Introduction......................................................................................................................................

2. Objectives (Related to the Project)......................................Error: Reference source not found

3. Scoring Key.........................................................................Error: Reference source not found

4. Traditional Item Analysis.....................................................Error: Reference source not found

5. Item Difficulty Index:.............................................................................................................15

6. Item Discrimination Index:....................................................................................................16

7. Reliability...............................................................................................................................17

8. PEC Type Report....................................................................................................................18

9. Rasch Item Analysis...............................................................................................................51

10. Item Measurement............................................................Error: Reference source not found

11. ICC and PCC......................................................................................................................52

12. Interpretation ICC Curve....................................................................................................53

13. PCC Curve Interpretation 53

 1. Introduction

This report is consisted of all the information and processes used for calculating all
the characteristic in a good test. The process is also specified from the test
development to data analyzing. Test was consisted of subject BIOLOGY of class
9 .The objective behind this project was to pass over all the phases that provide
evidence about the item as well as test analysis.
The test was consisted of 60 items’ MCQs each MCQ has four distractors. Before the
test development table of specification was also constituted to make sure that the test
has “content validity”.
The next step was to clear the objectives of the administration of the test as well as the
completion of that project.
The test and its items were passed through every phase of the examination according
to the given directions to analyze the test item, student perception and also student’s
response towards each item and distracter.
It was also analyzed that whether the stem has ability to provide the students all that
information which the students want. Furthermore, the distracters has the capability to
distract student’s mind.
This project also helped us to know which item is supposed to be best having good
reliability and has choice to be selected for standardized test as well as to include in
Item bank.
 2. Objectives:

To increase understanding of item analysis and provide first-hand experience in

calculation of
1. Item development
2. Test development
3. Test administration
4. Facility Index
5. Discrimination Index
6. Rasch analysis
7. Reliability
8. Latent continuum Graph
Class: 9
Paper: Biology
Total mark: 60

1 Science that deals with the study of life.

A. Biology B. Chemistry C. Physics D. Geology

2. Which of the following is a division of biology that deal with the study of
plants?

A. Zoology B. Botany C. Microbiology D. Molecular biology

3. Which of the following sciences studies the biological processes using

mathematical techniques and tools?

A. Biophysics B. Biometry C. Biochemistry D. Bioeconomics

4. which of the following branch deals with the study of insects?

A. Immunology B. Biotechnology C. Entomology D. Parasitology

04. Which of the following biological careers uses to enhance livestock and
agricultural crops?

A. Fisheries B. Agriculture C. Biotechnology D. Horticulture

5. Groups of similar cells that perform the same duties are referred to as?

A. Organelle B. Organ C. Tissues D. Organ system

6. In studying the feeding relationships between various forest animals species,

what level of organization we are looking at?

A. Individual B. Population C. Community D. Biosphere

1. Which of the following lists the proper order for the biological method?

A. Observation, Hypothesis, Law, Theory B. Hypothesis, Observations, Deduction,

Experimentation C. Observation, Hypothesis, Deduction, Experimentation D.
Hypothesis, Observation, Deduction, Experimentation

2. What is the first step of the scientific method? what is

A. Making observations and collecting data B. Formulating a hypothesis C. Testing
the hypothesis D. Drawing conclusions and communicating results

3. Which of the following is the best defintion of a scientific theory?

A. A statement that describes a natural phenomenon B. A well-substantiated

explanation of some aspect of the natural world C. A fundamental principle of nature
D. A hypothesis that has been tested and confirmed

Comprehension level

4 A Scientific theory has which of the following property?

A. It agrees with available evidence B. It has been absolutely proven C. It cannot be

rejected D. It does not need to be altered in the light of new evidence

5.

A. Data organization is the process of collecting and storing data, while data analysis
is the process of interpreting and drawing conclusions from data.

B. Data organization is the process of structuring and formatting data, while data
analysis is the process of extracting meaningful information from data.

C. Data organization is the process of preparing data for analysis, while data analysis
is the process of using data to make decisions.

D. Data organization is the process of cleaning and validating data, while data
analysis is the process of identifying patterns and trends in data.

6. A. To provide a proposed explanation for a phenomenon B. To describe a set of

observations C. To test the validity of a theory D. To communicate the results of an
experiment

What is the purpose of hypothesis in the scientific method?

1. What does biodiversity refer to?

A) The number of species in an ecosystem B) The variety of life on Earth C) The

interaction between organisms D) The size of a population

02 Which of the following is an example of biodiversity?

A) A single species of grass B) A forest with various plant and animal species C) A
field with only one type of crop D) A desert with minimal plant life

3. Classification means the grouping of organisms on the basis;

A. How they can survive B. The features they have in common C. How they feed D.
How they respire

4. What is the primary cause of biodiversity loss?

A. Habitat destruction B. Pollution C. Invasive species D. Climate change

5. Biodiversity important for the stability of ecosystems.

A) It increases pollution B) It enhances resilience to environmental changes C) It

decreases competition amongs species D) It decreases the complexity of food webs.

6. The loss of biodiversity affect humans.

A) It has no impact on human life B) It may lead to the extinction of certain species
C) It improves human health D) It reduces the need for conservation efforts

9. Which of the following is an example of a threat to biodiversity in Pakistan?

A. The deforestation of the Chitral region. B. The overfishing of the Indus River. C.
The pollution of Lake Saifullah. D. All of the above

10. Propose three strategies to promote biodiversity conservation in urban areas.

A) Building more shopping malls B) Establishing green spaces C) Encouraging

industrial development D) Increasing air pollution

2. A light microscope resolving power is;

A. 0.2 micrometer B. 0.6 micrometer C. 0.02 micrometer D. 0.09 micrometer

4.What role did Rudolf Virchow play in the advancement of the cell theory?

