i An update to this article is included at the end

Construction and Building Materials 114 (2016) 595–601

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Characterization of manufactured sand: Particle shape, surface texture

and behavior in concrete
Weiguo Shen a,b,c,⇑, Zhenguo Yang c, Lianghong Cao d, Liu Cao c, Yi Liu c, Hui Yang c, Zili Lu d, Jian Bai c
a
State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
b
WUT-UC Berkeley Joint Laboratory on Concrete Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
c
School of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
d
Guangdong Provincial Changda Highway Engineering Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511431, China

h i g h l i g h t s

The MS particle shape is characterized with digital image analysis based on big sample space.

At the micro scale the surface roughness of MS is lower than RS.

The sand’s shape and roughness are no significant factors on its behavior in concrete.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Full understanding on the characteristic and behavior of manufactured sand (MS) is very crucial to its
Received 27 January 2016 application. The particle shape, surface texture and behavior of MS are characterized in this paper.
Received in revised form 25 March 2016 Results indicate that MS has higher roundness and Length-width ratio, and wider distribution ranges
Accepted 29 March 2016
of those parameters compared with river sand (RS), in the micro scale, most MS has lower surface rough-
Available online 6 April 2016
ness than RS unexpectedly. To obtain the similar workability, most MS concretes require higher water
reducer dosage than RS concrete, and MSs with less stone powder and clay lump content require even
Keywords:
lower water reducer. Nearly all MS concrete has higher strength than RS concrete with same paste com-
Characterization
Manufactured sand
position. The particle shape and surface texture of MS has less significant effect on its behavior in con-
Particle shape crete than the stone powder, clay lump content and the gradation of MS, so MS with suitable
Surface texture production process may have better behavior in concrete than RS.
Behavior Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction powder content, the clay lump content, even the gradation can
be adjusted by manufacturing process. And some qualities mainly
The market share of manufactured sand (MS) or artificial sand result from the resource of the sand, e.g. the particle shape, the sur-
(AS) keeps increasing recently in China due to the shortage of face texture, which are the substantive characteristics of the MS.
natural river sand (RS) supply, whereas the MS is still widely Therefore, to understand the characteristics of MS concrete and
regarded as a low quality succedaneum of RS [1–3] in China. It is assess its performance, it is very important to clarify how much
well known that MS, in contrast to the natural river sand, comes the concrete properties are related to those characteristics. Visu-
from the mechanical crushing of virgin rock. It is different in shape, ally, the particle shape of MS is angular while the RS has a rounded
grading, and content of stone powder (micro fines) compared with shape [7,12], the natural sand has a smoother surface than MS. As
RS, the properties (e.g. workability, water demand, mechanical well known, the shape and the surface texture of aggregate particle
properties) and durability of MS concrete are also different from influence the properties of the fresh concrete and the hardened
those of RS concrete [4–7]. Basically the behavior of sand in con- concrete as well [13–16]. Since the particle shape and surface tex-
crete depends on its quality parameters [8–11]. Some of the quality ture of MS is much different from those of RS, characterizing the
parameters are related to the production process, e.g. the stone shape and texture is a very important issue to understand the
behavior of MS in the concrete and the properties of the MS con-
crete. The particle sizes distribution, particle shape and surface
⇑ Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for
Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
texture of MS are studied by some researchers [5,17]. It is widely
E-mail address: shenwg@whut.edu.cn (W. Shen). accepted that the MS has higher surface roughness than the RS

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.201
0950-0618/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
596 W. Shen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 114 (2016) 595–601

Table 1 Table 5
The properties of cement. Screening results of fine aggregate.

