Promoting Sustainable Paper Bag Production: Comparative Analysis of Quality

between Waste paper-Corn (Zea mays) husk paper bags and Commercial paper bags

A Research Proposal

Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School Department

Eclaro Academy

In partial fulfillment of Requirements for the Senior High in

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

Presented by:

Duran, Ma. Zupia S.

Juanillo. Irish Sizshouki S.

Luna, Wendy Fae E.

Mamintal, Layla U.

Maranga, Vincent Jhon E.

Osal, Joshua M.

Orge, Phoemela

Priolo, John Ribe B.

Sabile, Joseph O.

Udal, Mica U.

MAY 2024
 CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the Introduction, Background of the Study, Statement of

the Problem, Scope and Delimitation of the Study, Significance of the Study,

Hypothesis, and the Definition of Terms.

INTRODUCTION

Waste paper is often underestimated in terms of its significant negative impact

on the environment. Ignoring this fact, we tend to disregard waste paper,

inadvertently contributing to adverse effects. In reality, when waste paper

decomposes in landfills, it releases methane, a powerful greenhouse gas that

depletes the ozone layer, which shields the Earth from the sun's rays (Ontario,

2021). Furthermore, waste paper ranks as the third largest litter waste globally,

affecting not only the environment but also the tourism industry in certain areas.

Additionally, waste paper litter attracts insects and rodents, turning an area into an

ideal breeding ground for various diseases (Taylor, 2019). The burning of waste

paper also contributes to air pollution.

On the other hand, corn husk, the outer layer of corn, is typically considered

useless by farmers (Bomzer, 2023). However, its potential as a raw material for

paper production has caught the attention of the researchers. With its high cellulose

content, corn husks offer a viable option for sustainable papermaking (Zorilla, 2019).

This motivated the researchers to explore the use of waste paper and corn husk as

combined materials for paper production, specifically focusing on their application in

the creation of paper bags.

1
 By combining waste paper and corn husk, the researchers aim to develop

paper bags that utilize available resources efficiently and promote sustainable

practices. The study will involve evaluating the quality and performance of paper

bags made from a combination of waste paper and corn husk to compare in

commercial paper bags. By assessing their attributes, such as durability,

appearance, and texture, the researchers seek to determine the potential of this

combined material approach in producing environmentally conscious paper bags.

Through this experimental study, insights can be gained into the feasibility

and sustainability of utilizing waste paper and corn husk in combination for paper

bag production. Such an approach holds promise for reducing the environmental

impact of waste paper and maximizing the utilization of corn husk as a valuable

resource. Ultimately, this research contributes to promoting more sustainable

practices in the paper production industry and reducing the overall environmental

footprint.

The Philippines has endeavored to improve its management of solid waste

through the passage of RA 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act that

provides for a systematic, comprehensive and ecological waste management

program to ensure the protection of public health and the environment. It promotes

resource conservation that suggests waste avoidance and volume reduction through

resource reduction and waste minimization measures.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Corn husk is a non-fruit part of the corn and an agricultural waste. (Properties

of Corn Husk Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composites Fabricated Using Vacuum-

assisted Resin Infusion, 2020). While the focus in corn production is the kernel, the

2
husk is considered as a waste. (Hasdiana, 2017). However, there are a variety of

advantages of corn husk reinforced composites, including enhanced mechanical

properties, heat resistance, sound absorption, and flame resistance. (Ratna et al.,

2022).

Research by Fagbemigun (2014) indicates that corn husks have fibers similar

to hardwoods and contain a comparable amount of cellulose. Rahmayant et al.

(2022) found that corn husks possess tensile strength similar to paper, making them

suitable for papermaking. Homemade corn husk handbooks and notebooks have

been successful in generating income for farmers in the province of Nueva Ecija,

Philippines (Montemayor, 2018). Corn husk paper bags can meet high paper-related

criteria and promote the reduction, reuse, and recycling of materials (Bryan V. et al.,

2017).

Papermaking is the process of creating a felted or matted sheet, often

with cellulose fibers, by suspending water over a wire screen. Paper is the

fundamental substance utilized in written communication and information sharing.

Paper and paperboard can also be used for countless additional purposes, including

wrapping, packing, toweling, insulating, and taking pictures. Paper recycling is one of

the most well-established recycling schemes applied to waste materials today

(Pivnenko et al. 2015).

Although traditional paper production still relies on timber harvesting, there is

a growing demand for alternative pulp and paper sources (Dindan, 2017). By utilizing

waste paper and corn husks, this research aims to create Corn (Zea mays) husk

paper bags as an option for, even as efforts are made to develop non-wood-based

paper.

3
 Based on similar studies conducted by other researchers, it has been

observed that the utilization of corn husk alone has been the primary focus of their

study. However, there is a research gap in exploring the combined use of waste

paper and corn husk as raw materials. This research aims to bridge this gap by

investigating whether there will be significant changes and improvements in the

resulting product when waste paper and corn husk are used together.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This research primarily aims to understand the acceptance and trust of people

in terms of Promoting Sustainable Paper Bag Production: Comparative Analysis of

Quality between Waste paper-Corn (Zea mays) husk paper bags and Commercial

paper bags. This study aims to address these following questions.

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of;

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Strand

1.4 Grade Level

2. How do respondents asses the factors affecting the Promotion of Sustainable

Paper Bag Production: Comparative Analysis of Quality between Waste paper-Corn

(Zea mays) husk paper bags and Commercial paper bags with respect

2.1 Appearance

2.2 Durability

4
 2.3 Texture

3. Is there a significant difference on the factors affecting the Promotion of

Sustainable Paper Bag Production: Comparative Analysis of Quality between Waste

paper-Corn (Zea mays) husk paper bags and Commercial paper bags when

grounded to their demographic profile with respect to appearance, durability and

texture?

4. Based on the findings, what recommendation may be proposed

HYPOTHESIS

H : There is no significant difference on the factors affecting the Promotion of

0

Sustainable Paper Bag Production: Comparative Analysis of Quality between waste

paper and Corn (Zea mays) husk paper bags to Commercial paper bags when

grounded to their demographic profile with respect to appearance, durability and

Texture.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The researchers used input-process-output (IPO) method to distinguish and

connect the information in the study. The researchers used the method to organize

the ideas according to the study.