A. He discovered the cell membrane, a barrier surrounding the cell. B. He provided

evidence to support the concept of bio genesis. C. He developed a new technique for
cell division, known as mitosis. D. He proposed that cells are not the only
fundamental units of life.

5. Which of the following cell organelles is responsible for energy production in

eukaryotic cells?

A. Mitochondria B. Chloroplasts C. Ribosomes D. Lysosomes

7. Which of these material is not a component of the plasma membrane?

A. Carbohydrates B. Proteins C. Lipids D. DNA

8. If a cell lacks ribosomes, what cellular function would be most affected?

A. Energy production B. Protein synthesis C. Waste elimination D. Cell division

10. Which type of tissues provides support and connects different tissues in the body?

A. Epithelial tissue B. Nervous tissue C. Connective tissue D. Muscular tissue

1. Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?

a. G1 phase b. S phase c. G2 phase d. M phase
2. In which phase of mitosis is nuclear division completed?
a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase
3. Which type of cells are continue dividing throughout an organism’s life?
a. Somatic cells b. Germ cells c. Maresematic cells d. Epithelial cells
5. What is the main purpose of the cell cycle?
a.Cell growth and repair b. Energy production c. Waste elimination d. Oxygen
intake
6. During which phase does the cell prepare for division by duplicating its organelles?
a. G1 phase b. S phase c. G2 phase d. M phase

8. If a cell has 16 chromosomes before mitosis, how many chromosomes will each
daughter cell have after mitosis?
a. 8 b. 16 c. 32 d. 64
9. What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?
a. Division of the cytoplasm b. Formation of a cell plate c. Duplication of DNA d.
Formation of a cleavage furrow

3. What is the main role of enzymes in biological systems?

A. Energy storage B. Structural support C. Oxygen transport D. Catalysts for
chemical reactions
4. Which model describes the specificity of enzyme-substrate interaction?
A. Lock-and-key model B. Fluid mosaic model C. Endosymbiotic theory D. Cell
theory
5. What distinguishes enzymes from other biological catalysts?
A. They are not involved in reactions B. They are specific in their action C. They are
only found in plants D. They are not made of cells
6. How can enzyme activity be regulated in a cell?
A. By changing genetic information B. Only by changing substrate concentration C.
Through allosteric regulation D. By modifying cell structure.
7. In which pH range do most enzymes function optimally?
A. Acidic B. Alkaline C. Basic D. Neutral
8. What are the consequences of an enzyme deficiency in a metabolic pathway?
A. Increased pathway activity B. Decreased pathway activity C. No effect on the
pathway D. Reversed pathway activity

1. What is the primary pigment involved in capturing light energy during

photosynthesis?
a) Chlorophyll b) Carotenoid c) Xanthophyll d) Anthocyanin
2. What is the central focus of bioenergetics?
a) Study of ecosystems b) Cellular structure analysis c) Energy flow in living
organisms d) Classification of species
3. Which cellular process produces ATP in the mitochondria?
a) Photosynthesis b) Glycolysis c) Cellular Respiration d) DNA Replication
4. For cellular functions, the main energy source is .
a) Proteins b) Carbohydrates c) Lipids d) Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP
5. Which organelle is primarily responsible for the process of photosynthesis?
a) Nucleus b) Endoplasmic reticulum c) Chloroplast d) Mitochondrion
6. What is the primary purpose of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
a) Production of glucose b) Generation of ATP and NADPH c) Carbon fixation d)
Oxygen release
7. If a cell undergoes anaerobic respiration, what is the likely product?
a) Carbon dioxide and water b) Lactic acid or ethanol c) Oxygen d) ATP only
9. In muscle contraction, ATP is primarily used for:
a) Providing structural support b) Transporting ions across the cell membrane c)
DNA synthesis d) Fueling the movement of myosin heads
10. Which type of respiration is more efficient in terms of ATP production per
glucose molecule?
a) Aerobic respiration b) Anaerobic respiration c) Both produce the same amount of
ATP d) Neither produces ATP
1. Which nutrient is necessary for seed germination.
A. Phosphorus B. Sulphur C. Potassium D. Calcium
2. Primary function of liver is….
A. Produces digestive enzyme B. Digestion C. Detoxifying substances D.
Absorption of water
3. Where is absorption of food takes place
A. Large intestine B. Small intestine C. Stomach D. Liver
4. Which phase of nutrition involves the mechanical breakdown of food in the mouth?
A. Ingestion B. Absorption C. Digestion D. Assimilation

5. Result of the reverse direction of peristalsis

A. Digestion B. Absorption C. Vomiting D. Defecation
7. What are the consequences of a poorly functioning gut on overall health
A. Improved immune system B. Stronger bone C. Enhanced energy levels D.
Nutrient deficiencies

