. 2022-2023

Junior High School : Hagonoy National High School

 75

APPENDIX A

PERMISSION LETTER
 76

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region XI – Davao Region
Division of Davao del Sur
HAGONOY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly Doña Gabriela Walstrom Memorial High School)
Guihing, Hagonoy, Davao del Sur

April 2023

ROMUALDO G. PAJIGAL JR. ED. D

Secondary School Principal IV
Hagonoy National High School
Guihing, Hagonoy, Davao del Sur

Sir,
Greetings!

We, the senior high school students of ABM-FAYOL, are currently undergoing a
study entitled “NEEDS VS WAGES: EXPLORING THE FINANCES OF
CONSTRUCTION WORKERS IN DAVAO DEL SUR”. This is in partial fulfillment of
the requirement in Practical Research I, as a prerequisite for the completion of the K-
12 Education Curriculum here in Hagonoy National High School for the school year
2022-2023.

In this regard, we would like to request permission for your office to perform this
research outside of the school premises to collect the necessary data. Rest assured
that ethical considerations regarding the selection of participants and the study’s
actual conduct are considered.
Your favorable response to this request will be highly appreciated.

Respectfully yours,

ABIEH JHANE H. DUNGOG RONA GEL G. MANAPAT ELLA JANE B. LAPAZ

Co-researcher Lead Researcher Co-researcher

CHRISTINE
CHIRRIE ROSELORY G. GLORIO
P. VILLANUEVA
MAE R. ELTAGONDE
Co-
Co- researcher researcher
Co- researcher

PRINCESS CIELO A.AEVRIL

BAIHANA KATEM.
FARESSA
BARIMBAD P. TIN-AO
MALO
Co- researcher Co- researcher
Co- researcher

Noted: Approved by:

ALFIE V. ANDO, MASE

MT-II/SHS Research Adviser ROMUALDO G. PAJIGAL JR. ED. D
Secondary School Principal IV
 77

APPENDIX B
INFORMED CONSENT
 78

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region XI – Davao Region
Division of Davao del Sur
HAGONOY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly Doña Gabriela Walstrom Memorial High School)
Guihing, Hagonoy, Davao del Sur
April___, 2023
To whom it may concern:
Good day!
We, the senior high school students of ABM-FAYOL from Hagonoy National High
School. We are conducting a study entitled: NEEDS VS WAGES: EXPLORING THE
FINANCES OF CONSTRUCTION WORKERS IN DAVAO DEL SUR. This study
would give benefits to the employees as our participants for them to share their
perspectives on handling salaries.
The benefits of this researchare to enable you to share your experiences in handling
your salaries as an employee and your coping mechanism, as well as strategies in
budgeting.
Participation is voluntary. You can cancel at any moment and without penalty.
Further, your participation is not related to any known significant hazards. If you
agree to participate, you will be interviewed for about 15 minutes at the most
convenient time and date. The narratives you share will be included in the final
report, but your name identity will be confidential. We also have chosen five (5) other
participants for the study who came from Lapanday Food Corporation.If something
offended you or made you feel bad during the interview or while participating in the
study, please let the researchers know about it. You have the right to decide whether
to finish the interview or not. You can end whenever you want.
The questionnaires for the interview will be shown to you so that you will be ready for
your answers. During the interview, we will audio-record your voice or the discussion
between you and the interviewer. You can ask any questions from us about the
study. You have the right to be informed. It would be a huge contribution to our
study.
If you agree to be our participant, please fill up the form below. You can also
have a copy for this to keep.
RONA GEL G. MANAPAT
Lead Researcher
 79

Agreement

I agree to participate in this research study, and I have received a copy of this form.

Name:____________________________________Date:________________

Employee’s Signature: _______________________________________

I have explained to the above-named individual the nature and purpose, benefits,
and possible risks associated with participation in this research. I have answered all
the questions that have been raised and I have provided the participant with a copy
of this form.

Researcher’ Signature: ____________________Date: __________________

Researcher’s Signature:____________________Date:__________________

Researcher’s Signature:____________________Date:__________________

Researcher’s Signature:____________________Date:__________________

Researcher’s Signature:____________________Date:__________________

Researcher’s Signature:____________________Date:__________________

Researcher’s Signature:____________________Date:__________________

Researcher’s Signature:____________________Date:__________________

Researcher’s Signature:____________________Date:__________________

Researcher’s Signature:____________________Date:__________________

Noted:
Approved:

ROMUALDO G. PAJIGAL JR. ED, D

ALFIE V. ANDO, MASE
Secondary School Principal IV
MT – II/Research Adviser
 80

APPENDIX C
Letter of validation for Research Questionnaire
 81

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region XI – Davao Region
Division of Davao del Sur
HAGONOY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly Doña Gabriela Walstrom Memorial High School)
Guihing, Hagonoy, Davao del Sur

April ____, 2023

THERESA T. PLAZA, MAELT

Master Teacher II
Hagonoy National High School
Guihing, Hagonoy, Davao del Sur

Ma’am,

Greetings!