The second part will deal through an assessment of Comparative Analysis of

Quality between waste paper and Corn (Zea mays) husk paper bags to Commercial

paper bags. It is undeniable papers have become a crucial part in this society, they

play a role in offices, schools, and even inside houses. Also the existence of papers

production cannot cease to exist even though it has caused a massive impact on our

5
environment. On the other hand, corn husks are wastes that were derived from corn

since people tend to think that corn husks have no valuable use. However, this study

aims to appraise the valuable use of waste paper and corn husk. In order to prove

that these wastes have valuable use. This is where the second part takes place, to

make an assessment, and to arrive at certain conclusions that will highlight the

positive impact of utilization of corn husk paper bags in order to promote sustainable

practice from wastes. Additional this study is not only beneficial to environment but

also for the community

Finally, the last part is the output of this research study. A conclusion that will

allow us to know and promote sustainable practices from wastes. Since, these

wastes have a massive impact on our environment. Additionally, Its findings would

lay down and spell out the possible recommendations to improve and enhance the

quality of Zea mays (Corn) Husk paper bags.

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

6
 The production of sustainable paper bags has become increasingly important

due to environmental concerns surrounding wastes from paper and corn husk. This

study aims to promote sustainable paper bag production by conducting a

comparative analysis of the quality between waste paper and corn (Zea mays) husk

paper bags and commercial paper bags. To provide a comprehensive structure, this

study incorporates the following theories: Fundamentals of the Beating Process:

Theory of the Development in Pulps of Papermaking Characteristics by Mechanical

Treatment, and fundamentals of Paper Drying Theory.

H.W. Emerton's theory (1957), "Fundamentals of the Beating Process: the

Theory of the Development in Pulps of Papermaking Characteristics by Mechanical

Treatment," focuses on the mechanical treatment of pulp fibers in papermaking. The

beating process aims to improve fiber bonding and overall paper characteristics. It

involves breaking down the fiber structure, increasing surface area, and promoting

the formation of hydrogen bonds between fibers. By optimizing fiber bonding, the

beating process enhances the strength, flexibility, and durability of the resulting

paper. Relating this theory to my research product, corn husk paper bags made from

waste paper and corn husk pulp undergo the same beating process as traditional

pulp. The mechanical treatment of the corn husk pulp and waste paper fibers

improves their bonding ability and enhances the papermaking characteristics. As a

result, the corn husk paper bags benefit from increased fiber bonding, leading to

stronger and more durable bags. The modified fiber structure achieved through the

beating process contributes to the overall quality and performance of the bags. By

utilizing this theory, the reseachers produced sustainable and high-quality corn husk

paper bags that contribute to waste reduction and environmental conservation.

7
 Another theory from the theory of Fundamentals of Paper Drying Theory and

Application from Industrial Perspective by Ajit K. Ghosh in year of Nov 2010. It

emphasizes the removal of water from the wet paper web. It involves understanding

the different types of water present, such as bound and free water, and the

mechanisms by which they are removed during drying. Effective drying is essential

for controlling the final properties of the paper and reducing energy consumption in

the papermaking process. In our case study, corn husk and waste paper are dried in

a silk screen under the sunlight to eliminate water presence, thereby enhancing the

qualities of the paper, such as tensile strength, and contributing to the overall quality

of the paper bags.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study aims to compare the quality of corn husk paper bags and

commercial paper bags as part of promoting sustainable paper production. The

focus of the research is on the comparison between these two specific types of bags,

examining their respective quality attributes, advantages, and limitations.

The study was conducted within a quarter of months at Eclaro Academy

located in Ever Gotesco Commonwealth, Quezon City. While the findings are

expected to provide valuable insights, it's important to acknowledge that the results

may have some limitations in terms of generalizability to other regions or settings.

The local context and conditions specific to Eclaro Academy might influence the

outcomes and may not fully represent other geographical areas.

In terms of materials, the research compares corn husk paper bags, which

utilize raw materials of corn husk and waste paper, with commercial paper bags.

8
This comparison allows for an assessment of the environmental impact and resource

utilization of both corn husk paper bags and commercial paper bags.

It is worth noting that the researchers opted not to employ advanced

machinery in the production process. Instead, they utilized equipment commonly

found in homes. This approach introduces practicality and accessibility to the

research, but it is important to consider that the absence of advanced machinery

may impact factors such as precision, efficiency, and uniformity, which could

influence the overall quality comparison between the corn husk paper bags and

commercial paper bags.

Considering these aspects, this research provides a focused analysis of the

quality comparison between corn husk paper bags and commercial paper bags, with

a specific emphasis on promoting sustainable paper production. While the time

frame and the use of household equipment may pose some limitations, the study

offers valuable insights into the quality attributes of these bags and their potential

contributions to sustainable practices in the paper industry.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Students

This study would help the students to understand the importance of corn husk

as an alternative use for plastic bags and how it will help the environment.

Future Researchers

It would be able to use the information from this study that would further

enhance a study related to this topic. Moreover, the data and results could

strengthen the validity of the facts and sanding of their study.

9
Consumers

It will benefit from this study as it highlights the potential of utilizing corn husks

and waste paper to create sustainable corn husk paper bags. This study aims to

educate consumers about the value of repurposing corn husks and waste paper,

empowering them to make more sustainable choices in their daily lives.

Teachers

The findings of this study into their teaching materials, teachers can facilitate

discussion on the environmental impact of plastic bags should the students lessen

their use of it and make use of corn husk paper bags if its applicable.

Community

The findings of this study can inform community members about the benefits

of adopting corn husk paper bags, such as reduced waste, decreased reliance on

fossil fuels and improved environmental sustainability.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Aggregation - The act or process of coming together into a group or mass.

Alkali - Substance with a pH greater than 7, the ability to neutralize acids and

dissolve metals.

Alkaline sulfate - Papermaking process to extract cellulose fibers from wood or

other plant materials.

Anthraquinone - Used as a raw material for the manufacture of vat dyes.

Beadwork - The appearance of the cellulose microfibrils within the cell wall.

10
Breeding ground - A place or environment where animals reproduce and give birth

to offspring.

Comparative analysis - The examination and comparison of two or more things to

identify similarities and differences.

Detrimental impact - Harmful or negative effect or influence.

Endeavors - Efforts or attempts to achieve a particular goal or outcome.

Eradicate - To completely eliminate or get rid of something.

Feasibility - The quality of being practical and achievable.

Gauge participants - To measure or assess the opinions, perceptions, or attitudes

of participants.

Grounded - Based on practicality, evidence, or facts.