Cement sort PO 52.5 Sample Accumulated retained (%) Fineness

No. modulus
Normal consistency (%) 27.6 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075
Initial Setting time (min) 104
MSA 0.6 24.7 43.1 58.8 68.3 77.2 84.1 2.71
Final Setting time (min) 176
MSB 0.2 19.9 42.8 62.9 72.5 79.5 83.6 2.77
3 d Strength (flexural/compressive) (MPa) 6.7/34.5
MSC 1.1 9.2 30.3 52.3 64.6 72.4 83.1 2.26
28 d Strength (flexural/compressive) (MPa) 9.5/55.2
MSD 0.7 11.0 32.0 60.0 77.4 90.5 95.1 2.69
MSE 0.0 14.1 36.5 55.9 66.3 75.3 82.3 2.48
MSF 2.4 31.6 50.7 66.9 74.8 81.6 86.2 3.01
MSG 0.1 15.3 38.1 58.8 84.4 91.9 96.7 2.88
Table 2
MSH 3.7 42.5 65.9 83.1 87.1 95.3 97.7 3.69
The chemical compositions of raw materials.
RS 3.9 16.9 34.1 59.8 83.1 97.9 99.4 2.83
Chemical composition PO 52.5 Fly ash
CaO 60.68 4.51
SiO2 21.96 56.70 their physical properties and size distributions were listed in Tables 4 and 5 respec-
Al2O3 5.86 26.12 tively. The XRD patterns of sands are presented in Fig. 1, the lithology is listed in
Fe2O3 3.01 7.25 Table 6.
MgO 2.91 2.49 A polycarboxylate superplasticizer was used in this investigation; its water-
SO3 2.38 0.83 reducing ratio is 29.2%.
Loss 1.34 1.57
2.2. Experiment method

Table 3 Particle shape irregularity manifests at three main scales: sphericity S, round-
The size distribution of coarse aggregate. ness R and roughness R (or smoothness) in dimensionless form [18]. In this work,
a digital camera is used to obtain images of particles, so just 2D information is stud-
Type of aggregate Sieve size (mm)/accumulated screening rate (%) ied thus the 3D sphericity cannot be quantified, the image is analyzed with a pro-
gram named Image Pro Plus 6.0, and two parameters, i.e., Length-width ratio and
26.5 19 16 13.2 9.5 4.75 2.36
roundness (Fig. 2) are calculated to characterize the particle shape of sands.
10–25 mm 1.8 11.6 53 91 99.5 100 100 Length-width ratio:
5–10 mm 1.9 12.2 62.2 99.6 99.9
Composite aggregate 0.9 5.8 27.5 51.6 80.9 99.8 100 L
L=W ¼ ð1Þ
W
where L is the Length and W is the width of particles.
Roundness:
and consequently has higher absorption capability (AC), it is true in
the visual scale, however, the AC of sand is controlled by its rough- P2
R¼ ð2Þ
ness in the micro scale. Some widely accepted views make MS 4  p  area
mostly treated as a low quality sand and just used in middle and where P is the perimeter and area is the square meters of the particles.
low strength degree concretes, to scientifically assess the charac- In this work, 100 particles are analyzed for each sand samples, the higher the
teristics is a very important issue to the utilization of MS. In this value of the roundness are, the farther the particles are from round.
The roughness of the surface is obtained with a coaxial laser confocal micro-
paper, the particle shapes of MS and RS is studied by digital image scope (VK-X200) by scanning the surface with a laser beam with a radius of
analysis, coaxial laser confocal microscope is used to study the sur- 0.4 lm, the difference of this system comparing with the ordinary method is
face texture of MS and RS, the behavior of MS in a high perfor- illustrated in Fig. 3.
mance concrete is assessed. Ra is calculated according to Eq. (3) (Fig. 4).
Z L
1
Ra ¼ jyðxÞjdx ð3Þ
L 0

2. Experimental program where L is the Length in lm, and y is the height in lm between the detecting point
and the base face.
2.1. Materials The high performance concrete was prepared in the laboratory with a testing
forced mixer. The mixing times of each mixture are 3 min and the slump of the
The 52.5 grade commercial Portland Ordinary cement (P.O 52.5) was used in fresh concretes was controlled at the range of 180 ± 15 mm by adjusting the dosage
this investigation. The properties of the cement are shown in Table 1. Chemical of additive. The less water demand of the concrete, the less water reducer need. The
compositions of cement and fly ash are presented in Table 2. workability of the concrete made with various sands could be qualified simply with
Crushed limestone with two particle size grades, i.e. 10–25 mm and 5–10 mm the dosage of water reducer demand. The cubic concrete specimens were formed in
were used, the particle size distribution is listed in Table 3, its crushing value is 150 mm  150 mm  150 mm mold, then each group of molds were vibrated
18.6%, and the apparent density is 2720 kg/m3. for 45 s till the concretes become consolidated. After being demoulded, cubic
Nine kinds of fine aggregates were used in this experimental investigation, i.e. a specimens were cured in a chamber with 100% relative humidity at temperature
river sand (RS) and eight sorts of MS (Which includes different lithologies, e.g. MSA of 20 ± 2 °C. At the age of 7, 28 and 60 days, concrete specimens were tested for
(Diorite), MSB (Metamorphic siltstone) and MSC (Altered diorite). See in Table 6), compressive strength respectively, three cubes were tested for each date point.

