CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The ultimate goal of vocational technical education training is for the

acquisition of knowledge, attitude and practical skills for sustainable development. The

training of vocational technical education students is based on the production of goods

and services that are not only relevant to themselves but to the society. Stated that the

acquisition of life-long practical skills calls for effective and efficient teaching strategies,

appropriate evaluation methods and utilization of standard teaching materials, tools,

machines, and equipment to ensure the production of desired graduates with practical

skills. Other requirements include training manuals and availability of qualified teachers

with experiences.

The students who undergo training in Electrical Installation understanding in

diverse skills in the trades as expected to posses’ skills for design, development,

production, excellence in installation of electrical management and utilization of

trending machines and equipment, maintain nerve electrical/electronic devices and

circuits.
 The acquisition of skills especially in Electrical Installation and Maintenance

trades would undoubtedly leaded to job creation and self-reliance as lack of

employment is an evidence of unsaleable skills possessed by technical college

graduates. This study was conduct and determined the Electrical Installation and

Maintenance skills of the students. Learning is the process of acquisition of knowledge

(practical and theoretical) which is education.

The main purpose of this study is to determine the academic performance and the

Electrical Installation and Maintenance skills of the students in SPSHS 1. In the same

manner, this determines the factors affecting skill acquisition with an end goal of

enhancing these skills.

Conceptual Framework

This study aimed to determine the Electrical Installation and Maintenance

skills of Grade 12 students of balangkayan Senior High School 1. The research

process that this study utilized is shown in Figure 1. The design shows the input

variables involved, the process conducted and the result of the study

Statement of the Problem

This study attempted to focus on the level of the electrical skills of EIM grade 12 students of

Balangkayan Senior High School 1.

 1. How may the level academic performance of students be described?

2. What is the level of the Electrical Installation and Maintenance skills acquired

by students?

3. What factors are affecting the skill acquisition by students?

4. Is there a significant relationship between academic performance and skills

acquired by the students?

5. What plan of action was be proposed to enhance the level of the electrical skills

of EIM students?

Hypothesis

This study it aimed to test the following hypotheses:

Ho: There is no significant relationship between the academic performance and

acquired skills

Significance of the Study

The study focused on level of electrical skill of grade 12 EIM students. Through

this study, the following would benefited:

To the students, it would help them to enhance their electrical skills so, they can
be prepared for their future job after graduation.

To the teachers, it would help them to know the level of the skills of their students

so they can think a technique to improve the skills and help the students to improve

them self.

To the parents, it would help them to guide their children in terms of improving their

skills in electrical so they can help to find a job that suits on them.

To the future researchers, it would help them to have information about the level

of electrical skills of the students, so it would help them in terms of information that the

study would provide.

Scope, Limitation and Delimitation

This study highlights the level of electrical skills of 34 Grade 12 EIM students

Balangkayan Senior High School 1 for the school year2023-2024. Further, the

researchers delimited the domains of EIM strand. It did not include to the other strand

since the skills to be assessed are specialized in Electrical Installation and

Maintenance. Only One sections of EIM 12 students were included in the study. The

study was based only on the responses of the respondents, thus, their honesty in

answering affected the result.

Definition of terms

To better understand the study, the following terms were defined conceptually and

operationally.

Academic Performance. This refers to the extent to which a student, teacher or

institution has achieved their short or long term educational goals, commutative SPA

and completion of educational benchmark such as secondary schools diplomas and

bachelor’s degrees represented academic achievement. This study, this refers to the

grades of the students in EIM subject.

Electrical. This refers to devices, materials, tools, and the things that related to

electricity. Electricity is an energy that flow into the wires and going to the load to work.

Electricity can conduct a heat to while performing to and need a good bind from source

to load to work. This study was utilize the electrical skills to determine the level of the

students skills in EIM.

Skill. This refers to the ability to do something well: expertise (difficult work, taking

great skill), a particular ability; the ability to one's knowledge effectively and readily in

execution or performance. In this study, this refers to the acquired competencies of the

students in EIM.
 Factor. Factor is the ability of affecting the skill acquisition to decrease or increase

the ability to do the task easily or badly. Factor is effective to gain the skill and to make

a powerful

Electrical Installation and Maintenance. It is one of the strands offered in K-12.

In this study, this refers to the major subject of specialization of EIM students where

acquired skills, academic performance, and factors affecting skills acquisition would be

demonstrated in this study to claim that the students was needed more elaboration or

visual, deep understanding, and mostly, the actual performing or hands-on activities to

know what is EIM for. In addition, for major tutor like teachers and professors will take

an advantage while teaching to their learners.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This research study presents a brief but concise review of related literature and

studies. This also includes the ideas, generalizations on conclusion, methodologies

and possible solutions to research problems. This section helps in familiarizing

information that is relevant and similar to the present day.

