SEMINAR REPORT

ON

SCANNER

By

Monalisha Rath

Guided by:
Dr. Sukalyan Das (Head of the Department, CS&E)
Ms. Sonira Bala Dash (Senior Tech. Asst, CS&E)

DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
KIIT POLYTECHNIC
BHUBANESWAR-751024
2024
 KIIT POLYTECHNIC
BHUBANESHWAR-751024

DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar entitled "SCANNER" has been carried out
by Monalisha Rath bearing roll No. 2310536 under our guidance in partial
fulfillment to the diploma of Engineering in Computer Science & Engineering
of KIIT Polytechnic, academic year summer 2024. To the best of my
knowledge and belief this work has not been submitted elsewhere for the
award of any other degree.

Dr. Sukalyan Das Ms. Sonira Bala

Dash

Head of the Department, C.S & E Senior Tech. Asst, C.S &
E

KIIT POLYTECHNIC KIIT

POLYTECHNIC
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to all those who contributed to the completion

of this report. Special thanks to Dr. Sukalyan Das (CS&E) and Ms. Sonira
Bala Dash, Senior Tech. Asst. (CS&E) for their invaluable guidance,
unwavering support, and expertise throughout this project.

I am indebted to the faculty and staff at KIIT Polytechnic for providing the
necessary resources and conducive environment for this research. Their
support was instrumental in the successful execution of this Endeavor.

Monalisha Rath
Roll No.2310536

Computer Science & Engineering

 INDEX PAGE

S. No. Topic Page no.

Acknowledgement

Abstract

1. Introduction 1

2. What is Scanner? 2

3. History 3

4. Structure of Scanner 4-5

5. Working of Scanner 6-7

6. Types of Scanners 8

7. Characteristics and Mark Recognition 9

8. Conclusion 10

9. Bibliography 11
 ABSTRACT

This document delves into the progressions and uses of scanner technology,
with a focus on recent innovations that have significantly impacted different
industries. Scanners have transitioned from basic tools for image digitization
to complex systems capable of three-dimensional scanning, integration with
augmented reality, and image processing driven by artificial intelligence. The
manuscript analyzes the fundamental technological advancements propelling
these developments, which include enhancements in sensor resolution,
machine learning algorithms, and computational capabilities.

Moreover, the document explores the wide array of applications for modern
scanners across various sectors such as healthcare, manufacturing,
architecture, and entertainment. In the healthcare sector, scanners are pivotal in
medical imaging, facilitating accurate diagnoses and treatment planning.
Within manufacturing, they aid in quality control, reverse engineering, and
prototyping. Architectural firms utilize scanners for building documentation
and preservation purposes. Additionally, scanners are crucial for the creation
of immersive experiences in gaming, virtual reality, and augmented reality
applications.

The paper also delves into the challenges and future prospects of scanner
technology, emphasizing the necessity for enhanced portability, cost-
efficiency, and integration with emerging technologies like 5G and edge
computing. Furthermore, it addresses ethical considerations concerning
privacy, data security, and bias in AI-powered scanning systems.

In conclusion, the document underscores the transformative influence of

scanner technology across various domains and highlights the potential for
further innovation and collaboration in this rapidly evolving field.
INTRODUCTION
The field of scanner technology has witnessed remarkable advancements since
its inception, evolving from basic tools for digitizing images to sophisticated
systems capable of capturing intricate details in three dimensions. This
introductory statement lays the foundation for exploring the progress,
applications, and future prospects of scanner technology.

Initially designed primarily for document scanning, scanners have now found
their way into a wide range of industries and applications. The rapid
advancements in sensor technology, computational power, and artificial
intelligence have propelled scanners into realms that were once considered
unimaginable. Today, they play crucial roles in healthcare, manufacturing,
architecture, entertainment, and beyond.

This paper delves into the recent innovations that have driven the evolution of
scanner technology. It explores how advancements in both hardware and
software have expanded the capabilities of scanners, enabling precise and
comprehensive data acquisition. Additionally, it examines the transformative
impact of scanners on various sectors, highlighting their contributions to
enhancing efficiency, accuracy, and innovation.

