Sentence in the English language

Makhfuza Khidirova
 Plan: Subject and
predicate
Sentence-
definition
Simple
sentence
object
Sentence
types
adverbial
modifier
 DEFINITION OF SENTENCE

There are many definitions of the sentence and these definitions differ from
each other because that the scientists approach from different view points to this
question. Some of them consider the sentence from the point view of phonetics,
others - from the point of view of semantics (the meaning of the sentence) and so
on.
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought,
idea, or statement and contains, at a minimum, a subject and a
predicate. The subject is what or whom the sentence is about,
and the predicate explains something about the subject, typically
through a verb or verb phrase indicating an action or a state of
being.

DEFINITION OF SENTENCE
A sentence can The secondary
contain principal parts are the object,
parts, secondary the attribute, and
p a r t s a n d the adverbial
independent modifier.
elements. The independent
The principal parts elements of a
of the sentence are sentence are
the subject and the interjections,
predicate. parenthesis, and
direct address.
Nominative parts of the sentence are syntagmatically connected, the relations
between them can be representned in a linear as well as in a hierarchical
way .linear analysis-
Simple sentences can be:
Simple sentences
unexpanded = elementary
sentence, includes only
obligatory nominative parts;
expanded - includes some
optional parts, i.e.
supplementive modifiers,
which do not change the
simple sentence into a
composite or semi-
composite sentence.
‘He gave me the book’
àunexpanded - all the
nominative parts of this
sentence are required by
the obligatory valency of
the verb to give;
àcf.: *He gave…; He gave
me… - semantically and
structurally deficient.
‘He gave me a very
interesting book’
àexpanded - includes the
attribute-supplement
àvery interesting;
àis reducible to the
elementary unexpanded
sentence
 The subject and the predicate are called
headwords. Words attached to headwords
are called adjuncts. They are: attributes,
adverbial modifiers,etc. Syntactically, the
subject is an independent member in a
two-member predication. e.g., These
students are smart. Structurally, the subject
may be simple or complex.
The simple subject may be expressed by
different parts of speech:The noun in the
Common case: The teacher disliked Mary to
talk like that;
1. The pronoun (personal, demonstrative,
indefinite,etc.): I rely on you. That was
interesting. All is well that ends well;
2. The substantivized adjective: The wounded
were taken to the hospital;
3. The numeral (cardinal and ordinal): The first
ran away;
4. The Infinitive: To live is to work;
5. The Gerund: Lying doesn’t go well with me.
6. By a group of words or a clause: The needle
and thread is lost.
 The complex subject is usually
expressed by means of predicative
constructions with the verbals that
imply the idea of secondary
predication:

e.g., For him to fail the test would be

risky.
Her being French might
encourage him to learn French.

The Verbals: the Infinitive and the

Gerund
 Semantically, subjects fall into the
following types:
1. t h e d e f i n i t e p e r s o n a l s u b j e c t ,
expressed by notional parts of
speech: e.g., The green yards are
wonderful there.
2. the indefinite personal subject,
expressed by the indefinite pronoun
one or the personal pronouns they,
you, we: e.g., They say he is cool.
the impersonal subject, expressed
by impersonal pronoun it:
e.g., It is getting dark.
The predicate is the member of sentence that denotes an action, a state or a
property of the thing expressed by the subject.The predicate contains the mood
and tense features. e.g., She is a student. They were tired. You should go.
Grammatically, the predicate is a dependent element, as in most cases it agrees
with the subject in number and person.e.g., She is a student. They are students.
You are students.
 Structurally, the predicate is divided
into a simple predicate and a
compound predicate. Morphologically,
predicates fall into verbal predicates
and nominal predicates.
 Structural and morphological
characteristic features determine the
following types of predicates:
1. simple verbal predicate
2. compound verbal predicate and
3. compound nominal predicate
A simple verbal predicate is the part of a
sentence or clause that tells something
about the subject using only a verb or a
verb phrase without any additional
objects or complements. In the
sentence, The dog barks.
- "The dog" is the subject (the one
performing the action).
- "barks"is the simple verbal predicate,
indicating the action performed by the
subject with just a verb, without any
direct or indirect objects or
complements.
  I n t h e s e nte n c e , T h e c a t
 A compound verbal
jumped onto the couch and
p re d i c a t e o c c u rs w h e n
slept for hours."- "The cat" is
there are two or more
the subject.- "jumped onto the
verbs or verb phrases
couch and slept for
connected by a conjunction
hours"forms the compound
that share the same subject
verbal predicate, describing
and provide multiple pieces
two actions (jumped and slept)
of information about what
that the cat performed. Here,
the subject is doing or
"jumped onto the couch" and
experiencing. This structure
"slept for hours" are connected
allows for a richer and more
by the conjunc tion "and, "
complex portrayal of
showing that both actions refer
actions related to the
to the same subject.
subject.
A compound nominal predicate, in a sentence, consists of two or more nouns or
pronouns that are linked to the subject by a linking verb (such as "is," "are,"
"seems," or "becomes") and describe or give additional information about the
subject.