Conceptual Literature

This part shows the different literatures about academic performance, skills in

Electrical Installation and Maintenance and factors affecting skills acquisition.

Academic Performance

In the student’s academic performance, cannot determined the student’s skill

level just because they got either a highest performance or lowest performance in the

EIM records, its depending on how they doing their activities on hands-on and hand

written. In actual performing, more performance and experience in electrical can

revealed and why the student skills has a levels.

Barnvill (1985) examined the relationship between student’s achievements in

mathematics. Parental support for education and the demographic variables of socio

economic status, race, age and educational level. Result revealed that the education

level of parents make a significant contribution to the prediction of mathematics

achievement.

Singhalaukh (1979) found that motivation has positive relationship with school

performance and achievement. High and low achievement motivated students differ

significantly on achievement score Rajeev, (1982) Kapoor, R. (1987) found that better

adjustment, study habits high intelligence and

socio-economic status were related with high achievement at Junior high school level.

These studies suggest that not only the mental abilities, but the other motivational

factors may also be the responsible for academic performance.

The home environment also affects the academic performance of students.

Educated parents can provide such an environment that suits best for academic

success of their children. The school authorities can provide counseling and guidance

to parents for creating positive home environment for improvement in students’ quality

of work (Marzano, 2003).

Students’ perceptions of teacher support have a direct effect on their interest and
motivation (Wentzel, 1998), and teachers’ expectations of student achievement (which

has an affective component) influence the way they behave toward their students and

thus can affect students’ motivation, self-perceptions, and academic performance

(Jussim & Harber, 2005).

The academic performance of students heavily depends upon the parental

involvement in their academic activities to attain the higher level of quality in academic

success (Barnard, 2004; Henderson, 1988; Shumox & Lomax, 2001).

Research findings have also shown that a continued effort of parental involvement

throughout the child’s education can improve academic achievement (Driessen, Smit

& Sleegers, 2005; Fan, 2001; Hong & Ho, 2005).

Academic failure has been linked with risk behaviors and negative outcomes such

as; substance abuse, delinquency, and emotional and behavioral problems

(Annunziata, Houge, Faw, & Liddle, 2006).

According to study of Delos Santos (2010), there are factors which affects the

academic performance of TVL students, profile of the student, age, gender, occupation

of parent and their educational attainment are variables that contribute to the

performance of the student parental the student. Other variables are attitude of the student’s

parental support to the student and their performance.

 Skills. Electrical Installation and Maintenance practice is one of the trades that

exposes students to skills. It is the most important to the students to expose them to

the activities with skills that required to make the future job easily and flexible to any

kind of work. Using advance skill in activities can enhance the student’s memory to

easily reveal and solve the problem that they understand in the previous activities that

students do in their school activities.

According to Croft, Terrel (1915), Electrical Installation and Maintenance practice

is a programme introduced by way of practical exercise, the maintenance of electrical

system and circuits, electrical installation. Inspection and test procedure. National

Board of Technical Education (NBTE) (2004) Electrical craftsmen are expected to test,

diagnose, service, install and completely repair any fault on electrical machines and

equipment using manufacturer’s manual. In the report of NBTE (2004), the aim of

Electrical Installation and Maintenance practice is to give training and impart the

necessary skills leading to the production of craftsmen, technicians and other skilled

personnel who will be enterprising and self-reliant. Improvement is the process of

making something better than before.

In the study about Theory of Educational Productivity by Walberg (1981), he

determined three groups of nine factors based on affective, cognitive and behavioral
skills for optimization of learning that affect the quality of academic performance:

Aptitude (ability, development and motivation); instruction (amount and quality);

environment (home, classroom, peers and television) (Roberts, 2007).

According to Olaitan, Amusa and Azouze (2010), is the ability or condition for

becoming better than before. Improvement in this study is a process of helping

graduates of technical Colleges in Rivers State acquire higher proficiency level and

work skills in Electrical Installation and Maintenance practice for greater efficiency. For

work to be, done requires energy and skills.

According to Michael (2004), is an individual’s capability to control elements of

behavior, thinking and feeling within specified context and within particular task

domains.

According to Garduque (2012), in his study stated that learning theories were not

enough we need to have skills to do things. Those skills are technical skills and

livelihood program, which may help the student and graduates to become skilled

workers of future.

An electrician is a tradesman specializing in electrical wiring of buildings,

transmission lines, stationary machines, and related equipment. Electricians may be

employ in the installation of new electrical components or the maintenance and repair
of existing electrical infrastructure. Electricians may also specialize in wiring ships,

airplanes, and other mobile platforms, as well as data and cable lines.

