EYEWITNESS

SOCCER
 1930s French hair
oil advertisement 1900s
shin pads

1900s soccer
ball pumps
1910s
shin pads

Early
20th-century
soccer ball
stencils

1966 World Cup

soccer ball 1930s
shin pads

2014 World Cup 1905 match

soccer ball holder Lionel Messi
of Argentina

1930s painting
of a goalkeeper

Painting
depicting
goal kick
 Early Early
20th-century 20th-century
porcelain porcelain
figure figure

EYEWITNESS

SOCCER Written by

HUGH HORNBY
Photographed by

ANDY CRAWFORD

1912 soccer ball

in association with
THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL MUSEUM, UK
 1900s
plaster
figure
Relaunch Edition
DK Delhi
Project editor Antara Moitra
Art editor Revati Anand
DTP designer Pawan Kumar
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jersey DK London
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US Editor Karyn Gerhard US Executive editor Lori Hand
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Producers, pre-production Andy Hilliard, Marc Staples
Senior producer Angela Graef
Managing editor Francesca Baines Managing art editor Philip Letsu
Publisher Andrew Macintyre
Associate publishing director Liz Wheeler
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Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf

First Edition
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1925 Australian international shirt Assistant art editor Yolanda Belton
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This Eyewitness ® Guide has been conceived by
Dorling Kindersley Limited and Editions Gallimard
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Contents
The global game 6 The stadium 44
History of soccer 8 The World Cup 46
Laws of the game 10 Top trophies 50
The referee 12 Playing the game 52
The field 14 Memorabilia 54
Soccer skills 16 The business of soccer 56
Goalkeepers 18 The science of soccer 58
Tactics 20 Did you know? 60
Injury time 22 Who’s who? 62
Soccer balls 24 World Cup wins 64
Boots 26 National teams 66
Soccer outfits 28 Find out more 68
Accessories 30 Glossary 70
Famous players 32 Index 72
Winning feeling 36
Big clubs 38 Early
20th-century
child’s rattle
The fans 40
Game day 42 1930s child’s
painted rattle
 The global game
Ashbourne ball
Ashbourne in Derbyshire,
England, holds a traditional
Shrove Tuesday soccer
game. The Upwards and
Soccer has its roots in ancient China, the Downwards teams try
to move the ball through
Europe, and the Americas. People the opposition’s “goal”—a
kicked a ball to prepare for war, to gateway at the end of town.

honor their gods, or just to entertain

themselves. In Europe, ball-kicking An Ashbourne ball
games were tests of courage, while in Harrow ball
China, they were rituals of grace and English boarding schools,
including Harrow and
skill. The rules of the modern game Eton, played a crucial role
in developing modern
of soccer were established in 1863. soccer in the early 1800s.
Although each school played
the game differently, they all
Soccer training produced detailed written rules. The Harrow ball was
The Chinese were playing a type These provided the basis for the flattened, top and bottom,
of soccer by the 3rd century bce. A first official laws. to allow it to skim across
muddy playing fields
military book of that period refers
to tsu chu, or “kicking a ball.” The A gentlemen’s game
game may once have been part The game of calcio was played in Italian cities in the
of a soldier’s training and was 16th and 17th centuries. On festival days, two teams
later included in ceremonies of gentlemen would attempt to force the ball through
on the emperor’s birthday. openings at either end of a city square. Team tactics
Chinese included formations and the
characters creation of space in which
meaning to advance.
“soccer”
Local people
came out to
watch the Handling the ball
games was part of the
game of calcio

6
 Players wear Ball made Men from many different
an elaborate from strips backgrounds played soccer
costume of silk of leather
and gold brocade

Street games
This early 19th-century cartoon is subtitled “Dustmen, coalmen,
gentlemen, and city clerks at murderous if democratic play.” It shows
the violent “every man for himself” spirit common to street games
in Britain at that time. The damage done to property, particularly
windows, and the disruption to the lives of other citizens caused
many town councils to ban soccer—without much success.

Ancient ritual
The Japanese game of kemari probably developed in the
7th century from an ancient Chinese soccer game,
after contact was made between the two countries.
Unlike the chaotic early soccer brawls of Europe,
it involved many rituals and was played as part
of a ceremony. The game is still played by
keeping a ball in the air inside a small court.

Kemari is a game of
balance and skill

Soccer writing
Soccer has been a literary subject for
as long as the game has been played.
The first book on soccer is Discourse
on Calcio by Italian Giovanni da Bardi,
published in 1580. As soccer became
popular in the early
20th century, many
children’s books
were published,
including The School
Across the Road by
Desmond Coke.

16th-century 18th-century
discourse on anthology
soccer

Image from
a 9th-century The children’s Color prints appear
watercolor book The School throughout the book
on silk Across the Road

7
 History of soccer
The global game was developed in England and
Scotland in the 19th century. Former pupils
of English boarding schools produced the first
common set of rules and formed the Soccer Celebrity player Exhibitionism
Association (FA) in 1863. British merchants and The first soccer players were In the early 20th
amateurs. C. B. Fry, who played century, British
engineers took the for the Corinthians in the teams toured the
game overseas, so 1890s, was one of the world, introducing
first soccer celebrities. soccer to other
people from other He also held the world nations by playing

Kinnaird countries began long-jump record. exhibition games.

This shield was
played in
nine of the
to play soccer. presented to the
Islington Corinthians
first 12 FA Arnold Kirke Smith’s cap
Cup finals in Japan, in 1937.

The English Three

Lions motif was
first used in 1872

Arnold
Kirke
Smith’s
England
shirt

The shirt
is made
of closely
woven wool

The first international

In November 1872, Scotland
played England on a cricket
field in Glasgow in the first-ever
international game. About 2,000
spectators watched a 0–0 draw.
This shirt and cap were worn
by Arnold Kirke Smith from
Oxford University, who was
Modern rules a member of the English team.
Lord Kinnaird was
president of the
Talented teams
Soccer Association
The English Soccer League
from 1890 to 1923,
began in 1888. Its 12-team
and was one of
fixture program was
the amateurs who
inspired by US baseball.
shaped the rules of
This 1893 painting by
the modern game.
Thomas Hemy shows Aston
Villa and Sunderland.

8
 The unruly game
The first French soccer league,
set up in 1894, was dominated by
teams of Scottish emigrants,
such as the White Rovers and
Standard AC. French satirists
were quick to refer to the game’s
reputation for unruliness. This
1900s French magazine, Le
Monde Comique, reflects this
attitude toward the game.

Bystanders often
got caught up in the
boisterous action
In reality, women’s
uniforms were far
less figure-hugging Cover
illustration
A ball of
entitled “Les
exaggerated size Plaisirs du
Dimanche”
(“Sunday
Pleasures”)

Ladies first
Women’s soccer started at the end of the
19th century. Teams such as the British
Ladies Club attracted large crowds. During
World War I, men’s and women’s teams
played against each other for charity. The
first Women’s World Cup was held in China
in 1991 and was won by the US.

FIFA Image of a soccer game played Out of Africa

badge in Uganda, Africa Soccer spread through Africa.
South Africa, with its European
populations, sent a touring
party to South America in 1906.
Forming FIFA In 1923, Egypt became the first
By 1904, many European countries African country to join FIFA.
had their own administrators. They In 2010, South Africa became
formed the world governing body, the first African country to
FIFA (Fédération Internationale de host the World Cup finals.
Soccer Associations). Today, it Each stamp
has more than 200 members.
shows a Soccer
different Soccer is a popular youth
US player sport in the US. The 1994
This 1900s plaster
World Cup finals held in the
figure is wearing
shin pads that were US provided a boost for Major
typical of that time US stamps produced for League Soccer, which is bringing
the 1994 World Cup professional games to a new audience.

9
 Laws of the game
The penalty spot is 12 yd
(11 m) from the goal line

Before the crossbar

was introduced, tape
Soccer’s success is partly due to its was stretched between
the goal posts
simple laws. Rules governing foul play,
equipment, and restarts have survived
the test of time. Stoppages in the game
can be avoided if the referee uses
the advantage rule, allowing play
Stand back to continue after a foul if the
This throw-in is
illegal. The ball is right team has the ball.
held correctly in both
hands, but the feet
For the offside rule,
are over the line. the assistant
referees decide
if an attacker has strayed
beyond the second-last
defender when the ball is
played forward by a teammate.
Goal kicks
must be taken
from within the
6-yd (5.5-m) box

Players must not

cross the halfway
line until the
ball is kicked off

Penalty Free kick Corner

In 1891, penalties were There are two types of A corner kick is taken
introduced to punish foul free kick—direct and when the defending team
play, such as tripping, indirect. In an indirect puts the ball out of play
pushing, or handball free kick, awarded after behind their own goal line.
within 12 yd (11 m) of the an infringement of a law, Corner kicks are good
goal. A player shoots from the ball must be touched goal-scoring opportunities. Faking fouls
the penalty spot to beat by two players before a The ball is placed within Amateur players in the 19th century believed all fouls
the keeper. If the ball hits goal is scored. Direct the quadrant—a quarter were accidental and would have been horrified by the
the post or bar the penalty free kicks are given after circle with a radius of “professional foul,” a deliberate offense to prevent an
taker cannot play it until fouls and the taker may 1 yd (1 m) in the corner attack. The modern game has many deliberate fouls.
another player touches it. score immediately. of the field. Some players fake being fouled to win a free kick.

