A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride

HEADQUARTERS
CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE de MARANDING, INC
RESERVE OFFICER TRAINING CORP
ARMY RESERVE COMMAND

M60 MACHINE GUN/CREW-SERVED

WEAPONS

A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride

 A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride
Introduction:

Welcome Cadets: A holistic approach to education – that addresses students’

learning, social and emotional needs is crucial, especially in times of crisis. School closures
related to the current COVID-19 pandemic mean that students from diverse backgrounds
who are more at risk of increased vulnerability are less likely to receive the support and
extra services they need, and the gap between students that experience additional barriers
and that do not might widen. Closures can also have considerable effects on students’
sense of belonging to schools and their feelings of self-worth – these are key for inclusion in
education. Otherwise this learning objective in your topic as a ROTC cadets is very important
and systematic lesson in the future.

INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE GUN “For their part the machine-gun units must be on
the alert to seize and exploit every opportunity to assist the forward movement of the rifle units,
without waiting for specific orders to engage a particular target or locality. Infantry In Battle
Leaders must know what the guns can do before the attack starts, what they can do while the
attack is in progress, and what they can do during reorganization and consolidation. They must
learn to seek and to recognize opportunities for employing machine guns in every phase of the
action. Finally, they must have the aggressiveness to keep everlastingly at the task of getting
the guns forward, so that when opportunity does present, they will be able to seize it.”

SUB-TOPIC New lesson is being introduced

CHECK ON Take a deep breath question is being emphasized

LEARNING

EVALUATION After the lesson, you are going to be assessed by

following questions

REFERENCES To acknowledge the source of data and information

A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride

 A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride
Good Day! Cadets/Cadettes before we proceed to our lesson/subject, you should know
first the LESSON OBJECTIVES.

At the end of this lesson the Cadets/Cadettes should be able to:

1. Define the of M60 Machine Gun

2. Identify the types of M60 Machine Gun
3. Determine the Information of Machine Gun

Then, you should also know the scope of the lesson:

1. Definition
2. Types of M60 Machine Gun
3. Identification of M60 Machine Gun

M60 Machine Gun Information

The M60 Machine Gun is a belt-fed machine gun that fires the 7.62 mm
NATO cartridge (.308 Winchester) commonly used in larger rifles. It is generally used as crew-
served weapon and operated by a team of two or three individuals. The team consists of the
gunner, the assistant gunner (AG in military slang), and the ammunition bearer. The gun's
weight and the amount of ammunition it consumes when fired make it difficult for a single
soldier to carry and operate. The gunner carries the weapon and, depending on his strength
and stamina, anywhere from 200 to 1000 rounds of ammunition. The assistant carries a
spare barrel and extra ammunition, and reloads and spots targets for the gunner. The
ammunition bearer carries additional ammunition and the tripod with associated traversing and
elevation mechanism, if issued, and fetches more ammunition as needed during firing.

Firing an M60 machine gun from the standing position during the DEFENDER CHALLENGE '88
competition
The M60 can be accurately fired at short ranges from the shoulder thanks to its design. This
was an initial requirement for the design and a hold-over in concept from the M1918 Browning
Automatic Rifle. It may also be fired from the integral bi-pod, M122 tripod, and some other
mounts.

M60 ammunition comes in a cloth bandolier containing a cardboard box of 100 per-linked
rounds. The M60 changed from M1 link to the different M13 link, a change from the older link
system with which it was not compatible. The cloth bandolier is reinforced to allow it to be hung
from the current version of the feed tray. Historically, units in Vietnam used B3A cans from C-

A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride

 A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride
rations packs locked into the ammunition box attachment system to roll the ammunition belts
over for a straighter and smoother feed to the loading port to enhance reliability of feed. The
later models changed the ammunition box attachment point and made this adaptation
unnecessary.

History:
The M60 machine gun began development in the late 1940s as a program for a new, lighter
7.62 mm machine gun. It was derived from German machine guns of World War II (most
notably the FG 42 and to a lesser extent the MG 42), but it contained American innovations as
well. Early prototypes, notably the T52 and T161 bore a close resemblance to both the M1941
Johnson machine gun and the FG-42. The final evaluation version was designated the T161E3.
It was intended to replace the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle and M1919A6 Browning
machine gun in the squad automatic weapon role, and in the medium machine gun role. One of
the weapons tested against it during its procurement process was the FN MAG.

The experimental machine gun developed from the German FG 42 and MG 42 machine guns.
The U.S. Army officially adopted the T160E3 as the M60 in 1957. It later served in the Vietnam
War as a squad automatic weapon with many U.S. units. Every soldier in the rifle squad would
carry an additional 200 linked rounds of ammunition for the M60, a spare barrel, or both. The
up-gunned M113 armored personnel carrier ACAV added two M60 gunners beside the
main .50 caliber machine gun, and the Patrol Boat, River had one in addition to two .50 cal
mounts.

