Table of Contexts

Definition of noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Part1: Kinds of Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1: Proper Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2: Common Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Kinds of Common Noun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1: Abstract Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2: Concrete Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
3: Countable Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
4: Non-Countable Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
5: Material Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6: Collective Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
7: Compound Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Kinds of Compound Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1: Open Compound Noun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2: Close Compound Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3: Hyphenated Compound Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Part2: Genders of a Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1: Masculine Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2: Feminine Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3: Common Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4: Neuter Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Part3: Cases of a Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1: Subjective Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2: Objective Case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3: Indirect Object Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4: Subject Complement Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

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 5: Object Complement Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6: Oblique Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7: Vocative Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8: Appositive Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9: Possessive Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Part4: Pluralization Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12

Part5: Noun Phrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1: Pre-Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2: Post-Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3: Pre and Post Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Cases of Noun Phrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Part6: Noun Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Cases of Noun Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

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Noun is used to name anything.
 Person: Ail, Hamad, Wail…
 Place: Afghanistan, Kabul, US…
 Thing: book, table, bike…
 Animal: cat, dog, elephant, ant…

Difference between noun and name;

as we know we have two kinds of words which are:

1. Grammatical words: are those which they need explanation.

2. Lexical words: are those which they don’t need explanation.

Ok, we recognized that noun is a grammatical word and name is a lexical word.

in this chapter we will discuss about for things as bellow:

Noun

pluralization
Kinds Gender cases
rules

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________Part1: Kinds of Noun_____

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Kinds of noun: a noun has generally two kinds {proper noun} and {common
noun} and common noun has seven kinds as bellow:

Abstract Noun

Concrete Noun

Proper Noun Countable Noun

Kinds of Noun
Non-Countable
Common Noun
Noun

Material Noun

Collective Noun Open

compound Noun Close

Hyphenated

1) Proper Noun
Proper noun: It is used for proper person, place or thing.
Like: Ail, Ahmad, Afghanistan…

Note: The first letter of a proper noun is always capitalized.

2) Common Noun
Common noun: common noun is used for common person, place or thing.

Like: Student, teacher, pen, book…

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 Kinds of Common Noun
Common noun is divided into 7 parts:

1) Abstract Noun
Abstract Noun: It is a noun that has no physical existence and can’t be touched.

Like: mind, knowledge, mathematics, thoughts…

2) Concrete
Concrete Noun: it is a noun that has physical existence and we can see and touch
it.

Like: book, school, table, pen, board…

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3) Countable Noun
Countable Noun: It is a noun that we can count it.

Like: book, school, table, pen, board…

Note: There are some nouns that are countable as well, non-countable.

Like: rice, hair …

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4) Non-Countable Noun
Non-countable noun: It is a noun that we can’t count it.

Like: water, sugar, oil, rice, hair…

Note: There are some nouns that are countable as well, non-countable
Like: hair, rice…

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 __________________________________

5) Material Noun
Material Noun: It shows that what substance is a noun made of.

Like: wood, gold, iron…

6) Collective Noun
Collective Noun: It shows a collection of people, places or things.
Like: family, team, group…

 They have united family.

 There are 11 players in a cricket team.
 This is a group of intelligent students.

Note: if we use singular form of verb after collective noun it is correct and it is more
different in the meaning if there be a plural form of verb after collective noun.

1. My family are going to go to Herat. (the whole members of my family will go)
2. My family is going to go to Herat. (some members of my family will go and some of
them will stay)

7) Compound Noun
Compound Noun: It is a noun which made from two or more than two words.

Like: house wife, bus driver, drugstore, bookstore…

Kinds of Compound Noun

a) Open Compound Noun

Open Compound Noun: It is a noun which is written as one word.

Like: Shortcut, drugstore, bookstore…

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 b) Close Compound Noun
Close Compound Noun: It is a noun which is written as two words.

Like: bus driver, house worker, shop keeper…

c) Hyphenated Compound Noun

Hyphenated Compound Noun: It is a noun which is separated by hyphen (-).

Like: Father-in-law, Commander-in-chief, Son-in-law…

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________Part2: Genders of Noun_____

What is a gender?
Gender: A noun is always considered according to being male, female or neuter.

Or: A gender determines the Kind of a noun according to being male, female or not
male and not female

A noun has four genders and they are:

Genders of Noun

Masculine Femenine Common Neuter

Gender Gender Gender Genter

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 1) Masculine Gender
Masculine Gender: A noun which denotes a male human or animal is called masculine
gender.
Like: Father, boy, lion, brother…

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2) Feminine Gender
Feminine Gender: A noun which denotes a female human or animal is called
feminine gender.
Like: mother, girl, lioness, sister, …

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3) Common Gender
Common Gender: A noun which denotes to both human or animal female or
male is called common gender.

Like: teacher, student, child, animal…

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4) Neuter Gender
Neuter Gender: A noun which denotes neither male nor female (a thing without
life) is called neuter gender.
Like: stone, book, glass, rock…

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 ______________________________
________Part3: Cases of a Noun_____

What does case means?

Cases: the places that there we can use a noun is called case of a noun, or the placement
of a noun is called case.