10
 When a penalty is taken, Charge!
only the taker is allowed The 1958 English FA Cup final between
inside the “D”
Manchester United and Bolton Wanderers
featured a disputed goal by Bolton’s Nat
Lofthouse. He charged United goalkeeper
Harry Gregg over the line as he caught the
ball. Referees would now call it a foul.

Players from the defending

team must stay out of the
10-yd (9-m) circle
before kick-off

Players cannot be offside in

their own half of the field
The 6-yd (5.5-m) box
was semicircular until
1902. The penalty
box was introduced
in the same year

Assistant
referees patrol Permanent markers
opposite sides of In the mid-19th century,
the field and cover one before lines were marked on the
half each to signal throw-
field, flags were used to decide
ins and flag for offside
whether the ball was out of play.
Law and order Today, a corner flag has to be at
There are 17 main soccer laws. The field least 1.5 m (5 ft) high to avoid
of play must be rectangular and, for a full- the risk of players being impaled.
size field, from 110 to 120 yd (100.5 to 110 m)
Goal nets, patented by Brodies of
long and from 70 to 80 yd (64 to 73 m) wide. There Liverpool, England, in 1891, were first
should be 11 players per side. The duration of play used in 1892 to settle disputes over
is 90 minutes, in two halves of 45 minutes each. whether a ball had entered the goal

11
 The referee
Early amateur players wanted officials
to encourage fair play. Each team had an
umpire. Players had to raise an arm and
Early appeal against a foul; otherwise, play
20th-century
playing card continued. The rise of professional soccer
caricature
of a referee
in the 1880s made it harder for umpires
Your number’s up
to be neutral. A referee was introduced The assistant referee controls the entrance of
to settle disputes. In 1891, the referee moved onto substitutes to the field and checks their boot studs.
At top levels, a fourth official uses an illuminated
the field and the umpires became linesmen. They board to indicate the shirt number of the substitute
and the player being replaced, and confirm how
are now officially known as assistant referees. much stoppage time there will be in each half.

Classic black White trim sets off

the all-black uniform
This is the classic referee’s uniform, all-black with white
cuffs and collar. This uniform is from the 1970s, and is
similar to all those worn between the phasing out
of the blazer in the 1940s and the introduction
of other colors in the 1990s. The bulky
jackets of the early 1900s were replaced
by less constricting shirts to encourage
the officials to keep up with play on
the field.
Notebook to The yellow
record bookings, card is shown
goals, sendings for bookable
off, and offenses
substitutions

Badge refers
to the referee’s
Serious foul play local association
results in a red card
and a sending off
Referees must be
smartly turned out,
with shirt tucked
1940s Acme whistle in at all times

Both
Tools of the trade sides of a
Referees must
Some items are vital to the referee’s FIFA Fair wear shorts,
job. Red and yellow cards were first Play coin usually black
used at the 1970 World Cup. It is
believed the whistle was first used in 1878, and
became the best way to control play. The referee
carries a notebook and pencil to record game
details and a special coin that is tossed to
decide which team kicks off in which direction.

12
You’re booked
Bookings used to be given A red card is shown when
only once or twice a game a player has committed
and sendings off were rare, but two bookable offenses,
FIFA now insist that referees although players can be
are strict. As a result, teams shown a red card for a
serious offense, such Bangladesh
regularly have to play with 10 Former USSR Australia New Zealand
as a dangerous tackle
team members, or even fewer.

A whistle is blown to indicate

the start or restart of play, or to
stop play due to a foul or injury Colombia Italy
US
Iceland Portugal
World-class referees
These badges are produced by
referees’ associations around the world.
Referees are motivated by the prospect of
officiating at top-class games. World Cup
games are controlled by officials
from all countries affiliated to FIFA.

Official FIFA
badges for
sewing on the
officials’ shirts Men and women
officiate at top-
level games

Touchline helpers
The first linesmen waved a handkerchief
to alert the referee. Assistant referees now
wave a flag for offside, for when the ball
is out of play, and for any infringement.

Referees have to be
fit to keep up with
play on the field

Blazer with
pockets for
The first
a stopwatch
referees wore
and notebook
knickers

How to be a referee
This illustration from the cover of
a 1906 book entitled How to be a
Referee shows the typical referee’s
clothing of that period. After taking
a qualifying exam, referees usually
start out at amateur level. They are
assessed regularly to ensure high standards.
Today’s top referees are professionals.

13
 The field Patterns can be made
when mowing the field

At the start of a season, the field

This Samuel Brandão
is smooth and green. But it soon
painting shows soccer being becomes muddy and uneven, especially
played on a dirt field in Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil if cold, wet weather sets in. Ground staff
keep fields in top condition with new
species of grass and good drainage. Some wealthy clubs
lay a completely new field between games, but amateur
players make do with any muddy or frozen surface.

Streets ahead
In the days before busy traffic, street
soccer was popular. Children learned
ball control and dribbling skills in
confined spaces. They
often used clothes
as goalposts.

Ground staff
preparing for a
game during the
1953 English season

Jean-Pierre
Papin
playing for
AC Milan,
Italy, on
a snowy
field
Hot stuff
Playing in snow In colder countries, various methods have been tried
In snow, the ball and field markings are to prevent soccer fieldes from freezing. Undersoil
hard to see and the ground is slippery. heating was first installed at Everton, England, in 1958.
If the markings are swept clear and the In the past, ground staff put straw down as insulation
field is soft for studs, play can carry on. and lit fires in braziers to lift the air temperature.

14
Slopes and shade Grass is kept Layer of topsoil Heating Layers of sand and
Modern fields, such as Brighton and Hove Albion’s (above), long to encourage nourishes pipes are gravel allow water
are usually laid with a camber, which means they slope slightly deep rooting the grass laid in grids to filter away
down from the center circle to the touchlines to drain water away.
With large stands, less air and light reach the grass, stunting
its growth. This has been a problem at some stadiums.

Pampering
the field
Modern field The surface
maintenance is is made
a full-time job. to mimic
In summer, the grass
grass is mowed, Model of a section through a field
The base of the Drainage
watered, and fed field is composed of pipes carry
Fibers
regularly. During
are woven
large pieces of stone away water Saturation point
the off season, Rainwater is the greatest
together to
work is done to form a threat to field condition. Built-in
repair holes and carpet Better than the real thing? drainage is an important part
worn patches in Artificial fields are made from of field construction. Pipes
the turf. New synthetic turf laid on a shock-absorbent and materials chosen for their
grass types have Artificial pad. They are more hard-wearing than draining qualities are laid under
been created grass viewed grass fields and are unaffected by rain grass. Lots of sand is mixed
that grow better from the side, or ice. However, many players feel they into the topsoil to make it less
in the shade of above, and increase the risk of injury. Today, most absorbent and less waterlogged.
tall stands. underneath top clubs prefer hybrid fields, which Even a well-cared-for field may
have artificial grass woven in real grass. become saturated.

15
 Soccer skills Control freak
The best players
always bring the ball
under control. For high
passes, they keep their
Each position on the field is associated eye on the ball and use

Early 20th-century
with specific tasks. Defenders must their chest, stomach,
head, or, like Wayne
button showing a man tackle opponents to claim the ball, Rooney here, their
heading the ball
midfielders must pass the ball thighs to stun the ball.

accurately to their teammates, and strikers must

shoot and score goals. Professional players master
and perfect a range of skills in their training routines. Players call out to each
other to indicate their
intentions on the ball
Tackle talk
Players try to take the ball
from another player by tackling. Pass mark
Germany’s Mats Hummels is Moving the ball fast
one of the finest tacklers in between players
modern soccer. He shows stretches a defense.
the anticipation and timing Accurate passing is
that are essential to avoid the hallmark of all
committing a foul. Referees successful teams.
punish players if they make a Former Barcelona
physical challenge from behind player Xavi could
or if they make contact with a pass the ball into
player instead of the ball. space even when he
was tightly marked.

If the defender is
unable to reach
All parts of the
the ball, he must
foot are used
still challenge
to manipulate
the striker
the ball in the
desired direction
The ability to pass
with both feet
The player gives the player
must time more options
his leap to
meet the
ball firmly

Heads up!
Headers can be defensive or
attacking. Defenders try to gain
distance when they clear a ball
from the goal area. Attackers need
power and accuracy to head in
a goal. Ivory Coast striker Didier
Drogba uses his height to beat
the opponent and head the ball.