Hemicellulose - A carbohydrate polymer found in plant cell walls.

High cellulose - High concentration of cellulose, the main component of plant cell

walls.

Inadvertently - Unintentionally or without planning.

Lignin - An organic polymer that provides strength to plant cell walls.

Novelty items - Unique or unusual products that are intended to be interesting or

appealing.

Rodents - Small mammals characterized by continuously growing incisors and

including animals like mice, rats, and squirrels.

11
Venture - A risky or daring undertaking or business project.

RESEARCH LOCALE

This study focuses on Grade 11 and 12 students that took place at

Eclaro Academy 3rd Floor of Ever Gotesco Mall, Commonwealth Ave. Batasan Hills,

Quezon City. Which was founded in the year 2013, despite its early founding, Eclaro

Academy still achieved many recognitions and achievements in its early years in the

industry. This locale seems suitable for investigating the acceptance and adoption of

sustainable options to plastic bags among students, providing valuable insights into

the attitudes and behaviors of the younger generation towards environmental

sustainability.

Figure 2. Research Locale

12
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents different literature and studies, foreign and local, which

are relevant to this study. This literature and studies were gathered by researchers

from different books, articles, and journals.

Local Literature

Title Author Main Findings Site

1. Residual grade and Autria et Fiber dimensions of residual Tuklas

waste abaca fibers as al. (2019) grade abaca (tow grade) and

reinforcement for waste abaca fibers (tuxy and

13
packaging and stripping wastes) were measured.

printing/writing papers The fibers were found extremely

from recycled fiber long with thin cell walls. Fiber

slenderness or felting point,

flexibility, Runkel, and Muhlsteph

ratios all indicate suitability for

papermaking. Soda-pulping of the

fibers, tow, and Tx80Sw20 (i.e.,

tuxy and stripping waste fibers

combined at 80:20) at NaOH

charges of 8, 10, and 12%,

yielded tow pulp twice greater

than Tx80Sw20 pulp. Beating

evaluation of two-grade fiber

pulped at 8% NaOH and the

corresponding handsheet tests

showed that acceptable beating

time is 15?30 min. The

Tx80Sw20 blend, on the other

hand, already had a low freeness

of only 227 mL and thus needed

no further beating. The pulps

were used as reinforcement for

the production of papers from

recycled or secondary fibers. The

14
 80:20 blends of tow and

Tx80Sw20 pulps were used to

replace 3?10% levels of old

corrugated cartons (OCC) to

produce packaging paper, or

mixed office wastes (MOW) to

produce printing/writing paper.

Results of tests on the

handsheets produced therefrom

indicate significant improvement

in strength properties, even at low

levels of 3?5% of reinforcement.

2. Utilization of the Bathan et The steadily increasing demand Pdf

Extracted Fibers from al. Dec in the wood consumption for coffee

Ananas comosus (2019) paper production led to the rise of

(Pineapple) as an the usage of alternative fiber

Alternative Source for resources for paper making. The

Paper Production need for alternative resources

materialized as the heavy and

continuous reliance on wood fiber

sources could impose costs on

the environment which would

result to failure in maintaining the

ecological balance. The utilization

15
of non-wood fiber resources

especially wastes, on the other

hand, could be a good alternative

source for paper making. The

study aims to assess the potential

of the Ananas comosus,

commonly known as pineapple,

specifically its waste peel, as an

alternative source for the

manufacturing of paper.

The research design used in the

study was comparative analysis,

wherein the researchers seek to

identify the similarities of the

paper produced using the Ananas

comosus fiber with

commercialized standard paper,

with tests based on the standards

of the International Organization

of Standardization (ISO). The

following tests were conducted;

determination of grammage (ISO

536), determination of tearing

16
 resistance (ISO1974),

determination of thickness,

density, and specific volume (ISO

534), determination of folding

endurance (ISO 5626), and the

determination of flat crush

resistance.

3. Pinyapel Is a New Sally Ho With the concerning problem that Green

Filipino Treeless Dec the world has, the Design Center Queen

Paper Made From (2019) of the Philippines had

Discarded Pineapple collaborated with Cagayan de

Leaves Oro’s handmade paper crafts to

reduce the reliance of wood

based pulp for paper making.

Since wood based pulp has

caused a massive impact on our

environment. The pinyapel or

which is known for Pineapple is

great alternative for producing

pulp. In fact, it has recently won

the 2019 Wood Pencil award by

the UK-based charity D&AD

Future Impact for efforts in

sustainability, marking the

17
 Philippines’ first award in the

category. The earlier mentioned

Pineapple pulp can be turned into

amazing crafts such as coffee

cups, paper bags, boxes and

packaging.

4. The Effectivity of Magno et Nowadays, professionals are Research

Using Coconut Coir al. Nov beginning to find alternative gate

and Banana Stem (2023) solutions to the social issue called

(Pseudostem) as a plastic waste pollution because of

Paper Bag the continuity of its harmful effect

on biodiversity. People continue

to have different diseases

because of plastic's

environmental harm. Researchers

have studied that paper bags are

way better than using plastics.

Still, the typical paper process

called "the pulpwood-making

process" is harmful because it

carries pollutants that may

damage biodiversity. In this study,

the researchers will focus on

using waste plants of coconut coir

18
and banana stem to develop a

paper bag that is way healthier

and environmentally friendly. The

researchers conducted this study

using an experimental method.

The product was made from

banana stems and waste coconut

coir. The product was made with

the help of a deckle which serves

as the mold to form the paper.

For the paper to be solid and

durable, sodium hydroxide

(NaOH) was used to leave the

component alone, strengthening

the product. The coir supports the

paper to be in strength, leaving it

with its rough texture. The

banana stem's properties help the

paper to be tucked with the

product. Researchers have

studied that banana stem and

coconut coir fiber contain pulping

properties that help to form a

paper. The sodium hydroxide

removes the other products that

19
 weaken the paper. For it to be

more, the drying process was

done with the help of sun rays,

leaving it with no chemical use for

it to be environmentally friendly.

The whole making process of this

product takes a day and a half to

be finished and formed.

5. HAND-MADE Sumbele Pineapple plants are very Research

PAPER PRODUCED et al. common in the tropical regions Gate

FROM PINEAPPLE March and very easy to extract fibres

LEAVES (Ananas (2023) from its leaves. The utilization of

Comosus) AS A natural fibres in paper making is a

POTENTIAL new source of material which can

MATERIAL FOR be eco-friendly, renewable and

FOOD PACKAGING recyclable. The main objective of

this study is to produce papers

from Pineapple leaves as

potential material for food

Packaging. In this research 3

kinds of papers of different

thicknesses were made from

fresh Pineapple leaves using 1M,

2M and 3M NaOH.

