Department Of Civil Engineering Safety Assessment Of Building Contruction

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. INTRODUCTION
The construction industry is one amongst the least organized and as a result there is a huge
scope for the exploitation of labour. In a country like India, safety is all the more important
because of lack of social security to the family left behind. Thus, it becomes crucial to
consider certain safety measures to prevent accidents. In the created and in addition growing
piece of the world, development industry is thought to be a true standout amongst the huge
commercial joint ventures as far as its effect on security and safety of the working populace.
Development industry is both financially and socially essential. Where in, the development
business, in the meantime, is additionally perceived to be the most perilous and competitive.
Albeit sensational change has taken in late decades, the safety record in the development
business keeps on being one of the poorest in consideration to all.

Owing to its relatively labour intensive nature, construction work provide opportunities for
employment for a wide range of both people skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled.

FIG NO. 1.1. PRIORITIZING RISK ASSESSMENT FOR SAFETY

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1.2. GENERAL

The articles, which had “construction safety, health hazards and risk management” as
keywords in research papers, were studied thoroughly. These papers have been published in
journals, conference proceedings and technical reports in the respective official websites. Out
of 50 articles, only thirty-two articles were reviewed, in order to identify the health hazards
and risks in construction sites, causes of lacking safety practices and possible methods to
improve safety in construction sites.

Safety Assessment is a procedure of analysing and for finding the hazards in each step and to
developing safety precautions that can be adopted. Though this technique can be applied at
various stages, i.e. during the planning phase, design and starting the process.

It can also be used in reviewing and discover hazards:

i. Those which may have been overlooked at the design or planning stage during the
layout, building, huge machinery, equipment, tools and plants, workstations etc. ii.
ii. That were noticed subsequently and periodically. iii. That were resulted from
changes in work procedure or personnel error. Which is considered as the first
step in accident analysis as a hazard and its safety training.

FIG NO. 1.2. SAFETY FIRST

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1.3. OBJECTIVES

The construction industry always has been a greater risk from generations to generations.
Often this risk is not dealt with satisfactorily and as a result the industry has suffered poor
performance as an outcome. Infrastructure projects being huge in nature and involving a large
amount of money, any sort of wastage (either time, resources etc.) would lead to huge
monetary losses. These risks need to be identified and mitigated to avoid such losses. Proper
safety techniques could be adopted and safety aspects should be taken in account. Hence the
study focuses safety application in India in field of construction.

-Identify hazards.

-Evaluate risks.

-Ensure compliance with regulations.

-Promote worker safety.

-Minimize accidents and injuries.

-Protect the public and the environment.

-Ensure quality and reliability.

-Reduce liability and financial losses.

-Promote a culture of safety.

-Facilitate continuous improvement.

-Enhance coordination and communication among stakeholders.

-Identify potential design flaws or deficiencies.

-Mitigate the impact of natural disasters and emergencies.

-Ensure safety of temporary structures and equipment.

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1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

The development business, utilizing the biggest work power, has represented around 11% of
every single word related injury and 20% passing’s coming about because of word related
mischances and has customarily been considered as an unsafe occupation, because of the high
occurrence of word related wounds and lethal mischances. The quantity of deadly word
related mishaps in development everywhere throughout the world is difficult to measure, as
data on this issue is not accessible for most nations.

 Protection of workers from accidents, injuries, and fatalities.

 Legal compliance with regulations and standards.
 Enhanced productivity and minimized downtime.
 Cost savings through reduced workers' compensation claims and litigation expenses.
 Improved reputation and attractiveness to clients, investors, and talent.
 Contribution to sustainability through resource efficiency and waste reduction.
 Prevention of property damage and project delays.
 Reduction of insurance premiums and financial risks.

FIG NO. 1.4. IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

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1.5. SAFETY MEASURES

Prevention of accident should be termed as one of the major aims of construction

management, both for human and also for financial aspects. Accidents are likely to occur
causing physical injuries, casualties and loss of money though whatever may be the nature of
construction projects, In order to prevent accident at construction sites, certain safety
measures need to be taken in the following major activities which are prone to high risks of
accidents during the construction

 Excavation
 Drilling and Blasting
 Hot Bituminous Work
 Handling Machineries
 Ladders
 Demolition
 Form-work and other equipment
 Fabrication and Erection
 Storage and Scaffolding
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
 Fall Protection Systems
 Scaffolding Safety
 Electrical Safety
 Heavy Equipment Safety
 Excavation Safety
 Material Handling Safety
 Emergency Preparedness
 Housekeeping
 Regular Safety Inspections and Training

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1.6. SAFETY MEASURES ADOPTED AT CONSTRUCTION SITE

Safety measures adopted at a construction site are crucial to ensure the well-being of workers
and the prevention of accidents. Here are some common safety measures typically
implemented:

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

 Hard hats: Protect against head injuries from falling objects.
 Safety goggles: Shield eyes from debris and chemicals.
 Steel-toed boots: Guard against crushing injuries.
 High-visibility clothing: Enhance visibility, especially in low-light conditions.
2. Fall Protection Systems:
 Guardrails: Erected along edges of elevated platforms to prevent falls.
 Safety nets: Installed to catch falling workers.
 Harnesses and lanyards: Worn by workers working at heights, attached to anchor
points to prevent falls.
3. Scaffolding Safety:
 Proper assembly and inspection of scaffolds before use.
 Regular maintenance and repairs.
 Use of guardrails, toe boards, and planking.
4. Electrical Safety:
 Proper grounding of electrical equipment.
 Insulation of wires and cables.
 Lockout/tagout procedures to prevent accidental energizing of equipment during
maintenance.
5. Heavy Equipment Safety:
 Training and certification for operators.
 Regular maintenance checks.
 Use of spotters when operating in areas with pedestrian traffic.

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6. Excavation Safety:
 Installation of protective systems like trench boxes or shoring.
 Regular inspections of trenches.
 Proper sloping or benching of excavations to prevent collapses.
7. Material Handling Safety:
 Proper lifting techniques to avoid strains and sprains.
 Use of mechanical aids like forklifts or cranes.
 Securing loads during transport.
 Training for workers on emergency procedures.

FIG NO. 1.6. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY ROAD SIGNS

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1.7. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ASSESSMENT

An Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) assessment focuses on identifying and mitigating
risks associated with the workplace environment to ensure the health, safety, and well-being
of employees. Here are the key components typically included in an OHS assessment:

1. Hazard Identification:
 Identify potential hazards in the workplace, including physical, chemical,
biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards.
 Conduct workplace inspections, observations, and interviews with employees to
identify hazards.
2. Risk Assessment:
 Evaluate the severity and likelihood of identified hazards.
 Assess the potential consequences of exposure to hazards on employee health and
safety.
 Prioritize hazards based on the level of risk they pose.
3. Ergonomics Assessment:
 Evaluate ergonomic factors such as workstation design, equipment layout, and
manual handling tasks.
 Identify ergonomic risk factors that may contribute to musculoskeletal disorders
(MSDs) and other ergonomic-related injuries.
 Implement ergonomic interventions to minimize ergonomic risks.
4. Chemical Safety Assessment:
 Identify hazardous chemicals used in the workplace.
 Assess the risks associated with chemical exposure, including acute and chronic
health effects.
 Implement control measures such as substitution, engineering controls,
administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize
chemical exposure.