1. Which blood group can be regarded as universal donor.

A. O positive B. O negative C. A positive D. B negative
2. The strongest and largest chamber in heart
A. Right Atrium B. Right Ventricle C. Left Ventricle D. Left Atrium
3. What is the primary function of xylem in plants.
A. Water transport B. Photosynthesis C. Transportation D. Nutrients absorption
5. Main function of White blood cells in bloodstream.
A. Carrying oxygen B. Transport nutrients C. Assisting in blood clotting D.
Fighting infections
8. During exercise, the pulse rate may increase up to:
A. 50 beats per minute B. 75 beats per minute C. 125 beats per minute D. 100 beats
per minute
9. Which part of the plant is directly responsible for water absorption.
A. Stomata B. Root hair C. Phloem D. Xylem

03. SCORING KEY:

1 a 18 b 35 d 52 b

2 b 19 b 36 a 53 c

3 b 20 d 37 a 54 d

4 c 21 b 38 c 55 b

5 b 22 a 39 d 56 c

6 c 23 b 40 b 57 a

7 c 24 a 41 b 58 d

8 a 25 d 42 a 59 d

9 a 26 b 43 c 60 b

10 b 27 c 44 d

11 a 28 b 45 c

12 c 29 d 46 b

13 a 30 d 47 b

14 b 31 a 48 d

15 b 32 c 49 a

16 b 33 b 50 c

17 a 34 d 51 d
 Traditional item analysis:

Test Construction Project

BIOLOGY 9

Options total no. of tota

Item # un- double Answer correct atte
a b c d attempted attempts Key Remarks scores q

1 150 15 10 25 0 0 a 150 2

2 19 141 15 25 0 0 b 141 2

3 15 159 15 11 0 0 b 159 2

4 11 8 142 39 0 0 c 142 2

5 13 126 21 40 0 0 b 126 2

6 18 16 142 25 0 0 c 141 2

7 33 28 121 18 0 0 c 121 2

8 73 28 75 24 0 0 a 73 2

9 116 45 23 16 0 0 a 116 2

10 36 48 55 60 0 0 b 48 2

11 75 37 48 40 0 0 a 74 2

12 78 56 49 17 0 0 c 44 2

13 58 48 60 34 0 0 a 56 2
14 59 107 24 10 0 0 b 106 2

15 18 142 21 19 0 0 b 140 2

16 65 102 17 16 0 0 b 101 2

17 80 56 15 49 0 0 a 77 2

18 63 81 33 23 0 0 b 80 2

19 48 95 23 34 0 0 b 94 2

20 27 42 23 105 0 0 d 104 2

21 31 86 32 51 0 0 b 85 2

22 120 27 40 13 0 0 a 119 2

23 59 47 40 54 0 0 b 46 2

24 103 56 23 18 0 0 a 102 2

25 43 39 41 75 0 0 d 74 2

26 41 100 19 39 0 0 b 99 2

27 29 34 98 39 0 0 c 97 2

28 34 59 62 45 0 0 b 59 2

29 33 33 30 104 0 0 d 103 2

30 55 45 35 65 0 0 d 64 2

31 115 40 17 28 0 0 a 114 2

32 48 64 59 30 0 0 c 59 2

33 39 49 76 35 0 0 b 49 2

34 58 37 43 62 0 0 d 61 2

35 62 37 23 78 0 0 d 77 2
36 79 27 28 63 0 0 a 79 2

37 91 68 15 26 0 0 a 90 2

38 35 51 65 49 0 0 c 65 2

39 68 70 20 42 0 0 d 41 2

40 64 69 40 26 0 0 b 68 2

41 70 73 30 26 0 0 b 72 2

42 127 30 27 15 0 0 a 127 2

43 43 38 82 36 0 0 c 89 2

44 28 36 31 103 0 0 d 103 2

45 30 42 80 48 0 0 c 80 2

46 42 101 29 28 0 0 b 101 2

47 49 77 31 43 0 0 b 77 2

48 41 50 34 75 0 0 d 75 2

49 75 69 32 24 0 0 a 75 2

50 41 31 110 18 0 0 c 110 2

51 32 77 51 40 0 0 b 106 2

52 110 27 41 22 0 0 a 78 2

53 38 27 106 29 0 0 c 105 2

54 44 33 45 78 0 0 d 70 2

55 37 107 30 26 0 0 b 98 2

56 54 47 71 28 0 0 c 70 2

57 99 35 41 23 0 0 a 98 2
58 45 39 51 63 0 0 d 63 2

59 14 44 53 89 0 0 d 88 2

60 31 82 34 50 0 0 b 81 2
Traditional item analysis is supposed to be that item analysis which is generally made
for the analysis of the item. This type of item analysis is made at the level of teacher
made test. Every formal teacher must have the concept to check/analyze the item of
the test developed and then administered by the student. This item analysis provides a
claim towards the good item. And a test having a set of good items is considered as a
good test. To test traditionally an item following measures have been taken:

3. Item Difficulty Index:

This index is determined by calculating the proportion and percentage of examinees

that answer the item correctly.
The formulas for item difficulty index are:
N CR
ID = X 100
NT

Where, NCR= number of candidates making correct response.

