basic Opérational Concepts
CuAld oCA, R : LoCA+ [R,T
is oveSTr
7 aclivikyN in O Comptit
ineructio9s t Derform C qjve
Consising D
appoprziate. pd
Stem ed
fnsdru chol
In diudua naru are
he M mD too he phracetsoh
COhth eeccekes he peihcd instr
the
tnsd adde-he cpe
memoty locabioy A Ho a opere
ploced ot Ro places he
he r
K Teqis+esr
epa thvelved Fort he
Sleps executior of
memory he Prro Ceeco
)Nex,
11he operand a ocA ocrd
-Pechrd
dddedJe CarlenJy o
inall chonet e fregel1
Cao
be realin ed
ame
eqUence l -
he 2 énstrercttor)
Load OcA, R, R Doeh
Add RoRo+R
Jo a AioD o AL O Jhe co
Cincuiry he pnoCecdo Ce s 0o
severr a dderrnd
o e CeLed ferr
Punposes
aIalha s he rle o sneriectte
rreister 9
Jhe a cectHo) e holds he insireu
.e Courtrendly berng ccated 1's
olP s avcilable h Colre un s
Cohich al hat
enen edes mfng
Coc he VCtOtc Pro cétsing elements
nvelv e in e.ccdirighe ingmt
chon
emo
MAR MDR
Coro
Onit
PC ALU
Cpnneton betueen epruessor
2theememor
Puller nepslert User
Purpose,
he Prtooom Counler
pecalize
ei'ster cohich holdshe add ress
fhe net nstru beele ed
etcued
1
Poaly esler ocililae Commun
prto cessor coil6 he mem or
MAR T+ kelds he addrd
a he memoy o caie) o
be accets ed.
Memor Dala Keqister
.MDRR
T hold& e olo 4o be coridter
Coto nead oced ofJhe address
'nstmuCHo)
eXe cuio
leps o prto cam
Hhe memony
roq a s reside in
hrouoh
oetd he
there
esuall et
in put Ceni Sjarts
eohe
ram
i) PxecuHon dhe prco
htoe he res
PC s se o
poin}
insucHo) o he prre
The com Goote o s o he PC are
MAR zead
ttanstorure d to he
memon
Conreo) s sen! fo he
a
regturred
fo acdesss
( Aler e Hme
he memerty e lap seg, the Qddtess cwand
he memory lbded
Oud
Eac
(Oto he MBR
Content o MBR are anstercned
do he IR
Dmplex nsrueio)s egcuitre meree ha
One mc Cycle
A his Dor'n he nsr ucio s
tready o be deCo ded execute d.
L1 0g 12
forred pro qrea Computer (Von Veum an le
Storedp
Sqshem Bus Cocep
cised he slored
moder Comptterct
All esas inioally
Drtoqr am Cncept, eohich
h des tgo
eam of
ptoposed
1n&4ihcde
VoD e cuman.
made
Co mpter
Hepce om on
Von Vetomao ConceP+
he ConcepT
ored
JN
Compceinq
are as ooL
tol owt
hos dil pek od
1k
1, he
e Couer
Mem
ortiy Dni't
Cnis-
9.AL
CU
4 P uni
l p Uni
2. he pRoga cHered
om OO memON
Once a pr i o h e memor
7e
Computte Can xeccide outemeho
toi toervendion
the cu elches execcotet hee
('nsructions s e a e n Ce One
hoo ever his sequencral M e Ceoh
ho ever
Cao be maa:i ed by CerdaiO
5An fnsdruedie) Con mpolihy Jhe
Cendents oonq locatioi he
memON
System Bru
ombioe d egeher, ish noca) as
em es cohich onsiss of
Addnese B.us, Colel ud
dala ha
CPO MU /o Cen coorth ogethe
cohile Communiccutinq codh arh ohen
h eAhe have pdns o Conoet tin
he mo det es ogehe r
paths tohich
Cono0
Collechion o
Calledhe
he vetious medtles
Coten connecti o s Rutt He
COimes Calle
bus 's
qoP
MoVd necess Ay S'y a
CLsed
cmrtoicato
be medule
S s te m bees r's ol
Basically the
ype&
.Dode Bus
Addr ets Aus
SConrol a.
ATA bu
Consiets o
l 6 / 3 2 or
he olaha bu
1nes-(sqse tnes)
even morre p onalel
rre bidirrect/ona
he dala bus nes
to oatceme
ess o r (Dhe
bes s of
ptoc
S'tze be
data o hese
he CPU Cao read
CC
to es o rro orct
memon
o these Jioes to
scoell assend dasa
lo a porct
,memom lo c t i o o
lala bus is Con e cted io
he
all he peripherale
parall el o
port T0 porhs
DDRESS Bus .
s
is aC unidireelhioryi bus Conshng of
eve mone 0 o4 pandlle
Par le
6 P0 24 O
Sro no nen.
7 Cnhes e lines he CPO cends oul
Ae me tY o cohto o
t o e a d tr
.
to be oriteD
CONTROL Bos-
Coolnol ines regulate he arliv)-
he
conde S/qo ol
on he bok h . CPU
bul to enobe
he C6ntrro)
The olps o od dressed mer
device om porcd alen'c es
bus
Ihe liso pi cal Conwol
Sinals Qne as doll oe0L
Memomq Rea MEMR)
Memo Eadop ernaio lone cd he
oill 90 er
Acive
Memo tu CoMe (MEMN enabled
/0 Rend TOR)
Tlo rie. ( 10N
sBces Request)DMA Dirreed Mem
Pus Grto Access
ntercrcpl Kequey INTR
Neknoo ledgement inTh
cloc q alLk)
D Reset
1 eo dy
1 HoLTD
(HLD")
2 Hol d Acknowle dqement
. 09 12.