16
 Keeping the Winging it
head still Crosses, or passes in from the wings, result
improves
accuracy in more goals than any other angle of attack.
Players who can put the ball over with pace and
accuracy are valuable to a team. Portugal and
Real Madrid winger Cristiano Ronaldo arguably
takes the greatest free kicks. He can put great
power behind the ball while applying curve or
dip. He plants his left foot alongside the ball
and uses his arms to maintain balance
before driving his right foot through
the ball. The way his foot
The player can strikes the ball dictates
pretend to go in the dip or curl.
one direction
before going
in the other

Downtown dribbler
When a player runs with the ball at Extending the
arms assists
his or her feet, it is called dribbling. with balance
Brazilian star Ronaldinho, who learned
his soccer on the streets of Porto
Alegre, is proof that dribbling can cause
problems for the opposition. Good
balance and concentration help a Keeping body
dribbler change direction quickly weight over the
and ride tackles. ball makes it
easier to cross
The foot turns in as it with power
passes through the ball
Keeping the head to make it swerve
down and looking
at the ball rather
than the goal The bicycle kick
helps to ensure is even harder
clean contact to execute if the
ball is moving
across the player

The left leg is

Going for goal firmly planted to
When shooting, forwards need allow the body
the accuracy to find the corner to make the best
of the net as well as the power shape for the cross
to blast the ball past the
goalkeeper. Edinson Cavani of Bicycle kick
Uruguay is one of the most The bicycle kick was A higher
reliable goalscorers in first demonstrated in jump
world soccer. the 1930s by Brazilian forward allows the
Leônidas. With their back to the goal, player
strikers throw their legs up in the to keep the
ball down
air and kick the ball while falling
below the
backward. This tactic can catch the crossbar
goalkeeper by surprise. This model
of Italian striker Roberto Baggio
shows the ideal body position.

17
 Goalkeepers
Good save
This 1950 comic cover
shows the save that is
considered the easiest—
from a shot straight to
As the last line of defense, the midriff. It also hints
A 1900s match at the spectacular action
a goalkeeper knows that a
holder showing in which goalkeepers
single mistake can cost the
a goalkeeper
punching clear
are regularly involved,
such as when they have
team victory. Goalkeeping to fly through the air to
tip the ball away. Modern
can be a lonely job. It involves different strikers can make the
skills and more time with nothing to do. The ball swerve suddenly, so
goalkeepers must keep
necessity of having both a physical presence their bodies in line with
the ball.
and great agility means that goalkeepers
have to train as hard as other players, but The ball should be punched
out toward the wing
the reward can be a much longer career.
Catch it
Punching the ball away
from the danger area
Clothes has always been popular
among European and
Until 1909, goalkeepers were distinguishable only by their cap, South American
making it difficult for the referee to judge who, in a goalmouth goalkeepers. The keeper
scramble, was handling the ball. From 1909 to the early 1990s, on this 1900 book cover
they wore a shirt of a single plain color that was different from is trying to punch the ball
clear. Modern referees
the shirts worn by the rest of their team. A rule was made
rarely allow keepers to be
forbidding short sleeves, which has now been relaxed. challenged when they are
trying to catch the ball.

Keepers’ colors
Patterns in soccer shirts have traditionally
been limited to stripes and hoops, but since
the rules on goalkeepers’ clothes were
relaxed, every combination of colors
seems to have been tried. Not all of
them have been easy on the eye,
although fluorescent designs are
easy for defenders to see.

Flexible Modern gloves

plastic ribs help prevent
reinforce injuries such as
each finger a broken finger

The shamrock,
symbol of Ireland
Eire shirt
This shirt was worn by Alan Kelly for Goalie’s gloves
the Republic of Ireland. He made 47 Until the 1970s, cotton gloves were worn
appearances, the first in 1957 and the only when it was wet. Modern keepers
last in 1973. Yellow shirts were once a always wear gloves. Various coatings and
common sight in international matches. pads are used to increase the gloves’ grip.

18
 Goalkeepers may still wear a Loud and clear
cap if the sun is in their eyes Italy’s and Juventus’s exceptional
goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon
Narrowing the angle controls his penalty area
This image from the 1930s shows a by shouting instructions
goalkeeper alert to danger. When an to his teammates. This
attacker approaches the goal with loud communication
the ball, goalkeepers should leave ensures the defenders
their line and move toward the line up in the best way
Arms are
ball to reduce the target area for to create a wall for a
outstretched, the attacker. This action is called free kick, or organize
ready to “narrowing of the angle” and is an themselves effectively
block a shot important part of a keeper’s role. in the penalty area for
a corner kick.

Goalkeepers shout
instructions to their
teammates to make
sure they are organized
during set-pieces

Goalkeepers have to
point when organizing
the defensive wall
for a free kick

Throwing out
This painted button from the 1900s
shows the goalkeeper quickly
throwing out the ball. This can be
an effective way to launch an attack.

Goal kick
When the ball is put out behind the
goal line by an attacker, the opposing
team is awarded a goal kick. The
goalkeeper takes the kick from
inside the 6-yard (5.5-m) box.

19
 Tactics
Center-half
defended
and attacked
2-3-5
formation
Coaches and managers (left)

outwit the opposition Center-

half only
by keeping their tactics defended

secret until the game.

Old Arabic print of
team formations Since soccer began,
teams have lined
up in different formations. Early
players had the skills needed
for a particular position on the
field. The pace of today’s game
demands that players adapt to
play in almost any position.
Germany won the
2014 World Cup W-M formation (right)
with a back four
In good form
Wingers The 2-3-5 formation dominated tactics until the
have been
1930s. Each player had a specific place on the pitch.
replaced by
midfielders Herbert Chapman of Arsenal, England, was the first
who can manager to position the center-half and inside-
also defend forward deeper to create the W-M formation.

4-4-2
formation One forward
often plays
(right) “in the hole”
behind the other

Wing-backs
are responsible
for providing
attacking width

Sweeper
system (left)
Sweeper
Game plan
must be Software companies have
creative created computer programs
and pass to enable managers to plan
accurately their tactics on-screen.
This 4-3-3 formation is
now one of the most
common in soccer.

Clean sweep
Modern formations are varied, but
the 4-4-2 is one of the most popular.
The four defenders are not expected
to push forward and the four
midfielders sometimes switch to
a diamond shape. The sweeper
system frees one player from
marking duties to act as cover.

20
Packed defense
Denying the opposition forward space is vital The forward
The attacker cannot go “one
and certain players may be singled out for man-
is trapped on one” with
to-man marking. It is said that the best teams
the goalkeeper
are built from the back, with a strong defense
providing a springboard for attack. Here, Paris
FC defenders are surrounding a striker.

Offside origins
The defenders The first offside law, in 1866, stated that three
are physically
blocking in defenders, including the goalkeeper, had to be
the attacker between the attacker and the goal when the
ball was played forward by a teammate. By
1920, fewer goals went in because attackers
still had to beat the last outfield defender.
Player is
onside

Offside updated
In 1925, FIFA amended the offside law so
that only two players had to be between the
attacker and the goal. Far more goals were
scored. The offside rule is basically unchanged
today. Here, the midfielder is about to pass the
ball to the forward. This player is still onside
and will have only the goalkeeper to beat.

Player is
offside

Offside trap
Teams without a sweeper can still use an
offside trap. As the midfielder goes to pass
the ball forward, the defenders advance
up the field in a line, leaving the forward
offside when the ball is played. William
McCracken of Newcastle, England, perfected
this tactic in the years before World War I.

No substitute Be prepared
FIFA introduced Javier Zanetti’s goal
substitutions in 1923 for Argentina against
if a player was injured. England at the 1998
Injuries were faked World Cup in France
to let coaches make was an example of
tactical changes, so it a brilliant well-
was accepted that one rehearsed routine.
player could be freely Many goals are scored
replaced. Today, the from set-pieces—game
number of substitutions situations that a team
allowed is three per team. practices before a game.

21
 Injury time
A professional player’s job involves far
more than playing matches. Training, fitness,
and recovery from injuries are concerns for
the modern player. Advances in medicine mean
Mr. Black, the more injuries can now be successfully treated.
player from a
Happy Families
Physiotherapy, nutrition, and even psychology
card game are all part of the routine Fighting fit
at big clubs today. Medicine balls like this were used in
soccer training for many decades.
They are very heavy, so throwing
them improves stamina and builds
Vital edge muscle bulk. Gym equipment, training
Manager Vittorio Pozzo led Italy to victory in the programs, and resistance machines
1934 and 1938 World Cup. He knew the importance are now commonly used. Strength
of physical fitness and trained his team hard to give and fitness are essential to success
them more stamina. This paid off in the 1934 final, because top players have to play as
when Italy scored the winning goal in overtime. many as 70 games per season.

Up and down
Modern players know the
importance of warming up
before a game. The risk of
muscle tears and strains is
significantly reduced if the
muscles are warm and
loose. Many teams “warm
down” after a match
to relax their muscles
before resting them.

The stretcher is
carried by two
wooden poles

A piece of canvas supports

Getting carried away A pillow is built the injured player
This stretcher was used in the 1920s. In into the stretcher
those days, if the stretcher was brought As if by magic
out onto the field, the crowd knew that The “magic” sponge has a special place
a player was seriously injured. Today, in soccer folklore. Spectators have often wondered
players who are injured have to leave how a rubdown with a sponge and cold water could
the field after treatment, and if fit to result in a player’s swift recovery from an injury.
resume, are only allowed to rejoin play Today, the team physical therapist, rather than the The sponge is
a few moments later. In many countries, trainer, treats players for injury problems on the field still used in
motorized carts have taken the place of and off it. Physical therapists are fully qualified to amateur games
traditional stretchers. give sophisticated treatment to injured players.

