Conjunction Analysis of Gramatical Cohesion on Christine Lindop’s

Bridge and Other Love Stories

Siti Marfu’ah1, Khristianto2

1,2Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, Indonesia

Jl. KH. Ahmad Dahlan, Dusun III, Dukuhwaluh, Kec. Kembaran, Kab. Banyumas, Jawa Tengah 53182
Email: marfuahsiti9080@gmail.com1, khristianto@ump.ac.id2

Keywords: Abstract. This study aims to describe the forms of grammatical cohesion
Discourse Analysis, conjunctions in a short story book entitled The Bridge and Other Love Stories
Grammatical Cohesion, by Christine Lindop. This study focused on the forms of conjunctions, meanings,
Conjunction, Short Story, and grammatical cohesion functions by using Halliday's theory to analyze the
Bridge and Other Love data. The approach used in this study was descriptive qualitative to analyze
Stories every word contained in the short story entitled The Bridge and other love stories
by Christine Lindop. The results of this study indicate that the forms of
DOI: grammatical cohesion conjunctions contained in the short story book with that
10.30595/jssh.v7i1.16490 title are Additive, Adversative, Causal, and Temporal conjunctions. The
meaning and function of each cohesion are 1) meaningful as a sequential
connecting time, 2) shows the cause of something, 3) shows the event that
contrasts with the situation, 4) shows a choice. This research can be a reference
for academics for further research in the same field with different objects in the
future.

INTRODUCTION regard to the first language in a language

Language is a means of utterance. In addition, the acquisition of
communication between humans and sentences in a language is also found in a
other humans in the form of sound written text. Through writing, humans are
symbols produced by human speech able to express all the ideas they have, and
organs. Wardhaugh (2006:3) a system of put them into a story, one of which is a
arbitrary vocal symbols used for human short story.
communication. That is, language is an A short story is a piece of prose
arbitrary system of vowel symbols used by fiction that can usually be read in one
humans as a form of communication. sitting and focuses on a standalone
Language is a communication tool because incident or a series of related incidents,
it is an expression of the human mind, with the intention of generating a single
using words, symbols or other expressions effect or mood. That is, a short story or
that can be communicated through words, short story is a fictional prose that tells
mouth and body. Humans use language to about an event experienced by the main
build relationships with each other. character.
Language is based on phonemes, words, In a short story, the storyline is
phrases, clauses, and sentence forms structured in a clear systematic way so that
(Ruruk, 2015: 825). Sentence acquisition the text can be well understood by a reader.
begins with language acquisition with Like a book with the title the Bridge and

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other love stories. It is a collection of short Cohesion is a connecting tool
stories. “The Bridge And Other Love Stories”. between sentences in a text due to external
This short story consists of some dialogues factors, so that the linkages between
uttered that are expressed in the sentence sentences become a complete text unit and
types. The story mainly tells about a bridge can be clearly understood by readers
where the love story of three couples took (Hodairiyah, et al, 2022: 338). It is a very
place. The first chapter talks about Plan for vital thing to create a whole story in a text,
Love roled by Luke and Gemma. The especially conjunctions. Conjunction is an
second chapter talks about The Maker of important part of cohesion. It has a very
Cake, in this section the love story is roled strong role in the readability of a story text.
by Lucy and Sam. The third is Bridge that Conjunctions are categories that function
has the love story between Nina and to expand other units in a hypotactic
Dragan. This short story tells different construction, and always connect two or
characters with their own different love more other units in a construction.
stories. Luke is a good-looking young man, Conjunctions connect parts of speech that
but he is not very clever with words are equal or not equal (Kridalaksana,
meanwhile Gemma is clever with words. 2014:102). In addition, Finoza (2013: 103)
Lucy and Becky are good friends, then says that a conjunction is a function word
Sam; a young man who makes wonderful that connects two words or sentences.
cakes unfortunately he makes a mistake. Given this, it can be said that conjunctions
Nina and Dragan are in love, so deeply in are connecting words, or conjunctions
love but they live in a wrong place and at known as conjunctions. In line with this
the wrong time. All the love stories that term, Alwi, Soenjono D., Hans L. (2014:301)
took place in the bridge as well as other defines a conjunction which is also a
love stories showed the moments of conjunction, an assignment word that
misunderstanding, pain, happiness, connects two equal units of language: a
laughter, and sometimes great sadness. word for a word, a phrase for a phrase, a
After all, love can nearly always find a way. clause for a clause. Meanwhile, according
Based on the short stories book to Baiti (2020) defines that conjunctions,
above, there are many dialogues and there conjunctions, or conjunctions are a particle
are many words that are strung together or unit of syntax which functions to
into complete sentence units that are connect words with words, clauses with
interconnected with one another. The clauses, sentences with sentences to form
connectedness is part of coherence. coherent paragraphs.
According to linguistics, it is a combination From some of the definitions above,
of lingual units in text or utterances. it can be concluded that conjunctions are
Coherence also means a semantic lingua language units that have the
relationship between sentences or between function of connecting lingua language
parts of a discourse, whose existence serves units in the form of words with words,
to create cohesion between parts of the text. phrases with phrases, or sentences with
The connecting device is categorized as a sentences so as to form a unified paragraph
form of cohesion. or text that aims to be understood clearly.
and continuous between paragraphs. This,