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5. Biological Hazard Assessment:

 Identify biological hazards such as infectious agents, allergens, and biohazards.
 Evaluate the risk of exposure to biological hazards and the potential health effects
on employees.
 Implement control measures such as vaccination, hygiene practices, and personal
protective equipment (PPE) to minimize the risk of exposure to biological hazards.
6. Psychosocial Risk Assessment:
 Assess psychosocial factors such as workload, job control, work-life balance, and
workplace culture.
 Identify stressors and other psychosocial hazards that may impact employee
mental health and well-being.
 Implement interventions such as employee assistance programs, stress
management training, and organizational changes to promote a positive
psychosocial work environment.
7. Safety Training and Education:
 Provide employees with training on occupational health and safety policies,
procedures, and best practices.
 Ensure employees are trained to recognize hazards, use safety equipment, and
follow safe work practices.
8. Incident Investigation and Reporting:
 Establish procedures for reporting and investigating workplace incidents, injuries,
and near misses.
 Identify root causes of incidents and implement corrective actions to prevent
recurrence.
9. Emergency Preparedness and Response:
 Develop emergency response plans for various types of emergencies, including
fires, chemical spills, medical emergencies, and natural disasters.
 Conduct emergency drills and exercises to ensure employees are prepared to
respond effectively to emergencies.

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10. Continuous Improvement:

 Regularly review and evaluate the effectiveness of OHS programs and initiatives.
 Identify areas for improvement and implement corrective actions to enhance
workplace health and safety.
 By conducting a comprehensive Occupational Health and Safety assessment,
organizations can identify and mitigate workplace hazards, promote a safe and
healthy work environment, and comply with regulatory requirements.

1.8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

 Identification of Environmental Impacts: Assessing the potential environmental effects of

proposed projects, including air and water pollution, habitat destruction, and natural
resource depletion.
 Evaluation of Alternatives: Considering alternative project designs or locations to
minimize environmental impacts and achieve sustainable development goals.
 Public Consultation and Participation: Involving stakeholders, including local
communities, environmental organizations, and governmental agencies, in the EIA
process to gather feedback and address concerns.
 Legal Compliance: Ensuring compliance with environmental regulations, laws, and
policies at the local, national, and international levels.
 Baseline Data Collection: Collecting baseline environmental data to establish the existing
conditions of the project area and identify potential environmental receptors.
 Impact Prediction and Assessment: Predicting and evaluating the potential environmental
effects of the proposed project on various environmental components, such as air quality,
water resources, biodiversity, and cultural heritage.
 Mitigation Measures: Developing and implementing measures to avoid, minimize, or
mitigate adverse environmental impacts identified during the assessment process.
 Monitoring and Follow-Up: Establishing monitoring programs to track environmental
performance during project implementation and operation, as well as conducting post-
project evaluations to assess the effectiveness of mitigation measures.
 Documentation and Reporting: Documenting the findings of the EIA process in
comprehensive reports and making the information available to the public for
transparency and accountability.

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 Integration into Decision-Making: Integrating environmental considerations into project

planning, decision-making, and management processes to ensure sustainable development
and minimize environmental harm.

1.9. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE

1. Introduction to Emergency Preparedness and Response:

 Overview of the importance of emergency preparedness and response in
construction projects.
 Objectives and scope of emergency planning and response activities.
2. Risk Assessment and Hazard Identification:
 Conducting a thorough risk assessment to identify potential emergencies and
hazards specific to the construction site and activities.
 Identifying natural hazards (e.g., storms, earthquakes) and human-made
hazards (e.g., fires, chemical spills).
3. Emergency Response Planning:
 Developing emergency response plans tailored to the identified hazards and
risks.
 Establishing emergency response teams, roles, and responsibilities.
 Defining communication protocols and procedures for activating emergency
response plans.
4. Evacuation Procedures:
 Developing evacuation procedures and routes for workers and occupants in the
event of an emergency.
 Conducting drills and exercises to familiarize personnel with evacuation
procedures and routes.
5. Emergency Communication:
 Establishing communication systems and protocols for notifying personnel of
emergencies.
 Ensuring effective communication between emergency response teams,
workers, and external stakeholders (e.g., emergency services).

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2.0. WORKER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

1. Introduction to Worker Training and Education:

 Overview of the importance of training and education in ensuring the safety and
competency of construction workers.
 Objectives and scope of worker training and education programs.
2. Safety Orientation and Induction:
 Providing new workers with safety orientation and induction programs to
familiarize them with the construction site, hazards, and safety protocols.
 Introducing workers to relevant safety regulations, codes, and standards.
3. Hazard Recognition and Control:
 Training workers to identify potential hazards in the construction environment,
including falls, electrical hazards, and material handling risks.
 Providing guidance on implementing hazard controls and safe work practices.
4. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
 Educating workers on the proper selection, use, and maintenance of personal
protective equipment (PPE) such as hard hats, safety goggles, and gloves.
 Training workers on the importance of wearing PPE to prevent injuries and
mitigate risks.
5. Safe Work Practices:
 Providing instruction on safe work practices for common construction tasks, such
as working at heights, using power tools, and operating heavy equipment.
 Emphasizing the importance of following established procedures and protocols to
minimize risks.
6. Emergency Procedures:
 Training workers on emergency procedures and protocols, including evacuation
routes, assembly points, and emergency contact information.
 Conducting drills and exercises to practice emergency response and evacuation
procedures.

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2.1. EMERGENCY COMMUNICATION

1. Communication Systems and Protocols:

 Establishment of communication systems and protocols for notifying personnel of
emergencies.
 Identification of primary and backup communication methods, including radios,
phones, and alarms.
2. Emergency Notification Procedures:
 Development of procedures for initiating emergency notifications and alerts.
 Determination of who is responsible for initiating notifications and how alerts are
disseminated to personnel.
3. Communication Channels and Contact Lists:
 Compilation of contact lists for key personnel, including emergency response teams,
management, and external stakeholders.
 Establishment of communication channels for different types of emergencies, such as
email, text messages, and loudspeaker announcements.

FIG NO. 2.1. COMMUNICATION ME

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4. Documentation and Reporting:

 Documentation of communication activities and outcomes during emergencies.
 Reporting on the effectiveness of communication protocols and any lessons learned for
future improvements.
5. Testing and Maintenance:
 Regular testing and maintenance of communication systems and equipment to ensure
reliability during emergencies.
 Review and update of communication protocols as needed based on feedback and
changing circumstances.

2.2. RISK ASSESSMENT AND HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

I. Regulatory Requirements:
• Review of relevant regulations, codes, and standards governing risk
assessment and Understanding legal requirements and compliance
obligations.