Generally, a noun has nine cases and they are:

Subjective/ Nomenative Case

Objective/ Occusative Case

Indirect Object Case

Subject Complement Case

Cases of Noun Object Complement Case

Obligue/ Dative Case

Vocative Case

Oppositive Case

Possessive Case

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 1) Subjective/ Nominative Case

Subjective case; when a noun be the subject of sentence.

Like:
Ahmad is a good boy.
Ali is happy today.
Mustafa is busy today.

2) Objective/ Accusative Case

Objective Case: when a noun be the object of the sentence.

Like:
I called Ali
I want to speak with Hamid.

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3) Indirect Object Case

Indirect Object Case: when a noun be the indirect object in the sentence.
Like:
I will buy a car for Ahmad.
I will call Ali for money.

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4) Subject complement Case

Subject Complement Case: when noun be in the place of Object but it refers to
subject.
Like:
Ali asks about the problem.

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 5) Object Complement Case
Material Noun: it is a case when a noun be in the place of object and be an
object.
Like:
I called to my brother Hamid.
I called to my brother for money.

6) Oblique/ Dative case

Collective Noun: in this case the noun will be the object of preposition.
Preposition + Noun
Like:

He is from Kabul province.

I will speak with Ahmad.
He will go with Ail.

7) Vocative Case
Compound Noun: it is a case of noun that used to order someone for something.

In this case we have two structures:

1. (Noun + imperative sentence)

Ali, open the door please.

Wali, bring me a glass of water please.
Mostafa, give me your computer please.

2. (imperative + Noun)

Open the door Ali.

Bring me a glass of water Wail.
Give me your computer Mostafa.

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 8) Appositive Case

Objective Case: in appositive case two nouns will come together and the second
noun will give more information about the first noun.
Noun + Noun
Like:
Kabul, Capital of Afghanistan, is a good city.
Afghanistan, a country in the heart of Asia, is a beautiful country.

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9) Possessive/ Genitive Case

Indirect Object Case: in this case it is used {Apostrophe s(‘S), S apostrophe
(S’)} to show possession or ownership.

Note: for singular nouns add (‘S) and for plural nouns add (S’)
Like:
Ali’s car is new. (singular)
Ahmad’s motorbike. (singular)
Students’ class. (plural)

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________Part4: Pluralization Rules_____

Pluralization: Pluralization means changing a noun from singular form to plural form.

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There are some rules by following them you can change a noun from singular form to
plural very easily.
They are:

1) In general, only add (s).

Like:
Bookbooks
Cat cats
Stonestones

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2) Nouns ending in (s, ss, ch, sh, x, z) takes (es) in plural form.
Like:
Box boxes
Church churches
Class classes
Fishfishes

Note1: nouns that are ending with (ch) but their sound is like (K) add just “S”.
Like:
Monarch Monarchs
Stomach Stomachs

Note2: nouns that are ending with (z) it is doubled before adding (es).
Like:
Quiz Quizzes

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3) Nouns ending in (Vowel + Y) add just “S”.

Like:
Clay Clays
Day Days

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4) Nouns ending in (Consonant + Y) Delete (Y) then add (ies).

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 Like:
Army Armies
City  Cities

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5) Nouns ending in (Consonant + O) takes (es).

Like:
Negro Negroes
Hero Heroes
Exceptions:
KiloKilos
Photo Photos
PianoPianos

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6) Nouns ending in (Vowel + O) takes a single (s).

RadioRadios
Video Videos

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7) Nouns ending in (F) or (Fe) change them to (V) then add (es).
Wife Wives
Leaf Leaves

Exceptions:
ProofProofs
Chief Chiefs
RoofRoofs

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8) The Compound Nouns are usually pluralized in the last word.

Like:
Drug store Drug stores

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 Bus driver Bus drivers
Farming land Farming lands

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9) prepositions are usually pluralized by the main noun. The compound nouns they are
separated by
Like:
Father-in-law Fathers-in-law
Son-in-law Sons-in-law
Sister-in-law Sisters-in-law

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10) Eight nouns form their plural by changing their vowels.

They are:
Foot Feet
Tooth Teeth
Mouse Mice
Goose Geese
Man Men
Woman Women
Louse Lice

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11) The letters, numbers and other symbols are pluralized by ('s)
Like:
8 8’s
M M’s

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12) Some nouns are plural in form but singular in meaning.

Like:
Mathematics
Physics
Ethics.

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 ______________________________________________________
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End of The Basic Part of Noun

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Advance English grammar

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_______Noun Phrase _____

Noun Phrase: a noun phrase is a phrase that functions/works as a noun in the sentence.
Like:
 A man
 A book
 This car
 This small puppy
 The first tall boy
 The one small cat
 The first black white picture.

How to form a noun phrase?

A noun phrase is formed using a noun and a word or words that modify it.

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 The small puppy

Article adjective noun

Noun Phrase
There are three ways to form a noun phrase

Forming a Noun
Phrase

3.both pre and post

1.Pre-Modifires 2.Post-Modifiers
modifiers

Prepositonal
Determiners Numbers adjectives Gerund phrase Infintive phrase Relative Clause
phrase

Demonstrative Possessive Coordinal Ordinal

Article Quantifiers
adjectives adjectives Numbers Numbers

They often come before the noun and modify it.