We, the senior high school students of ABM-FAYOL, are currently undergoing a
study entitled “NEEDS VS WAGES: EXPLORING THE FINANCES OF
CONSTRUCTION WORKERS IN DAVAO DEL SUR”. This is in partial fulfillment for
the requirement in Practical Research I, as a prerequisite for the completion of the K-
12 Education Curriculum here in Hagonoy National High School for the school year
2022-2023.

With your expertise, we are humbly asking for your permission to validate the
attached interview guide questions for the study.

We are looking forward to receiving your positive response. Thank you!

ABIEH JAHNE H. DUNGOG RONA GEL G. MANAPAT ELLA JANE B. LAPAZ

Co-researcher Lead Researcher Co-researcher
AEVRIL KATE P. TIN-AO
CHRISTINE G. GLORIO CHIRRIE ROSE P. VILLANUEVA
Co-researcher BAIHANA
Co-researcher Co-researcher C
PRINCESS CIELO A. BARIMBAD
Co-researcher

Noted:
Conforme:

THERESA T. PLAZA, MAELT

ALFIE V. ANDO, MASE
Master Teacher II
MT – II/Research Adviser
 82

APPENDIX D
Certificate of Member- Checking
 83

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION XI – DAVAO REGION
DIVISION OF DAVAO DEL SUR
HAGONOY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
GUIHING, HAGONOY, DAVAO DEL SUR

_________________________________________________________________________

CERTIFICATE OF MEMBER CHECKING

This is to certify that [participant's name] has participated in the member checking process for the
qualitative research study entitled: NEEDS VS WAGES: EXPLORING THE FINANCES OF
CONSTRUCTION WORKERS IN DAVAO DEL SUR, conducted by Rona Gel G. Manapat, et.al,
Grade 11- ABM.
The purpose of the member checking process was to verify the accuracy of the data collected from the
participant during the study. [Participant's name] was given the opportunity to review the data collected
from his/her participation in the study, including transcripts, notes, and any other relevant materials.

[Participant's name] has provided feedback on the accuracy of the data and has confirmed that the data
presented in the study is a true and accurate reflection of his/her experiences and opinions.

We, the undersigned, hereby acknowledge that the member checking process was conducted in
accordance with the standards of qualitative research and that the feedback provided by [participant's
name] was duly considered in the final analysis and interpretation of the data.

[Rona Gel G. Manapat, et.al]

[Grade 11 - ABM]

Participant's Signature over Printed Name

Date: _________________
Address: Guihing, Hagonoy, Davao del Sur
ontact No.: 0995-031-9213
E-Mail Address: hagonoy.nhs@deped.gov.ph
 84

APPENDIX F
Participants’s Profile
 85

PARTICIPANTS PROFILE

Participant 1

Participant 1, İs 54-year-old construction worker (Panday) of the new school building at Mary

Mediatrix Academy (MMA)

Participant 2

Participant 2, is a 26-year-old construction worker (Helper) of the new building of PYNTECH Factory

Participant 3

Participant 6, is a 32-year-old construction worker (Panday) of the new building of Pyntech Factory

Participant 4

Participant 4, is a 51 -year-old construction worker (Panday) at a new building located in Digos City

Davao del Sur.

Participant 5

Participant 5, is a construction worker (Panday) at an establishment located in DigosCity Davao del

Sur.

Participant 6

Participant 3, is a 36 -year-old construction worker (Helper) at an establishment located at Padada

Davao del Sur.

 86

APPENDIX F
AUDIT TRAILING ARROWING AND DIARY TYPE
 87

Feb. 28 Official Groups

On this day, the students of ABM 11 Fayol were grouped into five groups, and we
decided to our group that Rona would be our leader and we created our official
group chat.

