Sr. no.

Title Author
1 INNOVATIONS FOR STRUCTURAL Saniye Karaman
SYSTEM EDUCATION IN Özta
ARCHITECTURE.
2 Innovations in the structural Camilo Villate
systems in tall buildings in Bogotá Matiz
in the 1960s. Universidad de
Case study: Bavaria building los Andes,
Bogotá,
Colombia
3 A study on interrelations of Huseyin Emre
structural systems and main Ilg € ın Faculty
planning considerations in of Built
contemporary supertall buildings Environment,
School of
Architecture,
Tampere
University,
Tampere,
Finland
4 Parametric design of diagrid tall Amirreza Ardek
buildings regarding structural ani University of
efficiency Tehran

Iman Dabbagh
Lehigh
University

Matin
Alaghmandan
Shahid Beheshti
University

Mahmood
Hosseini
Eastern
Mediterranean
University

5 Bioclimatic Technology in High Magda Sibley

Rise Office Building Design: A The University
Comparison Study for Indoor of Sheffield
Environmental Condition
zudinshah Abd
Wahab
Universiti Tun
Hussein Onn
Malaysia

Lokman Hakim
Ismail
Universiti Tun
Hussein Onn
Malaysia
6 A New Modular Structural System Giulia
for Tall Buildings Angelucci,
Based on Tetrahedral Configuration Fabrizio
Mollaioli and
Roberto
Tardocchi

7 Cantilever structure in modern Elena

construction Generalova1,* ,
Viktor
Generalov1
, and Anna
Kuznetsova1
8 Structural Systems for Tall Mir M. Ali
Buildings 1 and Kheir Al-
Kodmany 2,*

9 Will Hawkins
University of
Bath
John J Orr
University of
Bath
Ibell Tim
University of
Bath
Paul Shepherd
University of
Bath

Developing an innovative
lightweight concrete flooring
system for sustainable buildings
10 Parametric Structural Design Anke Rolvink,
and beyond Roel van de
Straat and
Jeroen
Coenders

11

Radovan
Cvetkovic,
Dragoslav Stojić,
Innovative structural CLT Sonja Krasic ,
system in projecting and building of Nemanja
student houses A Marković
12 Research on Innovative Design Feifeng Zhong
Method and Application of Guangzhou
Architectural Nanyang
Façade Modeling Polytechnic

13 Yonca Hurol

The Tectonics of Structural Systems

- An Architectural Approach
B
14 The Future Trend of Architectural he Future Trend
Form and Structural of Architectural
System in High-Rise Buildings Form and
Structural
System in High-
Rise Buildings
Matin
Alaghmandan1,
*
, Payam
Bahrami2
, Mahjoub
Elnimeiri1