& NT= Total number of candidates
N H+N L
F2 =
2n

Item Difficulty Criteria

High Medium Low

(Difficult) (Moderate) (Easy)

<= 20% > 20% AND < 80% >=80%

 5. Item Discrimination Index:

Discrimination index shows the difference between the high achievers and low
achievers towards the perception of an item. The power of getting an item right or
wrong may be depend upon the discrimination power.
For this calculation, we divide the test takers into three groups according to their
scores on the test as a whole: an upper group consisting of the 27% who make the
highest scores, a lower group consisting of the 27% who make the lowest scores, and
a middle group consisting of the remaining 46%. (Note that some text books use 25%,
not 27 %.)
The formulas for finding Discrimination Index is:

NH −NL
D1 =
n

ad −bc
D2 =
√(a+ b)(a+ c)(c +d )(d +b)
Where,
a= Number of high achievers responded correctly.
b= number of high achievers responded incorrectly
c= number of low achievers responded correctly.
d= number of low achievers responded incorrectly.

All the items were examined under the criteria which is given below.

Item Discrimination Criteria

accepted Rewrite Rejected

(moderate)

>= 0.5 >= 0.4 >=0.2

 Now analyze each item’s discrimination under this criteria. This will prove that is the
item has difficult, moderate or high discrimination?

6. Reliability

Reliability is a characteristic of a good test in which a test consistently measures what

it is said to be measure.

Reliability of a test can be measured through reliability coefficient which ranges from

-1.00 to +1.00. The test having the reliability in the same range is supposed to be a

reliable test.

To find out the reliability the following phases has been passed:
7. PEC Type Report

Item Analysis Mathematics X

In this section we present an analysis of student responses to test items. The first part
provides the percentage of responses to each MCQ distracter.

Note to help in understanding the data given in each table

 Stem is the statement of each item.

 Distracters are the incorrect options for each MCQ and the sign asterisk *
indicates the correct option.
 Percent means the percentage (%) of responses of the students against each
option.
 Comment is any interesting thing in the students’ responses.
 Missing means students did not attempt the item or selected more than one
option.
 Item difficulty is the percentage of students who answered a test item correctly.
 Discrimination Indexis computed from equal-sized high and low scoring groups
on the test

Stem Science that deals with the study of life.

1

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Biology Chemistry Physics Geology

Percentage 75% 7.5% 5% 12.5% 0

Comment The item was knowledge based and most of the student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 75% got it right.

Item difficulty is moderate and should be in the list of 75

accepted questions.

Discrimination index has no capabiliy to discriminate Discrimination

Index
 0.75

Stem Which of the following is a division of biology that deal with the study of
2 plants?

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Zoology Botany Microbiology Molecular

biology

Percentage 9.5 70% 7.5 12.5 0

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 70% got it right.

Item is easy 70

Discrimination index is not good

Discrimination
Index

0.70

Stem Which of the following sciences studies the biological processes using
3 mathematical techniques and tools?

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Biophysics Biometry Biochemistry Bioeconomics

Percentage 7% 79% 7% 5% 0

Comment The item was comprehension based and almost every Item Difficulty
s student attempted it, but only 79% got it right.

Item difficulty is easy 79%

 Discrimination index is also quite good. Discrimination
Index

0.79

Stem which of the following branch deals with the study of insects?
4

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Immunology Biotechnology Entomology Parasitology

Percentage 5 4 71 19 0

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 71% got it right.

Item is easy 71%

Discrimination index is also quite good.

Discrimination
Index

0.71

Stem Which of the following biological careers uses to enhance livestock and
5 agricultural crops?

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Fisheries Agriculture Biotechnology Horticulture

Percentage 6 63 10 20 0

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student Item Difficulty
 s attempted it, but only 63% got it right. 63%

Item difficulty is moderate and should be in the list of

accepted questions. Discrimination
Index
Discrimination index is also quite good.
0.6

Stem Groups of similar cells that perform the same duties are referred to as?
6

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Organelle Organ Tissues Organ

system

Percentage 9 8 71 12 0

Comment The item was knowledge based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 71% got it right.

Item difficulty is easy and should be in the list of accepted 71%

questions.

Discrimination index is not good Discrimination

Index

0.71

Stem In studying the feeding relationships between various forest animals

7 species, what level of organization we are looking at?

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Individual Population Community Biosphere

Percentage 16 14 60 9

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 60% got it right.
60%
 Item difficulty is moderate and should be in the list of
accepted questions.

Discrimination index is also quite good. Discrimination

Index

0.6

Stem Which of the following lists the proper order for the biological method?
8
A. Observation, Hypothesis, Law, Theory B. Hypothesis, Observations,
Deduction, Experimentation C. Observation, Hypothesis, Deduction,
Experimentation D. Hypothesis, Observation, Deduction, Experimentation

Distracto A* B C D Missing
rs
Observati Hypothesis, Observation, Hypothesis,
on,
observation,Deducti Hypothesis , Observation,
hypothesis,
law, on, Deduction,
theory Deduction,
Experimentation Experimentati
Experimentati
on
on

Percentag 36 14 37 12 0
e

Commen The item was knowledge based and almost every student Item
ts attempted it, but only 36% got it right. Difficulty

Item is difficult and should be in the list of accepted questions.

36%
Discrimination index is no soo good.
Discriminati
on Index

-0.36

Stem What is the first step of the scientific method?

 9

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Making Formulating Testing the Drawing

observations hypothesis conclusions
and A
and
collecting hypothesis
data . communicating
results

Percentage 58 22 11 8 0

Comment The item was comprehenion based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 58% got it right.

Item difficulty is too easy 58%

Discrimination index has no ability to discriminate

Discrimination
Index

0.31

Stem Which of the following is the best defintion of a scientific theory?