M60 in Vietnam, 1966

During the Vietnam War, the M60 received the nickname "The Pig" due to its size.

In the 1980s, the M60 was partially replaced by the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon within the
infantry squad. The M60 was retained in the vehicle-mounted role and the general-purpose role
due to its greater power and range compared to the 5.56 mm M249. In the U.S Army
Corps service, concerns about the M60's reliability, weight, and the high round counts of many
M60s in service prompted the adoption of the M60E4 (or also known as MK43MG) to replace
most original M60s in infantry units.

The M60 Machine Gun (formally named United States Machine Gun, Caliber
7.62 mm, M60) is a family of American general-purpose machine guns firing 7.62×51mm
NATO cartridges from a disintegrating belt of M13 links. There are several types of live
ammunition approved for use in the M60, including ball, tracer, and armor-piercing rounds.

Introduced in 1957, it has served with every branch of the U.S. military and still serves with
other armed forces. Its manufacture and continued upgrade for military and commercial

A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride

 A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride
purchase continues into the 21st century, though it has been replaced or supplemented in most
roles by other designs, notably the M240 in U.S. service.

Alternate firing position: Hip

Alternate firing position: Underarm

Prone with tripod

Naming Parts of M60 Machine Gun

A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride
 A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride

The M60 machine gun can be hard to hold steady to repeatedly hit the
same point on a wall. The dust created by the bullet strikes also makes precise
aiming difficult. Firing from a tripod is usually more effective, especially if
sandbags are used to steady the weapon. Short bursts of three to five rounds
fired in a U-type pattern are best.

Breaching a brick veneer presents a special problem for the M60

machine gun. Rounds penetrate the cinder block but leave a net-like structure
of unbroken block. Excessive ammunition is required to destroy a net since
most rounds only pass through a previously eroded hole. One or two minutes
work with an E-tool, crowbar, or axe can remove this web and allow entry
through the breach hole.

8 Cycle of Functioning

A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride

 A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride

1. Feeding. As the bolt starts its forward movement, the feed cam is forced to the
right causing the feed cam lever to turn in the opposite direction and forcing the
belt feed pawl over the next round in the bolt. The next round is then ready to be
placed into the tray groove when the rearward action occurs again. As the bolt
moves to the rear after firing, the cam roller forces the feed cam to the left. The
feed cam lever is forced to turn, which moves the feed pawl to the right and
places a round in the tray groove.

2. Chamber. As the bolt travels forward, the upper locking lug engages the rim of
the round. The pressure of the front and rear cartridge guides holds the round so
that positive contact is made with the upper locking lug of the bolt. The front
cartridge guide prevents forward movement of the link as the round is stripped
from the belt. The upper locking lug carries the round forward. The chambering
ramp causes the nose of the round to be calmed downward into the chamber.
When the round is fully seated in the chamber, the extractor snaps over the rim of
the round, and the ejector on the rail inside the receiver is depressed.

3. Locking. As the round is chambered, the bolt enters the barrel socket. The
upper and lower locking lugs contact the bolt clamming surfaces inside the barrel
and start turning the bolt clockwise. The action of the operating rod yoke against
the bolt clamming slot as the operating rod continues forward turns the bolt,
completing its 90° (one-quarter turn) clockwise rotation. Locking is now complete.

4. Firing. After the bolt is fully forward and locked, the operating rod continues to
go forward, independent of the bolt, for a short distance. The yoke, engaged
between the firing pin spools, carries the firing pin through the face of the bolt.
The firing pin strikes the primer of the round and the primer fires the round.

5. Unlocking. After the round is fired and the bullet passes the gas port, part of
the expanding gases go into the gas regulator through the gas plug. The rapidly
expanding gases enter the hollow gas piston, forcing the piston to the rear. As the
operating rod continues to the rear, the operating rod yoke acts against the bolt
clamming slot. This causes the bolt to begin its counterclockwise rotation. The
upper and lower locking lugs of the bolt contact the bolt clamming surfaces inside
the barrel socket and, as the bolt continues toward the rear, it completes a one-
quarter turn counterclockwise. The rotation and movement to the rear unlocks the
bolt from the barrel socket. Unlocking begins as the yoke of the operating rod
contacts the curve of the bolt clamming slot and ends as the bolt clears the end of
the barrel socket.

A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride

 A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride

6. Extracting. Extracting begins during the unlocking cycle. The rotation of the
bolt loosens the cartridge case in the chamber. As the piston and bolt move to the
rear, the extractor pulls the cartridge case from the chamber.

