Biologi Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

Jawapan Bab 13

13.1 Homeostasis
Homeostasis

1. (a) Pengawalaturan faktor fizikal dan faktor kimia persekitaran dalam pada julat yang normal supaya sel
berfungsi dalam keadaan optimum.
The regulation of physical and chemical factors of the internal environment within normal ranges for the cell to function in optimum
conditions.

(b) Mekanisme yang mengesan penyimpangan daripada julat normal, dan membawa tindakan yang
mengembalikan nilai kepada julat normal.
A mechanism that detects a move away from the normal range, and brings about actions that take the value back towards the
normal range.

2. (a) E (sistem integumen/ integumentary system)

A (sistem saraf/ nervous system)
F (sistem peredaran darah/ circulatory system)
G (sistem otot/ muscular system)
B (sistem endokrin/ endocrine system)
(b) B (sistem endokrin/ endocrine system)
F (sistem peredaran darah/ circulatory system)
C (sistem pencernaan/ digestive system)
(c) H (sistem respirasi/ respiratory system)
F (sistem peredaran darah/ circulatory system)
A (sistem saraf/ nervous system)
(d) F (sistem peredaran darah/ circulatory system)
A (sistem saraf/ nervous system)
(e) F (sistem peredaran darah/ circulatory system)
B (sistem endokrin/ endocrine system)
D (sistem perkumuhan/ excretory system)

3. Suhu badan terlalu tinggi Suhu badan terlalu rendah

Body temperature too high Body temperature too low

(a) Otot regang mengendur Kulit (a) Otot regang mengecut .

Erector muscles relax Skin Erector muscles contract .

(b) Bulu roma condong ke permukaan (b) Bulu roma menegak .

kulit Hairs stand erect .
Hairs lie flat on the skin

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(c) Arteriol mengembang . Pemvasodilatan (c) Arteriol mencerut . Pemvasocerutan

berlaku. berlaku.
Arterioles dilate . Vasodilation occurs. Arterioles constrict . Vasoconstriction occurs.

(d) Perpeluhan meningkat . (d) Perpeluhan berkurang .

Sweating increases . Sweating reduces .

(e) Otot rangka kurang mengecut dan (e) Otot rangka mengecut dan
mengendur. Otot mengendur .
Skeletal muscles contract and relax less . rangka Skeletal muscles contract and relax .
Skeletal
Badan tidak menggigil . muscles Badan menggigil .
The body does not shiver . Shivering occurs.

(f ) Kelenjar adrenal kurang dirangsang. (f ) Kelenjar adrenal dirangsang .

Adrenal gland is less stimulated. Kelenjar Adrenal gland is stimulated .
Kurang adrenal Lebih hormon adrenalina
hormon adrenalina Adrenal
dirembes. gland dirembes.
Less adrenaline secreted. More adrenaline secreted.

(g) Kelenjar tiroid tidak dirangsang . (g) Kelenjar tiroid dirangsang .

Kelenjar
Thyroid gland is not stimulated . Thyroid gland is stimulated .
tiroid
Kurang hormon tiroksina dirembes. Thyroid Lebih hormon tiroksina dirembes.
Less gland More
thyroxine secreted. thyroxine secreted.

4.
Kesan awal pada kepekatan darah
Early effect on blood concentration
Peristiwa
Event
Glukosa Insulin Glukagon
Glucose Insulin Glucagon

(a) Makan makanan mengandungi sukrosa Bertambah Bertambah Berkurang

Consume food containing sucrose Increases Increases Decreases

(b) Makan makanan mengandungi protein Tiada kesan Tiada kesan Tiada kesan
sahaja No effect No effect No effect
Consume food containing protein only

(c) Makan makanan mengandungi kanji Bertambah Bertambah Berkurang

Consume food containing starch Increases Increases Decreases

(d) Puasa Berkurang Berkurang Bertambah

Fasting Decreases Decreases Increases

(e) Bersenam Berkurang Berkurang Bertambah

Exercising Decreases Decreases Increases

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5. Suap balik negatif

Negative feedback

Sel adipos / Adipose cells

Glukosa ➞ lemak
Glucose ➞ fats
Aras
glukosa Insulin
Sel β Sel hati / Liver cells Aras glukosa
darah Insulin
Blood pankreas Glukosa ➞ glikogen darah
glucose level β cells in menurun
pancreas Glucose ➞ glycogen Blood glucose
(>110 mg/
decreases
100 ml)
Sel lain / Other cells
Pengambilan glukosa
Glucose uptake