10

Distractors A* B C D Missing

A statement . A well- A .A
that substantiated fundamental hypothesis
describes a that has
explanation principle of
natural been
phenomenon of some nature tested and
aspect of the confirmed

natural world

Percentage 18 24 27 30 0

Comment The item was knowledge based based and almost every Item Difficulty
 s student attempted it, but only 24% got it right. 24%

Item difficulty is difficult and should be in the list of

accepted questions. Discrimination
Index
Discrimination index is also quite good.
-0.24

Stem A Scientific theory has which of the following property?

11

Distractors A* B C D 37Missing

It agrees It has been It cannot be It does not

with absolutely rejected need to be
available
proven altered in
evidence
the light of
new
evidence

Percentage 37 18 24 20 0

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only37% got it right.

Item difficulty is moderate 37%

Discrimination index is also quite good.

Discrimination
Index

-0.37

Stem What is the difference between data organization and data analysis?
12

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Data . Data Data Data

 organization organization organization organization
is the is the is the is the
process of process of process of process of
collecting structuring preparing cleaning
and storing and data for and
data, while formatting analysis, validating
data data, while while data data, while
analysis is data analysis analysis is data
the process is the the process analysis is
of process of of using data the process
interpreting extracting to make of
and drawing meaningful decisions. identifying
conclusions information patterns
from data. from data. and trends
in data.

Percentage 39 28 24 8 0

The item was knowledge based and almost every student Item Difficulty
attempted it, but only 24% got it right.

Item difficulty is difficult 24%

Comment
s Discrimination index is no good
Discrimination
Index

-0.24

Stem What is the purpose of hypothesis in the scientific method?

13

Distractors A* B C D Missing

To provide a To describe a To test To

proposed communicate
set of the
explanation the results of
for a observations validity of
an
phenomenon
a theory experiment
Percentage 29 24 30 18 0

Comment The item was knowledge based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 29% got it right.

Item difficulty is difficult 29%

Discrimination index has no ability to discriminate.

Discrimination
Index

-0.295

Stem What does biodiversity refer to?

14

Distractors A* B C D Missing

The the variety The The size of

number of of life on interaction a
species in population
Earth between
an
ecosystem organisms

Percentage 29 53 12 5 0

Comments The item was Application based and almost every Item Difficulty
student attempted it, but only 53% got it right.

Item difficulty is easy and should be in the list of 53%

accepted questions.

Discrimination index is 0.53 Discrimination

Index

-0.53
 Stem15 Which of the following is an example of biodiversity?

Distractors A B C D Missing

A single A forest with A field with A desert

species
various plant only one type with
of grass
and animal of crop minimal
specie

Percentage 9 71 10 9 0

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 71% got it right.

Item difficulty is easy 71%

Discrimination index is also quite good.

Discrimination
Index

0.71

Stem Classification means the grouping of organisms on the basis;

16

Distractors A* B C D Missing

. How The features How they How they

they can they have in feed respire
survive common

Percentage 32 51 8 8 0

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 51% got it right.

Item difficulty is moderate and should be in the list of 51%

accepted questions.
Discrimination
 Discrimination index is also quite good. Index

-0.51

Stem What is the primary cause of biodiversity loss?

17

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Habitat pollution invasive Climate

destruction specie Change

Percentage 40 28 7 24 0

Comment The item was knowledge almost every student attempted Item Difficulty
s it, but only 40% got it right.

Item difficulty is moderate and should be in the list of 40%

accepted questions.

Discrimination index is also quite good. Discrimination

Index

0.4

Stem Biodiversity important for the stability of ecosystems.

18

Distractors A* B C D Missing

It It enhances It decreases It
increases
resilience to competition decreases
pollution
environmental amongs the
changes species complexity
of

Percentage 31 40 16 11 0
Comment The item was comprehension based and almost every Item Difficulty
s student attempted it, but only 40% got it right.

Item difficulty is moderate and should be in the list of 40%

accepted questions.

Discrimination index is 0.4 Discrimination

Index

0.4

Stem he loss of biodiversity affects human

19

Distractors A* B C D Missing

It has no It may lead It improves It reduces

impact the need for
to the human
on conservation
human extinction of health
efforts
life
certain
species

Percentage 24 47 11 17 0

Comment The item was Analysis based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 47% got it right.

Item difficulty is moderate and should be in the list of 47%

accepted questions.

Discrimination index is also quite good. Discrimination

Index

0.71

Stem Which of the following is an example of a threat to biodiversity in

 20 Pakistan?

Distractors A* B C D Missing

The The The All of the

deforestation above
overfishing pollution of
of the Chitral
region. of the Indus Lake
River. Saifullah.

Percentage 13 21 11 52 0

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 52% got it right.

Item difficulty is moderate and should be in the list of 52%

accepted questions.

Discrimination index is also quite good. Discrimination

Index

0.51

Stem Propose three strategies to promote biodiversity conservation in urban

21 areas.

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Building Establishing Encouraging Increasing

more air
green spaces industrial
shopping pollution
malls development

Percentage 15 43 16 25 0

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 43% got it right.

Item difficulty is moderate and should be in the list of 43%

accepted questions.
Discrimination
 Discrimination index is also quite good. Index

0.4

Stem A light microscope resolving power is:

22

Distractors A* B C D Missing

0.2 0.6 0.02 0.09

micrometer micrometer
micrometer micrometer

Percentage 60 13 20 6 0

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 60% got it right.

Item difficulty is easy and should be in the list of accepted 60%

questions.