FIG NO. 2.2. HIERARCHY CONTROL

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II. Risk Analysis and Evaluation:

 Analysis of identified hazards to determine their likelihood and potential impact.
 Evaluation of risks based on criteria such as severity, frequency, and exposure.
III. Risk Treatment Strategies:
 Development of risk treatment strategies to mitigate or control identified risks.
 Selection of appropriate risk control measures, such as elimination, substitution,
engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment
(PPE).
IV. Documentation and Record-Keeping:
 Documentation of hazard identification activities, risk assessments, and risk treatment
plans.
 Maintenance of records for regulatory compliance and future reference.
V. Training and Communication:
 Training personnel on hazard identification techniques and risk assessment processes.
 Communication of risk assessment findings and control measures to relevant
stakeholders, including workers, contractors, and management

2.3. EVACUATION PROCEDURES

I. Regulatory Requirements:
 Review of relevant regulations, codes, and standards governing evacuation procedures
in construction projects.
 Understanding legal requirements and compliance obligations.
II. Risk Assessment:
 Conducting a risk assessment to identify potential hazards and risks that may require
evacuation.
 Considering factors such as fire, structural collapse, hazardous materials, and natural
disasters.
III. Site-Specific Evacuation Plans:
 Development of site-specific evacuation plans tailored to the unique hazards and
layout of the construction site.
 Identification of evacuation routes, assembly areas, and safe zones

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IV. Evacuation Routes and Exits:

 Identification and marking of primary and secondary evacuation routes and exits.
 Clear signage and lighting to guide personnel to safety during emergencies.
V. Assembly Areas and Safe Zones:
 Designation of assembly areas where personnel can gather after evacuating the
construction site.
 Identification of safe zones where personnel can seek refuge during emergencies.
VI. Emergency Communication:
 Establishment of communication protocols for notifying personnel of evacuations.
 Use of alarm systems, radios, and other communication devices to alert personnel to
evacuate.
VII. Training and Drills:
 Training personnel on evacuation procedures and protocols.
 Conducting regular evacuation drills and exercises to practice emergency response and
evacuation scenarios.
VIII. Special Considerations:
 Consideration of special needs and requirements, such as evacuation of individuals
with disabilities or language barriers.

FIG NO. 2.3. EVACUATION MAP

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2.4. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND STANDARDS

1) Introduction to Regulatory Framework and Standards:

 Overview of the regulatory landscape governing construction projects, including
local, national, and international regulations, codes, and standards.
 Objectives and importance of regulatory compliance in ensuring safety, quality, and
environmental protection in construction.
2) Local Regulations:
 Examination of local building codes, zoning ordinances, and permit requirements that
govern construction activities in specific geographic areas.
 Understanding of local regulatory agencies responsible for enforcing construction-
related regulations and standards.
3) National Regulations:
 Review of national construction regulations, codes, and standards established by
governmental agencies or industry organizations.
 Compliance with national regulations related to building design, materials, structural
integrity, and safety.
4) International Standards:
 Consideration of international standards and guidelines that may apply to
construction projects, particularly in cases of multinational or cross-border projects.
 Alignment with international best practices in areas such as quality management,
environmental sustainability, and occupational health and safety.
5) Occupational Health and Safety Regulations:
 Compliance with occupational health and safety regulations governing construction
work, including requirements for hazard identification, risk assessment, and worker
protection.
 Understanding of regulatory agencies responsible for enforcing workplace safety
standards and conducting inspections.
6) Environmental Regulations:
 Adherence to environmental regulations and requirements applicable to construction
projects, such as those related to air and water quality, waste management, and
environmental impact assessment.

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 Integration of environmental considerations into project planning, design, and

execution to minimize environmental impact and comply with regulatory
requirements.
7) Quality Management Standards:
 Implementation of quality management systems and standards to ensure construction
projects meet specified quality requirements and standards.
 Compliance with quality management standards such as ISO 9001 to enhance project
outcomes and stakeholder satisfaction.
8) Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Standards:
 Consideration of energy efficiency and sustainability standards and guidelines in
construction projects to reduce environmental impact and promote resource
conservation.
 Compliance with green building certifications such as LEED (Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design) to achieve sustainable construction goals.
9) Monitoring and Compliance Assurance:
 Establishment of procedures for monitoring regulatory compliance throughout the
construction project lifecycle.
 Documentation and record-keeping to demonstrate compliance with regulatory
requirements and standards.
10) Continuous Improvement:
 Evaluation of regulatory compliance performance and identification of opportunities
for improvement.
 Implementation of corrective actions and measures to address non-compliance issues
and enhance regulatory compliance in future projects.
11) Building Code Compliance:
 Ensuring compliance with specific building codes applicable to various aspects of
construction, including structural design, fire safety, accessibility, and occupancy
requirements.
 Understanding the provisions and requirements outlined in building codes and
incorporating them into project designs and specifications.

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2.5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

I. Conclusion:
 Recapitulation of the importance of regulatory compliance in ensuring safety,
quality, and environmental protection in construction projects.
 Summary of the key findings and insights gained from analysing the regulatory
framework and standards applicable to construction projects.
II. Key Challenges and Opportunities:
 Identification of key challenges faced in complying with regulatory requirements
and standards in construction.
 Recognition of opportunities for improving regulatory compliance processes and
practices in future projects.
III. Recommendations for Improvement:
 Implementation of streamlined processes for obtaining permits and approvals to
reduce administrative burdens and project delays.
 Enhancement of communication and collaboration with regulatory authorities to
ensure clarity and consistency in interpreting and applying regulations.
 Investment in training and education programs to enhance awareness and
understanding of regulatory requirements among project stakeholders.
 Integration of technology and digital tools to facilitate compliance monitoring,
documentation, and reporting processes.
 Adoption of proactive measures to address emerging regulatory trends and
evolving industry standards.
 Collaboration with industry partners, professional organizations, and regulatory
agencies to share best practices and lessons learned in regulatory compliance.
 Continuous monitoring and evaluation of regulatory compliance performance to
identify areas for improvement and implement corrective actions as needed.
IV. Future Directions:
 Anticipation of future developments in regulatory frameworks and standards that
may impact construction projects.
 Emphasis on the importance of staying abreast of regulatory changes and
proactively adapting compliance strategies accordingly.

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 Commitment to upholding the highest standards of regulatory compliance to

ensure the safety, quality, and sustainability of construction projects.
V. Conclusion:
 Restatement of the significance of regulatory compliance in construction and its
role in safeguarding the interests of stakeholders and the broader community.
 Expression of appreciation for the opportunity to conduct the project and
contribute to advancing knowledge and practices in regulatory compliance within
the construction industry.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. (Rukmunnisa Sulthana & Naveen Kumar, 2020)

To regulate and minimize construction workers’ health and safety, the authors conducted a
study to identify and evaluate security management in building projects. It was used to collect
a wide range of perspectives from experienced individuals who had worked on a variety of
building projects. In that poll, ten percent of respondents worked for customers, fifteen
percent for consultants, twenty percent for higher education, fifty percent for contractors, and
five percent for the educational and humanitarian (governmental) directorates. The following
are the responsibilities that respondents played in their organizations: Site engineers made up
55%, project managers made up 20%, designers made up 10%, principal designers made up
5%, and others, like construction team leaders, made up 10%. 44% of respondents had 5–10
years of experience, 22% had 1–5 years, 20% had 10-15 years of experience, 10% had 15-20
years of experience, and 5% had more than 20 years of experience. When asked how well
they understood safety management, 58% said they understood it well, 22% said they
understood it very well, 15% said they were familiar with the concept, and only 2% said they
didn’t grasp it at all. When asked about the organizations that provide health and safety
(H&S) care on the job, 83% said they provided H&S care on the job, while 17% said they did
not provide H&S care on the job. 44.4% of respondents believed the contractor played a
significant role in lowering H & S risk, whereas 29 percent % felt the project manager, 10%
thought the principal designer, 7% thought the designer, 5% considered the client, 3%
thought the consultant, and the remaining 2% thought someone else. This clearly
demonstrates that the project manager and contractor have a critical role in lowering
construction-related health and safety risks to workers. The lack of awareness of safety issues
among construction parties, such as contractors and project managers, may be the source of
H&S issues.

