Qualification: Level 5 TEFL – Unit 2

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Qualification / Unit: 2

Candidate Name: MOHAMMAD AMIN BELAL ALRAHABNH

Assessor Name: SALOMEH ELAHI

Final Submission Date: 18/5

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UNIT 2 – UNDERSTANDING ENGLISH GRAMMAR

LEVEL 5 CREDITS 5 GLH 27

1. Understand word classes and their uses in English grammar

This assignment addresses assessment criteria 1.1

1.1 Analyse the functions of, word classes. Then complete the following exercise.

English is enriched with literature and grammar, but there is an interesting subject in it called
word classes and there are eight-word classes in the English language, so reading this essay will
help understanding word classes in grammar.

English has four major word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. They have many
thousands of members, and new nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are often created. Nouns
are the most common type of word, followed by verbs. Adjectives are less common and adverbs
are even less common. But the other four are determiners, pronouns, prepositions, and
conjunctions. First of all, nouns. A noun is a word that describes a person, place, thing, or idea.
Examples of nouns include names, locations, objects in the physical world, or objects and concepts
that do not exist in the physical world; for example, a dream or a theory. But making a sentence
requires fifty to one hundred percent of all the word classes, so nouns cannot make a sentence

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alone. It would require verbs to step in to fill the grammar gaps in it but the question that comes
in here is what the verbs are, what is the definition of verbs: Verbs are words that show action
(sing), occurrence (develop), or state of being (exist). Almost every sentence requires a verb. The
basic form of a verb is known as its infinitive. The forms call, love, break, and go are all infinitives.
While an adjective is simply just a word that describes nouns, it comes behind a noun to describe
it. Yet there comes the adjective where an adverb is a word that delineates a verb. Those were the
four main word classes in the English language, but nonetheless, there are still four more word
classes left: pronouns, prepositions, determiners, and conjunctions. A pronoun is a word that is
used instead of a noun or a noun phrase. However, a preposition is a word or group of words used
before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial
relationships, or to introduce an object. When it arrives at a determiner, it is a word placed in
front of a noun to specify a quantity. However, modern theorists of grammar tend to distinguish
determiners as a separate word class from adjectives, which are simple modifiers of nouns,
expressing attributes of the thing referred to. And last but not least, the eighth-word class
conjunctions. Conduction IS a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words
in the same clause, or nouns. Left: phrase. However, conjunctions. Conduction

It is better to acknowledge the word classes, because when a learner adds the word classes to the
human mind, it becomes easy for the knowledge receiver to check sentences, write them and
understand them.

Examples for word classes in English language

1. Verbs are action or state words like: run, work, study, be, seem.
2. Nouns are words for people, places or things like:mother, town, Rome, car, dog.
3. Adjectives are words that describe nouns, like: kind, clever, expensive.
4. Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs, like: quickly, back, ever,
badly, away generally, completely.
5. Determiners are a word that introduces a noun. It always comes before a noun, not after,
and it also comes before any other adjectives used to describe the noun. E.g. The bunny went
home, or I ate the chocolate cookie for dessert.
6. Prepositions are words usually in front of a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to
another word or element, like: after, down, near, of, plus, round.
7. Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns, like: me, you, his, it, this, that, mine,
yours, who, what.
8. Conjunctions are a word that joins words, phrases, clauses or sentences, like: but, and, yet,
or, because, nor, although, since, unless, while, where.

words463

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Look at the sentence below and identify the 15 parts of speech using the key given. You will need
to use some of the abbreviations more than once.

A really good teacher thinks hard about likely errors and then he/she plans the lesson carefully.
Word classes:
noun (n.) verb (v.) adjective (adj.) adverb (adv.) pronoun (pron.)
article (art.) conjunction (conj.) preposition (prep.)

A really good teacher thinks hard about likely

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)
errors and then he/she plans the lesson carefully
i) j) k) l) m) n) o) p)

2. Understand tense, person and number in English grammar

This assignment addresses assessment criteria 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

2.1 Interpret the different ways in which tenses are formed and used in English
grammar

Tenses are one of the most if not the most important structures in English grammar.