Mar.1 Task to Create Research Titles

Today we gather all our ideas and choose the best titles. In our GC all of the
members send their ideas, and all of their ideas are nice but when we go to our
teacher and sadly most of the titles that we created are over studies, we don't lose
hope and we continue to think about what will be the best 3 titles that we can
propose in our upcoming title defense. We keep on updating our GC and all of us are
sharing our ideas. Finally, we have the 5 titles, and we will go to Sir Alfie to check on
them. Finally, the 5 titles are approved but we chose the 3 titles to defend on this
upcoming title defense. We still keep updating our GC and our leader Rona is
assigning usto look at some RRL for our 3 titles.

Mar. 2 Preparing for Title Defense

The researchers are preparing for the title defense. We also did some searching for
possible questions so that we have an idea of what will be the flow during our title
defense.

Mar. 3 Title Defense

The day of the title defense has finally arrived, and all of my classmates are wearing formal attire, and
they look good in it. The time went by the defense started and the panel chose the title us which
is*NEED VS. WAGES EXPLORING THE FINANCES OF CONSTRUCTION WORKERS INDAVAO
DEL SUR “Finally we have a final research title.

Mar. 7 Searching for PDF

We keep on updating our GC giving some ideas about construction workers and
sending some pdf.

Mar. 9 Chapter 1.
Our research advisor taught us how to construct chapter 1 to our papers and our
leader Rona assigned us on what will be our part in this chapter.
 88

Mar. 10 Making the Introduction

The members are all answering their respective tasks for the first chapter and the
members showed their answers to our leader and made some corrections all of the
researchers are busy making chapter 1, and we keep updating our GC and also
Aevril Tin-ao is collecting our group funds.

Mar. 11-14 Finalizing Chapter 1

After compiling the answers from our members, we finalized the first chapter and
handed it to Sir Alfie we have so many corrections to chapter 1 and Rona revised it
and finally, it’s done.

Mar. 15 Task
Chapters 2 and 3 were discussed with us by Sir Alfie, Rona assigned us again to our
perspective task.

Mar 16. Crafting the 2 and 3 chapter

Our leader assigned us different parts and we went to school to have a group task.
Everyone seems so busy making chapters 2-3.

Mar 19.
We went to our research advisor and Sir Alfie gave us some corrections and advice
on what would be the best words that we could put in our papers.

Mar 21.- 22
Revising chapters 1, 2, and 3 and constructing and our leader Rona making the
letter of the panel, everyone was busy checking their papers.

Mar 27.
Editing the date of the letters for the panels because our stage 1 defense was
rescheduled. We keep on updating our GC and keep on studying our research
papers.

Mar 28-29.
 89

Today we are all preparing for our upcoming Stage 2 defense.

Mar 30.
It is the stage 1 defense, and the group went to school early to prepare. And we had
some problems and we thought we couldn’t survive but we are happy that we
defended it well.

Mar 31 - Apr 2.
After finalizing chapters 1, 2, 3 and constructing the IGP, we are looking also to our
participants and Ella and Lory found those participants and we are preparing some
food to be given to those participants.

Apr 3.
Getting the IGP checked.

Apr. 4-5.
We continue collecting funds.

Apr 11-12.
We made the letter of consent and we looked for the panels to get our IGP validated.
After checking the consent, we visited our participants to get their signed consent.

April 13 Planning the interview

We researchers are preparing to interview the participants and buy some food that
we can offer them. We also ask the participants when they are free so that we can
start the interview.

Apr 14. Transcribing and Interviewing

At 2 p.m. we go to BaranggayBawing to have an interview with them, and we are
happy because it'sa successful interview. Each one of us had different construction
workers that we interviewed, and we finished the interview at exactly 4:30 in the
afternoon and we go home after that, all of us checked the audio record and started
to transcribe it,our leader Rona assigned us different participants and we are all
ready to transcribe it.
 90

Apr 15. Transcribe and Coding

We continue doing the transcription and Coding.

Apr 16. Transcribing and Coding

The members are transcribing and coding on this day.

Apr 17. Coding

We decided to divide the task into two groups, other members stayed in the school
to continue the coding.

Apr 18.
We make our themes today. We still keep updating the GC and all of the researchers
are busy.

Apr 19.
Rona checks the work we do and after that we print it, we validate to Sir the work
that we've done for correction.

Apr 20.
We are still working on the PAIS.

Apr 21.
We went to Barimbad's house to make our PAIS. Not everyone was attending so we
decided that if one of us was not attending the group or meeting would be paid 20
pesos.

Apr 22.
We are still working on the PAIS andhave group meetings.

Apr 23.
We resumed making the PAIS, and we finished the themes, Rona checked it and
made some corrections.
 91

Apr 24.
The PAIS is done, and we go to our research advisor, we are happy to hear the
comments of Sir Alfie because it’s all positive.