Discrimination index is also quite good. Discrimination

Index

-0.60

Stem What role did Rudolf Virchow play in the advancement of the cell theory?
23

Distractors A* B C D Missing

He He provided . He He proposed
discovered
evidence to developed a that cells are
the cell
membrane, support the new not the only
a barrier
concept of technique fundamenta
surrounding
the cell. bio genesis. for cell l units of
 division, life.
known as
mitosis.

Percentage 29 23 20 27 0

Comment The item was knowledge based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 23% got it right.

Item difficulty is difficult. 23%

Discrimination index is also quite good.

Discrimination
Index

-0.23

Stem . Which of the following cell organelles is responsible for energy production
24 in eukaryotic cells?

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Mitochondria Chloroplasts Ribosomes Lysosomes

Percentage 51 28 11 9 0

Comment The item was Analysis based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 51% got it right.

Item difficulty is easy 51%

Discrimination index is also quite good.

Discrimination
Index

0.51

Stem . Which of these material is not a component of the plasma membrane?

25
Distractors A* B. C D Missing

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids DNA

Percentage 21 19 20 37 0

Comment The item was knowlege based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 20% got it right.

Item difficulty is too difficult and should be in the list of 20%

accepted questions.

Discrimination index has no ability to discimnate Discrimination

Index

-0.2

Stem If a cell lacks ribosomes, what cellular function would be most affeed?
26

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Energy Protein Waste . Cell

production division
synthesis elimination

Percentage 20 50 9 19

Comment The item was comprehension based and almost every Item Difficulty
s student attempted it, but only 50% got it right.

Item difficulty is easy 50%

Discrimination index is no quite good.

Discrimination
Index

0.21
 Stem . Which type of tissues provides support and connects different tissues in
27 the body?

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Epithelial Nervous Connective Muscular

tissue Tissues tissues tissues

Percentage 14 17 49 19

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 49% got it right.

Item difficulty is moderate and should be in the list of 49%

accepted questions.

Discrimination index is also quite good. Discrimination

Index

0.09

Stem Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?

28

Distractors A* B C D Missing

G1 Phase S phase G2 phase Mphase

Percentage 17 29 31 22

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 29% got it right.

Item difficulty is difficulty for students 29%

Discrimination index is also quite good. Has no ability to

discriminate Discrimination
Index

-0.295
 Stem In which phase of mitosis is nuclear division completed?
29

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Percentage 16 16 15 52

Comment The item was knowledge level and 52% students got it Item Difficulty
s right.

Item difficulty is easy 52%

Item has ability to discriminate between individuals.

Discrimination
Index

0.57

Stem Which type of cells are continue dividing throughout an organism’s life?
30

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Somatic Germ cells Maresematic Epithelial

cells
cells cells

Percentage 27 22 17 32

Comment The item was comprehension based and almost every Item Difficulty
s student attempted it, but only 32% got it right.

Item difficulty is moderate and should be in the list of 32%

accepted questions.

Discrimination index is also quite good. Discrimination

Index
 0.2

Stem What is the main purpose of the cell cycle?

31

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Cell Energy . Waste Oxygen

growth intake
production elimination
and
repair

Percentage 57 20 8 14

Comment The item was knowledge based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but on57% got it right.

Item difficulty is easy and should be in the list of accepted 57%

questions.

Discrimination index is 0.57 that shows that this item has Discrimination
Index
capability to discriminate. This item is acceptable.

0.57

Stem During which phase does the cell prepare for division by duplicating its
organelles?
32

Distractors A* B C D Missingg

G1 phase S phase G2 phase M phase

Percentage 24 32 29 15

Comment The item was comprehension based and almost every Item Difficulty
 s student attempted it, but only29% got it right. 29%

Item difficulty is difficult and should be in the list of

accepted questions. Discrimination
Index
Discrimination index is also quite good.
-0.29

Stem If a cell has 16 chromosomes before mitosis, how many chromosomes will
each daughter cell have after mitosis?
33

Distractors A* B C D Missing

8 16 32 64

Percentage 19 24 38 15

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 24% got it right.

Item difficulty is difficult and should be in the list of 24%

accepted questions.

Discrimination index is also quite good. Discrimination

Index

0.2

Stem What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?

34

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Division Duplication Formation

of the Formation of a
of DNA
cytoplasm of a cell plate cleavage
furrow
Percentage 29 18 21 31

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 31% got it right.

Item difficulty is moderate and should be in the list of 31%

accepted questions.

Discrimination index is also quite good. Discrimination

Index

-0.38

Stem Enzymes, in biological terms, are best described as

35

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Biological

that store involved in molecules
found in the
genetic energy that speed
information storage cell up
chemical
membrane
reactions

Percentage 31 18 11 39

Comment The item was knowledgebased and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 39% got it right.

Item difficulty is moderate and should be in the list of 39%

accepted questions.

Discrimination index is also quite good. Discrimination

Index

-0.39

Stem What is the main role of enzymes in biological systems?

 36

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Energy Structural . Oxygen Catalysts

storage for
support transport
chemical
reactions

Percentage 39 13 14 31

Comment The item was comprehension based and almost every Item Difficulty
s student attempted it, but only 31% got it right.

Item difficulty is moderate and should be in the list of 31%

accepted questions.

Discrimination index is also quite good. Discrimination

Index

-0.3

Stem 37 Which model describes the specificity of enzyme-substrate interaction?