English has only two ways of forming a tense from the verb alone: the past and the
present. To form other verb tenses, it is implied to add a form of having, be, or will
in front of the verb. These are called helping, or auxiliary verbs. Each of these tenses
can take four main aspects: simple, perfect, continuous (also known as progressive),
and perfect continuous. But overall, there are twelve tenses, so allow the mind to
read this essay to find out the tenses and their function. Present simple: used for
facts, generalizations, and truths that are not affected by the passage of time, past
simple: used for events completed in the past, future simple: used for events to be
completed in the future, present perfect: used to describe events that began in the

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past and are expected to continue, or to emphasize the relevance of past events to
the present moment, past perfect: used to describe events that happened prior to
other events in the past, future perfect: used to describe events that will be
completed between now and a specific point in the future, present continuous :
used to describe currently ongoing (usually temporary) actions, past continuous:
used to describe ongoing past events, often in relation to the occurrence of another
event, future continuous : used to describe future events that are expected to
continue over a period of time, present perfect continuous: used to describe events
that started in the past and continue into the present or were recently completed,
emphasizing their relevance to the present moment, past perfect continuous: used
to describe events that began, continued, and ended in the past, emphasizing their
relevance to a past moment, future perfect continuous: used to describe events that
will continue up until a point in the future, emphasizing their expected duration.

Tenses are the heart of verbs, so it is a must to learn them and understand them.

*Examples of tenses in the English language*.

Tense Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Present simple I have a car. I do not have a car Do I have a car?

Present You are playing You are not Are you playing
continuous football now. playing football football now?
now
Present perfect They have been They have not Have they been
there. been there there?

Present perfect I have been living I have not been Have they been
continuous here. living here living here?

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Past simple I have lived in I did not live in Did I live in

London. London London?

Past continuous I was playing. I was not playing Was I playing?

Past perfect He had worked. He had not Had he worked?

worked

Past perfect I had been I had not been Had I been

continuous watching. watching watching?

Future simple I will come. I will not come Will I come in?

Future continuous I will be playing I will not be Will I be playing

basketball. playing basketball basketball?

Future perfect He will have He will not have Will he have

finished. finished finished?

Future perfect We will have been We will not have Will we have been
continuous starting. been starting starting?

493 words.

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2.2 Interpret the ways in which person is indicated in English grammar

Person is a very important part of English grammar, so it is needed from the learner
to understand it.

In English grammar, the category of person (etymology from the Latin persona,
"mask") identifies the relationship between a subject and its verb, showing whether
the subject is speaking about itself (first person), being spoken to (second person) or
being spoken about (third person). There are three types of persons in English
grammar and a person refers to the relationship that an author has with the text
that he or she writes, and with the reader of that text. English has three-person
types in grammar (first, second, and third). But however, in formal writing, the
writer cannot use the first, second and third person. As In grammar , a person is the
way of referring to someone taking part in an event, such as the person talking,
the person being talked to, the person being talked about. Grammatical persons are
accomplished by pronouns, words used to take the place of a noun, in order to make
speech easier. Also, A personal pronoun is a short word we use as a simple substitute for
the proper name of a person. Each of the English personal pronouns shows us the
grammatical person, gender, number, and case of the noun it replaces. I, you, he, she, it,
we they, me, him, her, us, and them are all personal pronouns. But when it comes to
identifying person in grammar it is needed to use these instructions, first person includes
the speaker (English: I, we, me, and us), second person is the person or people spoken to
(English: you), and third person includes all that are not listed above (English: he, she, it,
they, etc.) Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal
pronouns.

The first, second, and third person are an interesting topic in grammar and very
helpful when using them.

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*And here are more examples of person in the English language*

I, me, my, mine, myself, we, our, ours, ourselves — First person. You, your,
yours, yourself — Second person. She, her, hers, herself, he, him, his,
himself, they, them, themselves, their, theirs — Third person. And when it
comes to writing in first person point of view the narrator is a character in the story
telling it from their perspective. In third person point of view the narrator is not part of the
story and the characters never acknowledge the narrator's presence.

405 words.

2.3 Interpret the ways in which number is indicated in English grammar

Numbers are a salient factor in the English language, but when it gets to grammar,
numbers are supreme.

