Faculty of Letters & Human Sciences

Deanery, Department of English

A Proposal for Research Methodology

Encounters in Kafka's 'Metamorphosis': Exploring

Prepared by Zahraa Wehbe

Supervised by Yousra Mazeh

Beirut
2023-2024
 Abstract

This research paper examines the effects of modern life on human alienation and the role

of industrialism in Franz Kafka’s renowned work, “Metamorphosis.” Against the backdrop of the

profound social and industrial transformations of the early 20th century, Kafka’s novel delves

into the themes of alienation and isolation. By analyzing the characters’ experiences and the

broader societal context, this study explores the ways in which modernity exacerbates human

alienation and the amplifying role of technology in this process. Drawing upon theoretical

frameworks and contextual knowledge, the research paper sheds light on Kafka’s critique of the

dehumanizing effects of modern life and the profound implications for the human condition.

Through a comprehensive analysis of the novel, this study contributes to a deeper understanding

of the complex interplay between alienation, industrialism, and the challenges faced by

individuals in an evolving society. Ultimately, this research provides valuable insights into the

enduring relevance of “Metamorphosis” and its exploration of the human experience in the face

of modernity’s transformative forces.

Keywords: Franz Kafka, Metamorphosis, industrial transformations, alienation, role of

technology, modernity, modern life

Franz Kafka, a prominent figure of early 20th-century literature, was born in 1883 in

Prague, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Kafka's personal experiences and

the broader cultural milieu of his time greatly influenced his writings. The early 20th century was

characterized by profound social, economic, and technological transformations, which had a

profound impact on individuals' experiences of alienation. Industrialization, urbanization, and the

rise of capitalism brought about a shift in traditional social structures and norms. The modern

society of Kafka's time was marked by increasing bureaucracy, dehumanizing labor practices,

and a sense of fragmented individualism. These factors created an environment in which

individuals often felt isolated, estranged from themselves, others, and society as a whole.

Technological advancements also played a significant role in shaping the context of Kafka's era.

The early 20th century witnessed rapid progress in areas such as transportation, communication,

and mechanization. The proliferation of new technologies, such as telephones, typewriters, and

industrial machinery, transformed the fabric of daily life. While these advancements promised

convenience and efficiency, they also introduced new complexities and challenges to human

existence. Franz Kafka's "Metamorphosis" stands as a haunting portrayal of the human

experience in the face of modernity's transformative forces. The novel delves into the profound

theme of alienation, capturing the disconnection and estrangement individuals face in a rapidly

changing society. Central to this exploration is the role of technology, which not only shapes the

characters' lives but also exacerbates their sense of isolation. This research paper aims to analyze

the effects of modern life on human alienation and the role of technology within the context of

Kafka's "Metamorphosis." Against the backdrop of the societal context described above,
"Metamorphosis" emerges as a powerful critique of the dehumanizing effects of modern life. The

novel follows the transformation of Gregor Samsa into a monstrous insect, an event that

symbolizes his profound alienation and disintegration as a human being. As Gregor grapples

with his altered form, he experiences increasing detachment from his family, work, and society.

Moreover, technology, depicted through various elements in the narrative, serves as a catalyst for

further alienation, intensifying the characters' isolation and exacerbating their struggles to

connect with others. By analyzing the effects of modern life on human alienation and the role of

technology in Kafka's "Metamorphosis," this research paper aims to shed light on the profound

insights and social critique embedded within the novel. Through a detailed examination of the

characters' experiences, the societal context, and the implications for the modern world, we seek

to uncover the complex dynamics between alienation, technology, and the human condition in an

evolving society. In subsequent sections, a comprehensive analysis of "Metamorphosis" will be

conducted, drawing upon theoretical frameworks and contextual knowledge to illuminate the

multifaceted aspects of human alienation and the role of technology. By critically examining the

characters' struggles, the societal context of Kafka's time, and the implications for contemporary

society, this research paper aspires to contribute to a deeper understanding of the novel's

enduring relevance and the ways in which it illuminates the human experience in the face of

modernity's challenges. This research paper seeks to explore the profound effects of modern life

on human alienation and the role of technology in Kafka's "Metamorphosis." By delving into

these themes, we aim to provide valuable insights into the human condition and the impacts of

societal transformations on the individual's sense of self, connection, and place in the world.
Statement of the Problem:

The problem addressed in this research is the examination of the effects of modern life on

human alienation and the role of technology within the context of Franz Kafka's

"Metamorphosis." The early 20th century was characterized by significant societal changes,

including industrialization, urbanization, and the rise of capitalism. These transformations

brought about a shift in traditional social structures, leading to a sense of disconnection and

estrangement among individuals. The modern society depicted in Kafka's novel is marked by

increasing bureaucracy, dehumanizing labor practices, and a fragmented sense of individualism.