2. (Golaviya et al., 2018)

The authors investigated safety management in the construction industry by gathering data
from general contractors who work on several projects. They gathered information on the
organization’s safety policy, training, meetings, equipment, inspections, safety incentives and
penalties, and workers’ attitudes toward safety legislation, as well as many other criteria that
indicate inadequate safety management. Workers were found to be uneducated,
inexperienced, and unaware of the safety precautions and equipment in use.

3. (Thanaraj & Priya, 2019)

The authors sought to identify and evaluate safety management in construction projects in
order to reduce and control construction worker health and safety (H&S). They discussed the
numerous safety and control procedures for accidents in construction projects, as well as how

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to use sensor-based technologies to reduce them. They used a survey-based methodology to

acquire the data.

Volume 20 Issue 2 August 2022 8 ISSN: 2319-6319

International Journal of New Innovations in Engineering and Technology

ensuring a safe working environment. The authors also discussed the Occupational Safety
and Health Administration’s basic accident prevention guidelines (OSHA).

4. (Prabakar Rajendran & Karthigaipriya, 2019)

The authors investigated the most prevalent construction-related fatalities. With the use of a
questionnaire survey, they were able to determine the level of adaptation of safety measures
in the local construction industry. According to the poll, most construction sites have failed to
adapt to safety measures, and fatalities are caused by four different sorts of deadly accidents:
falls, being struck by an object, electrocutions, and being caught between two objects. They
discovered that falling is one of the most dangerous hazards on the job site, with falling from
a height accounting for one-third of all construction-related fatalities. Unsafe acts, unsafe
working circumstances, and communication impediments are the most common causes of this
sort of mishap.

5. (Priyanka M K & Bhavya K, 2020)

Carried out research to identify the safety factors affecting the local construction projects and
to analyze them. They have fund that to maintain its effectiveness, the safety management
system in the construction project must be improved and monitored on a regular basis. The
eight aspects of safety management include safety policy and standards; safety organization;
safety training; inspecting hazardous conditions; personal protective programs; plant and
equipment; safety promotion; and management behavior. To Small construction companies
should be given special treatment by the government in order to establish a systematic
construction safety management system, and workers should be provided free Green Book
training.

6. (Rakul P & Ramadhasan, 2020)

The authors of this study focused on examining critical components influencing construction
project safety and quality management. For data collection, they used a qualitative and
quantitative technique. The results of this study show that management commitment, safety
knowledge of top management practices/procedures/reviews, and errors in judgement or
carelessness are all important safety issues. The most important quality elements influencing
safety and quality management were project supervision, staff involvement/attitude, and
expertise knowledge/training. They found that PPE plays a vital part in construction industry
safety with the help of the study.

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7. (Bhatuk & Patel, 2021)

Authors have examined the evaluation of various parameters such as accident analysis,
accident causes, and types of accidents in a construction working environment. Based on the
study of various accidents and various literature, they have found 19 unsafe act, conditions
and 22 reasons for the accidents and injuries which affects the projects in India. With the help
of the questionnaire through relative important index technique, they have identified the
critical factors to deal with their possible solutions by mitigation technique.

 DISCUSSION
In this paper, a literature review is carried out on the papers related to safety management
from various sources. The review of literature provided thematic background on safety
management from previous related studies. With the help of this literature review, it has been
found that there are so many factors, like inadequate safety training, being unaware of the
equipment used, not implementing the safety regulations and not following safety measures,
lack of knowledge of site rules, etc., that are influencing safety management in the
construction industry

 CONCLUSION
We can conclude from the above literature review that; workers were found undeveloped and
ignorant about security measures and the usage of equipment. They were not aware of the
accident. Employers are also inept when it comes to implementing safety measures and
adhering to safety regulations. No proper safety supervision is also leading to an unhealthy
and unsafe environment for the workers. Employers or contractors were not interested in
“Volume 20 Issue 2 August 2022 9 ISSN: 2319-6319”

International Journal of New Innovations in Engineering and Technology

Investing in safety equipment and were not prioritizing safety management. The most
common accident that resulted in major injury to the workers was a fall from a height. Safety
management in the construction industry needs to be monitored frequently and further
developed. Proper awareness should be given to the workers about the use of equipment. In
the construction industry, workers should be trained in safety and safety management. To
ensure increased safety, all workers should be provided with personal protective equipment.
A safety engineer should be on site to ensure that all safety regulations are followed, and a
safety supervisor should be on site to check that workers are following the safety guidelines.
Proper safety planning should be done and implemented at the site. While working at
elevated places, protected edges, guard rails, and safety nets should be installed. Appropriate
scaffolding with good edge protection should be used. Every construction site should have
adequate remedies and measures in place to assist in the event of an accident. The
government should give small construction companies a break by providing free worker
training. It helps to reduce the burden on employers and contractors from the small-scale
sector. Governments should also play a vital role in ensuring safety management in the

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construction industry.

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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE

 Objectives:
1. Ensure Safety: The primary objective is to ensure the safety and well-being of all
individuals involved in the construction process, including workers, contractors, and
bystanders.
2. Identify Hazards: Identify and assess potential hazards and risks associated with the
construction project. This includes hazards related to structural integrity, electrical
systems, machinery, hazardous materials, and environmental factors.
3. Compliance Verification: Verify compliance with relevant safety regulations, codes, and
standards established by regulatory authorities such as OSHA, NFPA, and ANSI.
4. Recommend Improvements: Provide recommendations for improving safety measures
and practices to minimize the risk of accidents, injuries, and occupational illnesses.
5. Enhance Awareness: Raise awareness among project stakeholders about safety issues and
promote a culture of safety within the construction team.
6. Documentation and Reporting: Document the findings of the safety assessment and
prepare comprehensive reports to communicate the assessment results, recommendations,
and actions taken to relevant parties.

 Scope:
1. Construction Phases: Define the specific construction phases to be assessed, such as
excavation, foundation work, structural framing, mechanical installations, and finishing
work.
2. Areas of Focus: Determine the key areas of focus for the safety assessment, including
structural safety, electrical safety, fire safety, chemical safety, and environmental safety.
3. Types of Hazards: Identify the types of hazards to be addressed, such as falls from height,
electrical hazards, confined space hazards, exposure to hazardous materials, and
ergonomic hazards.

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4. Geographical Scope: Specify the geographical scope of the assessment, including the
physical location of the construction site and any unique environmental or regional
factors that may influence safety risks.
5. Stakeholder Involvement: Define the roles and responsibilities of project stakeholders
involved in the safety assessment, including project managers, contractors, safety officers,
and regulatory authorities.
6. Timeframe: Establish the timeframe for conducting the safety assessment, including the
duration of site inspections, data collection, risk assessments, and reporting.
7. Resources: Identify the resources required to conduct the safety assessment effectively,
including personnel, equipment, tools, and documentation.

By defining clear objectives and scope for the safety assessment, project teams can ensure
that the assessment process is focused, efficient, and aligned with the overall goals of the
construction project.

FIG NO. 3.1. OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE

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 Additional Objectives:
1. Risk Management: Evaluate and manage risks associated with construction activities to
prevent accidents, injuries, and property damage.
2. Continuous Improvement: Establish mechanisms for ongoing monitoring and
improvement of safety practices throughout the construction project lifecycle.
3. Emergency Preparedness: Develop and implement emergency response plans to address
potential incidents such as fires, explosions, or medical emergencies promptly.
4. Communication: Facilitate open communication channels between project stakeholders to
exchange safety-related information, address concerns, and collaborate on safety
initiatives.
5. Legal Compliance: Ensure compliance with all applicable laws, regulations, permits, and
industry standards to mitigate legal liabilities and penalties.
6. Worker Empowerment: Empower workers to actively participate in safety initiatives by
providing training, resources, and opportunities for feedback and involvement.