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in line with the theory above, Halliday an item by referring to another previous
(1976) classifies grammatical cohesion, item that stands for it. It is a semantic
especially conjunctions, into four parts, relationship that is employed for
namely additive, adversative, causal, effectiveness purposes to avoid repetition
temporal. These conjunctions serve as and redundancy. The third, Sudani. Meri,
connecting devices in Christine Lindop's et. al. (2017): The Grammatical Cohesion with
short stories which are the object of the Reference to Short Stories Entitled “The Twelve
researcher's study. Each conjunction has its Dancing Princesses” by Brothers Grimm and
own function and meaning in each “The Whale Sound” by Roger Dean Kiser. In
narrative text to convey a complete their article based on the results of the
message to the reader. However, every analyses, four types of grammatical
reader will not know what is the meaning cohesion were found in the first story such
and function of each conjunction listed as a as: reference, substitution, ellipsis, and
liaison between sentences in the text conjunction. There were two cohesive
because they have been entertained and grammatical types found in the second
absorbed by the storyline created by the story namely: reference and conjunction.
author. They do not think to know in detail Among all the grammatical cohesions
why these sentences can be interconnected found in both stories, the most widely used
with one another. Thus, the researcher is type of grammatical cohesion was
interested in analyzing the meaning of reference.
conjunctions in these short stories, From some of the previous studies
although several studies on cohesion have above, it can be said that there are
been carried out, but research on short similarities in the theory used by
stories by Christine Lindop is a new object researchers to analyze the data found.
that has never been studied. There are similarities between previous
Several previous researchers have research and current research, namely both
conducted studies on cohesion, including using cohesion theory but different
Hodairiyah, et al (2022) with the article aspects. The aspects that will be used in
entitled Conjunctions of Grammatical this study are more focused on the
Cohesion in the Novel Woman at Point conjunction aspect as an analytical tool in
Zero by Nawal El-Sadawi. in her article it short stories entitled The Bridge and Other
was stated that the research only describes Love Stories. In this research, the
the use of grammatical cohesion researcher will focus on the meaning and
conjunctions contained in a novel entitled function of the conjunction itself. In
woman at point zero by Nawal El-Sadawi. addition to describing the forms of
Masithoh and Fadlilah (2017) with the title conjunction findings, the researcher will
of the article Grammatical Cohesion Found in also discuss the meaning and function of
Recount Texts Of “Pathway to English” X each aspect of conjunctions in grammatical
Grade Curriculum 2013 General Program by cohesion. Thus, the researcher raised the
Erlangga. Ahmed, Rahman’s Reference As A research title Conjunction Analysis of
Cohesive Device (2008). In his article, he Grammatical Cohesion on Christine
stated that Reference is a relationship by Lindop's bridge and other love stories as
means of which one detects the meaning of the research object to be studied in terms of

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the form, meaning and function of each were expressed on texts or dialogues of the
conjunction. short stories.
In this research, the data collection
METHOD was carried through reading the whole
This research applied qualitative short story, then the researcher underlined
descriptive design on grammatical words that were in accordance with the
cohesion that focused on conjunction theory of conjunction and made
theory. This study is categorized as classification based on the types of
descriptive because the data of this study conjunction. The next, the researcher
are explained descriptively. Qualitative described the types of conjunctions as well
study is research which is analyzed as its meaning and function which were
qualitatively, because the truth can be corresponding with the theory used about
expressed with some ways without conjunction.
number. In addition, Bogdan and Biklen
(1998:77) stated that in qualitative research, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
the human investigator is the primary Conjunctions of Grammatical Cohesion
instrument for the gathering and analyzing on Christine Lindop’s Bridge And Other
data. Therefore, the researcher used Love Stories
descriptive qualitative because this method 1. Additive
is suitable to analyze the types of reference Researchers found one data
applied in a short story book entitled “The containing additive conjunctions. This data
Bridge and Other Love Stories”. This is categorized as an additive conjunction
method is also simple and easy to be because an additive conjunction is a
applied for some reasons such as in the coordination that is placed in front of a new
method of collecting data and data additive sentence. Conjunctions that
analysis. include the type of additive are; and, and
The data source used in this also, or, nor, furthermore, by the way, in
research was a short story book consisting other words, thus, likewise, on the other
of three stories with the dialogues among hand, else, etc. As for the additive
the characters. The data derived from the conjunction data are as follows:
story book in this research were words that