Apr 25.
We check all of our PAIS and arrange it and we start printing it.At 1 pm: We are done
with the arrangements and printing; that's why we got late home at 2 pm.

Apr 26.
Sir was not around, which is why we did not get it checked.

Apr 27.
We did not meet up that day because we took a rest. It was exam week, and
everyone was busy reviewing the topics.

Apr 28.
We visited our participants for member checking.

Apr 30.
We decided to meet up to edit the theoretical lens.

May 3
We start making our chapter 5.

May 5.
On this day, we start making our abstracts and acknowledgments.

May 8.
We are about to prepare for our coming research defense, but Sir announced that it
had been canceled. We will resume our defense after the research congress event.
To be honest, we were happy that day because we knew we were not ready if the
defense was not canceled. And everyone was busy preparing for this upcoming
research congress.
 92

May 29.
Our leader assigned us to make our dedications and we sent it to our GC so that
Rona could check it.

Jun 6-12.
We compiled each of our curriculum vitae, and Rona edited Chapter 5.

Jun 13
We edited our appendices.

Jun 14-16
Gathering references and finalizing the paper.
 93

Day 1: Day 2: Day 3: Day 4:

Groupings Task to create Preparing for Title Defense

Research title title defense
Feb. 28, 2023 Mar. 3, 2023
Mar. 1, 2023 Mar. 2, 2023

Day 5: Day 6: Day 7: Day 8:

Searching for Chapter 1 Making the Finalizing

pdf introduction chapter 1
Mar 9, 2023
Mar. 7, 2023 Mar. 10, 2023 Mar. 11, 2023

Day 9 Day 10: Day 11: Day 12:

Task Crafting the Giving Revising

chapters 2 and corrections chapters 1, 2
3 and 3
Mar. 15, 2023 Mar. 19, 2023 Mar. 21, 2023

Day 13: Day 14: Day 15 : Day 16 :

Editing dates of Preparing for Stage 1 Finalizing

the letters stage 1 defense chapters 1,2,
and 3
Mar. 27, 2023 Mar. 28, 2023 Mar. 31, 2023

Day 17: Day 18: Day 19: Day 20:

IGP checking Funds Making the Planning the

collection letter of consent interview

Apr.3, 2023 Apr. 11, 2023 Apr. 13, 2023

Day 21: Day 22: Day 23: Day 24:

Transcribing Transcribe and Transcribing Coding

and coding and coding
interviewing (continuation)
Apr. 15, 2023 Apr. 16, 2023 Apr. 17, 2023
 94

Day 25: Day 26 : Day 27: Day 28

Making themes Reviewing the Making the Continuation of

paper PAIS PAIS
:
Apr. 18, 2023 Apr. 19, 2023 Apr. 21, 2023

Day 29: Day 30: Day 31: Day 32:

Last day of PAIS checking Reviewing PAIS Editing

PAIS theoretical lens

Apr. 24, 2023 Apr. 25, 2023 Apr. 30, 2023

Day 33: Day 34: Day 35:

Postponed Making of Gathering the

defense dedications and references
curriculum vitae
May 8, 2023 May 29, 2023 June 14, 2023
 95

APPENDIX G

GANTT CHART
 96

Task Time Date Amount

Title Defense

(Panel’s Foods) 11:30 am March 14, 2023 115 pesos

Chapter 1

(Print) 6:30 am March 16, 2023 10 pesos

Chapter 2

(1 rem of bond- 280 pesos

paper, 5pcs 12:00 pm March 18, 2023 50 pesos

plastic folders, 35 pesos

binder clips)

Chapter 3

(Print) 7:00 am March 26, 2023 40 pesos

Group meeting

(Snacks & 1:00 pm March 27, 2023 150 pesos

transportation)

Stage 1

(Panel’s Foods) 7:30 am March 30, 2023 115 pesos

Interview Guide

Protocol 11:00 am April 02, 2023 10 pesos

(Print)
 97

Interview with the

three participants 1:00pm April 21, 2023 140 pesos

(Transportation

fee)

Transcribing and

coding

(print and prepaid 1:30 pm April 22, 2023 120 pesos

load)

Follow up

interview with the

remaining

participants 3:00 pm April 25, 2023 140 pesos

(transportation)

PAIS

(prepaid load for 10:00 am April 26, 2023 12o pesos

the group)

Chapter 4-5

(print) 4:45 pm June 19, 2023 68 pesos

98
99
100