 Further Scope Considerations:

1. Specialized Risks: Identify and assess any specialized risks associated with the
construction project, such as working at heights, working with heavy machinery, or
working in confined spaces.
2. Environmental Impact: Consider the potential environmental impact of construction
activities, including air and water pollution, noise pollution, and habitat disruption.
3. Community Impact: Assess the potential impact of construction activities on the
surrounding community, including traffic congestion, noise disturbance, and disruption to
local businesses and residents.
4. Supply Chain Safety: Evaluate the safety practices of contractors, subcontractors, and
suppliers involved in the construction project to ensure consistency in safety standards
throughout the supply chain.
5. Future Maintenance: Consider safety implications for future maintenance activities, such
as access to equipment, maintenance procedures, and training for maintenance personnel.
6. Project Phases: Break down the construction project into distinct phases and assess safety
risks and measures at each stage, from site preparation to project completion and
handover.

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Occupational Health: Include considerations for occupational health hazards such as exposure
to chemicals, dust, noise, and ergonomic strains to protect the long-term health and well-
being of workers.

By expanding on these objectives and scope considerations, project teams can develop a
comprehensive safety assessment strategy tailored to the specific needs and challenges of the
construction project, ultimately enhancing safety performance and ensuring the successful
completion of the project.

3.2. REVIEW DOCUMENTATION

1. Gather Relevant Documentation:

 Architectural and Engineering Drawings: Obtain copies of architectural and
engineering drawings for the construction project. These drawings provide detailed
information about the building layout, structural components, and mechanical
systems.
 Construction Plans and Specifications: Review construction plans and specifications
to understand the intended construction methods, materials, and design requirements.
Pay attention to any safety-related provisions outlined in the plans.
 Safety Regulations and Standards: Collect copies of relevant safety regulations,
codes, and standards applicable to the construction industry. This may include OSHA
regulations, NFPA codes, ANSI standards, and local building codes.
 Previous Safety Inspection Reports: If available, gather any previous safety
inspection reports conducted during the planning or early stages of construction.
These reports may highlight potential hazards or safety concerns that need to be
addressed.
2. Analyze Documentation:
 Structural Integrity: Evaluate architectural and engineering drawings to assess the
structural integrity of the building design. Look for any potential weaknesses or areas
of concern that could pose safety risks during construction.
 Safety Requirements: Review construction plans and specifications to identify safety
requirements and provisions, such as fall protection measures, fire safety systems,
and emergency evacuation plans.
 Regulatory Compliance: Ensure that the construction plans and specifications comply
with applicable safety regulations, codes, and standards. Identify any discrepancies or
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areas where additional safety measures may be needed to achieve compliance.

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 Lessons Learned: Learn from previous safety inspection reports by identifying any
recurring safety issues or trends. Use this information to inform the current safety
assessment and prioritize areas for improvement.
3. Document Findings:
 Record Observations: Document your observations and findings from reviewing the
documentation, including any safety hazards, compliance issues, or areas of concern.
 Highlight Key Points: Summarize key points and highlight important safety
considerations that need to be addressed during the construction process.
 Note Recommendations: Make note of any recommendations for improving safety
measures or ensuring compliance with safety regulations and standards.
4. Communicate Findings:
 Share with Stakeholders: Communicate your findings and recommendations with
relevant stakeholders, including project managers, contractors, safety officers, and
regulatory authorities.
 Facilitate Discussion: Encourage open discussion and collaboration to address safety
concerns and develop effective solutions. Solicit feedback from stakeholders to
ensure that all perspectives are considered.
 Seek Approval: Seek approval from project decision-makers for any proposed
changes or additional safety measures identified during the review process.
 By thoroughly reviewing documentation and analysing key safety considerations,
you can identify potential hazards, ensure regulatory compliance, and lay the
groundwork for a comprehensive safety assessment of the building construction
project.

3.3. CONDUCT SITE INSPECTIONS

Conducting site inspections is a critical step in assessing the safety of building construction
projects. Here's a detailed approach to conducting site inspections effectively:

1. Pre-Inspection Preparation:
 Review Documentation: Familiarize yourself with relevant construction plans,
safety regulations, and any previous inspection reports to understand potential
hazards and safety requirements.

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 Schedule Inspection: Coordinate with project managers or site supervisors to

schedule the site inspection at a time when construction activities are ongoing and
relevant personnel are available.
 Gather Necessary Equipment: Ensure you have the necessary equipment for the
inspection, such as personal protective equipment (PPE), inspection checklists,
measuring tools, and a camera for documentation purposes.
2. On-Site Inspection:
 Safety Briefing: Begin the inspection with a safety briefing to remind all
participants of safety protocols and ensure everyone is wearing appropriate PPE,
such as hard hats, safety glasses, and high-visibility vests.
 Walkthrough: Conduct a systematic walkthrough of the construction site, covering
all areas where work is in progress. Pay close attention to areas with ongoing
construction activities, equipment operation, and material storage.
 Observations: Make detailed observations of the site conditions, including potential
hazards, unsafe practices, and compliance with safety regulations. Use an inspection
checklist to ensure thorough coverage of all safety aspects.
 Communication: Engage with workers and site personnel to gather information
about safety practices, identify any concerns they may have, and address immediate
safety issues that require attention.
 Documentation: Take photographs or videos of observed hazards, unsafe
conditions, or compliance deficiencies as evidence for your inspection report.
Record relevant details such as location, date, time, and specific observations.
3. Hazard Identification:
 Fall Hazards: Look for unprotected edges, unsecured openings, inadequate
guardrails, and unstable scaffolding or ladders that pose a risk of falls from height.
 Electrical Hazards: Identify exposed wiring, improper grounding, overloaded
circuits, and other electrical hazards that could result in shocks, electrocution, or
fires.
 Fire Hazards: Inspect for potential sources of ignition, combustible materials,
inadequate fire extinguishers or suppression systems, and obstructed emergency
exits.
 Chemical Hazards: Check for proper storage, handling, and labeling of hazardous
chemicals and materials, as well as ventilation systems in areas where hazardous
substances are used or stored.

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 Environmental Hazards: Assess environmental factors such as weather conditions,

air quality, noise levels, and nearby hazards (e.g., traffic, adjacent construction
sites) that may impact worker safety.
4. Pre-Inspection Procedures:
 Debriefing: Conclude the site inspection with a debriefing session to discuss
findings, address immediate safety concerns, and outline follow-up actions that
need to be taken.

FIG NO. 3.3. PRE- CONSTRUCTION MEETING

5. Interaction with Personnel:

 Interview Workers: Engage in conversations with workers to understand their
perspectives on safety issues, gather feedback on existing safety measures, and
encourage them to report any safety concerns or near misses.
 Provide Guidance: Offer guidance and clarification on safety regulations,
procedures, and best practices to ensure that workers are aware of their
responsibilities and understand how to work safely.