Number is a grammatical category. In English, the two number categories are singular
and plural. These two categories relate to nouns, pronouns, determiners, and verbs. In
other words, a noun, a pronoun, a determiner, or a verb can be described as singular or
plural. But when it comes to indicating numbers In English grammar, the number refers
to the grammatical contrast between singular (the concept of one) and plural (more
than one) forms of nouns, pronouns, determiners, and verbs. Although most English
nouns form the plural by adding -s or -es to their singular forms, there are numerous
exceptions. But how is number indicated in English grammar? In English grammar,
the word number refers to the distinction between singular and plural. Number
applies to nouns, pronouns, verbs, and adjectives too. Whether a noun, pronoun,
verb, or adjective exists as a singular or as a plural in a sentence is depicted by its

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number. Also, in grammar, the number refers to the count of a noun or pronoun.
Example: Boy-boys, wife-wives, it-they, etc.

Now, after acknowledging the use of numbers in English grammar, it would be

nothing but a piece of cake to use them in the English language.

More examples about numbers in the incredibly fascinating mind-blowing English

language.

Plural numbers are used when the noun refers to more than one item. Countable nouns
have both singular and plural forms. Uncountable nouns and mass nouns do not normally
have a plural form. For an example (boys, girls, men, women, balls, chairs, and words)
and many more.
Singular number is used when the noun refers to only one item. For an Example (boy, girl,
man, woman, ball, chair, and word.) and many more.

301 words.

3. Understand syntax and punctuation in English grammar

This assignment addresses assessment criteria 3.1, 3.2

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3.1 Explain the principles of English syntax, including how phrases and sentences are
typically structured

Grammar is the system of structuring a language in order to optimize

comprehension. There are two categories within grammar: syntax is how words and
phrases are arranged to create sentences, and punctuation is the system of marks
used to separate sentences or clauses and to clarify meaning.

For any language, syntax, and structure usually go hand in hand, where a set of
specific rules, conventions, and principles govern the way words are combined into
phrases; phrases get combined into clauses, and clauses get combined into
sentences. In English, words usually combine together to form other constituent
units. These constituents include words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.
Considering the sentence, “The brown fox is quick and he is jumping over the lazy
dog”, it is made of a bunch of words and just looking at the words by themselves
does not tell the reader much. Knowledge about the structure and syntax of the
language is helpful in many areas, like text processing, annotation, and parsing for
further operations such as text classification or summarization. A coordinate clause
is an independent clause that is connected to another one of equal importance,
often with a conjunction such as 'and', 'but', or 'or'. However, how does a reader
analyze a sentence? It can be analyzed by reading the sentence and finding the
subject and predicate. These are the most basic components of a sentence and are
easy to identify. Think of the subject as the doer of the sentence and the predicate
as a description of what is being done. All complete sentences have a subject and
predicate. But what is the use of standard English punctuation: Punctuation is the
system of signs or symbols given to a reader to show how a sentence is constructed
and how it should be read? Sentences are the building blocks used to construct
written accounts. They are complete statements. Punctuation shows how the
sentence should be read and makes the meaning clear.

After having and understanding this information in the human mind, nothing can
stop the person from becoming an expert in writing.

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More examples that help Understanding syntax and punctuation in English

grammar.

There are two categories within grammar: syntax is how words and phrases are arranged
to create sentences, and punctuation is the system of marks used to separate sentences
or clauses and to clarify meaning.
And There are 14 punctuation mark names that are commonly used in English grammar
that children to learn and understand in primary education. They are the period, question
mark, exclamation point, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, hyphen, parentheses, brackets,
braces, apostrophe, quotation marks, and ellipsis.
What are the 4 types of syntax?
Aswell there are four Sentence Types in the English Language
 Simple sentences.
 Compound sentences.
 Complex sentences.
 Compound-complex sentences.

459 words.

3.2 Analyse common sentence types and clause co- ordination

Analyzing common sentence types and clause coordination would require a unique
state of mind, so be the type of creature to analyze it by resuming the reading.

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What are the three types of clauses for a sentence?