As a result, characters in "Metamorphosis," such as Gregor Samsa, experience profound

alienation and detachment from themselves, their families, and society at large. The

transformative effects of modernity are depicted through Gregor's physical transformation into a

monstrous insect, which symbolizes his disintegration as a human being. Furthermore,

technology plays a significant role in exacerbating the characters' sense of isolation and

alienation. The novel portrays various technological elements, such as typewriters and

telephones, which contribute to the dehumanizing nature of modern life. These technologies

promise efficiency and convenience but also introduce complexities and challenges to human

existence, further disconnecting individuals from authentic human connections. The problem at

hand is to understand the ways in which modern life, characterized by societal changes and

technological advancements, heightens human alienation and how technology serves as a catalyst

for this process. By analyzing the effects of modernity and technology in "Metamorphosis," this

research aims to shed light on the profound insights and social critique embedded within the

novel, and seeks to explore the implications of Kafka's exploration of alienation and technology
for our contemporary society by examining the characters' struggles and the societal context of

his time.

Purpose of the Study:

In exploring the effects of modern life on human alienation in Kafka's "Metamorphosis,"

this study aims to delve into the profound themes and social critique embedded within the novel.

By analyzing the characters' experiences, the research seeks to shed light on the psychological

and emotional impact of alienation, highlighting the disconnection individuals feel from their

own identities, their relationships with others, and society as a whole. The study aims to

investigate the role of technology as a catalyst for alienation. It examines the portrayal of

technological elements in the novel, such as typewriters, telephones, and other modern

conveniences, to understand how they contribute to the characters' isolation and exacerbate their

struggles to connect with others authentically. This exploration sheds light on the dehumanizing

consequences of technological advancements and their impact on human relationships and

societal dynamics. Additionally, by considering the societal context of Kafka's time, the research

provides a deeper understanding of the broader implications of societal changes on individual

well-being and sense of belonging. It examines the social, economic, and cultural

transformations of the early 20th century, such as industrialization and urbanization, to

contextualize the characters' experiences of alienation within the larger fabric of societal shifts.

This analysis helps to illuminate the ways in which societal transformations can exacerbate

feelings of disconnection and fragmentation. Moreover, the study aims to draw connections

between Kafka's exploration of alienation and the contemporary human experience. By critically

analyzing the novel's themes, insights, and social critique, the research seeks to highlight the

enduring relevance of "Metamorphosis" in understanding the challenges faced by individuals in

transformations, and the quest for genuine human connection in today's evolving society.

Research Questions

1. How does modern life contribute to human alienation in Kafka's "Metamorphosis"?

1.1. What are the underlying causes of alienation experienced by the characters in the

novel?

2. What is the role of technology in intensifying alienation in Kafka's "Metamorphosis"?

1.2. How do industrial advancements portrayed in the novel contribute to the characters'

sense of isolation and disconnection from others?

This study's significance extends beyond academic disciplines and holds broader

implications for society. By delving into the themes of alienation and technology in Kafka's

"Metamorphosis," the research addresses universal human experiences and challenges prevalent

in our modern world. It offers a critical lens through which to examine the impact of societal

changes, technological advancements, and the erosion of authentic connections on individuals'

well-being and sense of belonging. In an era marked by increasing reliance on technology, the

study's exploration of the dehumanizing effects of technology in the novel resonates with

contemporary concerns. It raises awareness about the potential consequences of excessive

reliance on digital interactions, virtual relationships, and the loss of genuine human connection.

By highlighting the importance of fostering meaningful relationships and genuine connections,

the research provides a valuable reminder of the human need for social bonds and belonging in

an increasingly disconnected world. Moreover, the study's analysis of the societal context of

Kafka's time offers insights into the historical roots of contemporary issues. It enhances our

understanding of the long-standing challenges individuals face in navigating alienation, societal

shifts, and the complexities of the human condition. By examining the societal transformations

of the early 20th century, such as industrialization and urbanization, the research provides a

nuanced perspective on the impact of societal changes on the individual's sense of identity and

place in society.Overall, the significance of this study lies not only in its contributions to literary

analysis and societal critique but also in its relevance to broader societal issues. By addressing

universal human experiences, raising awareness about the impact of technology, and providing
historical and cultural insights, the research offers valuable perspectives on the complexities of

the human condition in the face of modern challenges.

Methodology

This study employs a combined approach drawing upon the theories of social alienation

and technology and society studies to analyse the novel "Metamorphosis" by Franz Kafka. The

chosen methodologies provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the characters'

experiences of alienation in the context of modern society and the role of technology in

intensifying their sense of isolation.