22
 Soldiering on
Injured players are usually The physical
therapist carries
substituted to prevent them equipment onto Security pass
from doing more damage, the field
but some injuries do not stop
a player. Former England
defender Terry Butcher, left,
played with a badly cut head
and bloodstained shirt
during a vital World Cup
qualifier in Sweden on
September 6, 1989. Today,
players must leave the field
for treatment if they bleed
from an injury sustained
during the game.

Modern medicine
cases are light
and waterproof

Field doctor
Nigeria’s Daniel Amokachi is shown here being treated
for a hamstring injury during a 1994 World Cup match.
Straining the hamstring muscle at the back of the leg
usually results in a three-week layoff.

Ice is applied
to the injury
to reduce
inflammation

The bag is Lotions and potions

made of
This medicine bag belonged to Ramsgate FC in
leather
the early 20th century. They were a non-league
team from Kent in England. The bottles would
have contained lotions to warm muscles, pour
on grazes, or reduce pain. Professional clubs
are now required to have a doctor at every
game to deal with the most serious injuries.
The trainer’s medicines
sometimes included chloroform
to sedate a badly injured player

23
 Soccer balls
The game of soccer can be played
An 1890s
without any special equipment.
brass traveling
inkwell in the
Children can kick around a tin can or
shape of a
bound-up rags. Centuries ago, people
soccer ball

found that an animal’s bladder could

be inflated and knotted to make a light, bouncy
ball. A bladder did not last long when kicked, so
people protected bladders in a shell of animal skin
cured to turn it into leather. Heavy going
This design is still used Balls of the 1870s were often formed by
stitching together eight segments of leather,
today, but with modern, the ends of which were secured by a central
synthetic materials. disc. The leather was unprotected and could
absorb water on wet days, so the ball
increased in weight. Heading the ball could
be dangerous, and so this technique was
Manufacturers’ not often used in those days. The dribbling
names were first game was the popular style and the heavy
stenciled on balls ball was suitable for this style of play.
in about 1900
The lace for tightening Interlocking
Sections of the case stands proud panels of
leather sewn leather
together

Tool for lacing

the ball tightly
Made to measure
This ball was used in March 1912, in
a game between Wales and England. Made Copper
from a pig’s bladder wrapped in cowhide, stencil
it is typical of the balls used for most of the
20th century. The outside shell was laced
up. The size and weight of soccer balls
were standardized for the first FA
Challenge Cup competition in 1872, but the
balls still absorbed water and lost shape.

The colors are based Brand name

on the French flag marked on the
ball with a stencil

World Cup colors Heading for trouble

The first World Cup balls to have a Balls like this were used at the 1966
color other than black were used at World Cup when the design had hardly
the 1998 World Cup in France. They changed in 50 years. The leather case was
had a synthetic coating to make them lined, a 1940s development to improve
waterproof and a foam layer between durability. The outside was painted with a
the latex bladder and polyester skin. This pigment to repel water from a rain-soaked
let players pass and shoot quickly. Like 75 field. Manufacturers had not found an
percent of soccer balls, they were made in alternative to lacing up the ball, so players
the Sialkot region of Pakistan. risked injury when heading the ball.

24
 The handle is Patching things up
pushed down to the This 1970s repair kit was used
cylinder to pump
up the bladder with a vinyl ball. The metal rod
was heated and inserted into the
puncture to create a hole, onto
The piston
which a patch could be glued.
expels air from
Glue
the pump Patch with
Pump is “nipple” to fit Spare
inserted the hole valve
straight into
the ball Metal rod

The
Nesthill
brass
pump

Pump from
1893
The equipment
sykometer catalog
measures
air
pressure Tube to attach
the pump to the
ball’s valve

1630 engraving
Ball boys created by
This 17th-century German engraving shows Matthaus Merian
that inflated animal bladders have been used for a the Older
long time. These servants are preparing a ball for their masters.
Pressure valve Pump is used in Calcio balls are made
an upright position of leather that is stitched
together and then painted
Full of air
Over time, air escaped from a soccer’s
bladder and a pump was used to
reinflate it. Air pressure in a bladder
could be increased to improve the
bounce. If a bladder was pumped too
high it could burst, so some pumps
came with their own pressure gauge.
These pumps date from the 1890s.

Two colors make the Orkney

ball flash in the air

Alternative balls
Several different soccer games
are played around the world. They Built to last Made to match
each use a ball specific to that game. In the Scottish Orkney Calcio, first played in Italy
Some soccer games have existed for Shaping up Isles, a soccer game in the 16th century, was
centuries. The balls may have American football was is played in the streets reintroduced to Florence
based on kicking a ball. every New Year. The ball in 1930. The game is
features connected to a
As throwing became is very heavy and stuffed played by teams of 27 a
ceremonial aspect a feature, the with cork. This helps it side, all wearing medieval
of the game, and present ball to last for several hours clothes and armor. Red,
involve decoration, shape evolved. of play and makes it float green, and white balls
or they are designed The small ball on water—a useful match the costumes. As
to withstand very can be gripped feature as a team can Calcio balls are small, it is
firmly, making it score a goal by throwing easier for players to pick
harsh treatment. easier to pass accurately. the ball into the sea. them up and throw them.

25
 Boots
Of all soccer equipment,
boots have changed the
A 1950s painting of soccer
boots called Christopher’s most in the last 100 years. All-day footwear
Boots, by Doris Brand
As the most expensive In the late 1800s, few
people playing soccer had
item of kit, boots are specialized footwear. These
unaffordable for many people who play in girls’ boots could also have
been worn to school. The
bare feet. The fast sport we see today would smooth soles, heel, and high
cut would restrict movement,
be impossible if soccer players had to but protect the ankle.
19th-century girls’ boots

use the heavy, painful boots worn until

the 1930s. In the first World Cup
tournaments in the 1930s, South
American teams wore lighter, low-cut
boots, starting the
trend toward
the modern,
high-tech boot. 1920s
children’s
A “kick
around” is
boots a popular
pastime
with children
Made for the job
By the 1920s, soccer boots like the “Manfield Hotspur” were
being mass-produced for players of all ages. Children’s boots were
designed just like adults’, with reinforced toecaps and heels, some
ankle protection, and leather cleats. Social conditions at the time,
though, meant that most working-class families could not afford such
equipment and, if they could, they would have handed down boots
from one child to another.

Extra foot support

Cotton laces

Cleatless boots Boots in the bath

A 19th-century gentleman player wore In 1910, these boots were
cleatless boots, which would not have marketed as “Cup Final Specials,”
allowed for sharp turns or long an early example of a soccer
passing. However, they were practical product being tied to a famous
enough for the type of dribbling game game. The wickerwork pattern
favored by the great English amateur on the toes was meant
teams. This style of play was dictated to help ball control—also a
by the confined spaces used for major part of modern boot
soccer practice at many British design. It was common for
public schools. Boots like these would players to wear new boots in
have doubled in weight when wet. the bathtub to soften the leather.

26
 Lots of laces Sponsorship deals
Paton’s bootlaces, in Over the last 50 years, star
various colors, were players, such as Neymar of
widely used from the Brazil, have received huge
1930s onward. There sums of money to wear
was a constant demand popular brands of soccer
for replacements boots. Corporate companies
because repeated sponsor players to raise the
soaking during gamees, profile and boost the sales of
followed by drying out, their brand of boots. Many
caused the early cotton players donate their used
laces to perish and boots to charity or give
eventually snap. them to club museums.

White laces
were common
in the 1930s

England’s
Tom Finney
promoted
these boots

The designer age

Huge sums of money are spent
The modern look on the development of modern
The classic black-with-white-trim
boots. Top-quality leather uppers,
design, which is still used today,
usually made from kangaroo
became popular in the 1950s. The
hides, and light synthetic soles
vertical strap on the instep remains
combine to make boots that last.
from earlier designs. The boots were
They are comfortable and allow
becoming flexible enough to be worn
amazing amounts of spin on the
without much breaking in. There
ball. Former England captain
was less protection around the ankle,
David Beckham wore new boots
which allowed players more freedom
for every single game. This pair
of movement but led to an increase
featured the names of his sons.
in injuries. It was at this time that
bootmakers began to use the name
of famous players to sell their boots. Cleats are screwed
into the sole

Cleats and stuff

The number and the position of cleats
on the sole varies greatly. Longer
Nails
cleats are needed for a wet and fixed to
muddy field while shorter ones are cleats
worn on a hard field. Modern boots Key to
often feature cleats of a fixed length Separate nails tighten
cleats
molded to the sole of the boot. The risk Wooden
of cleats causing injury concerns the hammer The first cleats Harmful hammers All change!
Early soccer boots Rubber cleats came next. Modern screw-in
game’s governing bodies. The referee
were made entirely They also needed nailing cleats are made of
or an assistant must check the cleats of leather. The cleats to the sole and it was plastic or metal.
of everyone entering the field of play. had to be hammered not long before the boots Players can change
into the soles. were damaged. cleats at half-time.