Skills in Electrical Installation and Maintenance

Although this career route may be attractive to many people, there are some

electrical technician requirements that cannot taught in a classroom or during an

apprenticeship. It is important to consider whether you have the following skills

necessary to be good at the job, otherwise your safety and the safety of those around

you may be in Jeopardy:

Mechanical aptitude is a skill that can diagnose the mechanism of something like

relay and magnetic contactor. Mechanical aptitude is also important being engineer

because it can solve the mechanical problems with or without electrical equipment.

Problem-solving skills. Diagnosing and repairing electrical problems is a large part

of a technician’s job. Once the apprenticeship is over, you will be largely on your own

to respond to issues and find their solution. Understanding an overall electrical problem

and investigating ways to fix it is a critical component of this job. Learning how to

identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions to problems is

another vital skill for a successful career as an electrical technician.

Mechanical ability is a skill or a knowledge were the person can perform in a

mechanical equipment and tools that using in work as well.

Electrical wiring is a skill of a person were he/she can follow the given diagram to

do in a circuit to work. Wiring ability can be learn by yourself as an engineer or being

electrician or not.

Diagram understanding is an ability of a person to read the given diagram and

diagnose the future problem of a circuit by reading the diagram. Understanding is ability

of a person to read and understand the given diagram or a written work.

Ability to work at heights is a skill of a person to work in a higher place like in the

top of a building to figure out the problem or to installing something. A person with fear

of heights cannot perform the over the top of a building, they only can do is to work at

the ground.

Aptitude in mathematics is an ability of a person to solve mathematic problem such

as voltage to current or current to ohm. Numerical aptitude indicates that a person has

strengths related to numbers and math. Using this information, a career counselor or

trainer can help an individual to find jobs that fit or suit to his/her particular skill set.

Ability to plan and organize is an ability to manage and easily found what you hid

or to know. A knowledge to make decision to something. It is also a great skill for all

to create an idea, to understand, and to think before to move.

 Bending in applied mechanics, bending characterize the behavior of an external

structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a

longitudinal axis of the element. Bending is an availability of a structural element to be

a flexible and create another axis in the structural to perform. The importance of

bending is to redirect like metals, glass, PVC, etc. to other direction. To bend the

structure, heating the part of the structure were the bend will happen then after a few

heat bend can perform as well, or bending can perform just to bend the other side of

the structure while the other side can't/unable to move or etc.

Installing data cable is an ability or skill of a person to connect the wires in the

given port in diagram such an Ethernet data cable or antenna cable to given port that

written in a diagram.

On the architecture and interior design student-learning contract, a student's skill

level is determined by the examiner's identifying at which level a student is engaging

in the task or topic area. This reflects the fact that design professionals of all experience

level in the same type of activities, such as programing or drawing construction

documents-but depending on their experience level, they engaged in this activities in

different ways.

The student begins with the fundamentals of electricity and wiring of simple
circuits, then, progresses to residential interior wiring, three-phase alternating current

power, and wiring of more complex circuits and equipment. Safety is stress as an

integral part of each shop task. Emphasis is located in wiring in accordance with the

provisions contained in the National Electrical Code.

Factors affecting skills acquisition. Parental involvement in a child’s education

along with environmental and economic factors may affect child development in areas

such as cognition, language, and social skills. Numerous studies in this area have

demonstrated the importance of family interaction and involvement in the years prior to

entering school (Bergsten, 1998; Hill, 2001; Wynn, 2002).

Probuch & Rangenam (1984) found that factors affecting intelligence were genetic

socio-economic environment, nutritional and psychological. Any of these factors in any

combination may effect intellectual development the relative contributions of genetic

factors is 80% as against environmental factors being 20%.

Farely and Rosnow (1975), studied the responsible factors for schooling. The

responsible factors for schooling were found to be, to learn, to prepare for later life and

the future and to get the job.

Research literature
 This aspect of the study shows the different studies; both local and foreign which are relevant

to the present study.

Students are individuals who play a key role in producing graduates who have high

technical skills uplift the name of the university in the field of electrical and

maintenance. Most students do not associate the work with curriculum requirements

contained in school. They only learn what teachers say and only enshrined in the

syllabus. Only a handful of students who think and explore existing knowledge to make

themselves conversant with learning something either theoretically or practically. Thus,

there are three factors to the attention of researchers associated with the relationship

between students and skills. These factors are the methods, procedures and

techniques to aspects of technical skill itself. As a result of these things, the study

should be conducted to determine the level of readiness of students of the polytechnic

technical skills include methods, procedures and techniques for forming workability and

the existence of different levels of readiness among male and female before stepping

into the field of work.

According to Kumazhege et. Al. (2014), he conclude that there are some factor

which affect the academic and technical skills of the learner. According to the

perception of their technical teacher’s Adamawa Nigeria. They suggest that their

government must give their students adequate facilities, laboratories and develop the
teacher-training program of technical teachers.

According to Camarao (1998), defined technology education as those educational

or learning activities created to develop simultaneously the technical skills and

academic standard of the student.