Aras glukosa darah normal

Normal blood glucose level
(75 – 110 mg/ 100 ml)

Sel adipos / Adipose cells

Aras Penguraian lemak
Glukagon
glukosa Breakdown of fats
Sel α Glucagon Aras glukosa darah
darah
Blood pankreas meningkat
glucose level α cells in Blood glucose increases
pancreas Sel hati / Liver cells
(<75 mg/
Glikogen ➞ glukosa
100 ml)
Glycogen ➞ glucose

Suap balik negatif

Negative feedback

13.2 Sistem Urinari

Urinary System

1. Vena kava/ Vena cava Aorta/ Aorta

Arteri renal/ Renal artery
Ginjal/ Kidney Vena renal/ Renal vein

Ureter/ Ureter

Pundi kencing/ Bladder

Uretra/ Urethra

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2. 1 Tubul berlingkar proksimal / Proximal convoluted tubule

2 Kapsul Bowman / Bowman’s capsule
3 Glomerulus / Glomerulus
4 Liku Henle / Loop of Henle
5 Tubul berlingkar distal / Distal convoluted tubule
6 Kapilari darah / Blood capillary
7 Duktus pengumpul / Collecting duct

Bahagian / Part
Struktur manakah terletak di korteks ginjal? 1, 2, 3
Which structures are located in the cortex of the kidney?
Struktur manakah terletak di medula ginjal? 4, 6, 7
Which structures are located in the medulla of the kidney?
Struktur manakah dihubungkan dengan pelvis renal? 7
Which structure is connected to renal pelvis?
Di struktur manakah ultraturasan berlaku? 2, 3
In which structure does ultrafiltration take place?

3. (a) Ultraturasan (b) Penyerapan semula memilih (c) Zon B

Ultrafiltration
Selective reabsorption
Zone B
(d) (i) Ion natrium (ii) Pengangkutan aktif
Sodium ions
Active transport
(iii) Bendalir tisu di medula (iv) Aldosteron
Tissue fluid in medulla Aldosterone

(e) Hipotonik (f ) Air (g) Liku Henle
Hypotonic
Water
Loop of Henle

4.
Komponen Bendalir di dalam ureter Bendalir di dalam arteri renal
Component Liquid contained in the ureter Liquid contained in the renal artery

Protein Tiada Ada

Proteins Absent Present

Natrium klorida Ada Ada

Sodium chloride Present Present

Glukosa Tiada Ada

Glucose Absent Present

Asid amino Tiada Ada

Amino acids Absent Present

Urea Ada Ada

Urea Present Present

Air Ada Ada

Water Present Present

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5.
Tekanan osmosis darah / Blood osmotic pressure
Dikesan oleh / Detected by

Osmoreseptor di hipotalamus
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
Meningkat / Increases Menurun / Decreases

Kelenjar pituitari
Pituitary gland
Merembes lebih ADH. Merembes kurang ADH.
Releases more ADH. Releases less ADH.

Tubul berlingkar distal dan duktus pengumpul

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

Dinding menjadi lebih telap terhadap air. Dinding menjadi kurang telap terhadap air.
Wall becomes more permeable to water. Wall becomes less permeable to water.

Lebih banyak air diserap semula ke dalam darah Kurang air diserap semula ke dalam darah
More water reabsorbed into blood Less water reabsorbed into blood

Isi padu air kencing sedikit Isi padu air kencing banyak
Low volume of urine High volume of urine

Air kencing yang lebih pekat terhasil Air kencing yang lebih cair terhasil
Very concentrated urine formed Less concentrated urine formed

Tekanan osmosis darah normal / Normal blood osmotic pressure

6. Eksperimen
Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
(a) Dimanipulasikan: Isi padu air yang diminum
Manipulated: Volume of water intake
(b) Bergerak balas: Isi padu air kencing yang dikumpul
Responding: Volume of urine collected
(c) Dimalarkan: Jenis minuman, umur murid dan selang masa pengumpulan air kencing
Fixed: Type of drink, age of pupil and time interval of urine collection

Perbincangan / Discussions:
1. Semakin banyak air yang diminum, semakin besar jumlah air kencing dihasilkan. Ini kerana tekanan
osmotik darah menurun apabila lebih banyak air diminum, menyebabkan kurang air diserap semula dan
akibatnya lebih banyak air kencing dikeluarkan.
The larger the volume of water consumed, the larger the volume of urine excreted. This is because the blood osmotic pressure decreases
when more water is consumed. This results in less water being reabsorbed and consequently more urine is excreted.