27
 Soccer outfits
A shirt, shorts, and socks
were the basis of a player’s
In the 19th century, both soccer
and rugby players wore knee-length outfit in the first laws of
knickerbockers with no leg protection 1863. Players in hotter

countries needed cool

clothing, so wool gave way to cotton and
then artificial fibers. Cool fabrics that
“breathe” are now the norm worldwide.
Teams wear matching outfits on the field
of play in the club colors, which all the fans
can identify. Dutch orange
The orange uniform for Holland is
instantly recognizable. Dutch fans
wear replica shirts to form an
orange mass at matches.
Here, striker Klaas-Jan
Huntelaar wears the
national uniform.

Wool sweaters
In the late 19th
century, soccer
jerseys were often
made from wool.
They stretched out of
shape and became
heavy in the rain. Away uniform
In the 1966
World Cup final,
the England
team wore red
instead of their
usual white
home unform,
because West
Germany were
wearing white.

Lace-ups Australian amateurs

At all levels of the game, teams wear This wool Australian shirt with
matching uniforms. This black and white a cotton collar was worn in Keeping cool
shirt was worn by a Newcastle United 1925 by Tommy Traynor. Shirts Modern shirts are
player at the 1908 English FA Cup final. worn in international games designed to keep players
Newcastle still wear black and white have symbolic importance. cool and draw away excess
today. The shirt is made of thick cotton After a game, teams swap moisture. This 1994 Brazil
with a lace-up collar. shirts as a gesture of goodwill. World Cup shirt is made of
light synthetic fabrics to suit
today’s high-energy games.

28
 Fair-weather friends
By the early 20th century,
manufacturers in many countries
had begun to adapt the uniform that
British players had taken overseas
with them in the 19th century. They
produced lighter outfits more suited
to warm climates. Short-sleeved
shirts and deep V-neck collars
became part of the typical
Mediterranean look, as seen in this
These socks image from Valencia in Spain.
are unusually
decorative
Early 1900s
Women were Spanish
not expected to illustration
head the ball

Pull your socks up

These socks from the 1920s are made Hoops and
stripes are classic
of wool. Modern socks are made of more
design features
comfortable synthetic materials. Players
keep their socks up with ties around the
top. Ties can be strips of bandage or
elasticized tape cut into lengths. If players High kicking
are prone to cramps, they may discard the was easier if
ties. Socks around the ankles can be shorts were
above the
a sign of a tired player facing defeat. knees

Cream flannel shorts

from about 1900

Early 20th-century
French illustration

Modern
synthetic
shorts with Under wraps
decorative Until World War I, women players had
Hard-wearing side seams to keep their hair under a cap or bonnet
cotton shorts
and hide their legs inside voluminous
from the 1930s
bloomers. In the 1910s, when many men
Short story were away at war, crowds flocked to see
Amateurs in the 1860s played in full-length trousers but, as the women’s exhibition games. This wider
game developed, players had to increase their speed and agility. acceptance of ladies’ soccer enabled
Shorter knickerbockers cut just above the knee became popular. women’s teams to start wearing soccer
The baggy style of soccer shorts of the 1930s was made famous by outfits that were similar to those worn
Alex James of Arsenal, England, “the wee man in the big shorts.” by men and more suitable for the game.

29
 Accessories
Injury and discomfort were part of
Catalog soccer in its early days. This situation
illustration
of protective
improved when protective equipment
ear muffs and other accessories such as hats, ear
muffs, and belts were introduced at the
end of the 19th century. Shin pads were developed in
1874 to protect players from injuries during games.
Leg protection is still part of a player’s uniform,
but other accessories are no longer used.
Buttoned tunic was
an alternative to the
more common shirt

Leather
buckles
fasten
these
shin pads

Lasting design
In the 1900s, players wore shin pads like these
outside their socks, held in place with straps and
buckles. The front is leather, the back is cotton,
and the stuffing in between is animal hair.

Reinforced guards
This figure is from the
box of a late 19th-century
German soccer game. His
The first shin pads shin pads are strengthened
The earliest shin pads were worn with cane bars.
outside the socks and were extended to
include ankle protectors, which rested Early 20th-century schoolboys’ belts
on the top of the boot. Some, like these, Belt up
had a suede covering, which was prone Decorative belts were a part of many
to water damage. These heavy and soccer uniform until the 20th century.
inflexible pads date from the 1890s, They smartened up appearances by
about 20 years after shin pads holding in the shirt and gave teams
became part of the player’s kit. identity through the use of colors. Woman’s belt from 1895

30
 1980s shin
pads were
similar in
shape to those
from the 1930s

Long
laces
to wrap
twice
around
the leg

Room to move Tie-on shin pads Lightweight protection

By 1910, ankle protection was no Shin pads worn inside the socks Modern shin pads look very
longer part of shin pad design took over by 1930. Laces were used different from earlier models.
because it restricted movement of for fastening instead of buckles, to They are shaped to fit the leg,
the foot. Passing and running off the prevent chafing on the players’ legs. using lightweight materials to
ball were now important parts of the Many years later, tighter-fitting give excellent protection. Even
game, requiring increased flexibility synthetic, rather than wool, socks the delicate Achilles tendon at
of the ankle. Players were therefore hold the pads firmly in place. the back of the ankle is shielded.
forced to sacrifice some protection. The revival of ankle protectors
brings shin pad design full circle.
Ladies wore hats to keep
long hair out of the mud
Keeping warm
Gloves have become
common, especially
among players from hot
countries who play in
Europe, often in freezing
temperatures. Players
susceptible to hamstring
and groin injuries wear
undershorts to keep
these muscles warm.

Stripes to
match team
colors Women’s
soccer hats

Soccer figure
This porcelain figure of a boy
was made in Germany in the Brazilian player Gilberto Silva
1890s. Artistic depictions of
soccer from this period often
showed players wearing Hats off!
hats, even though they These women’s hats date from
were becoming decorative 1895, when ladies’ soccer was still
Hand-painted rather than practical items. in its infancy. Like the men, many female
German figure players wore shin pads for protection.

31
 Famous players
Soccer is a team game. Clubs and national
teams inspire the greatest passion among fans
but a few players are so gifted and entertaining
that they stand out and draw huge audiences.
All of the great players share an ability to
change the course of a game through a
moment of incredible individual skill.

Gordon Banks
(b. 1937)
English goalkeeper
Gordon Banks is Johann Cruyff Gerd Muller
best known for a (1947–2016) (b. 1945)
super save that One of the few great players Known as “Der Bomber,”
kept out Pelé’s to have become a successful Gerd Muller was a
header in the manager, Cruyff instilled springy center forward
1970 World Cup. great tactical awareness. and a prolific goal
Banks won He played for Holland; Ajax, scorer, with 68 goals
73 caps Amsterdam; and Barcelona, in 62 games for West
between 1963 Spain. He also personified Germany. While playing
and 1972. the idea of “total soccer” by club soccer for Bayern
floating all over the field Munich, he scored a
using balance and skill to record 365 goals.
open up defenses.

Milla was a Roger Milla

great entertainer, after scoring
known for his for Cameroon
flamboyant goal
celebrations against
Colombia in the
1990 World Cup

Roger Milla (b. 1952) Bobby Charlton

Twice African Player of the Year, (b. 1937)
Cameroon’s Roger Milla was the Manchester United star
first to become globally famous Bobby Charlton was known
playing for an African nation. for powerful and accurate
He was also the oldest player shooting, and proved invaluable
to appear and score in a World in England’s 1966 World Cup
Cup game, in 1994, at age 42. win. He was knighted in 1994.

32
 Diego Maradona (b. 1960)
Eusébio Maradona was the best player
practices ball of his generation. He inspired his
control in teammates, notably when leading
training Argentina to victory in the 1986
World Cup and Napoli to two
Series A titles in Italy. His magical Maradona’s
left foot and strength in low center of
possession were gravity gave him
his main excellent balance
Eusébio scored
38 goals in 46 assets.
internationals
In the 1986 World
Cup against England,
Maradona scored
two goals—one a
handball that should
have been disallowed;
the other a dazzling
solo effort

Eusébio (1942–2014)
Although he was born in
Mozambique, Eusébio was
snapped up by Benfica of
Lisbon, Portugal, and went
on to play for Portugal. He
starred in the 1962 European
Cup final, scoring twice as
Benfica beat Real Madrid,
Spain, 5–3. Eusébio was
respected all over the world
for his fair play and dignity,
as well as his talent.

Garrincha (1933–83)
Nicknamed “the Little Bird,”
Meazza (below right) shakes
Like many of
Garrincha had polio as
hands with the Hungarian
the greatest a child. He overcame his
captain, Sarosi, before
players, disability to become one
the 1938 World Cup final
Maradona of the quickest and most
liked to be elusive wingers the game
number 10 has seen. He played on the
right-hand side of Brazil’s
legendary 1958 forward
Giuseppe Meazza (1910–79) line. In 1962, he made up
Italian Giuseppe Meazza won two for the absence of the
World Cup winner’s medals, in 1934 injured Pelé with some
and 1938. He was a creator and brilliant performances,
scorer of goals from his inside helping Brazil to retain
forward position. In 1938, the World Cup.
he organized the Italian
team when the coach Maradona’s
was ordered to the magical footwork
stands. His best years entertained and
amazed the fans
were at Internazionale
of Milan, Italy.