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Abstract
Structural systems, which play an important role in today’s architectural education, have become an
issue that is analyzed by mega structures using different disciplines in the process from the design
stage to the construction stage. While design and structural system studies are performed together in
practice, architecture students usually have difficulty in reflecting their learning from the structural
system course into their design studio in architectural education. In this study, information about
education method for "Structural System and Technologies I" course, carried out in the fourth
semester (second class) in Department of Architecture in Gebze Technical University, was primarily
given. Unlike previous teaching methods in this course scope, a structural system modeling to solve
the given design problem was requested from the students during spring semester 2015. It was aimed
to provide the students with an understanding of general design principles involving structural
elements and learning about the necessity in which the structural system should be considered in
conjunction with the architectural design, concluding with a two-week assignment. A survey was
conducted among 55 architecture students in order to evaluate the outcomes of the assignment.
According to the survey results, 61% of the students stated that function, form, and structural system
affect one another. 20% of them stated that function, form, and structural system, respectively, have
an order of importance in the design process. 9% of them stated that structural system determine
form and function. 6 % of them stated that form, function, and structural system, respectively, have
an order of importance in the design process. Finally, 4 % of them stated that their relations change
depending on the condition. Innovative teaching method in this study is found to be successful
because the students have experienced the importance of materials in structural system and learned
how to integrate structural system course to architectural design studio. It is intended that this study
will benefit architecture students and educators.
The Bavaria building in Bogotá (1965) is, together with other contemporary buildings,
exemplary of 1960s architecture and construction. Many authors and historians consider the 1960s as
a magnificent period because of its innovations in building technology, especially in the use of
reinforced concrete. During the 1950s and 1960s, the use of reinforced concrete as main structural
material in tall buildings was not so common in the world, steel being the most common used
material. However, in Colombia the technical mastery of reinforced concrete as a structural material
is evidenced through collaborative work in research and experimentation with teams of engineers
and architects. The paper discusses the technological innovations in the Bavaria building, 27 floors
high, as part of this glorious period represented by the emergence of important buildings.
Purpose – The aim of the study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of
interrelations of structural systems and main planning considerations in supertall buildings (≥300 m).
Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 140 contemporary supertall towers using
the case study method to analyze structural systems in the light of the key design considerations to
contribute to the creation of more viable supertall building projects.
Findings – Central core typology, outriggered frame system, composite material and tapered
prismatic and free forms were the most preferred features in supertall building design. Shear walled
frame and tube systems occurred mostly in the 300–400 m height range, while outriggered frame
systems were in the range of 300– 600 m in height. Asia, the Middle East and North America mainly
preferred outriggered frame systems, followed by tube systems. Considering the building function
and form, the most preferred structural system in each of these groups was outriggered frame
system, while mixed-use function stood out in all structural systems except in shear walled frame
system.
Originality/value – To date, there has been no comprehensive study in the literature of the
interrelations of structural systems and important planning considerations in the design of
contemporary supertall towers through a large set of study samples. This critical issue was
multidimensionally explored in this paper in light of 140 detailed case studies of supertall buildings
around the world.
Keywords- Supertall building, Interrelations, Structural system, Building height, Building form, Core
planning, Structural material
Paper type- Research paper
In this paper, the effects of form parameters on the structural efficiency of tall buildings are
investigated by
generating a parametric platform. The modifications of the form are normally adopted by architects
in tall
buildings to satisfy their aesthetic and functional needs. The effects of tapering and changing plan
shape
as two commonly used modifications, are investigated applying the diagrid structural system which
provides the structure with high stiffness and efficiency as well as satisfying the architectural needs.
Forms
are generated in Rhinoceros and exported to SAP2000 to be analysed structurally through a response
spectrum analysis. The results show tapering in the height section leads to more impacts on structural
efficiency parameters in comparison to plan changes. The circle and the polygons with more sides
create more
efficient forms. Some outcomes show more than 20% lighter structures in concave sections than
normal
buildings.

The shift towards a more sustainable architecture for high-rise building is discussed and
illustrated through the work of Ken Yeang and other architects. The claimed benefits of such a
bioclimatic design approach are examined in the light of the results of previously conducted research
projects, dealing with indoor thermal condition of high-rise office buildings. This paper reports on a
study to determine if high-rise buildings designed on bioclimatic principles perform better than
conventional designed ones, when situated in a tropical climate such as that in Malaysia. The paper
describes a number of case studies which compare Malaysian bioclimatic and conventional building
using indoor environmental parameter criteria such as air temperature, relative humidity and air
velocity. Building energy index for both types of buildings is presented to illustrate the real energy
savings in both types of buildings. The major finding of this work is that, the bioclimatic buildings
offering a more comfortable indoor environment, increase satisfaction and show an improvement in
energy saving.
Inspired by the high mechanical performance of diagrid structures, the minimization of material
consumption on braced tubes and the expressive potency of tensegrity modular structures, this work
proposes an innovative three-dimensional system for tall buildings. A new modular structural system
generated from the assembly of tetrahedral units is investigated. The paper integrates insights on the
architectural implications and mechanical performance of the reticular system arranged in repetitive
triangular-based modules. The impact of different geometric configurations of the structural
members on the economic design is also discussed and recommendations for the optimal topology
are made. Guidelines for the design and analytical formula for accessing preliminary member sizes are
proposed on the basis of stiffness requirements.