20
Foreign Literature

Title Author Main Findings Site

1. Pemanfaatan Alfurqan, 2021 Based on the results of research Google

Kulit Jagung and discussion it can be Scholar

sebagai Bahan concluded that optimal maize

Cenderamata pada cultivation will provide broader

Daerah Pariwisata benefits such as economic,

Salibutan tourism, arts, and culture

improvement, which will

ultimately improve the welfare of

the community and increase the

regional income. When it is

made with a creative touch, corn

husk can provide the added

value. For the first time it was

just a waste that is not valuable.

it will turn into functional objects,

aesthetic, and even and it can

be a mascot for Gorontalo

region as a pioneer in the corn

processing.

2. DEVELOPING Monisha et al. Main Findings Google

ECO-FRIENDLY 2021 The main findings from this Scholar

PAPER BOARD study about creating an eco-

21
USING friendly paper board from corn

CORNHUSK husk are as follows: Corn husk,

which is readily available and

easily accessible, can be

transformed into a paper board

through mechanical pulping and

papermaking processes. The

paper board made from corn

husk was tested for burst

strength and moisture

absorption properties. These

boards were then used as a

base material for creating eco-

friendly commercial handcrafted

products. The potential of

marketing and selling these

products offers the opportunity

to start a home-based small-

scale business and promote

entrepreneurship. Additionally,

using corn husk as the main

material in product making may

reduce the initial investment

required for a business.

3. MPBS Papers: Renate As Ghanians combat the crisis Google

22
Making money and dzodzomenyo for plastic pollution a CEO was Scholar

reducing plastic 2021 determined to lessen the use of

pollution from plastics. Madam Joana Sama

banana, plantain Arthur the CEO OF MBPS

stems and corn papers has chosen to make

husk paper bags paper bags out banana and

plantain stems as well as corn

husk. She's making a profit from

this idea that she started in

2019. By producing pulp from

the mentioned agricultural waste

she was able to make it. Since

those materials have high

cellulose content which is

needed for the production of

paper.

4. Eco-design of Mahutondji The physical, mechanical and Google

biodegradable food Cédric Agbessi economic parameters of the Scholar

packaging from et al. (2022) eco-designed packaging show

corn husk for local that packaging is economically

food packaging in and technically profitable,

Benin contributing to the Sustainable

Development Goals

5. The use of corn Meisi Riana et As Ghanians combat the crisis Google

husk as a raw al. 2022 for plastic pollution a CEO was Scholar

23
material for determined to lessen the use of

newspaper printing plastics. Madam Joana Sama

Arthur the CEO OF MBPS

papers has chosen to make

paper bags out banana and

plantain stems as well as corn

husk. She's making a profit from

this idea that she started in

2019. By producing pulp from

the mentioned agricultural waste

she was able to make it. Since

those materials have high

cellulose content which is

needed for the production of

paper.

According to datas, there is an

increase of corn production in

Indonesia from 19 Million to 31.1

Million in 2018. Thus, there

would also be an increase for its

waste. Without the proper

disposal for its wastes, it would

cause a detrimental impact to

the environment. Therefore, the

researchers were eager to find a

24
 solution for the wastes. They

came up with the idea for

newspaper making through the

use of corn husk as a raw

material. By that, the

researchers were able to find

the high cellulose content from

the corn husk. With that being

said, the procedure has started

through cutting pieces of corn

husk, boiling with the help of

soda ash to eradicate the lignin,

blending, and drying it with the

use of silkscreen. Through this,

the researchers crafted a new

product from a waste material.

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

LOCAL

Tittle Author Main Findings Source

1. THE ANGELLIE There is a significant Scribd

EFFECTIVENESS OF MAE B. difference between the

CORN HUSK (Zea PLACIDO, weight capacity of the

mays) AS AN Commercial SOS brown

25
ALTERNATIVE RAW et al. 2019 paper bag and the corn

MATERIAL IN husk paper bag. Since the

MAKING PAPER durability of the corn husk

BAG: AN paper bag in terms of its

EXPERIMENTAL weight capacity can carry a

STUDY minimum weight of 5

Kilograms and a maximum

weight of 7.5 Kilograms and

a maximum of 7.5

Kilograms. While the

durabìlity of the commercial

SOS brown paper bags in

terms of its weight capacity

can bear a minimum weight

of 3 kilograms and a

maximum weight of 4. This

insinuates the huge gap

weight capacity between

corn husk paper bags in

contrast to commercial SOS

brown bag

2. Technical and Lagrada, The study shows that using Department

Economic Feasibility Maricar bamboo to make paper of Chemical

of Using Bamboo for Balante could be a good idea for the Engineering

Pulp and Papermaking (2020) Philippines because it can

26
in the Philippines: A meet the growing demand.

Case Study Certain types of bamboo,

like Bambusa,

Dendrocalamus,

Phyllostachys, and

Melocanna, are good for

making paper pulp and are

sustainable. Starting a

bamboo pulp and paper mill

might cost about 7.247

million PhP at first, but it

could make a lot of money –

around 1.75 billion pesos –

each year by making

50,000 tons of paper. Even

though building a big

bamboo pulp and paper

plant would need a ton of

money, over a hundred

billion pesos, it could create

jobs and help the bamboo

and paper industries grow.

The study also suggests

planting more bamboo in

empty areas to make sure

27
 there's always enough

bamboo for making paper.

This is important to make

sure there's a sustainable

suppl of bamboo for making

paper which is important for

the bamboo pulp and paper

industry in the Philippines

3. Cornhusks Novelty Hene L. Corn waste utilization after FFTC

Products: Gateway Hapinat corn harvest can be Agricultural

Towards Sustainable (2021) converted into novelty Policy

Cottage Livelihood items. It is an important Platform

Opportunity in Batad, strategy to help the farming (FFTC-AP)

Iloilo, Philippines community maximize the

consumption of wastes into

handicraft products made

from corn wastes.

Utilizing the bulk of corn

wastes into valuable novelty

items is an alternative

resource for sustainable

livelihood in the community

while they are staying at

home.

