Midterm Reviewer
Reading and Writing
Course
Skills
Non-Critical Thinking
happens when you simply accept the things/ideas you are told without examining them
construct thoughts based purely on emotions
jumping to conclusions without proof or evidence
Critical Thinking
involves a series of complex thought processes which allows you to make reasoned judgments, asses the way you
think, and solve effectively
enables a person to process and evaluate ideas to come up with own perspective
Qualities of a Critical Thinker
1. Inquisitive
asks genuine questions that lead to a better understanding of things and events
2. Open-minded
open-minded to different ideas to arrive at a better judgment
3. Examine and evaluate the situation
does not accept the situation until it is verified
4. Apply different levels of thinking
does not let irrational emotions affect his/her judgments
Importance of Critical Thinking
In terms of reading…
1. Makes you recognize different texts and react to them intelligently.
2. It enables you to analyze written works, comprehend the messages they convey, and apply the message in real life.
3. Evaluating texts critically allows you to maximize the learning experience that reading provides; that leads to
understanding and enjoyment of the texts you read.
In terms of writing…
1. Provide skills to create well-written texts.
2. Helps you distinguish good from bad sources and know which information to use.
3. Leads to the production of good texts with reliable and insightful content.
Levels of Thinking
In 1956, Benjamin Bloom, an American educational psychologist, published Bloom’s Taxonomy of the Cognitive
Domain, which classifies the levels of thinking important for learning to promote higher levels of thinking.
Later in 2001, Lorin Anderson published a revision to the original taxonomy to make it more relevant to the 21st
Century students and teachers.
Midterm Reviewer 1
First Three Levels of Thinking
1. Remembering
being able to remember definition, statement of information
2. Understanding
restating in your own words, paraphrasing, summarizing, translating
3. Applying
use and implementation of knowledge to various situations (demonstration, solution)
High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
4. Analyzing
breaking down ideas into parts and relating them to one another (comparison, integration, structuring information)
5. Evaluating
making decisions, judgments, supporting views on the value and validity of ideas/events
6. Creating
combining information, concepts, theories to form a unique product
requires creativity and originality
Fundamental Reading Skills
Reading is the process of looking at a series of written symbols and getting meaning from them.
Text as a Connected Discourse
For the text to achieve their purpose which may be to inform, to entertain, to persuade, or to actuate, they need to achieve
coherence.
Coherence - a text must be composed of sentences with connected ideas presented in a logical arrangement.
A coherent text is a connected discourse.
Genre
Classification of text which regularly occur in society
Business Letter
News
Product Brochure
Film Critique
Text Type
Classifies text based on linguistic forms and patterns
Midterm Reviewer 2
Textbooks
Articles
Novels
Newspaper
Recipes
Instructional Manuals
Reading Process
Pre-Reading
draw your knowledge by just looking at the title
motivate the readers to read and activate schema/background knowledge
The skills used in this stage include:
previewing
freewriting
surveying
questioning
making assumptions about the author
identifying the purpose
selecting reading system (SQ3R) Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review
While Reading
re-read the text to fully understand its meaning
The skills used in this stage include:
getting the meaning of words through context clues
predicting
monotoring comprehension
annotating the text
reflecting
Post-Reading
check your understanding of the text
The skills used in this stage include:
reflecting
summarizing
paraphrasing
drawing conclusions
making graphic organizers
journal writing
Basic Reading Skills
1. Rapid Reading
aims to locate specific information or main idea in a very short span of time
includes skimming and scanning (pre-reading skills)
Midterm Reviewer 3
Skimming
a type of quick reading which aims to get the main idea and overview of the text
usually done when reading newspapers, magazines, books, and letters
Techniques for Effective Skimming
1. Use your fingers as a guide when reading across the lines.
2. Pay special attention to the first and last sentences of each paragraph; they usually contain the main idea of the
text.
Locating the Main Idea
reading skill which involves identifying the central message of the text
main idea is usually found either or both on the first and last sentences of a paragraph, but it may at times appear in the
middle of the text (implied)
Techniques in Location the Main Idea
1. Identify the topic or the subject of a text.
2. Take note of the traditional devices such as thus, therefore, to conclude, and to sum up, as they may signal the
main idea.
3. Validate your identified main idea by analyzing if all supporting details directly or indirectly support it.
Scanning
a quick reading strategy which aims to get specific information from a given text
is useful in locating specific name, information in a graph or table, and other such instances
Tips!
1. Be clear with the information that you need.
a. date, figure, person, or event then focus on that specific information
2. Avoid reading every word; focus on what you need.
3. Relax your eyes as you move them across the lines properly.
2. Previewing
a skill wherein a reader looks over a material and focuses on the information he/she finds relevant
involves clarifying the purpose, reading the title and headings, and checking the illustrations and other visuals
3. Literal Reading
understanding of ideas and facts that are directly stated in the material
includes note-taking, paraphrasing, and summarizing
Summarizing
a technique that involves condensing a lengthy text into a shorter passage while retaining its essence
major details may also be mentioned; a citation of the original source is necessary
Strategies in Summarizing
1. Annotate or add notes to the original text to highlight important ideas.
2. In summarizing a text with multiple paragraphs, get the main idea of each paragraph and write them in your own
words.