Continued on next page 33

Continued from previous page

Lionel Messi Cristiano Ronaldo

(b. 1987) (b. 1985)
A skillful forward, Portugal’s dribbling
Lionel Messi made his star, Cristiano
competitive debut for Ronaldo is one of
Barcelona at age 16 and the world’s best
has since won eight players. He has
Spanish league won the Ballon
championships. The d’Or five times.
Argentina captain In the 2014–15
has won the FIFA Ballon season, he scored
d’Or a record five times. 61 goals in 54
games, including
a record-breaking
48 in La Liga. Since
2009, Ronaldo has
played for Real Madrid.
Zidane combined balance Messi’s delicate touch
with strength to provide a and close control
complete attacking threat make him one of the
world’s best dribblers

Zinedine Zidane (b. 1972)

One of the greatest players of modern
times, the French attacking midfielder
Zinedine Zidane combined physical
strength with skill and intelligence.
In 1998, he propelled France to their
first World Cup win, with two goals
against Brazil in the final. He also
helped Real Madrid to victory in the
2002 Champions League final with
a man-of-the-match performance.

These two
defenders are
playing for
the Italian
club Roma

Roma defenders
are left in
Platini’s wake

Stanley Matthews Lev Yashin

(1915–2000) (1929–90)
England’s Stanley Matthews was Always in black, Lev Yashin
known for his dribbling skills. He played for the Soviet Union in
won 84 caps and played his last four World Cups and is the only
game for Stoke City at the age of goalkeeper to be named
50. He was knighted in 1965. European Footballer of the Year.

34
 Between them,
Puskás and Di Stéfano
scored seven goals in
the European Cup
final in 1960

Franz Beckenbauer (b. 1945)

Beckenbauer remains one of the few soccer-playing
legends to achieve similar success as a manager.
He captained West Germany to success at the 1974
World Cup, and managed them to the title in 1990.
Ferenc Puskás Alfredo di
(1927–2006) Stéfano
The star of Hungary’s famous (1926–2014)
team of the 1950s, Puskás As Real Madrid led
joined Real Madrid of Spain in European soccer
1958. Puskás favored his in the 1950s, Di
left foot, scoring many Stéfano was a star
goals for club player. He and
and country. Puskás had a
legendary
double act.

Michel Platini
(b. 1955)
Platini captained
France in the
1984 European
Championships when
they won the tournament
for the first time. As an
attacking midfielder, he Michel Platini
often finished as top scorer playing for
at Italian club Juventus. Juventus

Platini had the

speed and foresight
to move forward
into space

Pelé (b. 1940)

Many people’s choice of the greatest player of all, Pelé
was king of Brazilian soccer from the late 1950s to
the early 1970s. He scored more than 1,000 goals for
Brazilian club Santos, American soccer team New
York Cosmos, and Brazil. His enthusiasm and love of
soccer make him a perfect role model for the game.

35
 Winning feeling
Players lucky enough to win a
championship are awarded a medal
for their achievement. Those good Ornate
Sew-on badge
given to members enough to be picked to play for their
silver
dagger
of an international country win a cap. Medals and caps Argentine pot made
squad from a dried eggplant
have been part of the game since the
19th century and are still highly valued rewards
today. Success can be measured by the number of
caps a player has, and passing the 100-cap mark is
considered exceptional service to the national team.

Medals Good sport

Before organized leagues, soccer
Argentine
silver
As with military medals for medals were often awarded for
Norwegian spoon
soldiers, players are rewarded with sportsmanship. The full-back
silver spoon
C. Duckworth was given this medal
medals for helping their team.
for “gentlemanly and successful
Medals are awarded at all levels play” in the 1883–84 season.
of soccer, professional and
amateur. These mementos With compliments
of glory days can become This “complimentary
Precious gifts
valuable collectors’ items. International players can
medal for defeating
receive gifts from opposing soccer
all comers” was
associations. The England team received
awarded in the
silver spoons from Norway in 1949. The
Club strikers 1884–85 season.
Argentine FA gave the English team
Some clubs strike ceremonial daggers and other silverware
their own medals League FA Cup
on a visit to Wembley, England, in 1951.
to mark a special 1889 1889
achievement of
their players. This Lancashire
Trophy triumph
This plaque marked
medal was given at Cup
the end of a season to the winners Double a game between
These medals France and England
team that won its league. 1887
honor players from Preston in 1947. The English
North End who won the League players received the
and FA Cup in 1888–89, the plaque for victory.
first English “double.”

Hungary hit
Hungary was
quick to adopt the
way other nations
organized the
game, including
the awarding of
medals. This medal
was given to the
members of an Champion Amateur Arsenal
international team This medal This 1920s This 1930s
Playoff prizes after a 1909 game was awarded medal was medal may
Medals have been presented to the winners of the against Austria. to a player given to a belong to
third and fourth place playoff game at every World for success successful Arsenal
Cup except 1930 and 1950. At the 2006 World Cup, 1909 Hungarian in the 1914– amateur soccer star
medal
host nation Germany’s team won third place medals. 15 season. player. Alex James.

36
Caps Tassels are
added for
decoration
A colored cap was once the only way to
know which team a player was on. In
1872, the FA ruled that teams should
wear distinctive shirts. In 1886, it was
suggested that caps be awarded to
players each time they played for
their country. Today, they are given
to every member of a national team,
including playing substitutes.

Home cap
This Welsh cap was awarded for the 1903–04
Home International games between England,
Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. This
tournament took place every year until 1984.

Carey’s cap
Defender Johnny Carey won Welsh national
this cap playing for crest—a dragon
Ireland in 1938.
He won
36 caps.

School colors
Details of Soccer caps are Soccer caps were first awarded in English
games can often made
be embroidered public schools. “Colors,” or caps, were
from velvet given to the year’s best players.
into each panel
World Cup
The date covers Northern The biggest
In training games from a Ireland has had achievement in
Trainer Will Scott whole season its own team soccer is to win
received this medal since 1921 the World Cup.
when the English and This Jules Rimet
Scottish Leagues medal is from the
met at Celtic Park, 1954 final, when West
Scotland, in 1931. Germany beat the
favorites, Hungary.
War games
Throughout World War II, famous Africa Cup
international players took part of Nations
in exhibition games arranged Promotional medal This medal was presented to the
to boost public morale. In 1946, By the 1950s, businesses commemorated winners of the first Africa Cup of
Tom Finney was given this set of soccer events. French newspaper Le Soir Nations. Sudan, Ethiopia, and Egypt
medals after a game in Belgium. made this medal for a 1953 club tour. took part. Egypt won the final 4–0.

37
 Big clubs
Bravo Benfica
Only Porto and Sporting Lisbon rival Benfica in
the Portuguese League. Benfica were the
great team of the early 1960s, winning
two European Cups, in 1961 and
Clubs inspire the greatest 1962, and reaching but losing
three more finals.
loyalty and passion from soccer
The Old Lady fans. Big clubs in every country
Juventus are the
most successful attract followers from beyond their
Italian club and
enjoy great local areas and usually dominate their
support outside
Turin. Nicknamed
domestic leagues and cups. Success for
“The Old Lady” (La these clubs often continues because
Vecchia Signora),
they won the strong financial backing ensures
European Cup in
1985 and 1996.
a steady supply of good new players.
This bronze
depicts Benfica’s
Figure of the ancient symbol, an eagle
Greek hero Ajax forms
the basis of the
Dutch club’s crest

Brilliant Barcelona
In 2015, Barcelona, inspired by their Young
dynamic attacking trio of Lionel Messi, talent
Luis Suárez, and Neymar, beat In the 1970s,
Juventus 3–1 in the Champions Dutch club Ajax’s
League final. It was the club’s fourth policy to develop
Champions League victory in 10 their own young
years and sealed their reputation players bore fruit. The
as one of the greatest clubs. The club
players, including Johann Ajax was
Cruyff, helped Ajax to three formed in
consecutive European Cup Amsterdam
London ladies wins in the 1970s. Despite in 1900
Netty Honeyball was the force regularly selling their
behind the first great women’s best players, the club
team in the 1890s. The British returned to the forefront
Ladies Club drew large crowds for of European soccer
their exhibition games in London. during the mid-1990s.

38
Busby babes Golden years
English club Manchester Bayern Munich followed
United started as Newton Ajax to become the
Heath before their name leading European team by
change in 1902. The Munich the 1970s. They won three
air disaster of 1958 killed consecutive European
eight members of manager Cups with players such
Matt Busby’s young team. as Franz Beckenbauer
The club have since won and Gerd Muller.
three European Cups.
Baines card from
the 1890s shows
Jack Powell

Paul
Breitner
of Bayern
Munich in
1974

Dominguez, the Alfredo di

goalkeeper— Stéfano, the
from Argentina leader of Francisco
the team Gento, the
fast left
winger

Real rivalry
In the late 1950s, Spanish
club Real Madrid had
legends such as Di Stéfano
and Puskás inspiring them
to win the first five European
Cups. Real Madrid have a
big rivalry with Barcelona.

