PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT
Date 2024-04-08
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Protective role of proline as an antioxidant against salinity stress
Amino acids commonly known as biostimulants, are thought to be inexpensive, biodegradable compounds that improve a
variety of crops ecological efficiency and yield (Dawood, 2021). Proline functions as an osmolyte during stress, but it also
serves as a metal chelator and an antioxidant defence molecule. Moreover, when administered exogenously at low
quantities proline boosted stress tolerance in plants. Numerous plant species experience proline buildup in response to
different types of environmental stressors (Dar et al., 2016).
Many plant species respond better to salt stress when proline is given exogenously. By increasing antioxidant activities
decreasing Na+ and Cl- absorption, translocation and boosting plant uptake of K+, exogenous proline also mitigates the
effects of salt stress. Proline treatment promotes plant growth in environments with elevated salt levels by increasing grain
production, plant matter, photosynthesis, transfer of gases and the emergence of seeds. Better nutrient intake, absorption
of water and nitrogen fixation by bacteria are the key causes of these beneficial impacts (El-Moukhtari et al., 2020).
Proline buildup-controlled leaf water potential, which increased wheat crop output in situations of temperature and water
stress. Three genotypes (Chakwal-50, Wafaq-2001 and GA-2002) were used. Under abiotic stress such as high temperature
and water, wheat showed a considerable rise in the content of proline as an osmo-protectant. Chakwal-50 had the most
proline reported, which led to the preservation of grain yield and leaf water potential. By reducing abiotic stressors, proline
buildup aids in the conclusion of the crop life cycle (Ahmed et al., 2017). Proline seed priming significantly increased PS-II
activity in wheat however, its impact on improved development is contingent upon the ability of light energy absorption to
be processed by electron acceptors in the electron transport chain especially those at the PS-I end (Ambreen et al., 2021).
Proline maintains redox equilibrium which gives it resilience to salinity. Exogenous proline decreases lipid peroxidation and
protein oxidation while upregulating stress-protective proteins in response to salt stress (Khan et al., 2014). Proline
treatment can mitigate the negative effects of salt on wheat photosynthetic capacity. In addition to increasing seedling
fresh and dry weight, root and shoot length, foliar application of 100 mM proline also markedly increased the levels of
chlorophyll, osmoprotectants, antioxidant phenolics and improved osmotic adjustments (Mehmoob et al., 2016).
To evaluate the impact of proline as a seed treatment on salt-stressed maize, a pot experiment was conducted. Different
proline solutions (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mM) were made and Safaid Afgoi seeds were soaked for a duration of 12 hours.
For one-week, maize seedlings (0 and 75 mM NaCl) were subjected to a salt treatment. 75 mM NaCl level had a negative
impact on maize plant growth, resulting in lower shoot fresh and dry weight, root fresh weight and total leaf area per plant,
as well as an increase in total soluble proteins and malondialdehyde contents. Among the different proline concentrations
the 2 mM level seemed most effective (Perveen and Nazir, 2018).Tagetes seedlings respond differently to varying salt
levels. Seeds were exposed to different distinct NaCl or KNO3 concentrations. It was observed that with the increase of
salinity the germination rate dropped.
By altering the activity of POD, SOD and CAT as well as by raising the levels of proline and soluble carbohydrates seedlings
can withstand salinity stress (Moghaddam et al., 2020). Cultivars of Algerian durum wheat show different responses
according to stress level of salt by accumulating different levels of proline (Ami et al., 2020). Thus, it is concluded that
salinity stress reduced root and shoot lengths, leaf area, spike length, number of spikeletes, yield per plant, seed weight,
chlorophyll fluorescence and the electron transport rate (ETR). Exogeneous application of proline significantly improved
biomass output, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll concentrations and quantum yield in cultivars of wheat, reducing the
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negative impacts of salt. The study confirmed that proline foliar spray can improve salinity resistance in wheat plants
(Jabeen et al., 2022).
III. Materials and Methods:
Experimental site
A pot experiment with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) will be conducted at Agronomic Research Area, Department of
Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, during Rabi season 2023-24.
Experimental Material
The experimental design will employ a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Wheat cultivar
(Akbar-2019) will be used as each experimental material pot size of 22 cm height ×18 cm in diameter will be filled with
around 10 kg of loamy soil. Twelve wheat seeds will be sown in each pot and after emergence, six seedlings will be
maintained per pot. Plants will be allowed to grow for three weeks after that three levels of salt stress (NaCl) will be applied
(0 dS m-1, 4 dS m-1 and 8 dS m-1). Four levels of proline (Control, 100 mM, 120 mM and 150 mM) will be tested against
salt stress. Experiment will evaluate the impact of different levels of proline on growth and yield of wheat in response to
salt stress. Afterward, plant will be allowed to grow till become mature. Yield parameters will be recorded at the time of
harvesting.
Experimental Treatments:
Factor A: Salinity Stress (S) NaCl
S0 = Control
S1 = 4 dS m-1
S2 = 8 dS m-1
Factor B: Foliar spray of Proline (T)
T0 = Water spray
T1 = Proline 100 mM
T2 = Proline 120 mM
T3 = Proline 150 mM
Observations:
The study will involve the observation of the following parameters by following standard operating procedures.
• Plant height (cm)
• Root length (cm)
• Root fresh weight (g)
• Shoot fresh weight (g)
• Root dry weight (g)
• Shoot dry weight (g)
• No of spikelet’s per spike
• No of grains per spike
• 1000 grain weight (g)
• Grain yield (t ha-1)
• Biological yield (t ha-1)
• Harvest index (%)
Statistical analysis
At the end of study, data will be evaluated using Fisher’s technique of ANOVA and the means of the least significant
difference (LSD) test will be used to evaluate treatments at P ≤ 0.05.
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