However, as scanners become more prevalent and powerful, they also bring
forth ethical and societal challenges. Concerns such as data privacy, security,
and algorithmic bias need to be carefully addressed to ensure that the benefits
of scanner technology are distributed equitably and used responsibly.

By thoroughly examining the state-of-the-art in scanner technology, this paper

aims to provide insights into its current capabilities, applications, and future
directions. Ultimately, it emphasizes the significance of ongoing research,
collaboration, and ethical awareness in harnessing the full potential of scanner
technology for the betterment of society.

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WHAT IS SCANNER?

A scanner is a device that captures images, documents, or objects and converts

them into a digital format that can be electronically stored, manipulated, and
transmitted. Scanners employ different methods to detect and record
information from the surface of the material being scanned, resulting in digital
data that can be viewed, edited, printed, or shared using computers or other
digital devices.

There are several distinct types of scanners, each with its own specific
applications and functionalities:

1. Flatbed Scanners: These scanners, resembling photocopiers in appearance,

feature a flat glass surface where the document or object to be scanned is
placed. A scanning sensor, housed in a movable arm, moves beneath the glass
to capture the image.

2. Sheetfed Scanners: Designed for automatically scanning individual sheets

of paper or documents, sheetfed scanners are commonly used in offices to
quickly digitize large volumes of paperwork.

Scanners are extensively utilized across various industries and applications,

including document digitization, graphic design, architectural drafting, medical
imaging, industrial inspection, and cultural heritage preservation.

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HISTORY

The history of scanner technology can be traced back to the early 20th century
when the first rudimentary scanning devices were invented. These devices
were primarily used for transmitting images over long distances through
telegraph and fax machines. The early scanners utilized mechanical methods
like rotating drums or spinning disks to capture and reproduce images line by
line.

A significant milestone in scanner technology occurred in the 1950s with the

development of the first digital image scanner by Russell A. Kirsch at the
National Bureau of Standards (now NIST). This pioneering scanner, known as
the "drum scanner," used photomultiplier tubes to convert analog images into
digital signals. This laid the foundation for modern digital imaging
technologies.

Advancements in electronics and computing during the latter half of the 20th
century led to the miniaturization and automation of scanners, making them
more accessible and versatile. The introduction of charge-coupled device
(CCD) technology in the 1970s revolutionized scanning by offering higher
resolution and faster image capture capabilities.

With the personal computer revolution in the 1980s and 1990s, desktop
scanners became widely adopted for various tasks such as document
digitization, graphic design, and desktop publishing. Flatbed scanners replaced
the bulky drum scanners due to their ease of use and versatility.

In recent years, the proliferation of smartphones equipped with high-resolution

cameras and sophisticated imaging software has further democratized
scanning. Users can now easily and accurately digitize documents, objects, and
even environments using their smartphones.

Looking ahead, the future of scanner technology holds exciting possibilities.

With ongoing advancements in imaging technology and the integration of

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artificial intelligence, scanners are likely to become even more powerful,
efficient, and seamlessly integrated into our daily lives.

4
STRUCTURE OF SCANNER

The structure of a scanner typically comprises various essential components

that work together to capture, process, and produce digital images or data.
Although the specific design and arrangement of these components may differ
based on the scanner's type and model, the following fundamental elements are
commonly found in most scanner structures:

1. Input Tray or Surface:

- Flatbed scanners feature a flat glass surface where the document
or object to be scanned is placed.
- Sheetfed scanners are equipped with an input tray that feeds
individual sheets of paper for scanning.
- Handheld scanners usually lack a fixed input tray and instead
require manual movement of the scanning surface over the document
or object.

2. Imaging Sensor:
- The imaging sensor serves as the core component responsible for
capturing the image or data from the document or object.