This article discusses innovative ways of using cantilever structures in modern construction.
It highlights that the unique design of cantilever structures pushes forward the physical possibilities of
architecture and construction, challenges the attractive force and breaks stereotypes. The authors
provide an analysis of the best worldwide experience of introducing the cantilever elements in the
objects of different functional purposes. Unique engineering solutions with a cantilever span of over
20m are paid special attention to. The paper considers the basic technologies, design systems,
materials and testing techniques that make it possible to create "flying" structures. Peculiar features
of using the cantilever structures in high-rise buildings and high-technology development of high-rise
erection are described. Special attention is paid to the economic, safe and environmentally sound
technology for the use of lightweight concrete slabs with void formers reducing the amount of
concrete and the mass of slabs without losing strength. As a result, the paper describes the prospects
for introducing the cantilever elements in modern construction and their functional use.
Structural systems for tall buildings have gone through an evolutionary process. The rigid
frame became popular in the first half of the 20th century but proved to be structurally inefficient
beyond a certain height of tall buildings. The invention of the tubular structure in the 1960s allowed
buildings to be built taller with low material consumption. Due to the obstructive nature of the closely
spaced exterior columns of framed tubes and bracings of braced tubes, the core-outrigger system
gained acceptance by the architects as it allowed them to freely articulate the façade design.
However, the conventional tubular structures continued to retain their use for tall buildings to a
lesser degree and later underwent a resurgence in modified forms. These and other advanced tubular
forms in cutting-edge structural systems developed later continue to find application in modern
times. This study presents a detailed narrative of different structural systems for tall buildings that is
expected to assist structural engineers and architects to collaboratively select appropriate structural
systems for tall buildings.

This project brings together modern developments in computational design, materials and
construction methods to propose a novel thin-shell concrete flooring system for multi-storey
buildings, aiming to create a low embodied energy and lightweight alternative to traditional
reinforced concrete flat slabs.
Design of the built environment requires the collaboration of a team of
different roles and disciplines:The client, the architect, the structural
engineer, the MEP consultant, etc. However, most parametric and associative
design systems and research do not focus on a multi-disciplinary approach,
but mainly part of the architectural domain: the geometry. However a
parametric approach from the architectural perspective alone does not
serve the collaborative possibilities of a parametric and associative design
process.Working within a multi-disciplinary design team, the project can
benefit if the structural engineer adopts a structural parametric and
associative design approach that follows the general design intentions of the
project and that provides insight, shows possibilities and presents boundary
conditions which have to be taken into account by other members of the
design team. This paper presents a number of research and development projects as
well as case studies of real buildings and structures, within Arup around the
globe which all exemplify the influence of structural parameters in the
design process.The experiences by the engineers and computational
designers will be discussed alongside some of the technical details of the
approaches. The paper will be subdivided in two main components: design projects
which are based on parametric modelling and research and development
projects that employ and enhance the possibilities of parametric technology.
All projects made use of Bentley’s GenerativeComponents [1] and/or
McNeel’s Grasshopper plug-in for Rhinoceros [2] as parametric and
associative modelling system or as a base for custom tool development.

The University campuses represent a dominant type of organization of the

living activities of students. Buildings and common features, were usually built, in a
classical manner. This means that majority of the student living complexes was built in
the massive and skeletal structural systems of concrete and steel. This paper deals with
the possibilities, advantages and examples of an innovative structural system, named
CLT or XLAM system. The XLAM system was developed in Germany around 12 years
ago and it has been rapidly spreading in most European countries such as Austria,
Switzerland, Italy and Nordic Countries. It is a European innovative timber based
material in which timber boards, made of domestic timber species are assembled in
layers and glued together crosswise in order to form massive timber wall and floor
panels characterized by significant mechanical properties. Such type of structural
system can serve as a models for construction of residential, commercial and student
facilities in Serbia.
The author through in-depth investigation and access to a large number of literature,
in-depth study of the famous architect or architectural firm of architectural innovation masterpiece
and the latest innovation new architecture, study from the modeling design fundamental element,
Shape structure, building details, building material innovation, material and construction technology,
structural technology innovation and other aspects of the building facade modeling innovative design
method and applications, it is hoped that it will have certain enlightening function to the future
architectural designers in the architectural innovation design.