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3.4. RISK IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT

1. Identify Potential Hazards:

 Structural Hazards: Assess the integrity of the building structure, identifying risks
such as insufficient reinforcement, foundation weaknesses, or structural defects that
could lead to collapses or failures.
 Electrical Hazards: Identify potential electrical hazards, including exposed wiring,
overloaded circuits, inadequate grounding, and improper installation of electrical
equipment.
 Mechanical Hazards: Evaluate risks associated with machinery and equipment used in
construction activities, such as entanglement hazards, pinch points, and
malfunctioning equipment.
 Material Hazards: Identify hazardous materials used in construction, such as asbestos,
lead-based paints, silica dust, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and assess the
risks of exposure to these materials.
 Worksite Conditions: Evaluate environmental factors such as weather conditions,
terrain, lighting, and access routes that may pose risks to construction workers.
2. Quantify Risk Severity:
 Risk Assessment Tools: Utilize quantitative risk assessment tools such as fault tree
analysis, event tree analysis, and probabilistic risk assessment to evaluate the
likelihood and consequences of identified hazards.
 Severity Ratings: Assign severity ratings to identified hazards based on their potential
impact on safety, health, environment, and project objectives. Consider factors such
as injury severity, property damage, and regulatory compliance.
 Risk Matrices: Develop risk matrices to categorize risks based on their severity levels,
enabling prioritization of mitigation efforts and allocation of resources to address
high- risk hazards.
3. Prioritize Risks:
 Risk Prioritization Criteria: Establish criteria for prioritizing risks, considering factors
such as the likelihood of occurrence, potential consequences, exposure levels, and
control measures in place.

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 Risk Registers: Maintain risk registers to track identified hazards, their associated
risks, and the status of mitigation actions. Update risk registers regularly to reflect
changes in risk levels and mitigation measures.
 Risk Scoring Models: Develop risk scoring models that assign numerical scores to
risks based on predefined criteria, facilitating objective decision-making and resource
allocation.
4. Mitigation Strategies:
 Hierarchy of Controls: Implement the hierarchy of controls to mitigate identified
risks, prioritizing elimination and substitution of hazards, followed by engineering
controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE).
 Risk Mitigation Plans: Develop comprehensive risk mitigation plans outlining
specific actions, responsibilities, timelines, and resources required to address high-
priority risks effectively.
 Contingency Planning: Develop contingency plans to manage residual risks that
cannot be fully eliminated or controlled, outlining response strategies and escalation
procedures in case of emergencies or unforeseen events.
5. Continuous Improvement:
 Lessons Learned: Conduct post-project reviews to identify lessons learned and best
practices for risk management, capturing insights and recommendations for future
projects.
 Feedback Mechanisms: Establish feedback mechanisms to gather input from
construction workers, subcontractors, and other stakeholders on the effectiveness of
risk mitigation measures and opportunities for improvement.
 Performance Metrics: Define key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure the
effectiveness of risk management efforts, such as incident rates, near-miss reporting,
compliance with safety regulations, and project schedule adherence.
6. Regulatory Compliance:
 Regulatory Requirements: Ensure compliance with relevant safety regulations, codes,
and standards governing building construction, including OSHA regulations, NFPA
codes, ANSI standards, and local building codes.
 Permitting and Licensing: Obtain necessary permits and licenses for construction
activities, ensuring that all work is conducted in accordance with regulatory
requirements and approved plans.

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 Inspections and Audits: Conduct regular inspections and audits to verify compliance
with safety regulations, identify non-compliance issues, and implement corrective
actions as needed.
 By incorporating these technical points into risk identification and assessment
processes, construction project teams can effectively identify, evaluate, and mitigate
risks to ensure the safety of workers, protect the environment, and achieve project
objectives.

FIG NO. 3.4 RISK ANALYSIS

3.5. PRE-INSPECTION PREPARATION

1. Review Documents:

 Look at Building Plans: Check the drawings and plans of the building under
construction to understand what's supposed to be happening.
 Check Safety Rules: Look at the safety rules and laws that construction sites need to
follow to make sure everything is being done safely.

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 Read Old Reports: If there were any reports done before, take a look at them to see
if there were any problems that still need fixing.

2. Decide What to Look For:

 Set Goals: Decide what you want to achieve with the inspection, like making sure
workers are safe or checking that things are being done correctly.
 Pick Important Areas: Choose which parts of the construction site you need to focus
on most because they might have more problems or need more attention.
 Think About Who Should Come: Figure out who needs to be there for the
inspection, like managers, safety officers, and maybe even people from the
government who make sure rules are followed.

3. Get Ready for the Inspection:

 Choose the Right Time: Pick a time for the inspection when workers are there and
working so you can see what's happening.
 Tell Everyone About It: Let everyone know when the inspection will happen so
they can be ready and make sure they're following safety rules.
 Get Transportation if Needed: If the site is big or hard to walk around, make sure
you have a way to get around easily, like a car or a cart.

4. Get Your Stuff Ready:

 Put on Safety Gear: Wear the right clothes and gear to stay safe, like a hard hat,
safety glasses, gloves, and a vest.
 Bring Tools: Bring things you'll need to inspect, like a flashlight, tape measure,
clipboard, camera, and any papers or checklists you need.
 Have Something to Write on: Bring a notebook and pens to write down what you
see and take notes.

5. Know Where You're Going:

 Look at a Map: Check out a map of the construction site so you know where things
are and how to get around.

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 See Safety Signs: Look for signs around the site that show where things are, like
emergency exits and places to get first aid.
 Know How to Move Around: Figure out the best ways to get around the site so you
can see everything you need to.
 By doing these simple steps before the inspection, you'll be ready to make sure the
construction site is safe and everything is going as it should.

FIG NO. 3.5 PRE-CONSTRUCTION MEETINGS

3.6. ON-SITE INSPECTION

1. Look Around:

 Go to the Construction Site: Visit the place where the building is being built.
 Walk Around: Walk around the site and look at everything carefully.

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2. Pay Attention:

 Watch Out for Dangers: Look for anything that could be dangerous, like things that
might fall, or places where someone could get hurt.
 Notice How Things Are Done: Pay attention to how the work is being done to see if
it's being done safely.

3. Talk to People:

 Ask Questions: Talk to the workers and ask them if they have any concerns about
safety.
 Listen to Answers: Listen carefully to what they say and take their concerns
seriously.

4. Take Notes:

 Write Things Down: Write down what you see and any problems you notice.
 Take Pictures: Use a camera or your phone to take pictures of anything that needs to
be fixed.

5. Stay Safe:

 Wear Safety Gear: Make sure you're wearing the right clothes and gear to stay safe,
like a hard hat and safety glasses.
 Be Careful Where You Walk: Watch out for hazards like holes or things on the
ground that could trip you.

6. Report Back:

 Tell People What You Found: Let the people in charge know about any problems you
found during the inspection.
 Share Your Notes and Pictures: Show them your notes and pictures so they know
exactly what needs to be fixed.

7. Follow Up:

 Make Sure Things Get Fixed: Check back later to make sure that any problems you
found have been fixed.

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 Keep an Eye Out: Keep an eye on things to make sure that everyone is working
safely.

By doing these things during an on-site inspection, you help make sure that the building site
is safe for everyone who works there.

3.7. CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT

Continuous improvement means always trying to make things better, little by little, over time.
Here's how it works in simple terms:

1. Look for Ways to Do Better:

 Pay Attention: Keep an eye out for things that could be improved in whatever you're
doing.
 Listen to Suggestions: Listen to ideas from other people about how things could be
done better.