Table 4
Physical properties of fine aggregate.

ID MSA MSB MSC MSD MSE MSF MSG MSH RS

3
Bulk density (kg/m ) 1583.5 1513.5 1622.7 1505.5 1488.5 1537 1520 1636 1473.3
Close packing density (kg/m3) 1854.5 1735 1830 1728 1652.5 1791 1770 1778 1659.7
Apparent density (kg/m3) 2746 2741.5 2913 2647.8 2906 2750 2745 2700 2626.6
Bulk voidage (%) 42.33 44.79 44.3 43.14 48.78 44.11 44.63 49.41 43.91
Crushing value (％) 28.63 14.4 17.1 18.54 20.24 25.52 15.43 23.3 9.42
Powder content (%) 15.3 16.4 16.9 4.9 17.7 13.8 2.9 2.3 0.6
Clay lump content (%) 3.7 0.8 4.8 0.4 5.2 2.6 0.9 0.4 0
MB value (g/kg) 0.5 0.5 1.25 0.25 4.75 1.75 0.25 0.25 –
 W. Shen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 114 (2016) 595–601 597

20000 MSA -quartz -muscovite

15000
10000 -albite -clinochlore
5000
0
25000
20000 MSB -quartz -clinochlore
15000
-muscovite
10000
5000
0
4000
MSC -feldspar -clinochlore
3000
2000 -hornblende -quartz
1000
0
30000
MSD -quartz -albite
20000
-biobite -microcline
10000

0
8000
MSE -albite -diopside
6000
4000 -quartz
2000
0
30000
MSF -quartz -muscovite
20000
-albite -kaolinite
10000

15000 MSG -quartz -clinochlore

10000 -albite -muscovite
5000
0
25000
20000 MSH
-calcite -dolomite
15000
10000
5000
0
15000
RS -quartz -calcite
10000
-muscovite
5000

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
2Theta °

Fig. 1. The XRD patterns of sands.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. The characterization of particle shape

Table 6
The lithology of sand.
The particle shape determination—Length-width ratio L/W and
Sample No. Place of production Lithology
roundness R are illustrated in Fig. 5. The roundness and Length-
MSA Huihe Quarry Diorite width ratio values of all the MS are higher than those of RS. The
MSB Maoping Quarry Metamorphic siltstone
Length-width ratio values of MSB are higher than those of the others,
MSC Yufeng Quarry Altered diorite
MSD Luoding Granite the roundness of MSG is higher values than others. Sands with higher
MSE Meizhou Diabase roundness value also have higher Length-width ratio. The packing
MSF Lianzhou Feldspathic quartzite bulk voidage (Table4) is not only relatedto the particle shape, the con-
MSG Lianshan Sandstone tent of the stone powder affects the voidage more significantly, the
MSH Guoluan Quarry Limestone
higher powder content, the lower voidage [6,19–21].
598 W. Shen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 114 (2016) 595–601

Fig. 4. The schematic diagram of the surface roughness calculation.

3.0
2.8 Roundness
(a) The roundness of particle 2.6 Length-width ratio
2.4

Shape parameters
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
MSA MSB MSC MSD MSE MSF MSG MSH RS
Types of sand

Fig. 5. The image analysis of sand particles.