The incredible development and expansion of tall buildings around the world through the past
decades show the
significant role of this type of building in the past, current and future urbanism, particularly in dense
cities. Based on the past
and current trends in architectural features and structural design of tall buildings, the future
generation of this kind of building
can be predicted; and as such, the required architectural and structural parameters for a proposed
design methods and
considerations can be decided. In this paper, the architectural and structural considerations of 73
tallest buildings, with
heights taller than 300 (m) and built by the end of 2012, are studied. Based on the information
gathered, the future trend in the
geometry and form and most appropriate structural system used for tall buildings are predicted and
recommended as a means
for future designs. The study shows that a careful study of trends in architectural features and
structural design of tall
buildings along with an integrated approach considering various design requirements can be an
effective method in design of
future generation of tall buildings.
Conclusion
It was observed that a two-week practical
study was successfully completed by the architecture students within the scope of the structural system course. The students
learned from structural system course into architectural design studio by the teaching method. It was also observed that arch
theoretical lessons in structural system course because they could learn more from constructing their structural system mode
problem in a short time are important for the students. In the future academic year, it is planned to continue short-term assig
programs in the scope of structural system course.
The analysis of the technological innovations in this case, as well as in other case studies of the same period, shows the impor
Although the studied architecture and construction companies were medium-sized, they were responsible for large projects s
worked in collaboration with other companies. For the development of the Bavaria building, they collaborated (despite not be
Pradilla Caro & Cia and with technical designers, mainly Doménico Parma and Antonio Páez, to define the project definition. T
stages served as a propitious climate for technological innovation. This was also confirmed in inter views conducted during the
within Obregón & Valenzuela y Cia, junior and senior architects collaborated on large assignments, leading up to the possibilit
commitment to the company and projects, could be associated (Edgar Bueno interviewed in 2011). The analysis of the innova
floor system and the Caisson Bogotáno foundation system, show that these innovations impacted and evolved from their initi
Colombia and in certain nearby countries. Finally, Parma developed the structural framed tube system to provide an adequate
on North American codes. He anticipated the massive, subsequent use of the structural framed system in many tall buildings i
the structure of the Avianca Tower, where Parma proposed a structural system of large frames (Outrigger structure) in 1969,d
(Villate & Tamayo 2012a).
The results obtained in this study showed similarities and dissimilarities with other studies in the literature (e.g. Oldfield and D
arrangement was the most used typology, as noted in similar studies (Oldfield and Doherty, 2019; Ilgın, 2021b, c; Ilgın et al., 2
forms were the most frequent, and this finding was verified by the findings in the studies of Ilgın et al. (2021) on 93 supertall t
on 27 supertall residential towers. In terms of structural systems, outriggered frame system was mainly used in supertall build
al. (2021), Ilgın (2021b) and Ilgın (2021c), while the use of composite was more prevalent than steel and reinforced concrete a
interrelations of the structural system and the main planning considerations associated with it, this study analyzed building he
material to provide an introductory design guide for key construction professionals in supertall building projects. Shear walled
range, while outriggered frame systems were primarily in the height range of 300–600 m. Asia, the Middle East and North Am
systems, in supertall building construction. Similarly, considering building function and building form, outrigger frame system w
form groups. Additionally, mixed-use function came to the fore in all structural systems except shear walled frame. On the oth
outriggered frame systems, prismatic, tapered and setback forms were employed in tube systems according to the order of fre
structural material, composite was the most used material, followed by reinforced concrete, in all structural systems except b
have come under serious criticism that they are unsustainable in many ways, including social, financial and ecological consider
material – 1 Figure 14. Interrelation of structural system and structural material – 2 Structural systems and planning considera
from the initial planning phase of supertall towers. In this context, architects should be aware that the design of these gigantic
issue that requires interdisciplinary collaboration and high-level teamwork. In this paper, through 140 supertall cases, main de
systems and structural materials) and interrelations of structural system and main design considerations (i.e. building height, l
were analyzed. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study on interrelations of structural systems and main planning cons
provide design guidelines for key professional stakeholders such as architects, engineers and developers. The empirical data p
300 meters. Additional categorization levels for 140 supertall buildings in the study sample set especially relatively may give b
function buildings and steel buildings; it was emphasized that, where appropriate, it would probably be inaccurate to extract c
significantly increasing number of buildings in the scope of this study in the last decade, it can be foreseen that there will be a
addition, buildings below 300 m can also be included in the study sample to create a sufficient number of subcategories. On th
the next generation of sustainable, ultra-tall buildings and megastructures, the relationships between the structural system an
research. In particular, future research should delve deeper into the structural system-sustainability relationship of supertall t
come to the fore (Johnson et al., 2014; Foster and Ramage, 2017; Ramage et al., 2017)
Environmental and economic challenges of recent years have motivated designers to look for provisions to save energy and m
effects of form and structure and their efficiency can empower designers to adopt proper forms not only for the functional an
It should be considered that achievements of the paper are confined to assumptions of the studied cases in this research inclu
generalized to all kinds of tall buildings. From the inter-story drift point of view, among the two studied section modifications,
changing plan shapes. The inter-story drift in different plan shapes changes about 28%, while in tapered section models, it cha
model, as the most widespread tall build ing form, can be considered the base form; hence, the structural weight per unit area
as an indicator of structural efficiency (Figure 24). Excluding normal triangular models, all models have less structural unit weig
models, 13% in convex models and 18% in concave models by average among all plan shapes. It can be observed that all modi
structural efficiency of a normal rect angular model. Generally, increasing the number of sides of a plan to get closer to a circle
from normal perpendicular to tapered. The concave model caused the most efficient structural behaviour based on general an
modification in different conditions, the effects of other involved parameters should be investigated in detail. Results show th
structural efficiency, though a linear trend is not observed due to the inherent properties of some geometries. This is because
different behaviour under lateral loads and this property can be studied in future research. For example, the triangular shape
while its strength requirement remained identical to other structures which implies that this plan shape is more sensitive to st
normal rectangular mod els are not necessarily the most efficient models structurally in the studied case. Although there are s
rectangular plan shapes more usable and affordable for tall buildings, this research focuses on the analytical comparison in the
the best structural form and system should be made considering all aspects in cooperation with the architect and the structur

