ANSWERS KEY TO T144

A. MULTIPLE CHOICE. (40 PTS)

I. GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURES (5 PTS)
1. I hope everything’s OK. They __________ several hours ago.
A. would have called B. must have called C. were to have called D. supposed to call
2. __________with her boyfriend yesterday, she doesn’t want to answer his phone call.
A. Having quarreled B. Because having quarreled
C. Because of she quarreled D. Having quarreled
3. Superconductivity will revolutionize the way that energy is used for the next millennium, and__________the
first truly superconductive substance will be remembered as a technological hero.
A. what the discovery of B. the discovery of C. whoever discovers D. whose discovery
4. The important of the hand, and more generally of the body, in children’s acquisition of
arithmetic__________
A. can hardly be exaggerated . B. hardly exaggerated can be.
C. can be exaggerated hardly. D. exaggerated can be hardly.
5. Why didn’t you ask for help, __________to do it on your own?
A. in view of trying B. nowhere near trying C. rather than trying D. far from trying
6. __________, only people who agree with her are real jews.
A. We can infer how she is concerned B. Inferred from what she is concerned
C. We can infer what she is concerned D. We can infer that as far as she is concerned.
7. It is possible to stay overnight here although there is no guest house__________.
A. at that B. as such C. in itself D. for that
8. __________,I haven’t seen Catherine all day.
A. Coming to think of it B. Coming to think of it
C. To come to think of it D. Come to think of it
9. It turned out that we __________rushed to the airport as the plane was delayed by several hours.
A. hadn’t B. should have C. mustn’t D. needn’t have
10. When Nadine arrived, she soon__________at all her jokes .
A. had everyone laughed B. had laughing everyone
C. had everyone laughing D. had laughed everyone
ANSWER: 1. C 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. D 9. D 10. C
II. PHRASAL VERBS AND PREPOSITIONS. (5 PTS)
1. They a two-month tour of the US with a party in Washington.
A. set forth B. brought off C. came up with D. kicked off
2. I was promised a good job from January this year, but it’s April now and I’m afraid that they are just
me along.
A. cheating B. swindling C. stringing D. bringing
3. No one can function properly if he or she is _________adequate sleep.
A. took away B. deprived of C. deprived from D. got rid of
4. Susan says she feels less nervous since she_________on tea and coffee.
A. cut down B. stopped off C. turned back D. cut out
5. To get his proposal accepted, the Finance Manager had to_________heavy pressure from colleagues .
A. fend off B. laugh off C. send off D. push off
6. Time was_________and we were nowhere near finished.
A. cracking on B. bringing down C. going down with D. letting down
7. The past decade has seen an increasing number of famous people crashing _________on their celebrity status
by getting their autobiographies published .
A. in B. with C. for D. to
8. Good instructors will _________earlysigns of failure in their students.
A. get through with B. come up with C. think back on D. look out for
9. Two of the students in our class are identical twins and most of the teachers can’t_________
A. see between them B. tell them apart
C. see them through D.find them between
10.He really gets _________ my nerves. He never stops complaining.
A. down B. up C. in D. on
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ANSWERS: 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. A 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. D
III. WORD CHOICE (10 PTS)
Choose the best options to complete the following sentences.
1. I think I understand the nuts and__________of the operation.
A. crews B. hammer C. bolts D. nail
2. Tom won’t buy that old car because it has too much__________on it .
A. ups and downs B. odds and ends C. wear and tear D. white lie
3. Job losses are mainly in the__________sectors of the industry .
A. blue-collar B. red-collar C. stiff-collar D. high-collar
4. Since he is too old to be a porter, they have decided to put him out to__________.
A. the door B. grounds C. grass D. the kerb
5. It was an extremely hostile article which cast__________on the conduct of the entire cabinet.
A. criticism B. aspersions C. disapproval D. abuse
6. Some countries always __________resolutions at the United Nations which don’t suit them.
A. bail B. countenance C. veil D. veto
7. I didn’t need any medicine. I’m as right as__________.
A. clouds B. rays C. rain D. a haze
8. My sunburnt nose made me feel rather__________for the first few days of the holiday.
A. self-confident B. self-centre C. self-conscious D. self-evident
9. My mother is a real__________potato. She watches T.V all the time.
A. couch B. sofa C. armchair D. cushion
10. The red cross is __________ an international aid organization.
A. intriguingly B. intrusively C. intrinsically D. intrepidly
11. If you have stomach problems, it is best to avoid …………..food.
A. wealthy B. affluent C. rich D. lavish
12. The word “friendship” can be …………………applied to a wide variety of relationship.
A. loosely B. slightly C. lightly D. sparingly
13. Parental influence tends to ……….as children get older.
A. reduce B. subside C. decline D. sink
14. Many countries have………….compulsory military service.
A. aborted B. absconded C. abolished D.abstracted
15. The north-west of Scotland is ……………and there are a lot of lakes.
A. country B. woody C. hills D. mountainous
16. My car was so old that I could only sell it for …………… .
A. rubbish B. debris C. scrap D. waste
17. I tried to ……….my disappointment at losing by cheering the winner loudly.
A. mask B. hide C. shield D. veil
18. Would you like to………….the house that is for sale this afternoon?
A. view B. regard C. observe D. overlook
19. Larry never spoke to anyone, and kept himself …………….. .
A. outside B. withdrawn C. superior D. aloof
20. It may be raining, but I’m …………………..enjoying myself.
A. highly B. thoroughly C. extremely D. absolutely