4. PAPER Mira et al. The main findings of the Course hero

28
PRODUCTION FROM 2021 study on the feasibility of

CORN (Zea mays) using corn husk fibers and

HUSK FIBERS AND sugarcane bagasse in

SUGARCANE paper production are as

follows: The soda pulping

process was used,

manipulating the ingredients

in a NaOH solution. Three

treatments were evaluated:

Treatment 1 with pure corn

husk fibers, Treatment 2

with a combination of 25%

corn husk fibers and 75%

sugarcane bagasse, and

Treatment 3 with pure

sugarcane bagasse. The

thickness of the papers

produced did not meet the

standard for bond paper,

with mean values of

0.79mm, 0.82mm, and

0.93mm for T1, T2, and T3,

respectively. In terms of

tear strength, T2 produced

the strongest paper

29
 (4.47N/mm), followed by T3

(2.39N/mm) and T1

(2.28N/mm). T1 had the

highest water absorption

with a water content of

327.06%, followed by T2

(265.03%) and T3

(308.22%). Statistical

analysis showed no

significant difference among

the three treatments in

terms of thickness, tear

strength, and water

absorption. Based on these

findings, it can be

concluded that both corn

husks and sugarcane

bagasse can be utilized for

paper production.

5. Title of the Jules A. Research shows the SchoolEdu

Research:Yellow Almaden et feasibility of using corn

Sweet Corn (Zea al. (2022) husks as a substitute raw

mays) Husks as an material for paper

Alternative Material for production. It suggests that

the Production of corn husk paper holds

30
Paper Bags promise as an alternative to

traditional paper materials,

with potential applications

across various industries.

Studies by Aperolola

(2015), Fagbemigun (2014),

and Caulfield and

Gunderson (1988) support

this notion,indicating

promising results regarding

the cellulose content,

flexibility, and tensile

strength of corn husk fibers.

These findings underscore

the potential of corn husks

as a viable raw material for

papermaking applications,

including paper bag

production.

FOREIGN

Title Author Main Findings Source

1. SUITABILITY OP MISHRA Based on the findings, it can Google

OF CORN STALK et al. 2020 be concluded that the corn Scholar

PULP FOR stalk pulp can be used for

31
IMPROVING paper making by agro based

PHYSICAL paper mills as its bleaching

STRENGTH and pulping response is

PROPERTIES OF similar to those of other agro-

AGRO-RESIDUE residue based raw material.

PULP Through the improvisation of

the researchers with

blending corn stalk pulp to

wheat straw pulp it enhanced

the physical strength of the

resulting blend.

2. Utilization of Natalia Tissue paper demand is AIP Publishing

corn husk for Suseno et rising in pace with population

tissue al. (2021) growth. The demand for

papermaking wood fibers as the primary

raw material will undoubtedly

rise as a result. Nonetheless,

there have been numerous

attempts to make paper

using non-wood fibers as a

substitute due to the lack of

wood. Over the past five

years, Indonesia has seen a

progressive growth in maize

output; as a result, there has

32
 been an increase in the

amount of corn husk waste.

Due to its high cellulose

content, corn husk is a

desirable raw material for

creating tissue paper. In this

trial, paper tissues will be

replaced with maize husks.

3. Development H The study on developing EUDL

and Rahmayanti paper from corn husks (EUROPEAN

Characterization of · 2022 provides valuable related UNION

Paper from Corn literature for research in the DIGITAL

Husks as a New field of eco-friendly paper LIBRARIAN)

Material for production. It contributes

Newsprint findings regarding the

physical, optical, and

chemical qualities of corn

husk paper, including basis

weight, thickness, oil

absorption, and pH level.

Comparisons with traditional

newsprint paper offer

insights into the potential of

corn husk paper as a viable

alternative. Additionally, the

33
 study’s sensory evaluation

highlights the acceptability of

corn husk paper among

respondents, suggesting its

potential as a raw material

for papermaking. These

findings support further

exploration into the

development of eco-friendly

paper using alternative raw

materials.

4. Pulping and Sandeep Corn is one of the crucial Science direct

papermaking from Kumar cereal crops in the world.

non wood fibers tripathi et al. The diverse parts of the corn

2023 can produce nonfood and

food products. During the 17-

18th century stalks, husks,

and leaves were used for the

production of paper in Rimini

Italy. The corn stalk pulp can

offer a fiber length

comparable with wheat and

bagasse pulps, longer than

rice straw pulp and smaller

than bamboo. Different

34
 pulping processes such as

soda, soda-anthraquinone,

sulfate/kraft, and etc were

adopted in order to produce

paper from the corn stalk

pulp. Compared to other non

wood-based fiber papers,

paper produced from

unbleach and bleach pulp

from cornstalk are far

superior, due to the physical

strength properties that corn

stalk can offer.

5. Pulping and Sandeep Research has shown that the Mendeley

papermaking of Kumar fiber length of cornstalk pulp

cornstalk Tripathi et is similar to that of other

al. (2023) agricultural residues like

wheat straw and bagasse,

although shorter than

bamboo pulp and longer than

rice straw pulp. Various

pulping processes, such as

thermomechanical, soda,

soda-anthraquinone,

sulfate/kraft, alkaline sulfite,

35
and organosolv, have been

adopted to produce paper

and pulp from cornstalk.

Additionally, different

bleaching sequences,

including conventional,

elemental chlorine free, and

total chlorine free methods,

have been implemented.

Notably, the physical

strength properties of paper

made from unbleached and

bleached cornstalk pulps

surpass those of other non

wood pulps. This research

highlights the advancements

in paper and pulp production

from cornstalk as a valuable

area of study.

36
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter discussed the research design, research population, data

gathering tool, data gathering procedure and method use in research.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The waste of papers has had detrimental effects on the environment,

necessitating the exploration of sustainable paper bag production. This study aims to

assess the Comparative Analysis of Quality between waste paper and Corn (Zea

mays) husk paper bags to Commercial paper bags among all grade levels and

strands in Eclaro Academy Senior High School, with the goal of mitigating the

37
environmental consequences associated with paper wastes. The objective of this

study is to examine the factors influencing the acceptance of corn husk paper bags

among Eclaro Academy Senior High students as to promote sustainable paper bag

production.

This research will employ a descriptive research design to understand the

attitudes, perceptions, and intentions to use corn husk bags among Senior High

students of Eclaro Academy.