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 - Common types of imaging sensors include charge-coupled device
(CCD) and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)
sensors.
- The sensor converts the light reflected from the document or
object into electrical signals, which are then processed to generate a
digital image.

3. Optics:
- Optics components, such as lenses and mirrors, play a crucial role
in focusing the light onto the imaging sensor, ensuring clarity and
sharpness in the captured image.
- In flatbed scanners, the optics system typically moves beneath the
glass surface to capture the entire document area.
- Sheetfed scanners and handheld scanners may have different
optical configurations optimized for their respective scanning
methods.

4. Light Source:
- The light source illuminates the document or object being
scanned, providing the necessary illumination for the imaging sensor
to capture the image.

5. Control Electronics and Processing Unit:

- Control electronics are responsible for managing the scanner's
operation, including controlling the movement of the imaging sensor
and processing the captured data.

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WORKING OF SCANNER

The operational procedure of a scanner encompasses multiple stages that

culminate in the transformation of a physical document or object into a digital
image or data. Presented below is an outline of the typical functioning of a
scanner:

1. Placement of the Document/Object: The initial step involves positioning

the document or object to be scanned onto the scanning surface. This surface
can be the flat glass surface of a flatbed scanner, the input tray of a sheetfed
scanner, or the area in front of a handheld scanner.

2. Illumination: Once the document or object is in position, the scanner's light

source illuminates it. This light source ensures consistent and uniform
illumination across the surface, guaranteeing the accurate capture of the image.

3. Capturing the Image: The illuminated document or object reflects light,

which is then captured by the scanner's imaging sensor. Typically, the imaging
sensor is a CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) or CMOS (Complementary Metal-
Oxide-Semiconductor) sensor that converts the light signals into electrical
signals.

4. Optical System: The captured light signals pass through the scanner's
optical system, which comprises lenses and mirrors. This optical system
focuses and directs the light onto the imaging sensor, ensuring clarity and
sharpness in the resulting image.

5. Movement: In the case of flatbed scanners, the imaging sensor moves

beneath the glass surface, scanning the entire area of the document. Sheetfed
scanners, on the other hand, feed individual sheets of paper through the
scanning mechanism. Handheld scanners require manual movement over the
document or object to capture the image.

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6. Analog-to-Digital Conversion: The electrical signals generated by the
imaging sensor undergo analog-to-digital conversion. This conversion process
transforms the image into a digital format, representing it as a series of binary
data that can be processed and stored by a computer.

7. Processing: The digital image data may undergo various processing steps,
such as image enhancement, color correction, and noise reduction. These
processing tasks can be performed either within the scanner itself or by
specialized software on a computer.

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9
TYPE OF SCANNER

1. Flatbed Scanners:
Flatbed scanners, which resemble photocopiers, are the most commonly used
type of scanners. They feature a flat glass surface where the document or
object to be scanned is placed. A movable arm, equipped with a scanning
sensor, moves beneath the glass to capture the image. This type of scanner is
highly versatile and can be used to scan a wide range of items, including
documents, photographs, books, and other flat objects.

2. Sheetfed Scanners:
Sheetfed scanners are specifically designed to automatically scan individual
sheets of paper or documents. They are equipped with a feeder mechanism that
pulls the document through the scanner, capturing the image as it moves.
Sheetfed scanners are commonly found in office environments where there is a
need to quickly digitize large volumes of documents. This type of scanner
offers convenience and efficiency in handling multiple sheets of paper.

3. Handheld Scanners:
Handheld scanners are portable devices that require manual movement over
the surface of the document or object being scanned. They are particularly
useful for scanning objects that are difficult to transport to a flatbed scanner,
such as large photographs or fragile documents.

4. 3D Scanners:
3D scanners play a crucial role in capturing three-dimensional information
about objects, enabling the creation of digital 3D models. These scanners find
applications in diverse fields such as manufacturing, engineering, and
healthcare. They are utilized for tasks like quality control, reverse engineering,
and medical imaging. 3D scanners employ different technologies, including
laser scanning, structured light scanning, and photogrammetry, to capture
intricate and detailed 3D data.