ANSWERS: 1. C 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. D 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. C 11.C 12.A 13.C 14. C 15.D

16. C 17. B 18.C 19. D 20. B

IV. GUIDED CLOZE 1 (10 pts) Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space
Passage A (5 PTS)
Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
The issues for (1) ____________ economies are a little more straightforward. The desire to build on
undeveloped land is not (2) ____________ out of desperation or necessity, but is a result of the relentless
march of progress. Cheap labour and a relatively highly-skilled workforce make these countries highly
competitive and there is a flood of inward investment, particularly from (3) ____________ looking to take
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advantage of the low wages before the cost and standard of living begin to rise. It is factors such as these that
are making many Asian economies extremely attractive when viewed as investment opportunities at the
moment. Similarly, in Africa, the relative (4) ____________ of precious metals and natural resources tends to
attract a lot of (5) ____________ companies and a whole sub-industry develops around and is completely
dependent on this foreign-direct investment. It is understandable that countries that are the focus of this sort of
attention can lose sight of the environmental implications of large-scale industrial development, and this can
have devastating consequences for the natural world. And it is a (6) ____________ cycle because the more
industrially active a nation becomes, the greater the demand for and harvesting of natural resources. For some,
the environmental issues, though they can hardly be ignored, are viewed as a (7) ____________ concern.
Indeed, having an environmental conscience or taking environmental matters into consideration when it comes
to decisions on whether or not to build rubber-tree ( 8) ____________ or grow biofuel crops would be quite (9)
____________ indeed. For those involved in such schemes it is a pretty black-and-white issue. And, for vast
(10) ____________ of land in Latin America, for example, it is clear that the welfare of the rainforests matters
little to local government when vast sums of money can be made from cultivating the land.

1. A. emerging B. emergent C. convergent D. resurgent

2. A. grown B. born C. bred D. arisen
3. A. multinationals B. migrants C. continentals D.intercontinentals
4. A. premonition B. abundance C. amplitude D. accumulation
5. A. exploitation B. exploration C. surveyance D. research
6. A. vacuous B. viscous C. vexatious D. vicious
7. A. parallel B. extrinsic C. peripheral D. exponential
8. A. plantations B. homesteads C. ranches D. holdings
9. A. proscriptive B. prohibitive C. prospective D. imperative
10. A. regions B. plots C. tracts D. sectors
ANSWERS: 1. A 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. C

Passage B(5 PTS)

Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space.
MIDSUMMER NIGHT’S EVE
In Europe, Midsummer Night's Eve, also known as St John's Eve, occurs on June 23rd. It originates from
the pagan celebrations of the summer solstice which were held on June 21st. On that night throughout Europe
bonfires were lit along hillsides to (1) ________the shortest night of the year. It must have looked as if some
kind of violent insurrection was taking place down the coast of Scotland and England, but these signal fires in
fact had a very important purpose. Bones of farm animals (2) ________the previous autumn were burned and,
when the fires had (3)________ the remaining ash was put to good use: it was spread on the fields to enrich the
land and ensure a good harvest. The word 'bonfire' is (4)________from'bonefire'.
In Brazil too St John's Eve means bonfires and fireworks. Another quaint tradition involves the (5)________of
small paper hot-air balloons, although they are prohibited by law in the cities because of the fire (6) ________ .
Bonfires mark the beginning of spring rather than the summer in Sweden and are lit on the last night of April.
In the Swedish Midsummer's Eve (7)________ , held on June 24th, a large pole, decorated with flowers and
leaves, is placed in the ground.
Thistles also have a significant role in the celebration of Midsummer's Night in Europe. In the past they were
thought to (8) ________witches. The pretty, prickly plant was nailed over barn doors and used in wreaths, the
circular shape being a symbol of the turning of the seasons. Wheels faced with straw and soaked in pitch were
lit from the bonfires and then rolled down hills.
There is less risk of fire in a (9)________ tradition to many Slavic countries. Young women and girls float little
baskets of flowers and lighted candles down streams. Local boys swim out to (10)________ a basket, find the
girl it belongs to and claim a dance at the town's Midsummer's Eve Party.
1. A. celebrate B. honour C. commemorate D. commiserate
2. A. revised B. assassinated C. slaughtered D. sacrificed
3. A. doused B. extinguished C. smothered D. gone out

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4. A. derived B. developed C. evolved D. decayed
5. A landing B. launching C. propelling D. ejecting
6. A. certainty B. peril C. jeopardy D. hazard
7. A. tradition B. custom C. ceremony D. practice
8. A. deflect B. ward off C. attract D. avert
9. A. unique B. common C. mutual D. prevalent
10. A. salvage B. rescue C. set free D. liberate

ANSWERS: 1. A 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. B

V. READING COMPREHENSION ( 10 PTS)

Passage A: (5 PTS)
COMMUNICATING WITH THE FUTURE
In the 1980s the United States Department of Energy was looking for suitable sites to bury radioactive
waste material generated by its nuclear energy programs. The government was considering burying the
dangerous wastes in deep underground chambers in remote desert areas. The problem, however, was that
nuclear waste remains highly radioactive for thousands of years. The commission entrusted with tackling the
problem of waste disposal was aware that the dangers posed by radioactive emissions must be communicated to
our descendants of at least 10,000 years hence. So the task became one of finding a way to tell future societies
about the risk posed by these deadly deposits.
Of course, human society in the distant future may be well aware of the hazards of radiation.
Technological advances may one day provide the solutions to this dilemma. But the belief in constant
technological advancement is based on our perceptions of advances made throughout history and prehistory.
We cannot be sure that society won’t have slipped backward into an age of barbarism due to any of several
catastrophic events, whether the result of nature such as the onset of a new ice age or perhaps mankind’s failure
to solve the scourges of war and pollution. In the event of global catastrophe, it is quite possible that humans of
the distant future will be on the far side of a broken link of communication and technological understanding.
The problem then becomes how to inform our descendants that they must avoid areas of potential
radioactive seepage given that they may not understand any currently existing language and may have no
historical or cultural memory. So, any message indicated to future reception and decipherment must be as
universally understandable as
possible.
It was soon realized by the specialists assigned the task of devising the communication system that
material in which the message was written might not physically endure the great lengths of time demanded. The
second law of thermodynamics shows that all material disintegrates over time. Even computers that might carry
the
message cannot be expected to endure long enough. Besides, electricity supplies might not be available in 300
generations. Other media storage methods were considered and rejected for similar reasons.
The task force under the linguist Thomas Sebeok finally agreed that no foolproof way would be found to
send a message across so many generations and have it survive physically and be decipherable by a people with
few cultural similarities to us. Given this restriction, Sebeok suggested the only possible solution was the
formation of a committee of guardians of knowledge. Its task would be to dedicate itself to maintaining and
passing the knowledge of the whereabouts and dangers of the nuclear waste deposits. This socalled atomic
priesthood would be entrusted with keeping knowledge of this tradition alive through millennia and developing
the tradition into a kind of mythical taboo forbidding people to tamper in a way with the nuclear waste sites.
Only the initiated atomic priesthood of experts would have the scientific knowledge to fully understand the
danger. Those outside the priesthood would be kept away by a combination of rituals and legends designed to
warn off intruders.
This proposal has been criticized because of the possibility of a break in continuity of the original
message. Furthermore, there is no guarantee that any warning or sanction passed on for millennia would be
obeyed, nor that it could survive with its original meaning intact. To counterbalance this possibility, Sebeok’s
group proposed a “relay system” in which information is passed on over relatively short periods of time, just
three generations ahead. The message then to be renewed and redesigned if necessary for the following three

