Evaluation methods are used to judge student learning and understanding of the material for
purposes of grading and reporting. Tools and techniques of evaluation are critically examines a
subject and then assigns a grade or some other type of formal result based on how well they
performed. Here we are going to learn all the tools and techniques of evaluation which will help
us understand evaluation.
Tools & Techniques of Evaluation
The process of evaluation includes a versatile array of tools and techniques designed to
comprehensively assess individuals, projects, or outcomes. The strategic integration of these
tools and techniques allows for a multifaceted and nuanced (micro) evaluation, ensuring a
holistic understanding of the subject under scrutiny.
TOOLS TECHNIQUES
1. Checklist 1. Self Reporting
2. Rating Scale 2. Testing
3. Questionnaire 3. Observation
4. Inventory 4. Interview
5. Schedule 5. Case study
6. Anecdotal Record 6. Sociometry
7. Cumulative Record 7. Projective Techniques
8. Tests
TOOLS OF EVALUATION
1. Checklist: A checklist is a list of items for consideration. They can be in the form of questions
or actions to be carried out. They can have a scoring system or they can collect comments.
Checklists can speed up the collection of information by using tick-boxes and rating scales. They
need to be carefully designed to make sure that when they are completed, the results are reliable
and true.
2. Rating Scale
Used to classify opinions and judgments regarding situations, objects etc
Rating scale refers to a scale with a set of points which describes varying degrees of the
dimension of an attribute being observed
3. Questionnaire
It is a device in the form of questions or statements
Used for collecting factual data.
It is a systematic compilation of questions that are submitted to the person about which
information is desired.
4. Anecdotal Record
It’s a record of informal teacher observations regarding the pupil.
It’s a record of factual descriptions of significant events in the pupil’s life.
An event in the anecdotal record is known as ‘ Anecdotal’( some small incident, episodes).
5. Cumulative Record
It’s a record of the complete history of the pupil
It’s recorded cumulatively from period to period
It gives information about physical, intellectual, social, scholastic, personality etc.
6. Tests
A most popular and important tool for collecting data for evaluation.
Classified into three
Oral tests
Written tests
Performance test.
Types of tests
1. Norm-Referenced Tests
2. Criterion-Referenced Tests
3. Teacher Made Tests
4. Standardised Tests
Techniques of Evaluation
Self Reporting
Testing
Observation
Interview
Case Study
Sociometry
Projective Techniques
1. Self Reporting
React to items concerning his behaviour or characteristics.
Used for measuring traits like interest, adjustment, attitude etc.
Obtained through a checklist, questionnaire, rating scale etc.
2. Testing
Commonly used technique of evaluation.
Mainly focused on cognitive traits.
Testing is an evaluation technique by which we can measure the characteristics such as
knowledge, skill, intelligence, aptitude etc. of an individual or a group in a particular situation as
objectively as possible.
Purpose of Testing
Assessment of the present status of an individual
Expressing probability of future success
Diagnosing the causes of the lack of expected performance
For remedial measures
For academic or vocational guidance
Classification and comparison of individual or group
Undertaking research to answer various questions
3. Observation
Not mere looking
It’s the purposeful, goal-oriented perception of an object or situation
The teacher observes the behaviors of the student, if any relevant feature noticed in the behavior
should be recorded as objectively as possible.
In observation subjectivity of the observer will be often reflected in the judgment.
Different types of observation
Controlled observation/Experiment: Observation under controlled
Uncontrolled observation: Observation of events as they naturally occur.
Participatory observation: Observe the students by the observer while participating in the same
activity with the students.
Non-participatory observation: Observing the students by the observer while not participating in
the same activity with the students.
Merits
Natural & Flexible
Economical
Easy to implement
Can be used for all ages
Demerits
Not possible in all conditions
Highly subjective (biased)
Not accurate
It fails when the individual hides the actual behaviour.
4. Interview
Used to gather information in a face-to-face situation regarding an individual’s experience,
opinion, beliefs, feelings, etc.
It’s a conversation with a purpose
Types of Interviews
Structured Interviews – Questions are pre-planned by the interviewer – It is systematic
Unstructured Interviews – Questions are not pre-planned by the interviewer – It is flexible
5. Case Study
It is the in-depth study of a case such as an individual, a family, a community, an institution or a
group
It aims to solve the deep-rooted problems
Merits
Gives a holistic picture of an individual
Helps to solve the problem.
Productive in nature
Demerits
Subjective
Time-consuming
Generalization is not possible
6. Sociometry
L. Moreno developed.
It is used for describing the social preferences of individuals in a group.
It reveals the social acceptance of an individual & their interpersonal relationship within group.
It will help the teacher to identify some star, jewel and any difficulties of students in group.
7. Projective Techniques
Used in personality assessment
Used to collect data which cannot be collected directly from the individual
It helps to project one’s inner feelings in an unconscious manner
Examples for Projective Techniques
Rorschach’s Ink Blot Test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Word Association Test (WAT)
Sentence Completion Test
Children’s Apperception Test (CAT
