Kurdistan Region - Iraq

Tishk International
College of Engineering
Petroleum and Mining Department

Physical Properties
Lab:3&4&5&6

Prepared By:
Barham Sarmad
Sozyar Rzgar

Supervisor:Dr.Shwan
Introduction:
1. Color - Describe the color of your mineral. Such as yellow, brown, whit or yellowish
green etc

2. Streak - The streak is representative of the color of the mineral when it is ground into
a fine powder and may not be the same as the color of the mineral. The streak may be
described as colorless, white, black, gray, red, etc

3. Transparency – The amount of light passed through a mineral determines its

transparency. Transparent: minerals more light passes through, Translucent: minerals
partially let light pass through Opaque: minerals do not let any light through.

4. Luster- refers to the general appearance of a mineral surface to reflect light. Two
general types of luster are designated as follows: a. Metallic - looks shiny like a metal.
Usually opaque and gives black or dark colored streak. b. Nonmetallic - Nonmetallic
lusters are referred to as

1. Vitreous - looks glassy - examples: clear quartz, tourmaline

2. Resinous - like resin or amber from a tree - examples: sulfur.

3. Pearly – iridescent (‫ )ينول حزقت‬pearl-like - example: Apophyllite 4. Greasy - appears to

be covered with a thin layer of oil - example: Talc.

5. Silky - looks fibrous. - Example - some Gypsum, Asbestos, Malachite.

6. Adamantine - brilliant luster like Diamond.

5. Hardness - Mohs Scale of Hardness is commonly used to determine the hardness of a

mineral ranging from 1 for the softest mineral to 10 for the hardest mineral.
 6. Cleavage- The ability of a mineral to break or come apart in a consistent way--
breakage is along
Atomic planes. Cleavage quality is described present and not present.
7. Fracture occurs when a mineral breaks into odd shapes or an irregular pattern. It may
be
described as:
Conchoidal, Fibrous, Hackly, Uneven and Even.
8. Specific Gravity- This property is the weight of the mineral.

The Work Table:1

Name Color Streak Transparency Luster Hardness Cleavage Specific.gravity Fracture
non non
46 pink grey opaque metalic 5&6 present intermidiate un even
milky-
55 white white opaque metalic 6&7 present intermidiate even
29 black colorless opaque metalic 7&8 present light even
non non
52 green white opaque metalic 4&5 present intermidiate un even
non
6 onion colorless opaque metalic 1&2 present light even
non
31 colorless colorless transparent metalic 4&5 present light un even
Sub Class: Phyllosilicates (Sheet Silicates)
As the derivation of the name of this important group implies (Greek : Phyllon,
leaf). When three of the oxygen of tetrahedron are shared with adjacent
tetrahedral infinity flat sheets silicate are formed this called phyllosilicate.
The phyllosilicates, or sheet silicates, are an important group of minerals that
includes the micas, chlorite, serpentine, talc, and the clay minerals. Because of
the special importance of the clay minerals as one of the primary products of
chemical weathering and one of the more abundant constituents of sedimentary
rocks. The basic structure of the phyllosilicates is based
on interconnected six member rings of SiO4
-
4 tetrahedra that extend outward in infinite
sheets. Three out of the 4 oxygens from each
tetrahedra are shared with other tetrahedra. This
leads to a basic structural unit of Si2O5-2.
Most phyllosilicates contain hydroxyl ion, OH-, with the OH located at the center of
the 6 membered rings, as shown here. Thus, the group becomes Si2O5(OH)-3. When
other
cations are bonded to the SiO4 sheets, they share the apical oxygens and the (OH) ions
which bond to the other cations in octahedral coordination. This forms a
layer of cations, usually Fe+2, Mg+2, or Al+3, that occur in octahedral
coordination with the O and OH ions of the tetrahedral layer. As shown,
here, the triangles become the faces of the octahedral groups that can
bind to the tetrahedral layers.
 The Work Table:2
Name Color Streak Transparency Luster Hardness Cleavage Specific.gravity Fracture
non non
18 Green White opaque 4&5 intermidiate
metalic present un even
light- Non
53 Colorless Transparent metalic Light
brown present un even
Yellow Non Non
35 White Opaque 8&9 intermidiate
brown metalic present un even
non
10 White Colorless Opaque metalic 3&4 intermidiate
present un even
54 Black White Opaque metalic 8&9 Present intermidiate even
non
50 Brown White 0paque metalic light
present un even
Sub Class: Cyclosilicates
Cyclosilicate, compound with a structure in which silicate tetrahedrons (a central silicon
atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms at the corners of a tetrahedron) are arranged in
rings. Each tetrahedron shares two of its oxygen atoms with other tetrahedrons; the rings
formed may have three (e.g., benitoite), four (e.g., axinite), or six members (e.g., beryl).
The cyclosilicates have chemical formulas that contain multiples of SiO3.

Sub Class: Sorosilicates

These minerals contain sets of two SiO4 tetrahedrons joined by one shared
apical oxygen (see Figure below). A silicon-to-oxygen ratio of 2:7 is consequently
present in their structures. More than 70 minerals belong to the sorosilicate group,
although most are rare. Only the members of the epidote group and vesuvianite are
common. Both independent (SiO4)4- and double (Si2O7)6- groups are incorporated into
the epidote structure, as is reflected in its formula: Ca2(Al, Fe)Al2O(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH).

Sub Class: Nesosilicates

The silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons of the nesosilicates are not polymerized; they are
linked to one another only by ionic bonds of the interstitial cations. As a result of the
isolation of the tetrahedral groups, the crystal habits of these minerals are typically
equidimensional so that prominent cleavage directions are not present. The size and
charge of the interstitial cations largely determine the structural form of the
nesosilicates. The relatively high specific gravity and hardness that are characteristic
of this group arise from the dense packing of the atoms within the structure.
Substitution of aluminum for silicon is normally quite low.
 Native Elements Class
With Exception of the free gases of the atmosphere only about 20 elements are found
in native state, these elements are found as minerals in the solid part of the earth’s
crust.

Sulphides Class
The Sulphides from an important class of minerals includes the majority of
the ore minerals.
Most of the sulphides minerals are opaque with distinctive color and
characteristically colored streaks. Those that are nonopaque, such as
Cinnabar, Transmit light only on thin edges.
The general formula for sulphides is given as AmXn in which A represents the
metallic elements and X the non-metallic elements.

Sulphides Class
Name Chemical Composition
Argenite Ag2S
Chalcocite Cu2S
Bornite Cu5FeS2
Galena PbS
Sphalerite ZnS
Chalcopyrite CuFeS2
Niccolite NiAs
Covellite CuS
Cinnabar HgS
Orpiment As2S3
Pyrite FeS2
Molybdenite MoS2
 The Work Table:3&4
Name Color Streak Transparency Luster Hardness Cleavage Specific.gravity Fracture
49 dark grey black opaque nonmetalic 5&6 nonpresent heavy noneven
51 yellow yellow translusent nonmetalic 2&3 nonpresent light noneven
23 grey black opaque nonmetalic 6&7 present medium even
21 grey black opaque nonmetalic 5&6 nonpresent medium noneven
20 color less color less translusent nonmetalic 2&3 present medium even
32 dark grey brown opaque nonmetalic 3&4 nonpresent medium noneven
15 brown brown opaque nonmetalic 4&5 present medium noneven
27 color less color less transparent nonmetalic 7&8 present medium even
8 milky color less opaque nonmetalic 2&3 nonpresent medium even
22 dark brown brown opaque nonmetalic 5&6 nonpresent medium noneven