Descriptive statistics, such as frequencies and percentages, will be used to

analyze the quantitative data from the survey. This research aims to gain

comprehensive insights into the factors influencing the acceptance of corn husk bags

among Grade 11 and 12 students. By assessing quantitative data, the study intends

to provide valuable information to support the development and promotion of

sustainable paper bag production.

RESEARCH POPULATION

The research population for this study will consist of Grade 11 and 12

students from all strands at Eclaro Academy. In order to enhance the validity of the

findings and lessen potential biases associated with convenience sampling, several

strategies will be implemented. Firstly, the targeted population will be clearly defined

to include only Grade 11 and 12 students who meet specific inclusion criteria, such

as being full-time students enrolled during the study period. This will ensure that the

sample represents the intended population accurately. Secondly, to introduce an

element of randomness and reduce selection bias, a randomized participant

selection process will be employed. Within the accessible pool of Grade 11 and 12

students, a random selection method will be employed. By randomizing the selection

38
process, the sample will be more representative of the entire population, henceforth

increasing the validity of the findings. Lastly, efforts will be made to achieve an

adequate sample size to enhance the generalizability of the results.

DATA GATHERING TOOL

The questionnaires were self-made to include specific and relevant questions

aligned with the researcher's topic. Using replicated questionnaires would have

required obtaining permission from other researchers, which would have taken time

to acquire. In addition, the researchers utilized t-tests and ANOVA for analyzing the

survey data since it involved more than two variables. The researchers also

employed the Linear Scale to gauge participants' perception or agreement levels

based on numerical ratings. Since, the questionnaires were distributed in google

forms. Due to the reason of the researchers that they would not be able to conduct

their survey through physical contact. In accordance with the School's

announcement that there will not be physical classes for the meantime.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The data gathering procedure took place in Eclaro Academy. The researchers

intend to know the perceptions and acceptance of Promoting Sustainable Paper Bag

Production: Comparative Analysis of Quality between waste paper and Corn (Zea

mays) husk paper bags to Commercial paper bags. The researchers utilized the use

of Google Forms questionnaires in order for quick and reliable response from the

respondents. Additionally, the researchers conduct the research through the help of

random responses from the random groups of participants. Also, in order to avoid

any commotions about leakage of private information of the respondents, the

researchers did not require the respondents to write down their names. The data

39
from the respondents would be held by the accountable research leader of the

researchers. Most importantly, the researchers were given permission by the

authorities to conduct the study around the school.

METHOD USED IN RESEARCH

The research was driven by the recognition of the detrimental environmental

impact caused by the excessive accumulation of waste paper and corn husk, which

rival the environmental harm caused by plastics. In response to this issue, the

researchers embarked on an experimental study with the objective of developing a

practical solution in the form of corn husk paper bags. The first step involved

collecting and preparing the waste paper and corn husk materials. This included

thorough cleaning, drying, and breaking down the materials into smaller, more

manageable pieces to facilitate further processing.

The core of the research method centered around the manipulation of the raw

materials. The researchers employed various techniques, such as grinding, blending,

and potentially utilizing chemical treatments, to transform the waste paper and corn

husk into a fibrous pulp suitable for papermaking. With the pulp prepared, the

researchers then proceeded to blend the corn husk pulp with the waste paper pulp in

carefully determined proportions. This blending process aimed to harness the

desirable properties of both materials, creating a composite pulp mixture that would

serve as the basis for the corn husk paper bags.

By following this methodological approach, the researchers sought to address

the pressing environmental concerns surrounding waste paper and corn husk,

channeling their efforts into producing a tangible product that could alleviate the

environmental burden caused by these materials. The creation of corn husk paper

40
bags represented an innovative solution, utilizing sustainable and renewable

resources to minimize waste and promote a more environmentally friendly

alternative.

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, analyzes and interprets the obtained to answer the specific problems

of the study. This includes the quantitative data gathered form the research as well as

descriptive analyses and interpretation of these data.

This study sought to establish whether or not certain profile variables were

significantly related to the appraisal of gender equality in managerial positions in the

hospitality industry in Cavite. Also, this study also answers how do the respondent’s

assessments compare.

PROMBLEM 1. What is the profile of the respondents, in terms of;

1.1 Gender

41
 1.2 Age

1.3 Civil Status

1.4 Educational Attainment

1.5 Length of Service

One of the objectives of this study was to find out what profile variables were significantly
related to the appraisal of gender equality in managerial positions in the hospitality industry
in Cavite. The variable considered were gender, age, civil Status, educational attainment
and length of service.

Tables that follow present Frequency and Percentage Distribution on

the profile of the respondents in terms of gender, age, civil status, educational
attainment and length of service.
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of;

Table 1

Frequency and Percentage Distribution on the Demographic profile of the

Respondents in terms of Age

Age Frequency Percentage RANK

15-17 years old 176 50.00 1

18-20 years old 162 46.02 2

21 years old and 3.98 3

above 14

TOTAL 352 100

42
 Table 1 illustrates the frequency, percentage, and ranking of respondents

according to Age. Based on the table, out of 352 respondents, those 15 to 17 ages

had the highest rank with 176 and 50 percent of the respondents, followed by 18 to

20 frequency 162 with a percentage of 46.02%. And lastly, 21 years old and above

received the lowest ranking with a frequency of 14, and a percentage of 3.98%.

Table 2

Frequency and Percentage Distribution on the Demographic profile of the

Respondents in terms of Gender

Gender Frequency Percentage RANK

Female 154 43.75 2

Male 164 46.59 1

Other 34 9.66 3

TOTAL 352 100

Table 2 shows the frequency, percentage, and rank distribution of

respondents determined by gender. The table indicates that out of 352 respondents,

164 or 46.59%, were males who received the highest ranking, followed by females

with 154 respondents, rank 2, and attained 43.75%. Option three, which is others

who got the lowest ranking have 34 respondents, and a percentage of 9.66%.

Table 3

43
 Frequency and Percentage Distribution on the Demographic profile of the

Respondents in terms of strand

STRANDS Frequency Percentage RANK

STEM 114 32.39 1

HE 23 6.53 6

HUMMS 64 18.18 2

ABM 54 15.34 4

GAS 34 9.66 5

ICT 63 17.89 3

TOTAL 352 100

Table 3 presents a breakdown of respondents based on their section. The

data highlights that among the 352 respondents, Grade 11 and 12 incorporating all

of the tracks, STEM strand has the majority of responses, with 114 respondents

(32.39%) and the highest frequency. In the course of ICT strand, it acquired the 3rd

rank with 63 respondents (16.89%). While the HUMMS strand received its 2nd rank

with 64 respondents (18.18%). Whereas the ABM strand earned the 4th rank with 54

respondents (15.34%). GAS strand obtained the 5th rank with 34 respondents

(9.66%). Lastly, the HE strand procured the lowest number of respondents, with 23

(6.53%).