Samartha and Begum (2014), the stress is unavoidable in any occupation and

banking in no exception this study found the factors such as performance, inadequate

planning at workplace, change to adaptability.

Synthesis

The research literature was composed of different studies, which are relevant to

the study. Those important details was take mainly from published and unpublished

theses and research journals that provide the researchers a better understanding of

their study.

Electrical Installation and Maintenance is one of the Vocational Courses under the

K-12. An electrician is a tradesman specializing in electrical wiring of buildings,

transmission lines, stationary machines, and related equipment. Electricians can be

employ in the installation of new electrical components or the maintenance and repair

of existing electrical infrastructure.[1] Electricians may also specialize in wiring ships,

airplanes, and other mobile platforms, as well as data and cable lines.
 Kenya Technical Training College (KTTC) started later.It trained teachers for

technical and vocational skills to be taught in secondary schools. Jomo Kenyatta

College of Agriculture and Technology was founded. In 1988, it was upgraded to aUniversity

college offering agriculture and engineering. A polytechnic training youths in

vocational skills was opened in Eldoret before the end of 1987. However, these

colleges were for those who passed secondary education.

Charlton and David (1990), point out that one of the most important factors that

influence academic outcome is a positive attitudinal approach to pupils performance

rather than a negative attitudinal imposition of punishment for poor result. When

trainers reward good performance of their students, they continue to do well. However,

punishment imposed on learners because of poor performance is a sign of negative

attitude and exposes learners to continue performing poorly.

\
Summary

Student are individuals who play role key in producing graduates who have high

technical skills uplift the name of the university is the field of electrical and maintenance.

The students need more advantage to do something in the field of EIM. The student

who undergo in college with the skill of EIM can take it to his/her entire life for better

future of the students who need attention for their skills. The factors that affecting the

skills acquisition are very important to know to avoid misunderstanding and conflicts in

their future job. The attitude of the learner can affect too in the skills of the students.

Therefore, after being student, the attitude cannot provide a perfect understanding

about the problem and the result is lack of focus. Lack of focus cannot give an idea to

create something in the work. The reason is instead of thinking to how to solve the

problem, it think about another thing that did not connected to the problem. In the future,

the skills and performance of the student can approve by itself because of creating an

idea or the experience of him/his. Similarities of the EIM in other strand, the EIM skills

and knowledge are complicated in the field of electricity. Wiring, problem solving is the

skills that can apply in other strand that have a similarities in how you would do. The

differences of the EIM to other strand.

 Chapter III

Research methodology

This chapter includes the method of research to be used, the research locale,

subject population, instrument to be used, the gathering of data and statistical device

for the treatment of data.

Research design

This research used correlational research that aims to collect the information

regarding to the technical skills of the EIM students. Quantitative research was used to

find study with adequate and accurate interpretation and findings. This method

involved range from the survey on level of skills of EIM student .technical skills can be

acquire through technology education.

Respondent of the study

The present study used total population sampling which is a type of stratified

random sampling technique because only the EIM students from San Pascual Senior

High School 1 were considered as the respondents of the study. The study included a

total number of fifty (50) EIM respondents. In addition, target respondents were both

males and females.

Table 1 illustrates the distribution of respondents among the sections of Grade 12 EIM student.
 . Table 1

Respondents of the Study

Respondents Number of Number of

students Respondents

Ampere 45 8

Watt 47 11

Volt 44 7

Ohm 45 8

Total 181 34

Data Gathering Instrument

With the guidance of Practical Research and EIM teachers, the researchers

prepared a questionnaire to extend the knowledge about the topic and to find what

exactly struggling in skills of EIM students. It was presented to the validators for

modifications, suggestions, and further improvement.

The researchers constructed a questionnaire form for 34 students in of EIM

respondents that consisted of 25-checkbox list of which academic performance,

acquired skills and the factors that affecting skill acquisition.

The questionnaires were retrieved and responses were subjected to statistical analysis.
Data Gathering Procedure

A letter of request is create by the researchers and the researcher give it to the

head principal of the school in Balangkayan Senior High School 1. After approval from

the head principal, the researchers began to gather a data to the target respondents of

grade 12 EIM students.

Guidelines explanation and further clarification were given to the head of the

maintenance for he was the one who gave the said questionnaire and survey form to

the maintenance personnel. The researchers retrieved 100% of the questionnaires

distributed. The results were tallied, tabulated and treated statistically by the

researchers for the computation of the result. Then the results were carefully analyzed

and interpreted by the researchers.

Statistical treatment of data

In this study, the following statistical tools and techniques were used to assess

gathered data.

Frequency and Percentage. These were used to describe the profile of the respondents.

Weighted Mean. This was to determine the respondents have acquired the skills.

Rank. This was to determine the rank of the variables to know what variable is in

the top and in the bottom.