2. Try Out New Ideas:

 Experiment: Test out different ways of doing things to see if they work better.
 Learn from Mistakes: Don't worry if things don't work perfectly the first time.
Mistakes are a chance to learn and do better next time.

3. Make Changes:

 Implement Improvements: Once you find something that works better, start doing it
that way all the time.
 Share Ideas: Tell other people about the improvements you've made so they can
benefit from them too.

4. Keep Looking for More Improvement:

 Never Stop: Continuous improvement means always looking for ways to make things
even better, even if they're already pretty good.
 Celebrate Successes: When you make improvements, celebrate your success and
keep looking for more ways to do even better.

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5. Work Together:

 Team Effort: Continuous improvement is something everyone can be a part of. Work
together with your team to come up with ideas and make changes.
 Encourage Feedback: Encourage everyone to share their thoughts and ideas for
improvement. You never know where the next great idea will come from.

6. Keep Learning:

 Stay Curious: Keep asking questions and trying to learn new things. The more you
know, the more ideas you'll have for improvement.
 Adapt to Change: Be open to change and willing to try new things. The world is
always changing, and continuous improvement means being able to change with it.
 By following these simple steps, you can make continuous improvement a part of
everything you do, whether it's at work, at home, or anywhere else.

3.8. POST INSPECTION PROCEDURE

Following an on-site inspection in a building construction project, it's crucial to carry out
thorough post-inspection procedures to document findings, communicate results, and ensure
follow-up actions are taken. Here's a detailed outline of the post-inspection procedures:

1. Documentation Review:

 Organize Inspection Records: Compile all notes, photographs, and observations made
during the on-site inspection.
 Review Checklists: Cross-reference inspection findings with the inspection checklist
to ensure all safety aspects were adequately evaluated.
 Verify Compliance: Confirm compliance with safety regulations, codes, and standards
based on the documentation reviewed during the inspection.

2. Findings Compilation:

 Summarize Inspection Findings: Prepare a comprehensive summary of inspection

findings, highlighting observed hazards, unsafe practices, and areas of non-
compliance.

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 Photograph Documentation: Include photographs or visual documentation of

identified hazards to provide evidence and context for each finding.
 Categorize Findings: Categorize findings based on severity and urgency to prioritize
follow-up actions effectively.

3. Report Preparation:

 Draft Inspection Report: Prepare a formal inspection report detailing the inspection
process, findings, recommendations, and proposed corrective actions.
 Structure Report: Organize the report logically, with sections for introduction,
methodology, findings, analysis, recommendations, and conclusion.
 Clear Communication: Use clear and concise language to communicate inspection
findings, ensuring stakeholders understand the identified risks and proposed solutions.

4. Communication and Reporting:

 Distribute Report: Share the inspection report with relevant stakeholders, including
project managers, safety officers, contractors, and regulatory authorities.
 Presentation: Present key findings and recommendations to stakeholders in a meeting
or presentation to facilitate discussion and decision-making.
 Follow-up Discussions: Engage in follow-up discussions to address any questions,
concerns, or additional information needed based on the inspection report.

5. Follow-up Actions:

 Assign Responsibilities: Identify responsible parties for implementing corrective

actions and assign specific tasks and deadlines for completion.
 Monitor Progress: Regularly monitor the progress of follow-up actions to ensure they
are being implemented as planned.
 Provide Support: Offer support, resources, and assistance to individuals or teams
tasked with addressing identified hazards and implementing safety improvements.

6. Continuous Improvement:

 Learn from Findings: Analyze trends and patterns in inspection findings to identify
recurring issues and areas for improvement in safety practices.

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 Training and Education: Provide additional training and education based on identified
gaps in knowledge or skills related to safety.

FIG NO. 3.8. INSPECTION PROCEDURE

3.9. SCOPE OF SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF BUILDING CONTRUCTION

Safety assessment of building construction encompasses a comprehensive evaluation of

various aspects related to the safety of a building throughout its lifecycle. The scope of such
assessments typically includes:

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1. Structural Integrity: This involves assessing the structural stability of the building,
ensuring it can withstand various loads such as dead loads (weight of the structure itself),
live loads (occupants and movable objects), wind loads, and seismic forces. Structural
analysis ensures that the building is designed and constructed to meet safety standards
and codes.
2. Fire Safety: Evaluating the building's resistance to fire and its ability to prevent the
spread of fire. This includes assessing the effectiveness of fire protection systems such as
fire alarms, sprinkler systems, fire-resistant materials, and proper means of egress.
3. Electrical Safety: Ensuring that electrical systems within the building are installed
correctly, grounded properly, and comply with electrical codes and standards. This
involves assessing the risk of electrical hazards such as electric shock and fire.
4. Mechanical Safety: Assessing mechanical systems such as heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC), elevators, escalators, and other equipment to ensure they are
installed and maintained properly to prevent accidents and malfunctions.
5. Accessibility: Evaluating the building's accessibility for people with disabilities, including
wheelchair accessibility, ramps, handrails, and other accommodations as per accessibility
standards.
6. Material Safety: Ensuring that construction materials used in the building are safe and
comply with relevant regulations. This involves assessing the risk of exposure to
hazardous materials such as asbestos, lead, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
7. Occupant Safety: Considering the safety of occupants during normal use of the building,
including factors such as slip and fall hazards, adequate lighting, signage, and emergency
procedures.
8. Environmental Safety: Assessing the environmental impact of the building construction,
including considerations such as pollution, energy efficiency, and sustainability.
9. Natural Disaster Resilience: Evaluating the building's resilience to natural disasters such
as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and tornadoes. This may involve specialized design
and construction techniques to mitigate damage and ensure occupant safety during such
events.
10. Maintenance and Inspection: Establishing protocols for regular maintenance and
inspection of the building to identify and address safety hazards over time.
11. Regulatory Compliance: Ensuring that the building construction complies with local
building codes, zoning regulations, and other relevant laws and standards.

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Overall, the scope of safety assessment for building construction is extensive and
multidisciplinary, requiring collaboration among architects, engineers, builders, regulators,
and other stakeholders to ensure the safety and well-being of occupants and the surrounding
community.

4.0. PHYSICAL SURVEY METHOD

To assess the real scenario on the question of construction safety, the physical survey was
conducted in different construction sites in Bangladesh.

FIG NO. 4.1 LABOUR WORKING WITHOUT GUARDRAILS SYSTEM

From Fig No. 3.9 it is shown that the labours are working without any fall protective tools.
According to the BNBC (Bangladesh National Building Code)-2006, the slab must be
guarded against falling. Not only the slab but also any opening in walls, slabs as well as edge
of the slab and staircases must be guarded against falling. But the actual scenario during
construction does not satisfy the labour safety regulations. As a result the proximity of
fatalities is increasing day by day.

Because the construction industry is less mechanized and more labour-intensive than other
industries, construction workers serve as the industry's backbone (Ahmed, 2019). As a result,
the most important consideration is ensuring the safety of construction workers (Hossain,
2018). The purpose of this paper is to examine the current safety situation and identify the
primary reasons for non-compliance with safety regulations on construction sites in
Bangladesh

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FIG NO. 4.2. LABOURS WORKING WITHOUT HAND GLOVES AND SAFETY
BOOTS

From the Fig No. 4.0, it is clear that the labours are working without hand gloves, safety
boots. According to the BNBC-2006, the area where personal protective equipment are
necessary must be used. In this figure the necessity of boots, hand gloves are essential, but no
uses was found during construction. The labours were asked why they were not using boots,
hand gloves. The answer was that they were not provided by contractor. The working
environment does not satisfy the BNBC. As a result the workers are facing skin diseases.