45
(b) The roundness of particle 40
MSA MSB MSC
35
Number of particles

Fig. 2. The image analysis of particle. MSD MSE MSF

30 MSG MSH RS
25
The particle Roundness and the Length-width ratio distribu- 20
tions are explored in Figs. 6 and 7. It is very clear that, the Round- 15
ness and Length-width ratio of RS distribute at mainly 1.0–1.2
10
while those of the MS distribute mainly in 1.2–1.4. RS has a much
narrower distribution range than MS. 5
There are more angular, platy and elongated particles in MS 0
1.0-1.2 1.2-1.4 1.4-1.6 1.6-1.8 1.8-2.0 >2.0
than in the RS, and the particles of MS have a higher heterogeneous
Length-width ratio range
distribution than which of RS [22]. The high amount of fines, the
angular particle shape, and the relatively higher void content of Fig. 6. The Length-width ratio distribution of sand particles.
the MS will likely result in concrete with higher water demand
for the same slump [19]. Since the void content is higher, there is
a need for more paste to fill the voids. Because the radius of laser beam is just 0.4 lm, much more
thinner than the needle tip (around 2 lm) of ordinary roughness
3.2. The characterization of surface roughness detector, the laser beam has nearly no damage on the surface of
the sand, so it gives a more accurate roughness results on the micro
The surface of 100 particles with size range from 4.75 mm to surface of sands. The 3D digital surface images of various sands are
2.36 mm are scanned by KEYENCE VK-X200 with 20 times objec- lustrated in Fig. 8. The experimental results (Fig. 9) suggest differ-
tive lens at a 500.0 lm  704.3 lm scope, the 3D morphology of ent views of surface roughness beyond the conventional experi-
sands are presented at Figs. 8, and 9 shows the surface roughness ence, the roughness of MS are lower than RS (except for MSF).
values of different sands. This is mainly because the surface of MS is crushing fracture

Contacting surface roughness Laser microscope system

detecting system

(a) Scanning needles method (b) Laser beam method

Fig. 3. The detection of roughness.
 W. Shen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 114 (2016) 595–601 599
80

70 surface, it is newly broken crystal face with higher smoothness in

MSA MSB MSC
micro-scale, whereas the surface of the RS are eroded by the water
60
Number of particles

MSD MSE MSF

and other particles, the edges of the particles are polished, but at
50 MSG MSH RS
the micro-scale, the smooth surface was eroded and became
40 rougher than the new surface. The higher the micro roughness is,
the bigger the specific surface area is, even though the MS is much
30
rougher visually, it does not have high absorption ability. Since it is
20 rough at visual scale, it has higher friction force among the parti-
10 cles, the MS particles are embedded in the paste firmly, on the
other hand, because of the lower micro roughness, the cement
0
1.0-1.2 1.2-1.4 1.4-1.6 1.6-1.8 1.8-2.0 >2.0 paste can contact with the MS particles tighter than with the RS
Roundness range particles.

Fig. 7. The roundness distribution of sand particles.

(a) MSA (b) MSB

(c) MSC (d) MSD

(e) MSE (f) MSF

(g) MSG (h) RS

Fig. 8. The surface roughness of fine aggregate.

600 W. Shen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 114 (2016) 595–601

25 Table 9
The properties of concrete.
20.40 19.97
20 No Slump (mm) Compressive strength (MPa)
Surface roughness ( m)

17.31 16.70
16.41 7d 28 d 56 d
15.38
15 MSA 190 59.1 70.9 75.5
11.90 MSB 180 60.0 75.2 81.0
10.97
MSC 170 63.7 76.4 84.2
10
MSD 195 58.9 71.0 76.8
MSE 165 67.3 72.2 81.1
5 MSF 175 59.7 70.7 72.3
MSG 180 60.3 70.4 73.6
RS 180 60.5 69.0 73.5
0
MSA MSB MSC MSD MSE MSF MSG RS

Fig. 9. The surface roughness of sand particles.