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generations and so on over the required time span. In this way information could be relayed into the future and
avoid the possibility of physical degradation.
A second defect is more difficult to dismiss, however. This is the problem of social exclusiveness brought
about through possession of vital knowledge. Critics point out that the atomic priesthood could use its secret
knowledge to control those who are scientifically ignorant. The establishment of such an association of insiders
holding
powerful knowledge not available except in mythic form to nonmembers would be a dangerous precedent for
future social developments.
1. The word "chambers" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. partitions B. openings C. cavities D. fissures
2. What problem faced the commission assigned to deal with the burial of nuclear waste?
A. How to reduce the radioactive life of nuclear waste materials
B. How to form a committee that could adequately express various nuclear risks
C. How to notify future generations of the risks of nuclear contamination
D. How to choose burial sites so as to minimize dangers to people.
3. In paragraph 2, the author explains the possible circumstances of future societies
A. to warn about the possible natural catastrophe
B. to question the value of advances
C. to highlight humankind's inability to resolve problems
D. to demonstrate the reason nuclear hazards must be communicated
4. The word "scourges" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. pressures B. afflictions C. worries D. annoyances
5. In paragraph 4, the author mentions the second law of thermodynamics
A. to support the view that nuclear waste will disperse with time
B. to show that knowledge can be sustained over millennia
C. to give the basic scientific reason behind the breakdown of material objects
D. to contrast the potential life span of knowledge with that of material objects

ANSWERS: 1. C 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. C

Passage B: (5 PTS)
Read the text below and choose the best answer to each question.
ENERGY FROM THE WAVES
The quest for sustainable sources of energy has led humans to study the energy potential of the sun and
the wind, as well as the immense power created by dammed rivers. The oceans, too, represent an impressive
source of potential energy. For example, it has been estimated that the oceans could provide nearly 3,000 times
the energy generated by hydroelectric dams such as the Hoover Dam. Yet, this source remains quite difficult to
exploit.

But this challenge has not prevented scientists from trying. Within the last few decades, several
technologies that can transform the ocean’s immense forces into usable electricity have been invented and
introduced. Some focus on capturing the power of the changing tides, while others rely on thermal energy
created by oceans in certain tropical regions. However, the most common and easiest-to-develop technologies
are those designed to harness the power inherent in the ocean’s waves.

There are several methods by which ocean-wave energy can be collected. All of them work because the
movement of the water that the waves induce creates storable energy by directly or indirectly driving a power
generator. In one such technology, the changing water levels in the ocean that are produced by waves lift a long
floating tube comprised of many sections connected by hinges. As the sections move up and down with the
water, they pump a special fluid through the tube that can be used to drive a generator. Another technique
works on a similar principle, only the floating object rocks back and forth with the motion of the water instead
of up and down. A third method of collecting wave energy relies on the rising water from the waves to
compress air in a partially submerged chamber. As the waves rush into the chamber, they push the air out
through a narrow tunnel. Located inside this tunnel is a turbine connected to a power generator. The movement
of the air turns the turbine, which feeds energy into the generator.