Table 4

44
 Frequency and Percentage Distribution on the Demographic profile of the

Respondents in terms of Grade level

Grade Level Frequency Percentage RANK

Grade 11 200 56.82 1

Grade 12 152 43.18 2

TOTAL 352 100

Table 4 shows the rank distribution of respondents determined by Grade

level. The table indicates that out of 178 respondents, 200, or 58.82%, were from the

11th grade, who received the highest rank, followed by grade 12 with 152

respondents, rank 2, and 43.18%.

Table 5

Computed Mean on the Perception of the Respondents on Promoting

Sustainable Paper Bag Production: Comparative Analysis of Quality between

Waste paper-Corn (Zea mays) husk paper bags and Commercial paper bags in

terms of Appearance

APPEARANCE Mean Verbal Interpretation

1. Do you think the appearance of waste 3.30 Strongly Agree

paper-corn husk paper bag can be trendy

specially to the current generation?

2. Do you find that the appearance of the 1.52 Disagree

waste paper-corn husk paper bag gives you

45
 a negative impression of the product than

the commercial paper bag?

3. Do you find the waste paper-corn husk 3.20 Strongly Agree

paper bag to be vibrant and colorful than

commercial paper bags?

4. Do you find it to be look elegant and 2.84 Strongly Agree

refined than commercial paper bag?

5. Do you think the appearance of waste 3.11 Strongly Agree

paper-corn husk paper bag is well made?

TOTAL MEAN 2.79 High

Table 5 shows the views of the respondents regarding the appearance of

waste paper-corn husk paper in accordance with “Promoting Sustainable Paper bag

Production: Comparative Analysis Between the Quality of Waste paper-Corn (Zea

mays) paper bags and Commercial paper bags. The question 1 that asked as to

whether "Do you think the appearance of waste paper-corn husk paper bags

can be trendy especially to the current generation?" had the greatest computed

mean which is 3.30 with Strongly Agree Verbal Interpretation

According to bluecat paper (2023) Corn husk has inefficient cellulose content.

However, with the right amount of additives such flax, cotton or even waste paper

can be turned into such amazing and stunning crafts such as wedding cards, paper

bags, stationery and letterheads. Which can be trendy to this current generation.

Since this is an eco friendly material that are needed for this current generation

which are striving for Environmental friendly products.

46
 In the article 'Weaving Sustainability: Eco-Friendly Fashion with Corn Husk

Straw Bags' by Newstep Packaging (2024), discusses how repurposing agricultural

waste, such as corn husk, can lead to trendy and eco-friendly products. The

aesthetic and trendy appeal of the corn husk straw bag with organic fibers, recycled

cotton linings, and eco-friendly zippers contribute to the eco-friendliness of corn husk

straw bags. In the current generation, the product would be more trendy, and there

would be a demand for the sustainability and eco-friendliness of corn husk,

especially among those who are conscious of their environment.

According to Chathuni Senarathna ( july 2023 ). The increasing concern for

environmental sustainability as highlighted in the review paper and the importance of

exploring alternative materials for everyday items like shopping bags given the

current generation's emphasis on eco-friendly practices and trendy, sustainable

products and appearance of waste paper corn husk paper bags could indeed be

appealing.

Furthermore, the idea of ecological friendly products has made its way to be

trendy in this current generation. Mounting environmental issues had pushed the

community to promote eco-friendly products just like corn husk paper bags. Which

has an evident corn husk based appearance that made the people support it.

Table 6

Computed Mean on the Perception of the Respondents on Promoting

Sustainable Paper Bag Production: Comparative Analysis of Quality between

Waste paper-Corn (Zea mays) husk paper bags and Commercial paper bags in

terms of Durability

DURABILITY Mean Verbal Interpretation

47
1. Do you think the waste paper-corn husk 3.10 Strongly Agree

paper bag has the ability to withstand rough

handling and transportation than

commercial paper bags?

2. Do you think the materials used are 3.13 Strongly Agree

compressed well together?

3. Do you think it can carry heavy objects? 3.18 Strongly Agree

(e.g box of cookies)

4. Do you find the durability of the waste 3.07 Strongly Agree

paper-corn husk paper bags satisfying and

trustworthy to use?

5. Do you find that the durability of this 3.02 Strongly Agree

waste paper-corn husk paper bag makes it

suitable for long term use than commercial

paper bags?

TOTAL MEAN 3.10 High

Table 6 presented durability based questions, in order to have a Comparative

Analysis Between the Quality of the Waste paper-Corn (Zea mays) husk paper bags

and Commercial paper bags. The question that attained the highest mean is the

48
number 3 question “Do you think it can carry heavy objects? (e.g box of

cookies)” with the mean of 3.18 and Strongly Agree verbal interpretation.

According to scispace 2019 Corn husk fiber can be used for making paper

due to its high cellulose content and suitable physical properties. The chemical

composition of corn fiber, including low lignin content, makes it a viable raw material

for the pulp and paper industry . The corn sheaths and stalks can be processed

through chemical pulping to obtain pulp with acceptable quality for papermaking .

The resulting paper from corn fiber pulp has competitive properties such durability

compared to wood based papers.

According to an Africanpost article 2019, the banana plantain and corn husk

are turned into pulp for paper bag production. Their business has become successful

in that it is not just for paper bag production anymore but also boxes that can carry

heavy objects.

Based on the research study of Geronimo et al. 2023, the corn husk paper

bags that they have with the thickness of 1.55mm that can carry 4.5 kilograms of

weight. This highlights the potential of corn husk as a non wood paper packaging.

That may be a viable option for raw material for paper bag production.

In conclusion, due to the requirements that have been met by corn husks to

produce pulp.it, it can be a competitive option compared to commercialized paper

bags. It has proven its durability through the required tests for making paper bags.

The corn husk product could be a great competitor to wood-based paper bags.

Table 7

Computed Mean on the Perception of the Respondents on Promoting

Sustainable Paper Bag Production: Comparative Analysis of Quality between

49
Waste paper-Corn (Zea mays) husk paper bags and Commercial paper bags in

terms of Texture

TEXTURE Mean Verbal Interpretation

1. Do you find the texture aligns with the 3.12 Strongly Agree

desired aesthetic of the waste paper-corn

husk paper bag surface?