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Lock- Fluid mosaic Endosymbiotic Cell theory

and-key
model theory
model

Percentage 45 35 7 13

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 45% got it right.

Item difficulty is moderate and should be in the list of 45%

accepted questions.

Discrimination index is also quite good. Discrimination

Index

-0.45
 Stem 38 . What distinguishes enzymes from other biological catalysts?

Distractors A* B C D Missing

They are They are They are They are

not not made
specific in only found in
involved of cells
in their action plants
reactions

Percentage 17 25 32 24

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student Item Difficulty
s attempted it, but only 25% got it right.

Item difficulty is difficult and should be in the list of 25%

accepted questions.

Discrimination index is also quite good. Discrimination

Index

0.71

Stem 39 How can enzyme activity be regulated in a cell?

Distractors A* B C D Missing

By Only by Through By
changing
changing allosteric modifying
genetic
information substrate regulation cell
concentration structure

34 35 10 21

The question was application based

Comment Every student attempted it but 21% students got it right. Item difficulty
s The item difficulty is 21 i.e. Item is quite difficult.
Discrimination index is 0.32t hat shows that this item has no 21%
capability to discriminate.

DI
 0.32

Stem 40 In which pH range do most enzymes function optimally?

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Acidic Alkaline basic neutral

Percentage 32 34 20 26

The question was knowledge based.

Comment Every student attempted it but 34% students got it right. Item difficulty
s The item difficulty is 234 i.e. Item is quite difficult.
Discrimination index is 0. 445that shows that this item has no 34%
capability to discriminate.

DI

-0.445

Stem 41 What are the consequences of an enzyme deficiency in a metabolic

pathway

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Increased Decreased No effect on Reversed

pathway pathway
pathway the pathway
activity
activity
activity

Percentage 35 36 15 13 0

The question was knowledge based.

Comment Every student attempted it but 36% students got it right. Item Difficulty
s The item difficulty is 36 i.e. Item is quite difficult.
Discrimination index is 0.71that shows that this item has 36%
capability to discriminate.

Discrimination
Index
 0.71

Stem 42 What is the primary pigment involved in capturing light energy during
photosynthesis?

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Chlorophyll Cartenoid Xanthophyll Anthocyanin

Percentage 63 15 13 7

The question was knowledge based.

Comment Every student attempted it but 63% students got it right. Item difficulty
s The item difficulty is 63 i.e. Item is easy
Discrimination index is 0.24that shows that this item has no 63%
capability to discriminate.

DI

0.24

Stem 43 What is the central focus of bioenergetics?

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Study of Cellular Energy flow

ecosystems Classification
structure in living
of species
analysis organisms

Percentage 21 19 41 18

The question was knowledge based.

Comment Every student attempted it but 41% students got it right. Item difficulty
s The item difficulty is 41 i.e. Item is quite EASY
Discrimination index is 0.4 that shows that this item has no 41%
capability to discriminate.

DI
 0.4

Stem 44 For cellular functions, the main energy source is

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Proteins Carbohydrate Lipids Adenosine

s Triphosphate

Percentage 14 18 15 51

The question was knowledge based.

Comment Every student attempted it but51% students got it right. Item difficulty
s The item difficulty is 51 i.e. Item is quite easy
Discrimination index is 0.21that shows that this item has 51%
capability to discriminate.

DI

0.21

Stem 45 . Which organelle is primarily responsible for the process of

photosynthesis?

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Nucleous Endoplasmic Chloroplast Mitochondrion

reticulum

Percentage 15 21 40 24 Item difficulty

The question was knowledge based.

Comment Every student attempted it but 40% students got it right. 40%
s The item difficulty is 40 i.e. Item is quite moderate
Discrimination index is 0.71 that shows that this item has
capability to discriminate.

DI
 0.71

Stem 46 What is the primary purpose of the light-dependent reactions in

photosynthesis?

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Productio Generation Carbon Oxygen

n of release
of ATP and fixation
glucose
NADPH

Percentage 21 50 14 14

The question was knowledge based.

Comment Every student attempted it but 50% students got it right. Item difficulty
s The item difficulty is 24 i.e. Item is Moderate
Discrimination index is -0.385 that shows that this item has no 50%
capability to discriminate.

DI

-0.385

Stem 47 If a cell undergoes anaerobic respiration, what is the likely product?

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Carbon Lactic acid or Oxygen ATP only

dioxide
ethanol
and
water

Percentage 24 38 15 21

The question was knowledge based.

Comment Every student attempted it but 38% students got it right. Item difficulty
s The item difficulty is 38 i.e. Item is quite difficult.
Discrimination index is 0.375 that shows that this item has no 38%
capability to discriminate.
 DI

-0.375

Stem 48 In muscle contraction, ATP is primarily used for:

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Providing Transporting DNA Fueling the

structural synthesis movement
ions across
support of myosin
the cell heads
membrane

Percentage 20 25 17 37

The question was knowledge based.

Comment Every student attempted it but 37% students got it right. Item difficulty
s The item difficulty is 37 i.e. Item is quite difficult.
Discrimination index is 0037 that shows that this item has no 37%
capability to discriminate.

DI

-0.37

Stem 49 . Which type of respiration is more efficient in terms of ATP production per
glucose molecule

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Aerobic Anaerobic Both Neither

respiration produces
respiration produce the
ATP
same
amount of
 ATP

Percentage 37 34 16 12

The question was knowledge based.