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 The drawback to each of these concepts is that they make it necessary to have many pieces of machinery
linked together. This presents a problem because the larger the device, the more vulnerable it is to damage
from hazardous ocean environments, and the more likely it is to interfere with otherwise unspoiled coastal
scenery. Also, these methods demand the construction of site- specific machines that take into consideration
average local wave heights and sea conditions. In other words, the ability to get power from waves differs from
region to region.
Japan, Norway, and the UK have all attempted to generate energy by capturing the power of ocean waves.
In northern Scotland, the first power plant to use wave power, OSPREY (Ocean Swell Powered Renewable
Energy), began operating in 1995. It followed the principle of the third method described above: waves entering
a partially submerged chamber pushed air into turbines ; to generate electricity. The electricity was then
transmitted to power collectors on the shore via underwater cables. Unfortunately, the OSPREY plant was
destroyed in a large storm, highlighting an unavoidable difficulty associated with this kind of power generation.
The potential benefits of wave-based energy are hard to ignore. Once the proper machinery is produced
and installed, the energy is free. Maintenance costs are small, and the equipment does not pose any threats of
environmental pollution. And best of all, the amounts of energy produced are enormous.
However, these theoretical advantages have yet to be fully realized. In many cases, a lack of government
funding has inhibited the technologies from advancing. For example, despite the relative abundance of
proposed wave-power devices, many have not been adequately tested, and most have been evaluated only in
artificial pools where they are not subjected to the harsh marine conditions that exist in actual oceans.
Protecting the equipment from the sea’s destructive forces, as well as the fundamental task of determining
feasible locations for collecting energy, also present formidable challenges. All in all, while ocean power offers
some intriguing possibilities, the difficulties involved in harnessing this energy source are substantial and will
require more time to overcome.
1. The phrase this source in the passage refers to
A. sun B. win C. dammed rivers D. oceans
2. The word exploit in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. utilize B. declare C. contain D. determine
3. Why does the author mention the Hoover Dam in paragraph one?
A. To give a current example of ocean-based energy technology
B. To explain that dams are effective producers of sustainable energy
C. To draw a comparison between two sources of renewable energy
D. To show that alternative energy sources have not been successful
4. In paragraph 2, the author states that
A. waves do not represent the only form of ocean power
B. tropical oceans produce the greatest amount of energy
C. scientists first attempted to collect power from ocean tides
D. most of the electricity created by oceans is not usable
5. The word induce in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. cause B. define C. order D. monitor

ANSWERS: 1. D 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. A
Passage C: (10 PTS)

The Truth about the Environment

For many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting worse. They have developed a hit-list of our main
fears: that natural resources are running out; that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat;
that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planet's air and water are becoming ever more
polluted.

But a quick look at the facts shows a different picture. First, energy and other natural resources have become
more abundant,. not less so, .since the book 'The limits to Growth' was published in 1972 by a group of
scientists. Second, more food is now produced per head of the world's population than at any time in history.
Fewer people are starving. Third, although species are. indeed becoming extinct, only about 0.7% of them are
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expelled to disappear in the next SO years, not 25-50%, as has so often been predicted. And finally, most forms
of environmental pollution either appear to have been exaggerated, or are transient - associated with the early
phases of industrialisation and therefore best cured not by restricting economic growth, but by accelerating it.
One form of pollution - the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming - does appear to be a
phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating
problem. A bigger problem may well turn out to be an inappropriate response to it.

Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and
four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality.

One is the lopsidedness built into scientific research. Scientific funding goes mainly to areas with many
problems. That may be wise policy but it will also create an impression that many more potential problems
exist than is the case.

Secondly, environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass media. They also need to keep the money
rolling in. Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments. In 1997, for example, the World
Wide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: 'Two thirds of the world's forests lost forever'. The truth
turns out to be nearer 20%.

Though these groups are run overwhelmingly by selfless folk, they nevertheless share many of the
characteristics of other lobby groups. That would matter less if people applied the same degree of scepticism to
environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other fields. A trade organisation arguing for, say, weaker
pollution control is instantly seen as self-interested. Yet a green organisation opposing such a weakening is seen
as altruistic, even if an impartial view of the controls in question might suggest they are doing more harm than
good.