In pre-modifiers we have three kinds

1. Determiners

 Article
(a, an, the)

Like:
a book

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 an apple
the Kabul

 Possessive adjectives
(my, our, your, their, his, her, its)

Like:
My pen
Your car
Our school
His motorbike

 Demonstrative adjectives
(This, That, These, Those)

Like:

This book
That car
These cats
Those motorbikes

 Quantifiers
(some, many, any, little, much, lot…)

Like:
Some books
Many things
Little water
Much water
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2. Numbers

 Coordinal numbers
(one, two, three, four, five…)

Like:

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 One book
Three cats
four turtles
five thieves
seven knives

 Ordinal numbers
(first, second, third, fourth, fifth…)

Like:
First book
Second airplane
Third image
Fourth class
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3. Adjectives
Like:
Stupid boy
Lazy dog
Happy man
Beautiful rabbit

Note1: we can’t use two determiners together

Like:
My this car is awesome (wrong)
Your that book is hard to read (wrong)

Note2: if you wish to use more than one pre-modifiers in a phrase then follow this structure:
Determiner + number + adjective + noun.
Like:
These two tall boys.
That one small car.
The second dirty door

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They often go after the noun and modifies it.
In Post-modifiers we have four kinds

1. Prepositional phrase  preposition + noun

Like:

Phrase Using in a sentence

…With a small boy. A man with a small boy.
…Near to school. A big house near to school.
…In black shirt. A person in the black shirt.
…Near to this class. The first class near to this class.

2. Gerund phrase  Gerund + modifiers :

it is a phrase that started with a gerund, the (ing) of verb which acts as a noun.
Like:
Phrase Using in a sentence
… calling to Ail. The boy calling to Ali is my brother.
…standing next to you. The man standing next to you is my father.

3. Infinitive phrase

Like:
Phrase Using in a sentence
…to wear is easy. This shirt to wear is easy.
…to teach English. I have no student to teach English.
… to school Dari. I have two students to school Dari.
…to glass the window. The boy wants to glass the window.

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 4. Relative Clause
This clause often starts with subordinating conjunctions like:
(who, that, which, when, where, why, whose, whom)

Like:
Phrase Using in a sentence
…where Ail lives. This is Kart-e-now, where he lives.
…who teaches English. This is Farhad, who teaches English.
…when you firstly come here. This is Paghman, when you firstly come here.
…that you bought . The book that you bought is awesome.

2
Both Pre and Post Modifiers
We use them to modify a noun by both pre and post modifiers and using this kind of
modifiers is too much, because, it forms by a noun phrase and a post modifier.
In table the red color refers to pre-modifier and the yellow color refers to post-modifier.

Like:
Phrase
The book that you gifted me was awesome.
The man who saw you was my uncle.
The door that you knocked was open.
This car which you bought was damaged.

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 Where can we use the noun phrase?

We use a noun phrase as:

1. Subject of a sentence
Like:
A book on the table.
A car in the street.
The first time I saw that car was 3 years ago.

2. Object of a sentence
like:
I live in a beautiful big house.
Ali bought a book.
Ail said I met with an intelligent person.

3. Object of a preposition
Like:
I want to live with my family.
I am from Kabul province.
Afghanistan is located at the heart of Asia.

4. Subject complement
Like:
Ahmad is my favorite fighter.
This NEWS is hard to believe.

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 ______________________________
_______Noun Clause _____

Noun Clause: it is a part of dependent clause which acts as a noun in the sentence.

A noun clause often starts with these conjunctions:

(that, which, who, whom, whose, what, if, whether, when, where, how, why, whoever,
whomever, whenever, wherever, whatever, whichever)

Like:
I want to go wherever you want.
I want to eat whatever you’re eating.
I am happy that I saw you here.
I was happy whenever I saw you here.
I worry about (that) you will left soon.

Note1: sometimes if we eliminate the conjunction (that) from sentence it won’t bring
changes in the meaning of the sentence.
Like:
I worry about (that) he will left soon.

Note2: in noun clauses we do not use comma. We use comma in non-identifying

adjective clauses.
Like:
My father, who can speak English, lives in America.
Dr. Anwar, who is a dentist, always works hard.

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 Where we can use a noun clause?
We use a noun clause as:
1. Subject of the sentence
Like:
What you said is none of my business.
Whatever you need you can take.
What you said was too bad.

2. Object of the sentence

Like:
I want to eat whatever you’re eating.
You yourself should go wherever he lives.

3. Object of a preposition
Like:
I am from whatever you are.
I read for whatever you have written.

4. Appositive case
Like:
Kabul where he lives is a good city.
The book which you need is hard to find.

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 If you want to learn English grammar with complete details, choose
this book. It will help you to learn whole noun with complete details from
basic to advance. This book consists of: Noun and its kinds, genders of
noun, cases of noun, some rules for pluralizing nouns, noun phrase which
is an advance grammar, Noun clause which is the most important issue in
the grammar of noun. P a g e | 25