The theory of social alienation serves as a guiding lens for analysing the characters'

disconnection from society and their struggle to find a sense of belonging. Drawing on the works

of Karl Marx and other sociologists, this theory explores the ways in which societal structures,

economic systems, and cultural norms can lead to individuals' estrangement from themselves,

others, and their environment. By applying this theory to the novel, we aim to uncover the

underlying causes of alienation experienced by the characters and examine how their experiences

reflect broader social dynamics.

In parallel, the theory of technology and society studies is employed to analyse the role of

technology in exacerbating alienation within the narrative. This interdisciplinary framework

draws on sociological, cultural, and philosophical perspectives to understand the complex

relationship between technology and society. It explores the ways in which technological

advancements shape social interactions, reshape human experiences, and influence the dynamics

of power and control. By utilizing this theory, we seek to examine the impact of technological
advancements portrayed in the novel and how they contribute to the characters' sense of isolation

and disconnection from others.

To implement these theories in the context of the novel, the study will involve a close reading

and textual analysis of "Metamorphosis," paying particular attention to passages that highlight

instances of social alienation and technological influences. These passages will be examined

within the broader narrative and historical context to identify patterns, themes, and symbolic

representations related to alienation and technology. The analysis will be supported by relevant

scholarly research, critical interpretations, and theoretical frameworks from social alienation and

technology and society studies.

The findings of this study will be presented through a comprehensive analysis that integrates the

theories of social alienation and technology and society studies. The analysis will provide a deep

understanding of the characters' experiences of alienation, the underlying causes within the

societal context, and the ways in which technology intensifies their sense of isolation. The study

aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on social alienation, technology and

society, and Kafka's "Metamorphosis," providing valuable insights into the complexities of

human experiences in the face of modern challenges.

The Interplay of Loneliness, Alienation, and Industrialism in Kafka’s “Metamorphosis”

The concept of loneliness and its implications have been explored extensively in the

realm of psychology and literature. Khullar (2016) provides a comprehensive examination of

loneliness, suggesting that it is not merely a result of poor social skills or lack of social support,

but can also be attributed to an unusual sensitivity to social cues. According to Khullar, lonely

individuals are more likely to perceive ambiguous social cues negatively, leading to a self-

preservation mindset that exacerbates the problem.

In the realm of literature, Franz Kafka’s “Metamorphosis” provides a poignant exploration of

loneliness and alienation. Kim (2019) analyzes the protagonist Gregor Samsa’s journey, noting

how Kafka allows readers to step into Gregor’s shoes through a first-person narrative. Gregor’s

transformation into a bug and his subsequent isolation from his family serve as a metaphor for

the feelings of loneliness and incompetence. Despite his physical transformation, Gregor’s

humanity and love for his family remain intact, particularly evident in his response to music.

Adding to this, “Alienation in the Modern World” (2022) further explores Gregor’s alienation,

extending it to the world that exists when he is neither working nor at home. Gregor’s social

interactions are limited due to his commitment to a job that provides no inspiration, reducing him

to a mere number in an economic ideology. His isolation extends to his own family, with whom

he has no meaningful contact. Gregor’s act of locking his door at night to escape from his family

is seen as a bold act of rebellion against their oppression and exploitation.

In the modern, hyper-connected era, a paradox exists where despite increased

connectivity, individuals seem to be growing apart. Research increasingly affirms that human

connection is integral to well-being, emphasizing the collective responsibility to nurture existing

bonds and forge new ones (Khullar, 2016).

In the realm of literature, Kafka’s “Metamorphosis” provides a profound exploration of

alienation. Understanding this theme necessitates an understanding of Marx’s theories on how

capitalism is designed to undermine human essence. The protagonist, Gregor, lives a life

dominated by rules and systems, leading to profound unhappiness and isolation. His worth is

gauged by his productivity and its relation to his family’s welfare. If he fails to work, his family

suffers. This exploitation at work and home leaves Gregor feeling uncomfortable questioning

authority, symbolizing him as a cog in the machine (“Alienation in the Modern World”, 2022).

Marx’s theories further elucidate how a worker under capitalism becomes estranged from

himself, his work, and his peers. Labor, central to a human’s self-conception and well-being, is

transformed into a mere means of survival under capitalism. The worker is alienated from the

products of his labor, which are expropriated by capitalists for profit. This estrangement extends

to the worker’s humanity and other human beings, forming the basis of antagonistic social

relationships that may eventually lead to the overthrow of capitalism (“Selected Works of Karl

Marx: Alienation”, n.d.).

In conclusion, both Khullar’s exploration of loneliness in the modern world and the literary

analyses of “Metamorphosis” offer valuable insights into the complex interplay of loneliness and

alienation in the context of modernity and industrialism.