A third source of confusion is the attitude of the media. People are dearly more curious about bad news than
good. Newspapers and broadcasters are there to provide what the public wants: That, however, can lead to
significant distortions of perception. An example was America's encounter with EI Nino in 1997 and 1998. This
climatic phenomenon was accused of wrecking. tourism, causing allergies, melting the ski-slopes, and causing
22 deaths. However, according to an article in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, the damage
it did was estimated at US$4 billion but the benefits amounted to some US$19 billion. These came from higher
winter temperatures (which saved an estimated 850 lives, reduced heating costs and diminished spring floods
caused by meltwaters).

The fourth factor is poor individual. perception. People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff
everyone throws away will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of waste. Yet, even if America's trash
output continues to rise as it has done in the past, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the
rubbish America produces through the entire 21st century will still take up only one-12,000th of the area v of
the entire United States.

So what of global warming? As we know, carbon dioxide emissions are causing the planet to warm. The best
estimates are that the temperatures will rise by 2-3°C in this century, causing considerable problems, at a total
cost of US$5,000 billion.
Despite the intuition that something drastic needs to be done about such a costly problem, economic analyses
dearly show it will be far more expensive to cut carbon dioxide emissions radically than to pay the costs of
adaptation to the increased temperatures. A model by one of the main authors of the United Nations Climate
Change Panel shows how an expected temperature increase of 2.1 degrees in 2100 would only be diminished to

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an increase of 1.9 degrees. Or to put it another way, the temperature increase that the planet would have
experienced in 2094 would be postponed to 2100.

So this does not prevent global warming, but merely buys the world six years. Yet the cost of reducing carbon
dioxide emissions, for the United States alone, will be higher than the cost of solving the world's single, most
pressing health problem: providing universal access to clean drinking water and sanitation. Such measures
would avoid 2 million deaths every year, and prevent half a billion people from becoming seriously ill.

It is crucial that we look at the facts if we want to make the best f: possible decisions for the future. It may be
costly to be overly optimistic - but more costly still to be too pessimistic.

Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the writer's claims

NO if the statement contradicts the writer's claims

NOT GIVEN if there is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

1. Environmentalists take a pessimistic view of the world for a number of reasons.

2. Data on the Earth's natural resources has only been collected since 1972.

3. The number of starving people in the world has increased in recent years.

4. Extinct species are being replaced by new species.

5. Some pollution problems have been correctly linked to industrialisation.

6. It would be best to attempt to slow down economic growth.

Questions 7-10
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.

7. What aspect oh scientific research does the writer express concern about in paragraph 4?

A A the need to produce results

B the lack of financial support

C the selection of areas to research

D the desire to solve every research problem

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 8. The writer quotes from the Worldwide Fund for Nature to illustrate how

A influential the mass media can be.

B effective environmental groups can be.

C the mass media can help groups raise funds.

D environmental groups can exaggerate their claims.

9. What is the writer's main point about lobby groups in paragraph 6?

A Some are more active than others.

B Some are better organised than others.

C Some receive more criticism than others.

D Some support more important issues than others.

10. The writer suggests that newspapers print items that are intended to

A educate readers.

B meet their readers' expectations.

C encourage feedback from readers.

D mislead readers.