Although there are differences in terms of those environmental parameters among all buildings
and between conventional and bioclimatic buildings types, it was found that the indoor conditions
for all buildings are within the acceptable comfort zones determined by many related organisation
in many of their standards. The study shows evidence that the indoor thermal and ventilation
condition in bioclimatic buildings are better than that of conventional ones as expected. Both
bioclimatic buildings are mostly better than conventional buildings. In terms of energy used,
bioclimatic buildings are clearly shifting towards a lower energy building and meet the local
energy index for offices.
Inspired by the high mechanical performance of diagrid structures, the minimization of material consumption on braced tubes
structures, this work proposes an innovative three-dimensional system for tall buildings. The new modular structural system is
proposed system, the base modules are provided with adequate stiffness to withstand both gravity and lateral loading scenari
relying on inner cores. In fact, the main advantage of the modular tetrahedral structure, compared to other resisting systems
dimensionality of the diagonal members and their plasticity in shaping the architectural space. Greater compositional freedom
the distribution of internal spaces and/or vertical connections. The base module is defined based on preliminary evaluations o
cells with different diagonal arrangement are privileged: Type 1, derived from the tensegrity family, and Type 2. Judgments of
suitable for assessing the decoupled (shear and flexural) behavior of the proposed tetrahedral-like structures under wind actio
preliminary member sizes for column and diagonal members is investigated and applied to a representative set of tall building
targeted top displacement and required material consumption demonstrate the practical usefulness of the proposed prelimin
contribution of bending and shear deformation to the total lateral sway are derived by means of optimal values of the adimen
study also examined the influence of the diagonal angle on the structural design. It is found that the angles ranging from abou
tetrahedral systems composed of assembled mixed Type 1 and Type 2 units are also generated and preliminary equations for
results confirm that the preliminary methodology proposed in this work has good predictive capabilities in evaluating the stru
meeting design requirements. The implementation of multi-module geometries derived from the repetition of only Type 1 mo
configurations accounting for other base modules or other complex assemblies would require further studies. However, for 3-
this work, it is possible, with a good level of approximation, to adopt the suggested design procedure and assume the propose
Strength, stability, and displacement checks are, nonetheless, strongly recommended. It should be emphasized here that this
patterns for tall buildings. With the aim of proposing this new structural system, the paper illustrates and concentrates on som
However, margins of applicability should not be considered exhaustively limited to the cases studied within this work. Further
order to acquire a comprehensive knowledge of the mechanical performance of the proposed tetrahedral system.