2. Do you think the texture of waste 2.89 Agree

paper-corn husk paper bag is more

satisfying than commercial paper

bags?

3. Do you think the surface of a corn husk 2.01 Strongly Agree

paper bag is similar to a commercial paper

bag?

4. Do you think the Semi rough and 1.83 Disagree

smooth texture of corn husk-waste paper

bag gives you uncomfortable feeling?

5. Do you think the surface of corn husk- 2.89 Strongly Agree

waste paper bag is well made than

commercial paper bags?

TOTAL MEAN 2.55 Acceptable

50
 Table 7 engaged texture based questions in alignment with Comparative

Analysis Between the Quality of the Waste paper-Corn (Zea mays) husk paper bags

and Commercial paper bags. The question that was highlighted, is the number 1

question which is “Do you find the texture aligns with the desired aesthetic of

the waste paper-corn husk paper bag surface?” obtaining the highest mean of

3.12 with Strongly Agree verbal interpretation.

According to Gulri (2023) textures are vital for adding depth and aesthetic

appeal to any design project. Since it has the ability to change a dull and

uninteresting setting into one that is intriguing and welcoming.

An article about “How can you use color and texture to enhance the aesthetic

appeal of work environments or products” (2023). Highlighting the pivotal role of

texture and color, it suggests that Color and texture are two potent elements of

workplace design or product design that can influence the productivity, mood, and

creativity of employees. They can also reflect the identity, values, and culture of an

organization, as well as promote diversity and inclusion.

An article entitled "Texture in Fashion Design" by Disha Fashion discusses

the importance of texture in the world of fashion.Understanding the feel and

appearance of different fabrics, designers can craft pieces that stand out with

confidence and charm. Texture adds depth and visual interest to clothing, influencing

factors like comfort, body shape, and movement, considering texture impacts the

overall perception of the bag's style that helps us craft a bag that stands out with

confidence and charm. This article discusses how the texture helps us determine if

the texture of the Corn Husk paper bag fits its intended style.

In conclusion, the texture is an important part of the product that sets the

stage for aesthetic appeal. Thus, that's why the respondents have answered that the

51
texture of waste paper-corn husk paper bags adds depth to the overall desired

aesthetic for the users of the product. It emphasizes the texture requirement to be

aesthetically pleasing.

Moreover, research indicates that individuals from different grade levels,

strands, and genders often share similar perceptions and opinions for the utilization

of waste paper-corn husk paper bags. However, these perceptions and opinions can

be influenced by external factors such as Appearance, Durability, and Texture. Thus,

promoting sustainable paper bag production through a comparative analysis of

quality between Waste paper-Corn (Zea mays) husk paper bags and Commercial

paper bags can encourage individuals to fully utilise the use of corn husk and waste

paper to promote eco-friendly practices in order to protect and provide a habitable

environment for the community.

Table 8

Assessment Comparison by Age

ANOVA

Source of Interpretatio
Variation SS df MS F crit P-value n

Between 0.18029 3.02159 0.369654 Not Significant

Groups 3 2 0.090146 5

31.5231
Within Groups 4 349 0.090324

52
 31.7034
Total 3 351

Table 8 the respondents’ assessment on Promoting Sustainable Paper Bag

Production: Comparative Analysis between Waste Paper-Corn (Zea mays) Husk

Paper Bags and Commercial Paper Bags were found to be not \ significantly different

when grouped by Age, since the p-values greater than 0.05 significance level. The

null hypothesis of no significant difference is Accepted. These results indicated that

Promoting Sustainable Paper Bag Production: Comparative Analysis between Waste

Paper-Corn (Zea mays) Husk Paper Bags and Commercial Paper Bags has no

impact across all Age groups.

Table 9

Assessment Comparison by Gender

ANOVA

Source of
Variation SS df MS F crit P-value Interpretation

Between 3.021595 0.816254 Not

Groups 0.036865 2 0.018433 Significant

34
Within Groups 31.66657 9 0.090735

35
Total 31.70343 1

Table 9 The respondents’ assessment on Promoting Sustainable Paper Bag

Production: Comparative Analysis between Waste Paper-Corn (Zea mays) Husk

Paper Bags and Commercial Paper Bags were found to be not \ significantly different

when grouped by Gender, since the p-values greater than 0.05 significance level.

53
The null hypothesis of no significant difference is Accepted. These results indicated

that Promoting Sustainable Paper Bag Production: Comparative Analysis between

Waste Paper-Corn (Zea mays) Husk Paper Bags and Commercial Paper Bags has

no impact across all Gender groups.

Table 10

Assessment Comparison by Grade Level

Grade Level Mean sd df t-test p-value Interpretation

Grade 11 2.80566 0.341559 34 1.649257 0.55008 Not Significant

7 7 3

Grade 12 2.82412 0.236674

3

Table 10 the respondents’ assessment on Promoting Sustainable Paper Bag

Production: Comparative Analysis between Wastepaper-Corn (Zea mays) Husk

Paper Bags and Commercial Paper Bags were found to be not \ significantly different

when grouped by Grade Level, since the p-values greater than 0.05 significance

level. The null hypothesis of no significant difference is Accepted. These results

indicated that Promoting Sustainable Paper Bag Production: Comparative Analysis

between Waste Paper-Corn (Zea mays) Husk Paper Bags and Commercial Paper

Bags has no impact across all Grade Level groups.

Table 11

Assessment Comparison by Strand

ANOVA

Source of SS df MS F crit P-value Interpretation

54
 Variation

Between 2.240152 0.295253 Not

Groups 0.554534 5 0.110907 Significant

34
Within Groups 31.14871 5 0.090286

35
Total 31.70325 0

Table 11 the respondents’ assessment on Promoting Sustainable Paper Bag

Production: Comparative Analysis between Wastepaper-Corn (Zea mays) Husk

Paper Bags and Commercial Paper Bags were found to be not \ significantly different

when grouped by Strand, since the p-values greater than 0.05 significance level.

The null hypothesis of no significant difference is Accepted. These results indicated

that Promoting Sustainable Paper Bag Production: Comparative Analysis between

Waste Paper-Corn (Zea mays) Husk Paper Bags and Commercial Paper Bags has

no impact across all Strand groups.

55