Comment Every student attempted it but 34% students got it right. Item difficulty
s The item difficulty is 34i.e. Item is quite difficult.
Discrimination index is 0.31 that shows that this item has 37%
capability to discriminate.

DI

0.31

Stem 50 Primary function of liver is….

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Produces Digestion Detoxifying Absorption

digestive of water
substances
enzyme

Percentage 20 15 55 9

the question was knowledge based.

Comment Every student attempted it but 55% students got it right. Item difficulty
s The item difficulty is 55 i.e. Item is moderate.

Discrimination index is 0.39 that shows that this item has 55%
capability to discriminate. This item is acceptable.
DI

0.39

Stem 51 Where is absorption of food takes place

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Large Small intestine Stomach Liver

intestine

Percentage 16 38 25 20
 The question was knowledge based.
Comment Every student attempted it but 38% students got it right. Item difficulty
s The item difficulty is39 i.e. Item is difficult

Discrination index is quit good 38%

DI

-0.39

Stem 52 Which phase of nutrition involves the mechanical breakdown of food in

the mouth?

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Ingestion Absorption Digestion Assimilation

Percentage 55 13 20 11

Comment Item is too easy .almost 55% students answer it correctly Item difficulty
s
Discrination index is quit good
55%

DI

0.71

Stem 53 Result of the reverse direction of peristalsis

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Digestion Absorption Vomitng defecation

Percentage 19 13 53 14

Comment The item was comprehension based Item difficulty

s
Almost every students answer correctly
53%
Item difficulty is 53. item is too easy
DI
 0.412

Stem 54 . What are the consequences of a poorly functioning gut on overall health

Distractors A* B C D Missing
Improved
immune Stronger Enhanced Nutrient
system deficiencies
bone energy levels

Percentage 22 16 22 39

The question was application based.

Comment Every student attempted it but 39% students got it right. Item
s The item difficulty is39 i.e. Item is difficult difficulty39%

DI

-0.35

Stem 55 Which blood group can be regarded as universal donor.

A. O positive B. O negative C. A positive D. B negative

Distractors A* B C D Missing

O O negative A positive B negative

positive

Percentage 18 53 15 13

The item was knowledge based item.

Comment Every student attempted it and 53% got it right. Item difficulty
s
Item difficulty of this item is 53 therefore it is a moderate
53%
item.Item as no capability to discriminate
 DI

-0.49

Stem 56 The strongest and largest chamber in hear

Distractor A* B C D Missing
s
Right Right Left Ventricle Left Atrium
Atrium
Ventricle

27 23 35 14

The item was comprehension based and almost not every Item difficulty
student attempted it, but only 35% got it right.

Item difficulty is 35% 35%

Item is difficult.
DI
Item as no capability to discriminate
-0.35

Stem 57 What is the primary function of xylem in plants.

Distractors A* B C D Missing
Transportation
Water Photosynthesis Nutrients
transport
absorption

Percentage 49 17 20 11

Comment Item difficulty is 49% this means that item is moderate and Item difficulty
s can be acceptable
49

DI

-0.49
 Stem 58 Main function of White blood cells in bloodstream.

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Carrying Transport . Assisting in Fighting

oxygen infections
nutrients blood clotting

Percentage 22 19 31 25 Item difficulty

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student 25
s attempted it, but only 25% got it right.

Item is too difficult DI

Discrimination index is also quite good.

-0.315

Stem 59 During exercise, the pulse rate may increase up to:

Distractors A* B C D Missing

50 beats 75 beats per 125 beats per 100 beats

per minute per minute
minute
minute

Percentage 7 22 26 44

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student Item difficulty
s attempted it, but only 44% got it right.

Item difficulty is moderate and should be in the list of 44

accepted questions.

Discrimination index is also quite good. DI

-0.44
 Stem 60 Which part of the plant is directly responsible for water absorption.

Distractors A* B C D Missing

Stomata Root hairs Phloem Xylem

Percentage 15 41 17 25

Comment The item was Application based and almost every student Item difficulty
s attempted it, but only 41% got it right.

Item difficulty is moderate and should be in the list of 41

accepted questions.

Discrimination index is also quite good. DI

-0.405

Rasch Item Analysis

The Rasch model, named after Georg Rasch, is a psychometric model for analyzing
categorical data, such as answers to questions on a reading assessment or questionnaire
responses, as a function of the trade-off between (a) the respondent's abilities, attitudes or
personality traits and (b) the item difficulty.
ICC and PCC

Then I made ICC (Item characteristic curve) and PCC (Person Characteristic curve).
These curves give clear position of item difficulties and position of persons among
these difficulties. Using the formula:
BV − D i
P = EXP [ ¿
1+ exp(Bv − Di )

Chart Title
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Series2 Series4
 4. Interpretation ICC Curve

Above graph show that the curve of three groups start from x-axis having initial and
final value. According to series 1,2,3 the lines of three groups having different
response rate low to high or high to low or intermediate depending on your data. As
the curve increases the difficulty index increases or vice versa.

Chart Title
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.3 1.31 1.32 1.33

Series2 Series4

5. PCC Curve Interpretation

The curve of PCC shows them characteristics of person ability to response. The items
of three groups from minimum, maximum and average level of difficulties. The
shows that level from high to low or high to low. As the item increases the person
characteristics decreases or vice versa. So according to the curve response rate of
students are not homogenous or heterogeneous.