Saheme
bus nteroonne cttoo
Memorty
/1/o../
rocessor Memert
Coft
scheme
Bus interConnechon
MemoTL
MEM fy
Po CessoT|
3/nqje
ls uctwe
fiq
Snle
alunts
o a soqle bus ctrruettune
OUe Conn ected o he Comm o) us,
Colled sy8lem bus
Singlebus
only 2 C4nts
Hodever cth o
Con Communicate o i d h eoth other
cohere he bus Conral
ine e sed do iroee Cstol
posiho to anodh or),Mul
rom
one
cese of he bus
forc
04 enqle
7he maiy advaoda
Strr utdwne oo Cos h
leul o4achinq he periph
eyiceA
Anher Contro us rscesed as a
Centra Crthit touton , ohich Conmu
he podh don all he buscek.
Malhiple Pus SHructure
Processon k Cache
memotN
Hemot
JOCal 1 o
Contro ll es
SySTEM BUS
HHh pasio)
spedles Bas intenfacel HolemSerio
EX PANEIUN AUC
rtadiioga Bs Coniwrcuhin
SCsT Small Compeuterr syste
Jnten Con n ectioo.
hy nuliple but SHTuctuners. lesigrna
7 Jhe perfortmonoe. od Compuer sjem au
o evices are
coken lare
Cannec ed +he bu
be Couse o Hoo maok
h's
eas 6 n eices arne Conected
acohon moe
Coe nee d
he Comm o bus
o chun e he
}he bus Omon q h e s e
charig mehos
e vic es e
meehon'em Corot di ates he
Cse od he u s o dilenend
d e ices his CorordioaH o
a
inihe ime Called, as
ogunes
de laq, eðhen. Contra
prepagaio)
bus passes
othor device trreque0*
hese p p o ioo deloys
h oi cible 2 f l eot ho
pestjo rmance ol e Comuter
Syolem.
agrigak dada ranstorr
When the
eman d Ccppredhes the copati
h e b u s ma1 be Come
abo}ole nech ore cehich }he buu
hic Case h e
he bus isto be C'nCH eaLe d
coe have o Cased coie r useeg
0 12
. shortq o Evoleio o CPO's
Perdoremance o a
eas ceret n he
the
Computert.
upwand CompouHLli
1 a Compute is levee ped odter
hoc an odhe Cornpester is olevelope
e e 9n d Campuker mat have
Hhe feaunes o c Com puter
leve loped.
Reduceduse-re a ned mi n o mle cyo
Cisc-Comple ins Jrructio) se Compu
Pipe ltn noy
Le doide d4 to 2 pan
T
Ts2
Deca de o Go' s De code ol 7os ecade upto 8o's c to 9o's Summ Qsy
C
Seporate omilie. 7De code o mini Heaw use ooexgence af A lange veri-
coene developed fort mptuters Emptcal dala (o Super scalare e of ikuthog
ma
de' hiqh CPO devqn cvas saper pipe lto ed (mone tns. Rmere
Scienhsc. Campcs Bar |9CDc
Cpu's oaS ceen
Ho bueiness See voei oble Lengt6
oeEmerqence
of
COmpcuterrs mproveme aSHrte.
coiL
Compukrns beome lmple Dap! aatcoard
ntrroduced a r l e d to ex s rrutaf
oHeR pooertful y h e end o he m p
ment e PU chip e r e tnteroditeel
o erte de c o de mtllimedia
Poms Seper Compttdertsdesrqo pDeeSsoxe came ?¢peluninq
mote
Compl Ca led.7prmoc essors oeneEmercyence of c'ot feolune asdepeessim
dolodkecedouart dh e Ri&c.
Cepword Compti- he eod Archie 7 Emerroye nce ot Dnmaduete)t
oats Ctue toas c e e o , parallel compttees Cathe me mory,
ili yeaher Diqil equime nte NqgresVe cLsed s e s (o reqe no.
coa o dep ted Coperadio (TEc) Vircdeual memortq
o prrocessorn
IBM 36'o to H 37 pipe |inenq as hioh pe refer- enable la
odesuqohe loo Cos
Io or dert to cPO oa sen mance Comptein
imple Comptetres tort led o toas inttrodceces betoreed o)
ment mere 'nstmu ce s e s .
aboralo emporalm*a b t allaxuhy
keeptng he arch Eoergence o
Derterce of
pop toroduced Ilelism
Chune same, he all anqes of e eal wide weethe
eo o 20prgmi Qrea netonlus Cmbination o
mini Comptlterr
cTS d.
Cmplemen te
ico prrTm 7'
cot Meme vOcS epeD- tInterrConnef Modo memo
unit coas'proposed Sive d/'eu a s
Kcoas l wat Comaders cans
im plemenncCessai to l e v e l addn
ei Tet Mles reduce Seen aole memorry.
onov aHoO oA J/0 So ver mall fnste Benne o f
pr d essorrL D a s wene ro duued.
Seen to coorck
operratioy
Parlle)y codh Ahe HLLteplaied s4lemallo
CP'S V assenbly lonq usae
m u l p e usents
h e sdea o MA7atempko ad4
operaHioD coas fatmu o dhe Computen
qlso c'mpleme>el insdruuSed o Coteracttvely,
Omp. So ho
Coch HLL nstrus
cos eqwvalert o
One tnsdrru cio)
elee9ttivelenB4
ncneased, i 1s o