7. Ejecting. As the cartridge case is pulled from the chamber, the bolt passes by
the ejector. This procedure causes the ejector clip to expand, forcing the ejector
to push the expended cartridge. The extractor grips the right side of the cartridge
and causes it to spin from the weapon as it reaches the ejection port. The empty
belt links are forced out the link ejection port as the rearward movement of the
bolt causes the next round to be positioned in the tray groove.

8. Cocking. As the expanding gases force the gas piston to the rear, the
operating rod first moves independently of the bolt. The yoke of the operating rod
acts against the rear firing pin spool, pulling the firing pin from the primer of the
spent cartridge case. The action of the piston assembly, continuing to the rear
with the firing pin, releases the compression of the firing pin spring. As long as
the trigger is held to the rear, the M60 continues to complete the eight steps of
functioning automatically. When the trigger is released and the sear engages the
sear notch, the cycle of functioning is stopped and the weapon is cocked. To
prevent undue wear to the sear and sear notch, the gunner must hold the trigger
firmly to the rear during firing.

Disassembly M60 Machine Gun

A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride

 A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride
Cyclic rate
This is the mechanical rate of fire, or how fast the weapon "cycles" (loads, locks, fires, unlocks,
ejects). Measurement of the cyclic rate assumes that the weapon is being operated as fast as
possible and does not consider operator tasks (magazine changes, aiming, etc.). When the
trigger is squeezed, the rate at which rounds are fired is the cyclic rate. Typical cyclic rates of
fire are 450–900 RPM for assault rifles, 900-1,100 RPM in some cases, 900-1,200 RPM
for submachine guns and machine pistols, and 600- 1,200 RPM for machine guns Miniguns
mounted on helicopters can achieve rates of fire of over 50 rounds per second (3,000 RPM
Sustained or Effective rate
This is the rate at which the weapon could reasonably be fired indefinitely without failing. In
contrast to the cyclic rate, the sustained rate is the actual rate at which the weapon would
typically be fired in combat. Sustained rate considers several factors, time spent reloading,
aiming, changing barrels if necessary, and allowing for some cooling. Knowing the sustained
rate of fire is useful to know for logistics and supply purposes. M60 Machine guns are typically
fired in short bursts rather than in long continuous streams of fire, although there are times
when they must be fired in very long bursts (see rapid rate below). Sustained rate also applies
to box magazine fed assault rifles and semi-automatic rifles. In these weapons it refers to the
rate at which the typical rifleman can effectively engage targets in a combat situation. The rate
is usually 12-15 rpm, except for barrel changes it considers most of the same factors as for the
belt fed MGs.
Rapid rate
Rapid rate is a rate of fire between Cyclic and Sustained. It is usually much faster, although
less accurate, than the sustained rate and is only used in emergency/final defensive line
situations. The Rapid rate is not sustainable for long periods because it eats up a significant
amount of ammunition (more than the gunner or assistant gunner are likely to carry on a patrol),
the heat generated requires barrel change times to be reduced, and because machine guns are
only issued with one spare barrel prolonged rapid fire will result in shortened weapon/barrel life.
Semi-Automatic rate
The semi-automatic rate is the assault rifle/semi-auto only version on rapid fire. It is the
maximum rate that a weapon can fire with any degree of accuracy in semi-auto mode, usually
45-60 rpm.

M60 MACHINE GUN

 Length: 3 feet 7 inches (110 centimeters).

 Width: 5.9 inches (15 centimeters).

 Weights: Empty, 23 pounds (10.43 kilograms); loaded 28 pounds (12.70 kilograms).

A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride

 A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride

 Range: From bipod on an area target, 800 meters; from M122 tripod on an area target,
1,100 meters.

 Cyclic rate of fire: 550 rounds per minutes.

This ends the lesson cadets/cadettes, hoping that this module will helps you
in understanding the M6O Machine Gun. Now let us proceed to Evaluation, to
assess whether you really comprehend the lesson.

ESSAY QUESTION (Explain in 150 words)

How many rounds ammunition to produce rapid fires in a 30minutes
without bi-pod?

In the midst of pandemic that has profoundly altered many aspects of life,
the continued effective delivery of ROTC Trainings in Basic and Advance Cadets
is, more than ever, of paramount importance. It is also imperative for us in
10RCDG as administrators of ROTC to respond positively to the distinctive
challenge and opportunity presented by the unusual circumstances by ROTC
subjects in innovative and flexible ways suitable to the context of educational
institutions, instructors and students. Despite the pandemic, we are still mandated
to train the future leaders and produce the best and the brightest officers of the
Phil. Army. In short, this crisis is never an excuse to jeopardize the quality of
training of one of the sources of the Officer Corps.

PAM-Handbook
www.google.com
Google Pictures

A World-Class Army That is a Source of National Pride