lump content and stone powder content, while the MSE concrete
has higher water reducer dosage even if it has a very low micro
3.3. The behavior of MS in high performance concrete roughness. So in the real MS concrete, the particle shape and the
micro roughness also have influence on its behavior in concrete,
The particle shape, surface roughness gradation especially high but the gradation, stone powder and the clay lump content have
powder content of MS are the main characters of MS, and determi- more significant influence than them.
nate the behavior of MS in the concrete [1–3,23–26]. A serial of From Table 9, the strength of the MS concrete is higher than
high performance concrete is designed to have same paste volume, RS concrete mostly, the strength of the particle shape and micro
the coarse and fine aggregate are calculated according to the fine- roughness have very weak influence on the strength of MS
ness of sands. The mixing proportion parameters by volume of con- concrete. This is mainly because in the real MS production, the
cretes are listed in Table 7 and the proportions of concrete by mass gradation and especially the stone powder and the clay lump
are listed in Table 8. content varies in a wide range, the influence of those parameters
In this experiment, the slump is controlled in a narrow range, so cannot be obviously presented. The interrelation can only be
the workability can be qualified with the water reducer dosage clearly described when the MS has very similar gradation, pow-
directly, the higher the dosage, the worse workability [27]. From der content and clay lump content and so on. While from this
Table 8, it can be seen that different dosage of water reducer is study, it is very clear that although those resource parameters
needed when different MS concrete are adjusted to achieve the e.g. particle shape and surface texture have some effects on the
goal slump. Mostly, the MS concrete requires higher water reducer behavior of MS in concrete, those effects are not as significant
dosage than RS concrete, but MSG and MSD concrete has lower as some parameter related to production process e.g. powder
water reducer content, lower powder and clay lump content, lower content and clay lump content and so on. Therefore, the MS
micro roughness and the fineness and good gradation. MSF concrete can be high quality sand when it is produced with qualified
has higher water reducer content for higher micro roughness, clay process.

Table 7
The mix proportion design parameters.

Parameters MSA MSB MSC MSD MSE MSF MSG RS

Aggregate maximum diameter (mm) 0.68 0.67 0.72 0.68 0.70 0.65 0.66 0.67
Fineness modulus of sand 2.71 2.77 2.26 2.69 2.48 3.01 2.88 2.83
Coarse aggregate packing ratio 0.68 0.67 0.72 0.68 0.70 0.65 0.66 0.67
Paste + air (%) 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0
Air content (%) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Paste volume (%) 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0
Water binder ratio 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34

Note: the coarse aggregate packing ratio is the value of coarse aggregate content in the divided by the rodded bulk density of the coarse aggregate.

Table 8
The mix proportions of high performance concretes with different sands.

No Mix proportion (kg/m3) W/B Sand ratio (%) Water reducer dosage (%)
Cement Fly ash Crushed stone Sand Water
MSA 425.9 47.3 1134.2 667.3 161.5 0.34 37 1.25
MSB 425.9 47.3 1117.6 683.1 161.5 0.34 38 1.15
MSC 425.9 47.3 1201.0 636.4 161.5 0.34 35 1.40
MSD 425.9 47.3 1134.2 643.5 161.5 0.34 36 0.90
MSE 425.9 47.3 1167.6 670.5 161.5 0.34 36 1.90
MSF 425.9 47.3 1084.2 718.8 161.5 0.34 40 1.90
MSG 425.9 47.3 1100.9 700.7 161.5 0.34 39 0.70
RS 425.9 47.3 1134.2 667.3 161.5 0.34 37 0.95
 W. Shen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 114 (2016) 595–601 601

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 Update
Construction and Building Materials
Volume 119, Issue , 30 August 2016, Page 385

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.135
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Corrigendum

Corrigendum to: Characterization of manufactured sand: Particle shape,

surface texture and behavior in concrete [Constr. Build. Mater. 114
(2016) 595–601]
Weiguo Shen a,b,c,⇑, Zhenguo Yang c, Lianghong Cao d, Liu Cao c, Yi Liu c, Hui Yang c, Zili Lu d, Jian Bai c
a
State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
b
WUT-UC Berkeley Joint Laboratory on Concrete Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
c
School of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
d
Guangdong Provincial Changda Highway Engineering Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511431, China

The authors would like to inform that, ‘‘(b) The roundness of particle” (in Fig. 2) should actually be ‘‘(b) The length–width ratio of
particle”.
We are so sorry for the inconvenience we bring to you!

DOI of original article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.201

⇑ Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
E-mail address: shenwg@whut.edu.cn (W. Shen).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.135
0950-0618/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.