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2. Jika murid A diberi minum 100 ml larutan natrium klorida 5%, isi padu air kencing yang dihasilkan semakin
berkurangan kerana tekanan osmosis darah semakin bertambah. Maka, lebih banyak air diserap semula
ke dalam kapilari darah.
If student A is given 100 ml of 5% sodium chloride solution, the amount of urine produced will be reduced because the blood osmotic
pressure is increased causing to more water being reabsorbed into the blood capillary.

Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
Semakin banyak isi padu air yang diminum, semakin banyak isi padu air kencing yang dihasilkan. Hipotesis
diterima.
The higher the volume of water intake the higher the volume of urine produced. The hypothesis is accepted.

13.3 Isu Kesihatan Berkaitan Sistem Urinari

Health Issues Related to the Urinary System

1.
Masalah Pembentukan batu karang
Disorder Kidney stone formation

Simptom Kesakitan semasa kencing

Symptoms Pain during urination

Sebab Pepejal berhablur, seperti kalsium fosfat dalam ginjal.

Causes Crystallised solids, such as calcium phosphate form in kidney

Pencegahan / rawatan • Minum air secukupnya / Drink sufficient water

Prevention / treatments • Gelombang ultrasonik / Ultrasonic sound waves
• Pembedahan / Surgery

Praktis SPM 13

KERTAS 1
1. D 2. B 3. B 4. C

KERTAS 2
Bahagian A
1. (a) 0.5 hingga 4 jam / 0.5 to 4 hours
(b) • Glukosa darah dituras ke dalam tubul ginjal.
Blood glucose is filtered into kidney tubule.
• Dalam jangka masa ini, aras glukosa dalam hasil turasan glomerulus lebih tinggi dari had untuk
penyerapan semula glukosa.
In this period, the glucose level in glomerular filtrate is higher than the upper limit for complete reabsorption of glucose.
• Oleh itu, sebahagian glukosa terdapat di dalam hasil turasan glomerulus / tidak dapat diserap
semula dan dikeluarkan bersama air kencing.
So some glucose will be left in the glomerular filtrate /cannot be reabsorbed and excreted in urine.

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(c) (i) Pankreas / Pancreas • Berkurang / tiada penyejatan dari
(ii) • Insulin ini sama dengan insulin permukaan kulit
Decreased / no evaporation from skin surface
manusia
The insulin is identical to human insulin • Arteriol mencerut, menjadi lebih
• Gerak balas lebih cepat sempit / penvasocerutan
More rapid response Blood vessels constrict, become narrower /
vasoconstriction
• Tiada / kurang risiko alergi / kesan • Kurang darah mengalir ke
sampingan / tidak merangsang permukaan kulit
sistem imun Less blood flow near skin surface
No / less risk of allergy / side effects / not
• Menggigil – membebaskan tenaga
stimulate the immune system
haba
• Lebih murah dihasilkan dalam jumlah Shivering – releases heat energy
besar
Cheaper to produce in large volume
(b) • Perubahan suhu dikesan oleh
• Tidak tercemar / tulen termoreseptor
Uncontaminated / pure The change in temperature is detected by
thermoreceptors

(d) (i) Glukagon / Glucagon • di dalam kulit / in the skin
(ii) Glukagon merangsang penukaran • dan di hipotalamus / and in the hypothalamus
glikogen kepada glukosa di sel hati. • impuls dihantar ke otot rangka
Glucagon stimulates the conversion of glycogen in impulses sent to the skeletal muscles
liver cells into glucose. • otot rangka akan mengecut dan
mengendur dengan lebih cepat / badan
Bahagian B menggigil
skeletal muscles contract and relax rapidly / cause
2. (a) (i) Hipotalamus di otak
Hypothalamus of the brain shivering
• ini memerlukan banyak tenaga dari
(ii) • Mengawal suhu dalam darah
Monitors temperature of blood respirasi
this requires lots of energy from respiration
• Menerima maklumat daripada
reseptor kulit tentang suhu • haba dihasilkan akibat tindak balas
persekitaran luar eksoterma
Receives information about external heat produced as a result of exothermic reaction
temperatures from skin receptors • pemvasocerutan kapilari darah
• Menghantar maklumat ke efektor vasoconstriction of capillaries
Sends signals to the effectors • kurang darah mengalir ke permukaan
(iii) • Otot erektor mengecut kulit
Erector muscles contract reduces blood flow to the skin surface
• Bulu roma berdiri tegak • mengurangkan kehilangan haba melalui
Hairs become erect radiasi
• Memerangkap satu lapisan udara reduces heat loss by radiation
/ penebat / menyekat pergerakan • perpeluhan tidak berlaku / terhenti
udara di permukaan kulit sweat production stopped / prevented
Traps layer of air/ insulates / restrict air
movement on skin surface
Bahagian C
• Menghalang kehilangan haba /
mengekalkan haba 3. (a) Bagi Ahmad / For Ahmad
Reduces heat loss / retains heat • Pengambilan garam berlebihan
• Perpeluhan berkurang / tidak menyebabkan peningkalan tekanan
berpeluh osmosis darah.
Sweating reduced / no sweat Excessive intake of salt causes an increase in the
osmotic pressure of blood.