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CHARACTERISTIC AND MARK RECOGNITION

Characteristics and mark identification of a scanner are influenced by various

factors, including its type, technology, and features. Below are some common
characteristics and aspects related to scanner mark identification:

1. Image Clarity: This refers to the sharpness and level of detail in the
scanned image. Scanners with higher resolution can capture finer details,
which is essential for accurate mark identification, especially for small or
intricate marks.

2. Scanning Technology: Scanners can utilize different technologies such as

flatbed, sheet-fed, or handheld. Each type has its own advantages and
limitations in mark identification. For example, sheet-fed scanners are
commonly used in high-speed document processing, while flatbed scanners
offer more versatility for various types of documents and objects.

3. Color Range: This determines the range of colors that a scanner can
capture. A higher color depth allows for more precise representation of colored
marks, which is important for identifying colored marks or highlighting.

4. Speed: The scanning speed can vary significantly among different scanners.
Faster scanners are preferred for mark identification applications that involve a
high volume of marks, such as processing multiple-choice exams or surveys.

5. Automatic Document Feeder (ADF): Scanners equipped with an ADF can

automatically feed multiple documents for scanning, which is essential for
batch processing and large-scale mark identification tasks.

6. Duplex Scanning: Some scanners have the capability to scan both sides of a
document simultaneously, known as duplex scanning. This feature can
enhance efficiency in mark identification tasks that involve double-sided
documents.

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12
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, thoroughly examining and understanding the specifications and

functionalities of a scanner is crucial in unlocking its full potential across
various applications. By conducting a comprehensive analysis that includes
factors such as resolution, scanning technology, color depth, speed, automatic
document feeder, duplex scanning, OCR compatibility, software integration,
and reliability, users can determine if the scanner is suitable for their specific
needs. By carefully evaluating each aspect and selecting a scanner that
seamlessly aligns with the intricacies of the intended use case, individuals and
organizations can improve operational efficiency, streamline workflows, and
enhance productivity.

Furthermore, in today's rapidly evolving digital landscape, scanners have a

broader role beyond document processing. With the rise of remote work and
digital collaboration, scanners have become essential tools for facilitating
seamless information exchange and collaboration. By utilizing advanced
scanning solutions, businesses can overcome geographical barriers, empower
remote teams, and drive innovation in virtual work environments. From
digitizing paper-based workflows to enabling real-time collaboration on digital
documents, scanners play a crucial role in helping organizations adapt and
thrive in an increasingly digital world.

Moreover, as concerns regarding data privacy and security continue to

escalate, the significance of reliable scanners in safeguarding sensitive
information cannot be overstated. By selecting scanners equipped with robust
security features and compliance certifications, organizations can mitigate
risks associated with data breaches and regulatory non-compliance, thereby
protecting their reputation and maintaining customer trust.

Whether it involves grading examinations, analyzing surveys, archiving

documents, facilitating remote collaboration, managing information flow in
hybrid work models, or any other endeavor that relies on accurate document
handling, a dependable scanner is indispensable.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Burde, Alexandru Victor, Marius Manole, Radu-Septimiu Campian, Cosmin

Sinescu, and Sorana Baciu. "In vitro Comparison of Accuracy of Two Scanners
Used in Dental Medicine." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 7 (August 15, 2019): 2344–
46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.7.7336.

2. Bohner, Lauren, Daniel Habor, Klaus Radermacher, Stefan Wolfart, and Juliana
Marotti. "Scanning of a Dental Implant with a High-Frequency Ultrasound
Scanner: A Pilot Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 14, 2021): 5494.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125494.

3. Cai, HongXin, Bing Cheng Zhao, Yueyi Tian, Dong-Hyuck Kim, Yunhan Sun, Ho-
Kyung Lim, Eui-Seok Lee, and Heng Bo Jiang. "Design of a Single-Tooth Model
and Its Application in Oral Scan System Assessment." Scanning 2021 (March 21,
2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8891396.

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