ANSWERS: 1. YES 2 .NOT GIVEN 3. NO 4. NOT GIVEN 5. YES 6. NO 7. C 8. D 9. C 10. B

B. WRITTEN TEST (70 PTS)

I. CLOZE TEST (20 PTS)
Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only ONE WORD for each
space.
Passage A. (10 PTS)
After living (1) ___________ the threat of extinction for more than 30 years, the national bird of the United
States has been granted an official reprieve, as the bald eagle and twenty- eight other animal and plant species
have been earmarked (2) ___________ removal from America’s list of endangered species. The bald eagle, also
known as the white-headed sea eagle, took pride of place at the top of a list of species likely to (3)
___________taken off the endangered register in the coming years. The proposed “delistings” are being
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promoted by the US interior secretary to counter a growing feeling among Republicans that endangered species
laws do not work. Charges of ineffectiveness have been (4) ___________against these laws before, but more
recently it has even been suggested that the situation may actually have been (5) ___________ worse by them.
The recovery of the bald eagle follows thirty-one years on the critical list. Its numbers had been (6)
___________ to fewer than five hundred through the use of pesticides that reacted adversely (7) ___________
its reproductive system. The number of nesting pairs is now estimated at five thousand. The interior secretary
claims that the new list was a vindication of the legislation under which the eagle, a national symbol (8)
___________ originally from the Indians, and more than a thousand other species were protected.(A
spokesperson denied that it was simply a publicity stunt timed to coincide with the swearing (9) ___________of
the president for his second term). Until now, few species have (10) ___________ been removed from the list.
When they were, it was usually because they had become extinct.
ANSWERS: 1. under 2. for 3. be 4. leveled 5. made
6. reduced 7. with 8. taken/ borrowed 9. in 10. ever
Passage B. (10 PTS)
Advances in technology have done much to change the way we live and communicate, but no breakthrough
revolutionized life as much as the advent of wireless technology, according to a panel of experts assembled by
CNN 2010. Back in 1980, when it (1) __________to communication technology, telephones were stuck to
walls, facts were found in books, and people had to browse shelves in a record store if they wanted to buy the
latest music. However, developments that occurred at the start of the twenty century (2) __________we could
access all that information just by reaching into our pockets for our mobile phone. Form the (3) __________
beginning of the Information Age, having immediate access to data was fundamental to progress. In some
cases, technological advances (4) __________to overhaul industries at a lightning –fast pace. For example, the
internet helped tech-savvy music lovers to force changes in the way the music industry did (5) __________,
while text messaging over cell phones made written (6) __________more immediate.
We embraced information technology to such an (7) __________that having computer access in our homes was
not (8) __________enough. We wanted to use these tools everywhere. Wireless hot spots popped up in cafes,
airports, universities – even the whole city blocks. And just as computer use worldwide exploded, the brains
behind them – the processors – became increasingly smaller. A computer chip that you could balance on your
fingertips could hold massive (9) __________of data. This ability to store portable. The entertainment industry
harnessed satellite technology to give consumers more choice, and video game technology developed to the
(10) __________where it became a $ 10 billion a year industry, producing games that invite players into a
virtual world of fantasy, sport or even war.

ANSWERS:1. came 2. meant 3. very 4. served 5. business

6. communication 7. extent 8. quite 9. amounts 10. point

II. WORD FORMATION (20 PTS)

PART 1: Complete each sentence, using the correct form of the word in parentheses.
Supply the correct form of the words in the CAPITAL LETTER
1. Bill was given a medal in …………..of his services. RECOGNISE
2. She listens more …………………….than anyone else I know. SYMPATHY
3. How …………….he spoke! ELOQUENCE
4. The government’s ………….approach has brought criticism. COMPROMISE
5. …………..thirst for knowledge. YOUNG
6. Ralp Nader is an……………………….of peace. ADVOCACY
7. You shouldn’t interrupt someone…………. . SENTENCE
8. Karen and Catherine are …………….twins. IDENTITY
9. His family suffers from his …………….. . EXPEND
10. Please …………………our letter of the 14th. We have not had a reply. KNOW
Answers:

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 1 2 3 4 5
recognitio sympathetical eloquentl uncompromisi Youngsters
n ly y ng
6 7 8 9 10
advocate mid-sentence identical overexpenditur acknowlegd
e e

PART 2:

Supply each gap with the correct form of the word given

explain surprise celebrate company skill

contribute expert disaster consider pain

On holiday last year my two travelling (1)______________ and I joined a day’s cookery course in a Mexican
restaurant. There were eight participants, all keen to learn the secrets of the nation’s cuisine. The students ranged from
people who already had some (2)______________ in the kitchen, to totally (3)______________ people like myself.

Our teacher, Liana Cabrera, started with a short talk, then handed out some notes giving (4)______________ of terms
we would be coming across. Soon we were trying out a range of exotic ingredients, with (5)______________ good
results. Cabrera started giving cookery lessons five years ago, and has become quite a (6)______________, with long
waiting lists for her courses. And because of her extensive knowledge of almost- forgotten regional dishes she is also a
regular (7)______________ to cookery programmes on national television.