There are three basic forms of a clause that can be used in a sentence. These include
a main/ independent clause, a subordinate clause, the adjective clause, and the
noun clause. While the independent clause could be used by itself as a complete
sentence, the subordinate clause cannot. Notwithstanding the fact that
coordination means combining two sentences or ideas that are of equal value.
Subordination means combining two sentences or ideas in a way that makes one
more important than the other. Using these strategies will help add variety to the
sentences the person would write. Although A coordinate clause is made when
someone connects two independent clauses that are of equal importance. These
clauses are connected by coordinating conjunctions, such as 'and', 'but', or 'or'. For
example, in the sentence 'He died, and she married again.

Now, after acquiring that state of mind, it is unfeasible not to analyze a common
sentence type and clause coordination.

More examples explaining how to Analyse common sentence types and clause co-
ordination.
A coordinating conjunction is a word that links two independent clauses to make a
compound sentence. There are seven coordinating conjunctions in the English language:
For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet and So. I like sandwiches, but my sister likes fish and chips.
Examples of Coordinating Conjunction:
 Alex stood first and got a prize.
 Robin and Russel went the beach.
 Sleep now or you will miss the class tomorrow.
 Robin did not try hard so he did not succeed.
 He is sad but not broken.
 Rita, as well as Shaun, came here yesterday.

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 Shaun played well still he lost.

How many types of sentences in detail with examples?

 Declarative sentences make a statement. They tell us something. ...
 Interrogative sentences ask a question. They ask us something. ...
 Imperative sentences give a command. ...
 Exclamative sentences express strong emotion/surprise—an exclamation—and
they always end with an exclamation mark/point (!).

352 words.

3.3Explain the use of standard English punctuation in all common conte

Understanding the use of standard English punctuation in all common conte is an easy thing to
sync in the mind of an upper mediate English student while for an intermediate learner It is a little
difficult to understand so by going in every word in this essay would help to understand it.

Punctuation shows how the sentence should be read and makes the meaning clear. Every
sentence should include at least a capital letter at the start, and a full stop, exclamation mark or
question mark at the end. This basic system indicates that the sentence is complete. Also,
Punctuation is the tool that allows us to organize our thoughts and make it easier to review and
share our ideas. The standard English punctuation is as follows: period, comma, apostrophe,
quotation, question, exclamation, brackets, braces, parenthesis, dash, hyphen, ellipsis, colon,
semicolon. But the question is what is a standard punctuation? Standard punctuation is stuff like
comma, semicolon and colon. Although it would be more favorable to use closed punctuation with
abbreviations, introductory greetings or a letter closing. An example would be when writing “Dear
Mr. Bob,” or sign a letter “Sincerely,” it is preferred to use a comma after both phrases, different
from open punctuation. So, in a nutshell, closed punctuation uses terminal punctuation marks,
while open punctuation leaves them out. Terminal punctuation refers to the commas and colons
you typically use at the end of phrases, such as the colon after the salutation and a comma after
the complimentary close.

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Now after acquiring the knowledge that was written above, it would just require some practice to
sync the use of standard English punctuation in all common conte and just a reminder that practice
makes perfect.

And here with more examples explaining the awesome way of the use of standard English
punctuation in all common conte.

punctuation mark name example

full stop or period I like English.

. comma I speak English, French

,
and Thai.

semi-colon I don't often go

;
swimming; I prefer to play
tennis.

colon You have two choices:

:
finish the work today or
lose the contract.

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hyphen This is a rather out-of-date

book.

dash In each town—London,

Paris and Rome—we
stayed in youth hostels.

question mark Where is Shangri-La?

? exclamation mark "Help!" she cried. "I can't

!
exclamation point (AmE) swim!"

slash, forward slash or Please press your

/
oblique browser's Refresh/Reload
button.

backslash C:\Files\jo.doc

\ double quotation marks "I love you," she said.

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single quotation marks 'I love you,' she said.

apostrophe This is John's car.

underline Have you read Harry

Potter?

underscore b_l@cia.gov

round brackets I went to Bangkok (my

favorite city) and stayed
there for two weeks.

square brackets The newspaper reported

that the hostages [most of
them French] had been
released.
ellipsis mark One happy customer
wrote: "This is the best
program...that I have ever
seen."

465 words

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1) BIBLIOGRAPHY:

a) Books I referred to...

b) Websites I referred to...

Word Class Definition and Examples (thoughtco.com)

Number in Grammar | Number and Person - English Grammar

(thenewdaylearning.com)

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