The Red Devils

Here are Cagna and
Rios of Independiente,
Argentina, in 1995.
Independiente were the
first Argentine club to win
the South American club
competition, the Copa
Libertadores, in 1964.
The “Red Devils” won it
four more times by 1975.

39
 The fans
Gone bananas
Fans have made
In England in the late 1980s,
there was a craze for taking
soccer the world’s
large inflatables to games. Fans
waved bananas, fish, and fried
biggest game. From
eggs in the crowd to show their
the late 19th century,
support for their teams.

working people
began to have free time to attend
sporting fixtures. They created an
atmosphere of excitement and
expectation. Today, soccer is the
most widely watched sport in Manchester
City,
the world. Fans show their England,
pennant
support for club and country in a
range of noisy and colorful ways. Preston North End,
England, rosette

Perfect view Club colors

In their desperation to see a Colors are a vital part of the bond
game, fans are not always between a team and its supporters. Once, Holland
put off by the “ground full” people made rosettes for big games and scarf
signs. In the 19th century, displayed pennants. Now, fans often wear
before large-scale stands a scarf to show their loyalty.
were built, trees provided a Lazio, Italy, scarf
convenient spot from which Rare collection
to watch a popular game. Fans have always collected soccer-
related objects. Today’s items feature
favorite clubs but past designs were
John “Jack” general soccer scenes. Collecting
John Aston, Rowley, forward
autographs is also popular and offers
fullback the opportunity to meet star players.

Johnny Carey, fullback Matt Busby, manager

Child’s piggy bank

1950s autograph
book containing
signatures of famous
figures of Manchester
United, England

Wood pencil case

40
 During
the war, the
sound of the
bell warned
people of an
air raid

Air-raid Air-raid
patrolman’s patrolman’s
rattle bell

Adult’s rattle
Rattles were
originally Top section moves
used as bird around and around “Rattling” noise is
scarers horizontally created at the handle

Noisy support Child’s rattle

Rattles were part of the atmosphere War cry
at games until the 1960s. When the Fans have
horizontal section of the rattle is taken bells
whirled around the “clicker” on the and rattles to games
handle, it produces a loud rattling since before 1940. This bell
noise. Since the 1960s, organized and rattle were part of an air-raid patrolman’s
chanting has been more common. equipment in England during World War II. In 1946, a
Modern safety regulations Derby County fan took them to all their FA Cup games.
restrict what can be Child’s rattle
taken into stadiums. painted with a
soccer scene

World beaters African painting

Brazilian fans are Face painting in team
famous for their noisy colors is common at
support. They produce international games.
a samba beat on the These two painted
drums and blow their Zambian fans are at an
whistles. As the noise Africa Cup of Nations
echoes around the game. Face painting is
stands, the fans dance most popular with
to accompany the Dutch, Danish, and
action on the field. Japanese fans.

41
 Game day
The atmosphere of a big
game, the sound of the
This is a
scoreboard
crowd, and the closeness
from an early of the players combine
20th-century
French soccer to make live soccer
game
games so memorable.
Soccer is now shown widely on
television, but millions of fans still
go to the games. Many supporters,
like players, are superstitious and
follow the same game routines.
Their noisy support is essential All dressed up
This photo shows fans of West Ham,
to the team’s performance. In the 1988 European Holograms
England, preparing to travel to the 1923
Championship final, and complicated FA Cup final, the first at Wembley. Many
Holland beat the designs are now more than the official attendance of
Soviet Union 2–0 used to deter 123,000 crammed into the stadium.
ticket forgeries

Tickets please
Tickets are essential
in controlling access
to games and keeping
attendance to a safe
level. Years ago, this
was only necessary at
cup finals and World
Cup games. Now that
open admission has
been phased out in
favor of seating,
each game ticket
corresponds to a
Reading matter particular seat.
The earliest programs were simple
one-sheet items, giving team lineups.
Over time, further elements were
added, such as a message from
the manager and background
information about the opposition.
Glossy, full-color brochures are now
produced for all top-level games.

Let me entertain you

To make games more enjoyable,
clubs and governing bodies put on
extra entertainment before kickoff
and at halftime. In the past, this often
took the form of brass bands. The
opening ceremony at the World Cup
finals in Germany in 2006 featured
Bavarian drummers and dancers.

42
 1903 FA
official’s
badge

The badges are

Official badge made of cloth and
from 1905 decorated with
gold brocade
Major League fun
In the US, there is a lot of razzmatazz at the Major League FA badge
Soccer games. Cheerleaders and music keep the crowds entertained. from 1898
This is game day at Vancouver Whitecaps’ stadium.
The English
three lions
motif

No access
Certain areas of
the stadium, such
as the boardroom,
have strict access.
These badges were
sewn onto blazers
worn by Soccer
Association officials.
Today, executive boxes are Badge worn at
a feature at many stadiums. 1899 England
vs. Scotland
international
Crowd control
Police and guards attend soccer games
to ensure spectator safety. Police, like these Italian
officers at a Juventus game, may need to control
unruly fans, and sometimes use horses or dogs to
help in large crowds. They may also control traffic
and escort supporters to and from the game.

Coming home
This drawing is from a 20th-century postcard.
The caption on the card says, “Our team’s lost
by ….. goals to …..”. Space is left on the card for
fans to write the score. Sadness after defeat is
replaced with fresh hope by the next game.

43
 The stadium
As crowds grew larger in the
late 19th century, soccer clubs
Wembley
towers
needed somewhere permanent
The famous towers to hold their games. Stadiums
at Wembley Stadium
are sadly not part of became a necessity, giving fans
the 21st-century
stadium.
shelter and a good view. A series
of stadium disasters finally led to A new light Crowd safety
Floodlights were first On April 15, 1989, the FA Cup
the belief that open seating should be replaced used in 1879. The most semifinal at Hillsborough,
by stands for the safety of spectators. common lighting was on
towers in the stadium
Sheffield, resulted in the death
of 96 Liverpool fans after
corners. Today, lights a crowd crush. After the
are often placed in rows tragedy, there were new
along the stand roof. advances in stadium safety.

State of the art

The new Wembley Stadium in north London took much
longer than anticipated to build and construction costs were
considerably higher than initial estimates. Once it opened,
however, the public flocked to this stunning stadium, with
its 90,000 capacity and giant screens, each the size of 600
television sets. The stadium boasts a fantastic steel arch that
is lit up at night and which can be seen all across the city.

Lights along the

top of the roof

Standing taller
Barcelona, Spain, moved
from Les Corts stadium to
the spectacular Nou Camp in
1957. The Nou Camp was paid
for by the club’s members.

Path to the field

The tunnel is more than just a
route on to the field. It is the
place where players psych
themselves up for the game,
and many take the same
place in line every time.

44
 The roof “hangs” The tower is integral Keeping up to date
from this crossbar, to the structure Modern stands are designed using computer models.
called a cantilever of the stand
Space between seats is an issue. More space
means greater comfort, but a reduced capacity.
Designs, such as faces, are often seen
in the seats.

Fans on their feet

Before seating in stadiums was
introduced, fans stood packed in open
admission areas. Far more fans could
get in to watch a game and it is how
most people have watched games in
soccer’s history. Children were
often passed over the heads of the
crowd to the front for a better view.

World Cup wonder

The Stade de France is in St. Denis, north of Paris. It was built
for the 1998 World Cup where 80,000 spectators watched the
Several tiers
of seats opening game between Brazil and Scotland. The stadium was
Revolving
Field-level openings advertising praised for its dramatic design. The roof, enclosing the
for emergency vehicles billboards ground in a continuous curve, creates
around the field an amphitheater effect.

45
 The World Cup
Soccer’s World Cup is one of the greatest
sporting events. The first World Cup was held
in Uruguay in 1930. Some teams could not
travel to the host country until the 1950s
when travel became easier and quicker. As
Mascots the tournament became more accessible,
Every World Cup
since 1966 has it grew in popularity. In 1958, World first
had a mascot.
They appear as
Brazilian teenager Pelé Uruguay offered to pay
travel for the 13 visiting
life-size figures became soccer’s first teams at the first World Cup.
and promotional
merchandise. superstar, and interest in Four European teams made
the long journey to join the
This is Pique,
from Mexico ‘86.
the World Cup boomed. South American teams.

1958—Sweden. Brazil beat

1954—Switzerland. West Sweden 5–2. Brazil are the only
Germany beat Hungary 3–2 team to play in every Cup finals.
in one of the Cup’s great upsets.
1962—Chile. Brazil beat
1950—Brazil. Uruguay Czechoslovakia 3–1, with
beat Brazil 2–1, in the first Garrincha taking center
tournament after World War II. stage after Pelé was injured.