In the sentence, "My brother is a teacher

and an artist."- "My brother" is the
subject.- "is a teacher and an artist"
forms the compound nominal
predicate: "a teacher" and "an artist"
are two nouns connected by the
conjunction "and" that describe what
the subject is, with both linked to the
subject through the linking verb "is."
 They denote the object of an
action. They are attached to the
verb.The object may be
expressed by the following
word-classes:
1. a noun in the Common case:
I am fond of reading books.
2. a pronoun: I want to know all
about it.
3. a substantivized adjective:
Stop teasing the poor.
4. the Gerund, etc.: She cannot
stop loving you.
 The direct object is used after
transitive verbs and denotes an
object that is directly affected by
the verb:
They all are fond of reading
books. What are you doing?
Some verbs may have two
direct objects. They are: to ask, to
answer, to take, to forgive, to teach,
etc.:
Answer me this question!
She taught me English.
The indirect object denotes a
person to whose benefit the action
is performed. It is usually used in
a combination with the direct
object and precedes it:
Give me this book, please!
When the direct object precedes
the indirect object, the latter is
used with the prepositions to or
for: Give it to Mary.
 Cognate objects are an
interesting feature in the
study of linguistics and
grammar. They occur when a "She danced a furious dance." Here,
verb is followed by a noun "danced" and "dance" are
etymologically related, with "dance"
(the object) that is serving to emphasize the manner of
etymologically related to the dancing.
verb itself. Essentially, the
verb and its object share a
root or origin. This can often
be seen in languages when an
action verb is paired with a
noun that denotes the action
or its result, reinforcing the
meaning of the verb.
The prepositional object is
used with intransitive
verbs and is expressed by
means of various
prepositions:
You cannot depend
on him.
Thank you for your
kindness.
The complex object consists of two
components of which the second
stands in predicate relations to the
first one:
I saw her enter the building.
The first component of the complex
object is usually expressed by a
noun or a personal pronoun
The second component –
by the Infinitive: We are waiting
for Mary to arrive.
a participial construction or a
gerundial construction: He watched
them talking.
 Express qualitative, quantitative or circumstantial features. Relations of time, place, reason,
purpose, manner, degree, etc. I saw him in the afternoon (When?) An adverbial modifier may
be expressed by different parts of speech, such as
1. an adverb: I’ve seen him lately.
2. a noun with a preposition: A few minutes later the train ran into the station.
3. a pronoun: She is older than I am.
4. an adjective: He looks old.
1.place and direction: I couldn’t find him anywhere;
2.time: I’ll do it tonight;
3.manner and attendant circumstances: She looked excited;

4.degree: He felt desperately lonely;

5.cause: I felt ashamed of being watched;
6.purpose: He opened the door for her to come in;
7.result: They were too busy to notice him.
 Prepositional Phrases:"She waited in the
park." Here, "in the park" is a prepositional
phrase acting as a complex adverbial
modifier, telling us where she waited.
Adverb Clauses:"She sings well when she is
happy." In this sentence, "when she is
happy" is an adverb clause that modifies
the main verb "sings," indicating the time
or condition under which she sings well.
Infinitive Phrases: "He visited to pay his
respects." "To pay his respects" is an
infinitive phrase that acts as a complex
adverbial modifier, explaining the purpose
of his visit.
It describes an object.
The attribute may be expressed by a noun: She is a high school teacher.
an adjective: She is a big girl already.
an adverb: It’s an after effect.
a numeral: Look at the second desk!
a pronoun: Take care of your family.
Participle I: I admired the snow glittering on the branches of the trees.
 Independent elements of a
sentence

In English grammar, independent elements of a sentence include aspects that

can stand apart from the main structure of the sentence, often because they
don't directly affect the grammatical integrity of the sentence. These elements
can be removed without altering the fundamental meaning or grammatical
correctness of the sentence.
 These are words or phrases that
Interjections:
express strong emotion or surprise, and
they are often punctuated with an
exclamation point when strong, or a
comma when the emotion is milder.
Examples include "Wow!", "Oh,"
"Hey," depending on their usage.

Parenthesis (or Parenthetical Expressions): These are words, phrases, or even whole
sentences inserted into a sentence as an aside
or additional information that is not essential
to the main point. Parenthetical elements can
be set off by commas, parentheses, or dashes.
For example, "The concert last night (which I
almost missed!) was fantastic."
Direct Address: This is when the speaker
addresses someone directly
in the sentence, often
separated by commas. The
name or title of the person
being addressed is
considered an independent
element because the
sentence would still be
grammatically correct if the
direct address were
removed. For example,
"John, please close the
door."
The Enddddddddd!