Chemical exposure is another concern when workers handle hazardous materials without
proper hand protection. Direct contact with these substances can cause skin irritation, burns,
dermatitis, or absorption of chemicals into the bloodstream, resulting in systemic health
effects. Furthermore, the risk of electrical hazards amplifies when workers neglect to wear
insulated gloves while working near electrical equipment. Electric shock incidents can cause
severe injuries or even fatalities, highlighting the critical importance of proper PPE usage.
Slip and trip hazards also escalate in the absence of suitable footwear. Workers are at a higher
risk of accidents on slippery or uneven surfaces, leading to sprains, fractures, and head
injuries. Such incidents not only harm workers but also disrupt workflow and project
timelines.

To mitigate the risks, employers should enforce strict policies requiring workers to wear
appropriate PPE, provide training on the importance of PPE usage, ensure the availability of
properly fitting gloves and boots, conduct regular safety inspections, and cultivate a culture
of safety consciousness among workers. Additionally, workers themselves should understand
the importance of wearing PPE and take responsibility for their own safety on the job site.

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FIG NO. 4.3. LABOURS WORKING WITHOUT EYE PROTECTION DURING

PAINTING & CUTTING

From Fig No. 4.1, Workers who choose not to wear eye protection during painting and
cutting tasks expose themselves to significant risks that can lead to severe eye injuries and
long-term vision impairment. These tasks involve various hazards, including flying debris,
chemical exposure, dust and particulate matter, UV radiation, injuries from tools, and impact
injuries.

One of the primary risks is posed by flying debris generated during cutting operations. Tools
such as saws, grinders, or routers can produce flying chips or particles that may strike the
eyes with force, causing abrasions, lacerations, or punctures. Similarly, painting activities can
result in the flicking of paint droplets into the air, increasing the risk of eye injury.

Chemical exposure is another concern, especially when working with paints, solvents, and
cutting fluids. These substances can irritate or burn the eyes upon contact, leading to
chemical burns, inflammation, or permanent damage to the eyes if proper protective eyewear
is not worn.

Furthermore, cutting processes often generate dust and airborne particles, which can irritate
the eyes and cause discomfort. Prolonged exposure to dust particles may result in conditions
such as conjunctivitis or corneal abrasions, affecting workers' vision and overall eye health.

By implementing safety measures and ensuring the consistent use of eye protection during
painting and cutting tasks, employers can help safeguard the vision and well-being of their
workers, reducing the likelihood of eye injuries and promoting a safer work environment.

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FIG NO. 4.4. LABOURS WORKING WITHOUT PROTECTION WHILE BENDING

ROD & CUTTING WOOD

From Fig No.4.4, Workers are not using appropriate protection while bending rods and
cutting wood expose themselves to significant risks that can result in various injuries. These
tasks involve specific hazards related to the materials being manipulated and the equipment
being used. The absence of protective gear heightens the chances of accidents and long-term
health issues.

Bending rods typically involve working with metal materials, which pose several risks when
not handled with proper protection. Without safeguards like gloves and eye protection,
workers risk sustaining injuries such as cuts, punctures, or abrasions from sharp edges or
burrs on the rods. Additionally, the force required to bend metal rods can lead to strain or
sprain injuries to the hands and wrists, particularly if proper ergonomic techniques are not
followed.

Similarly, cutting wood presents its own set of hazards when protective equipment is not
used. Workers may be exposed to flying wood chips, splinters, or sawdust, which can cause
eye injuries, cuts, or abrasions if they make contact with unprotected skin or eyes. In
addition, operating cutting tools such as saws or drills without appropriate protection
increases the risk of lacerations, punctures, or amputations to the hands and fingers if they
come into contact with moving blades or cutting edges.

Furthermore, both bending rods and cutting wood activities may involve repetitive motions or
prolonged periods of work, which can lead to musculoskeletal disorders such as tendonitis,
carpal tunnel syndrome, or back strain if proper ergonomics and protective gear are not

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utilized.

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FIG NO. 4.5. UNPROTECTED LIFT AND STAIRCASE

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CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION

In addition to the aforementioned points, it's essential to recognize the broader implications of
safety assessments in building construction. Beyond protecting individual workers and
occupants, prioritizing safety contributes to the overall success and sustainability of
construction projects.

1. Firstly, a strong emphasis on safety enhances the reputation and credibility of

construction firms. Companies that demonstrate a commitment to safety not only attract
skilled workers but also earn the trust of clients and stakeholders. This can lead to
increased business opportunities and long-term success in the industry.
2. Moreover, safety assessments can have significant economic benefits. While initial
investments may be required to implement safety measures, they are often outweighed by
the cost savings resulting from fewer accidents, reduced insurance premiums, and
improved productivity. By preventing injuries and delays, safety-conscious construction
practices contribute to project efficiency and profitability.
3. Furthermore, safety assessments play a crucial role in promoting social responsibility and
ethical conduct within the construction sector. By prioritizing the health and well-being of
workers and communities, construction companies demonstrate their commitment to
ethical business practices and sustainable development. This fosters a positive corporate
image and strengthens relationships with stakeholders, including local communities and
regulatory authorities.
4. Lastly, safety assessments in building construction contribute to broader societal goals,
such as public health and environmental protection. By reducing the incidence of
accidents, injuries, and occupational illnesses, safety measures safeguard the physical and
mental well-being of workers and their families. Additionally, by incorporating
environmentally friendly construction practices and materials, safety assessments
contribute to the overall sustainability of buildings and infrastructure.
5. In conclusion, safety assessments in building construction are not merely a legal
requirement or a technical necessity—they are integral to the success, reputation, and
sustainability of construction projects. By prioritizing safety, construction companies can
protect their workforce, enhance their competitiveness, and contribute to broader societal

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6. By assessing structural integrity, fire safety measures, electrical and mechanical systems,
accessibility, material safety, occupant safety, environmental impact, natural disaster
resilience, and regulatory compliance, stakeholders can identify potential hazards and
implement appropriate measures to address them.
7. It is imperative for employers, contractors, architects, engineers, and regulatory bodies to
collaborate closely, adhere to relevant codes and standards, and prioritize safety in all
aspects of building construction. This includes providing adequate training, enforcing the
use of personal protective equipment, conducting regular inspections, and fostering a
culture of safety consciousness among all involved.
8. Ultimately, by investing in safety assessment and implementing proactive measures, we
can create safer construction sites, reduce the incidence of accidents and injuries, and
ensure that buildings provide secure and healthy environments for occupants for years to
come.

By assessing structural integrity, fire safety measures, electrical and mechanical systems,
accessibility, material safety, occupant safety, environmental impact, natural disaster
resilience, and regulatory compliance, stakeholders can identify potential hazards and
implement appropriate measures to address them.

It is imperative for employers, contractors, architects, engineers, and regulatory bodies to

collaborate closely, adhere to relevant codes and standards, and prioritize safety in all
aspects of building construction. This includes providing adequate training, enforcing the
use of personal protective equipment, conducting regular inspections, and fostering a
culture of safety consciousness among all involved.

Ultimately, by investing in safety assessment and implementing proactive measures, we

can create safer construction sites, reduce the incidence of accidents and injuries, and
ensure that buildings provide secure and healthy environments for occupants for years to
come.

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