In conclusion it should be pointed out that the considered architectural and engineering
elements of the buildings are at the cutting-edge of scientific and technological progress
and are a site for introducing not only advanced but experimental constructive systems,
materials and technologies as well. All these things make these buildings unique. At the
same time when considering the prospects of introducing cantilever elements in modern
construction and taking into account extensive functional capabilities it is necessary to
reflect on their mass use in urban environment at the level of standardized and harmonized
typological and constructive structures.
Construction of tall, supertall, and megatall buildings has increased rapidly in recent years. This study reviews the evolution of
n the late 19th century till the present time. With the advent of advanced building materials, sophisticated computational soft
buildings. The revolutionary height-based structural systems charts, particularly tubular structures, allowed engineers to build
structures for tall buildings was another milestone that allowed the design of most tall buildings. Expanded system-based char
skyscrapers. Widespread distance working through digital communication has recently slowed the pace of construction of tall
However, this is expected to gradually change in the post-pandemic period as face-to-face physical human interaction cannot
improvements of structural systems will occur for tall buildings as they will continue to be built due to human aspirations and
buildings will continue to be built unabated.

This project demonstrates how theoretical

understanding, historical inspiration and modern
technological developments can be combined to
develop innovative structural solutions.
This work is funded by the BRE Trust.
With the growing number of developments in parametric and associative
design for structural modelling and analysis, new possibilities arise allowing a more integrated design process, where amongst
engineer can communicate via parametric models.Assessing an extensive
variety of design options in a short time supports the creative process that
is often bounded by time limitations and greatly increases the design
flexibility throughout the entire process.
The presented projects showed that integrating structural design
intelligence based on the parametric and associative design approach
enables the engineer to make better-informed decisions and to better
communicate them.Additionally, it allows the structural designer to get insync with the constant changing geometric definitio
requirements.

The University campuses represent a dominant type of organization of the living activities of students. Buildings and common
This means that majority of the student living complexes are built in the massive and skeletal structural systems of concrete a
system, developed in Germany around 12 years ago, made from timber boards assembled in layers and glued together crossw
characterized by significant mechanical properties can serve as model for construction of residential, commercial and student
Architectural design innovation is the need of the times, and the development of architectural design is inseparable from the i
apid development of science and technology, as an architect, if he lacks the ability to innovate, he will be in a disadvantaged p
of the facade molding of the building from the basic elements of the design, architectural details, materials and technology, st
we can use one aspect or several methods above to create. In the future, we will continue to research and expand new innova
architectural design. “Application Research of Lingnan Traditional Elements in Modern Architectural Design” (The research sub
Polytechnic College's school-level research subject "Study on Architectural Design Innovation Design and Application" (The res

Regarding all the aforesaid examples of the recent forms and structural systems of tall buildings, it can be seen that the form o
type particularly from the past decade. Based on this study the architectural form of tall buildings is going towards the curvilin
lateral load based structural system will be the diagrid system for them. The main conclusions of this study are: (1) Although th
also the effect of determining and designing an appropriate lateral-load based structural system based on the geometry and fo
efficiency of the structural weight and total cost of the building has to be considered. (2) Choosing the most appropriate struc
increase the efficiency of the building; since the design team has to consider the interrelationship between architectural form
resist wind effect.
Review Star Rating File name
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êêêêê RESEARCH 2
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3 êêêêê 26.pdf

3 êêêêê 359-1088-1-PB1.pdf
5 êêêêê buildings-10-00240-v2.pdf

7 êêêêê Cantilever_structure_in_modern_construction.pdf
6 good building examples, diagrid êêêêê encyclopedia-02-00085-v2.pdf

7 reinforced slabs single example êêêêê IABSE-Bath2017-Will_Hawkins_submissi

3 slight off topic êêêêê ijac20108305.pdf

3 focuces on sinle materal êêêêê Innovative_structural_CLT_system_in_p

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Reearch Gate

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 www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings
good data but too many numerical solutions, relevant diagramatic representations
dern_construction.pdf
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/encyclopedia
research gate
international journal of architectural computing
research gate
 https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926702012

tectural_Form_a.pdf