Gemma was hungry. Time for lunch, she

thought. She went down to the hospital
canteen, got some sandwiches and a cup of
coffee, and looked for a table. But it was one
o’clock and the canteen was very busy.
There were no free tables. Then, at the long
table by window, she saw a tall man with
fair hair. It was her friend Luke, and there
was a seat next to him. She walked across to
him.
‘Hi Luke. Can I sit here?’ said Gemma.

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 Luke did not look up, and did not speak.
Perhaps he didn’t hear her.
Gemma tried again. ‘Luke? Er, can I sit
here? Or are you waiting for someone?’
‘Oh, hi Gemma. No, no, I’m not waiting for
anyone. Come and sit down.’ (Page 01)

The text above is a text that contains “Then, at the long table by window,
data in the form of additive conjunctions. It she saw a tall man with fair hair”.
can be seen from the datum above with the c. Perhaps
words underlined and in bold. These It also has a meaning perhaps which
words are additive conjunctions because also serves to provide assumptions about
they are at the front of the sentence. As the something.
definition of an additive conjunction is a d. Or
connecting word that is located at the it has the meaning or. This conjunction
beginning of a sentence. Conjunctions or serves to give a choice of something
connectors that are at the beginning of that becomes a reference.
sentences in text and dialogue in the form:
a. But. e. Adversative
It has a meaning but which functions to In this data, the researcher found an
provide a statement that contradicts the adversative conjunction of grammatical
previous condition. cohesion type. Adversative is a
b. Then, relationship that distances previous
It has a later meaning which functions perceptions. And the conjunction that is
to provide a continuation statement to included in the adversative is; yet, but,
explain a situation or thing that though, only, however, actually, on the
happened when Gemma was looking contrary, instead, at least, anyhow, etc. The
for a seat. He saw a man near the researcher presents two data examples to
window as a fragment of his sentence be analyzed. It is explained below.

Gemma smiled again. ‘Good. Ok, let’s go.’

She spoke in different voice. ‘Hi Charlotte.
My name’s Luke, and I am on the social
committee. We want to plan some days and
nights out for people from the hospital.
What do you like doing? Is it OK to ask you
some question?’
‘Yes, of course,’ said Luke
‘Ok-first, what kind of music do you like?’
‘That’s easy. I like Black Phoenix, and the
Tree Rats-do you know the Tree Rats? They
are really good.’

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 ‘No, I don’t,’ said Gemma, ‘but I saw Black
Phoenix last month. They’re great! OK-
what do you like doing at the weekend?’
‘I like running, and swimming,’ said Luke.
‘And I like going out on my bike….’
‘You see?’ said Gemma. ‘It’s easy really.
You just need the question.’ (Page, Plan For
Love: 04-05)

For the text above, it can be seen describe a controversial form in a

from the underlined words, namely statement. So that this conjunction
conjunctions but which is found by the functions as a statement to give a
researcher. Conjunctions included in synchronous statement to emphasize a
adversative conjunctions are only the clearer statement.
conjunction 'but'. It can be shown on
sentence ‘No, I don’t,’ said Gemma, ‘but I f. Causal
saw Black Phoenix last month. They’re Researchers found data containing
great! OK-what do you like doing at the causal conjunctions. This data is classified
weekend? Based on that sentence, the as a causal conjunction because a causal
conjunction “but” emphasizes that nothing conjunction consists of; so, therefore, for,
is known by the first person who knew or because, in that case, otherwise, under the
saw the Black Phoenix last month. The circumstance, etc. Data Causal of
meaning of the conjunction but is to conjunctions are explained below.