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• Peningkatan ini dikesani oleh

(b) • Aras glukosa darah dalam darah Puan
hipotalamus yang menghasilkan ADH Sofia lebih tinggi daripada normal /
serta merembeskannya melalui kelenjar terlalu tinggi.
pituitari. The blood glucose level in Puan Sofia’s blood is
The increase is detected by the hypothalamus which higher than normal / too high.
synthesizes ADH and secretes it through pituitary • Keadaan ini menunjukkan bahawa Puan
gland. Sofia menghidap diabetes mellitus
• ADH menyebabkan dinding tubul This situation shows that Puan Sofia has diabetes
mellitus
berlingkar distal dan tubul pengumpul
menjadi lebih telap terhadap air. • di mana terdapat kerosakan pankreas
ADH causes the wall of the distal convoluted tubule dan penghasilan insulin tidak mencukupi
and the collecting duct to be more permeable to where there is impairment of the pancreas and not
water. enough insulin is produced
• Lebih banyak air diserap semula ke • untuk menukar glukosa berlebihan
dalam darah. menjadi glikogen
to convert excess glucose to glycogen
More water is reabsorbed into the blood.
• atau insulin yang dihasilkan telah rosak
• Tekanan osmosis darah turun ke aras
dan tidak dapat menukar glukosa
normal dan isi padu kecil air kencing
menjadi glikogen atau lipid.
hipertonik dihasilkan untuk menghalang or the insulin produced is impaired and cannot
lebih banyak air hilang melalui air convert glucose to glycogen or lipids.
kencing. • Pada masa yang sama, sel-sel tubuhnya
The osmotic pressure of the blood falls to normal tidak dapat mengambil glukosa
level and a small volume of hypertonic urine is At the same time, the cells of her body cannot take in
produced to prevent water loss. glucose.
Bagi Samy / For Samy • Hal ini menyebabkan sel mengalami
• Apabila kandungan garam di dalam kekurangan glukosa yang diperlukan
darah adalah rendah, tekanan osmosis This causes the cells to experience a deficiency of
darah juga rendah. glucose
When the salt content in blood is low, the osmotic • semasa proses respirasi sel untuk
pressure of blood is low as well. menghasilkan tenaga.
• Kelenjar pituitari merangsang kelenjar which is needed for cellular respiration to produce
adrenal untuk menghasilkan aldosteron. energy.
The pituitary gland stimulates adrenal glands to • Akibatnya, Puan Sofia berasa penat
produce aldosterone. sepanjang masa.
• Aldosteron meningkatkan penyerapan As a result, Puan Sofia feels tired all the time.
semula garam dari tubul berlingkar • kerana kepekatan glukosa yang tinggi,
distal. ginjal tidak dapat menyerap semula
Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of salt from semua glukosa.
the distal convoluted tubule. due to high concentration of glucose, the kidney
• Garam dikembalikan ke dalam darah cannot reabsorb all glucose.
untuk meningkatkan tekanan osmosis • Kepekatan glukosa yang tinggi dalam
darah. peredaran darah meningkatkan tekanan
The salt returns to the blood to increase the blood osmosis darah.
osmotic pressure. The high glucose concentration in blood circulation
• Isi padu air kencing hipotonik yang increases the blood osmotic pressure.
banyak dihasilkan dan air berlebihan • Sistem badan akan berusaha untuk
disingkir melalui air kencing. menurunkan tekanan osmosis darah
Larger volume of hypotonic urine is produced and dengan merangsang pusat dahaga otak
excess water is excreted through the urine. dan menyebabkan Puan Sofia selalu
merasa dahaga.
The body system will try to lower the blood osmotic
pressure by stimulating the thirst centres of the brain,
causing Puan Sofia to always feel thirsty.
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