3. Combine them into a coherent article using transitional ideas.
Paraphrasing
restating ideas from the original text
the length of the paraphrased text is almost similar to the length of the original text (it focuses on the details not on the
main idea)
Midterm Reviewer 4
is done to simplify a complex text and borrow ideas without quoting directly
Strategies for Effective Paraphrasing
1. Do not change the original thought of the text, change the way it is conveyed.
2. Focus on details, not the main idea alone.
4. Inferential Reading
process of deducing facts and ideas not directly expressed in the text
also known as “reading between the lines” where you make generalizations, inferences, and conclusions
Graphic Organizers
1. Venn Diagram
A visual tool used to compare and contrast two or more things by showing their similarities and differences in
overlapping circles.
2. Network Tree
A branching diagram used to show hierarchical relationships between things, like a family tree or scientific
classification.
3. Spider Map (or Semantic Map)
A web-like diagram used to brainstorm and visually organize ideas related to a central topic.
4. Problem-Solution Map
A chart divided into sections to identify a problem, brainstorm its causes, and propose potential solutions.
Midterm Reviewer 5
5. Problem-Solution Map
A chart divided into sections to identify a problem, brainstorm its causes, and propose potential solutions.
6. Plot Diagram
A chart outlining the major parts of a story's plot, including exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and
resolution.
7. Series of Events Chain
A sequential list or flowchart representing the order in which events occur.
8. Fishbone Map (or Cause-and-Effect Diagram)
A diagram shaped like a fish skeleton used to identify the root causes of a problem. Branches stem out from the main
problem, listing contributing factors.
Midterm Reviewer 6
9. Cycle Map
A circular diagram used to show how a series of events or processes are interconnected and repeatedly occur.
10. Persuasion Map
A visual tool used to plan and organize arguments for convincing an audience of a particular viewpoint. It often
includes sections for the main claim, supporting evidence, and potential counterarguments.
Outline
a tool for organizing ideas
used especially in post-reading activity
Decimal Outline
only uses numbers as labels
1 main ideas / main points
1.1 - extra information / minor points / sub-categories
1.1.1 - further division / examples
Alphanumeric Outline
uses both numbers and letters as labels
I - main ideas / main points (CAPITALIZED WORDS)
A - major details / minor points / sub-categories
1 - minor details / minor points / sub-categories
a - further division / examples
Kinds of Outline According to Structure
1. Topic Outline
Midterm Reviewer 7
uses words and phrases for its entries
used if the ideas can be arranged in a number of ways
2. Sentence Outline
uses complete sentences for its entries
when the topic being discussed is complicated and requires a lot of details
Ask Yourself
What are the qualities of a critical thinker?
Inquisitive, open-minded, able to examine and evaluate the situation, and can apply different levels of thinking
What did Benjamin Bloom publish?
Bloom’s Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain
Who published a revision to the original taxonomy?
Lorin Anderson
What are the first levels of thinking?
Remembering, understanding, and applying
What are the high order thinking skills?
Analyzing, evaluating, and creating
What is coherence in a text?
composed of sentences with connected ideas presented in a logical arrangement
What is the difference between genre and text type?
While genre classifies texts based on their purposes within society (e.g. brochure, letter), text type classifies texts
based on their linguistic forms and patterns (e.g. book, newspaper).
What reading process motivates the readers to read and activate schema?
Pre-reading
What reading process is re-reading the text to fully understand its meaning?
While reading
What reading process is checking your understanding of the text?
Post-reading
A basic reading skill that aims to locate specific information or main idea in a very short span of time.
Rapid Reading
A type of rapid reading which aims to get the main idea and overview of the text.
Skimming
A type of rapid reading which involves identifying the central message of the text.
Locating the main idea
A type of rapid reading which aims to get specific information from a given text.
Scanning
A basic reading skill wherein a reader looks over a material and focuses on the information he/she finds relevant.
Previewing
A basic reading skill that is about understanding of ideas and facts that are directly stated in the material.
Literal Reading
A type of literal reading that involves condensing a lengthy text into a shorter passage while retaining its essence.
Summarizing
A type of literal reading that involves restating ideas from the original text.
Midterm Reviewer 8
Paraphrasing
A basic reading skill that is about process of deducing facts and ideas not directly expressed in the text.
Inferential Reading
A visual tool used to compare and contrast two or more things by showing their similarities and differences in
overlapping circles.
Venn Diagram
A branching diagram used to show hierarchical relationships between things, like a family tree or scientific
classification.
Network Tree
A web-like diagram used to brainstorm and visually organize ideas related to a central topic.
Spider Map (or Semantic Map)
A chart divided into sections to identify a problem, brainstorm its causes, and propose potential solutions.
Problem-Solution Map
A chart outlining the major parts of a story's plot, including exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and
resolution.
Plot Diagram
A sequential list or flowchart representing the order in which events occur.
Series of Events Chain
A diagram shaped like a fish skeleton used to identify the root causes of a problem. Branches stem out from the main
problem, listing contributing factors.
Fishbone Map (or Cause-and-Effect Diagram)
A circular diagram used to show how a series of events or processes are interconnected and repeatedly occur.
Cycle Map
A visual tool used to plan and organize arguments for convincing an audience of a particular viewpoint. It often includes
sections for the main claim, supporting evidence, and potential counterarguments.
Persuasion Map
It is a tool for organizing ideas and is used especially in post-reading activity.
Outline
What is the difference between a decimal outline and an alphanumeric outline?
Decimal outline only uses numbers as labels, while alphanumeric outline uses both numbers and letters as labels.
Midterm Reviewer 9