Lucy’s boyfriend Sam was always busy on

the 13th February, because the 14th was
Valentine’s Day. Sam made cakes, and had
a cake shop and café called the sunflower
Café. Everybody in the town loved Sam’s
Wonderful Valentine cakes. On the 14th
February every year, the window of the
Sunflower Café was full of them. (Page, The
maker of Cake: 14)

This data includes causal statement or description of something or

conjunctions because several sentences are event. As this sentence means that Sam as
included in causal conjunctions. The a guy Lucy is very busy on the 13th because
researcher found the conjunction: because, she makes cakes to celebrate Valentine's
which is in the sentence Lucy's boyfriend Day on February 14th.
Sam was always busy on the 13th February,
because the 14th was Valentine's Day. The g. Temporal
meaning of the conjunction because in the In the fourth data, the researcher
text above is cause. It serves to provide a found a temporal conjunction of

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grammatical cohesion type. The researcher correlation related to the time sequence.
presents three temporal conjunction data The temporal conjunction consists of; then,
based on short stories entitled The bridge `next, soon, at once, in the end, henceforth,
and other love stories by Christine Lindop. just then, etc. The data analysis is as
This data is included in the temporal follows.
conjunction because it explains the

A moment later Lucy arrived at the door of

the shop. She wanted to see Sam before she
went dancing with Becky. She looked in,
and saw Becky-Becky and Sam, heads
together, talking and laughing. Lucy
stopped at the door. ‘so it’s true,’ she
thought. ‘there they are, together.’ She
could not hear their words, but they looked
happy, so happy. Then Becky suddenly
kissed Sam on the cheek, and Sam kissed
Becky back. (Page, The Maker of cake:35)

In this data, the researcher finds “then”, is based on the sentence “Then
conjunctions that are included in temporal Becky suddenly kissed Sam on the cheek,
conjunctions. We can see the conjunction of and Sam kissed Becky back”. It is called a
the underlined words “then”. The temporal conjunction because based on the
underlined word 'then;, is also called an context of the data it explains the
additive conjunction, because it appears at correlation related to the time sequence.
the front of the sentence and also includes Other data is explained in the data below.
temporal conjunctions. The conjunction

I went to Nina’s room. Next to her bed,

there was a photo of her and Dragan. She
told me at once. ‘ I can’t live without him’.
And it was true, but now they are together-
for ever.
So, we waited. Those were terrible days.
Nobody said very much, and my mother
cried a lot. In my room at night, I cried too.
And then, one on beautiful spring day, we
went to a hill above the town. It was sunny
all day. Nina loved the sun, I remembered.
And there we buried them together-my
sister Nina, and her Dragan.

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 In the data above, there are two Wardhaugh, R. (2006). An Introduction to
temporal conjunctions found, namely Next Sociolinguistics. Blackwell
and at once. The word next as a temporal Publishing.
liaison meaning signifies the continuity of
Warid, H., Hodairiyah, & Lail, A. S. (2021).
successive times, it has a position as an
Analysis Reference of Grammatical
additive conjunction as well because it is at
Cohesion Types in Nawal El-Sadawi
the beginning of the sentence. In addition,
'S Woman At Point Zero. Journal of
there is an at once conjunction in a
Aesthetics, 2(2), 102–114.
temporal conjunction. It means as a form of
emphasis statement in conversation. Hodairiyah, et al (2022). The Conjunction
of Grammatical Cohesion in the
CONCLUSION Novel Woman at Point Zero by
Conjunctions are connecting words Nawal El-Sadawi. BRILIANT:
that connect words, phrases and sentences. Research and Conceptual Journal.
In this study, there were four grammatical Volume 7 Number 2. Pages 337-347
cohesive conjunctions found, namely Kridalaksana, H. (2014). Word Class in
additive conjunctions, temporal Indonesian. Main Library Gramedia.
conjunctions, causal conjunctions, and
Finoza, L. (2013). Composition of
adversative conjunctions. These
Indonesian for Non-Language
conjunctions have the function of
Students (First). Noble Human
connecting two words that are the same,
Diction.
combining sentences that have similar
contexts, and being able to correlate several Alwi, Soenjono D., Hans L., A. M. M.
sentences in a paragraph so that they (2014). Indonesian Standard
become a unified whole and can be Grammar. In the Ministry of
understood. Education and Culture of the
Republic of Indonesia. Main Library
SUGGESTION Gramedia.
Researchers suggest readers to
Baiti, N. (2020). Analysis of the Use of
analyse other objects more deeply on other
Conjunctions in a Collection of
objects such as poetry, songs, drama or
Articles in the Legal Political Rubric
advertisements. Future research can also
of the Kompas Newspaper. Konfiks
make this research an object to describe
Journal of Indonesian Language and
and compare research problems with other
Literature, 7(1), 24–27.
theories.
https://doi.org/10.26618/konfiks.v7i1
.2993
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