In the afternoon I joined the salsa-making team, with rather (8)______________ results. My colleagues complained
that my food was so (9)______________ hot it made their eyes water. Their own efforts turned out (10)______________
better than mine. The communal meal at the end of the day was delicious, and I had not only learnt something about
cooking but also broadened my understanding of Mexican culture.

Đáp án:

1. companions 6. celebrity

2. expertise 7. contributor

3. unskilled 8. disastrous

4. explanations 9. painfully

5. surprisingly 100. considerably

III. ERROR CORRECTION (10 PTS)

The following passage contains 10 errors. Identify and correct them.
The destruction of the rainforests is a pressing problem of our times but not one that is regarded equally serious
by everyone. The more affluent nations regard the issue as one of preservation; deforestation must stop. When
it comes to the poorer countries, the issue is not so cut and dried. For these people, the rainforests represent a
source of economic prosperity, a point that obviously takes precedence on ecological concerns. A solution must
be found before the damage caused by the deforestation that is destroying the rainforests becoming irrevocable.
Deforestation is carried out by those involving in the timber industry and also by migrant farmers. The later
occupy an area of land, strip it, farm it until its natural mineral supply is used up and then move on. The land is
left useless and exposed and a process of erosion comes into effect, washing soil into rivers thereby killing fish
and blocking the water's natural course. The land is not the only victim. Rainforests are a rich populated habitat.
In the rainforests of Madagascar there are at most 150,000 individual species of plants and animals which are
found anywhere else in the world and more are being discovered all the time. Furthermore, approximately 50%

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of all endangered animal species live in the world's rainforests. The destruction of the forests effectively
represents a
complete removal of all these plants and animals. Deprived of their natural environments, they will disappear
altogether. Again, this process is reversible. Man, no matter how powerful he considers himself, does not have
the power to establish the species he is so willfully destroying.
Sentences Mistakes Correction Sentences Mistakes Correction

1. Line 6. Line

2. Line 7. Line

3. Line 8. Line

4. Line 9. Line

5. Line 10.Line

ANSWERS:
Mistake Correction Mistake Correction
1 serious seriously 6 rich richly
2 on over 7 most least
3 becoming becomes 8 anywhere nowhere
4 involving involved 9 reversible irreversible
5 later latter 10 establish re-establish
IV. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION. (20PTS)
Rewrite the following sentences using the words given.
1. I only realized the full implications of what had happened until sometime later.
 It wasn’t_________________________________________________________________
2. The judge said that it was only because of the woman’s age he had not sent her to jail.
 The judge said that had
3. The last time there was such an environmental catastrophe was a thousand years ago.
 Not___________________________________________________________proportions.
4. We weren’t surprised by his success.
 It came___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. He has an obsession about the dishonesty of lawyers. ( BEE)
 He______________________________________________________________________
6. I must have offended her because she isn’t being friendly towards me. (SHOULDER)
 I _______________________________________________________________________
7. You need to make sure that he has enough money to pay for the car before you sell it to him.
 You need to see____________________________________________________________
8. He threatened the officers with violence. (THREATS)
 He ______________________________________________________________________
9. The students’ rebellious behaviours should have been severely punishment. (DESERVED)
 The students ______________________________________________________________
10. There’s no one available in this moment to take her class . (NOTICE)
 There’s__________________________________________________________________

ANSWERS:
1. It wasn’t until sometime later that I realized the full implicatons of what had happened.
2. The judge said that had it not been for her age he would have sent the woman to jail.
3. Not since a thousand year ago has there been an environment catastrophe of such proportions.
4. It came as no surprised to us that he was/ had been successful.
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5. He has a bee in his bonnet about the dishonesty of lawyers.
6. I must have offended her because she is giving me a cold shoulder.
7. You need to see the colour of his money before you sell him the car.
8. He made threats of violence against the officers.
9. The students deserved severe punishment for their rebellious behaviours.
10. There’s no one available at such short notice to take her class.

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