1938—France. Italy beat 1966—England. West

Hungary 4–2, inspired by Germany lost 2–4 to
inside-forward Meazza. England, with
Geoff Hurst
1934—Italy.
scoring the
Czechoslovakia
first hat trick
lost 1–2
in a final.
to Italy.
Uruguay 1970—Mexico.
did not One of the
defend greatest
their teams ever,
crown. Brazil beat
1930—Uruguay. Italy 4–1.
Uruguay beat
1974—West
Argentina 4–2,
Germany.
the first of many
Holland were
host countries
beaten 2–1 by
to win the Cup. Argentina ‘78 is Mexico was the first The Italia ‘90 mascot
remembered for country to host two finals was called Ciao West Germany.
the ticker-tape in the
Venues River Plate Stadium
Many countries
want to host
this event to
attract visitors.
1998—France.
The 2002 finals,
Brazil were
in Japan and 1978—Argentina. 1982—Spain. 1986—Mexico. 1990—Italy.
well beaten
South Korea, were Holland lost 1–3 to Italy beat West Argentina beat West West Germany
3–0 by France.
the first shared Argentina, making Germany 3–1. Germany 3–2, with beat Argentina
tournament. the Dutch the best Paolo Rossi Diego Maradona 1–0 in a defensive, 1994—US. Brazil beat Italy 3–2 on
Russia are the team never to win it. was top scorer. the star player. bad-tempered final. penalties, winning their fourth Cup.
next hosts in 2018.

46
 In 1994, American fans
turned out in force to
watch the games

The fans
at Italia ‘90
provided
more drama
than some
games

The figure Sweden, the host

is a winged team, made it
seraph to the final in
1958, but were Read all
Top trophy
overpowered by about it
the Brazilian Programs for the
The first World Cup superteam
World Cup differ from
trophy was designed
the club variety because
by French sculptor
they cover the tournament
Abel Lafleur. First
rather than one game. They
named “Victory,” it
contain team information and
was later named The trophy
are printed in several languages.
in honor of FIFA is made of
solid gold These programs are from
president, Jules
Sweden ‘58, England ‘66, Spain
Rimet. Brazil were
‘82, Italy ‘90, and US ‘94.
given the trophy to Didi Pelé was
keep in 1970, but it 17 in 1958
was stolen in 1983
and has not been Garrincha
seen since.

This
trophy’s
engraving
is in
French

The beautiful game Vava Zagalo, the

The 1958 final saw Brazil become one of the World Cup’s played left-winger,
Jules greatest teams. Their forward lineup was among the at center scored the
Rimet strongest ever. Mario Zagalo later became Brazil’s manager forward fourth goal
in the final
trophy and was in charge when they won in 1970 and 1994.

Continued on next page

Continued from previous page

We must have the World Cup Globe

This was the poster for the 1962 finals forms
the top
in Chile. Earthquakes marred the run-up of the
but the hosts were determined. President trophy
of the Chilean FA Carlos Dittborn said,
“We have nothing. That is why we must
have the World Cup.” Chile overcame
the doubts of some European teams
by staging a successful event.

World
Cup Willie
inspired a
song by
Lonnie
Donegan

The Union
Jack flag
represents
Great
Britain
Designed by
Italian Silvio
Gazzaniga,
the trophy is
made of solid
18-carat gold
The real
trophy is
14.4 in
(36.5 cm)
high and
weighs
13.6 lb
(6.175 kg) Replica of
the World
Cup trophy
World Cup
Willie was a lion, New look Cup
inspired by the The present World
three lions on Cup trophy was made
the England gear for the 1974 finals
in West Germany.
Mascots After winning for
for money the third time in
World Cup 1970, Brazil could
Willie was the first keep the Jules
World Cup mascot. Rimet trophy for
Designed for the 1966 good. The new
tournament in England, trophy was
he represented increased commissioned
commercialism. Mascots now by FIFA.
appear on official merchandise.

48
 Enthusiastic America
Despite having no strong tradition of Information pack
professional soccer, the US hosted for Spain 1982
a successful World Cup in
1994. Large and enthusiastic Spanish Soccer
crowds attended the Federation crest
games. This is
a ticket for the
game between
Italy and Mexico.

Thinking positive A pack of cards

In 1978, hosts Argentina inspired illustrating
fans with their positive attitude. the stadiums
The star of their winning team
was Mario Kempes.
Hard work for hosts
Many countries bid to hold the World
Cup years in advance. They try to
convince FIFA that they can stage a
Each ball successful tournament by producing
contains a slip information about the stadiums,
of paper with a transport networks, accommodations,
team written on it and media facilities. Russia won the
bid to host the tournament in 2018,
while Qatar will host the 2022 event.

Who plays who?

Plastic balls are used to make the draw
for the World Cup finals. It is a fair way to
decide who plays whom. The number of
competing teams has increased from 13
in 1930 to 32 in 2014. The present
system ensures that every team
The balls are plays three games in the first round.
brightly colored Games are then played on a knock-
for the benefit of out basis, until only two remain.
TV audiences

Zidane sees red

At the 2006 World Cup Final, referee Orazio Elizondo
sent off French captain Zinédine Zidane after his head-
butt of Italian defender Marco Matarazzi. With the score
0–0 after overtime, Italy went on to win on penalties.

First for Africa

The distinctive sound of the
vuvuzela horn was heard at
the 2010 World Cup in South
Africa. African teams have
competed since 1970, but South Africa was
the first country to host the competition. The
2022 tournament in Qatar will be the first to
be held in the Middle East.

49
 Top trophies
Team talk
First staged in 1956,
the European Cup
(Champions League)
was originally for
Olympic The moment when a team the champions of
each country’s
soccer captain is presented with a trophy league. Now up to
This badge is
from the 1956 and holds it up to the fans is the four teams from a
country compete. At
Olympic Games.
The first proper
crowning glory of any campaign. the 1985 final at the
Heysel Stadium in
Olympic soccer Cups and trophies are the marks Belgium, 39 people
tournament was
staged in 1908. of success and the managers died when a safety
wall collapsed.
of many modern clubs must
Program for
win to keep their jobs. The desire the 1985 European
Cup final
to make money has led to the
creation of many new competitions,
some of which do not have the same
prestige as older tournaments.

The gold-
plated
Women’s
World Cup
trophy has
a soccer
ball on top

Holding
the trophy
aloft is a
proud
moment

Corner flags
used as
decoration

Full house
In the 1999 Women’s World Cup held
in the US, teams played to capacity
crowds. The final was held in the Rose
Bowl in California. Here, US player Cindy
Parlow rides a tackle in the final against
Early cup China, which was won by the US.
This silver-plated trophy from
the 1870s is an example of an Women’s World Cup
early soccer cup. After the FA The first Women’s World Cup took place
Cup was started in 1872, similar in China in 1991. The tournament grew
local tournaments began to be bigger and drew large crowds. This is
set up in England and Scotland. the trophy awarded to the US in 1999.

50
 Little tin idols
The first FA Cup,
on the left, was
known as the Little
Tin Idol. It was
stolen from a store
display in 1895 and
never recovered.
The present FA Cup,
on the right, was
made in Bradford,
England, in 1911.

The silver
UEFA trophy
is decorated
with men
playing soccer

Names of
previous
winners
engraved
around
the base

From strength to strength

The Africa Cup of Nations has been held
since 1957. Although the first tournament
featured only three nations, 24 teams now
take part. Egypt captain Ahmed Hassan is
seen here in 2008 after their 1–0 win.

The Copa América was conceived by Second best

Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, and Argentina The UEFA (Union of European Soccer
Associations) Cup was originally known as
Copa América the Inter City Fairs Cup. The first competition
First held in 1910, the Copa was played over three years, beginning in
América is the oldest major 1955. Barcelona beat London 8–2 in the
international competition. It was two-legged final. When the European Cup
originally for South American Winners’ Cup was abolished in 1999, only two
countries but Mexico and the European club competitions remained. The
US have also taken part. strongest teams qualify for the European Cup
Uruguay won the first official and the next best play in the UEFA Cup. From
Copa América in 1917. Since 2009, the UEFA Cup became known as the
1987, the tournament has Europa League and included a group stage
been held every two years. similar to the one in the Champions League.

51
 Playing This game was
advanced for
its time

Two lead
“kicking”
the game
figures from
Generations of children
the early
20th century
had their first contact with
soccer through toys such as blow
soccer, card games, and Subbuteo.
The popularity of soccer drives Points are lost
if a marble is
manufacturers and inventors to come trapped here Marbles
are fired
up with new products, far more than up this
chute
any other sport. The simplicity of
toys from the past contrasts sharply
with the speed and excitement of
modern computer games.

Ball rolling
This handheld
toy from the
early 20th
century involves
rolling the ball
bearing into one
of the holes.

In the
trenches
Trench Soccer
was produced
for British
soldiers in
World War I. The player must
move a ball bearing past the
German generals to score.

Pinball
Soccer matchbox In this bagatelle game from
This is the world’s smallest the 1950s, players shoot
soccer game, probably made marbles around the board
in Japan in the 1930s. As the using a spring in the corner.
matchbox opens, a spring is Points add up depending on
released and the players pop up. where the marbles stop.

52
 Ball for the
Kick game

Downward
pressure on
one leg causes
the other leg
to kick

The cards feature

various positions Kick figures
and parts of
the match These figures come from a
tabletop game called Kick,
made around 1900. A green
cloth field and goals with nets
are included. Players
make the mechanical Combination
soccerers kick of red and
by pressing them white is
down on the table. a classic
soccer uniform

Key fits
into the
ball to
wind it up
Snap!
This pack of snap cards from the
early 20th century features soccer
characters. Players turn over
cards until two identical ones
turn up together. The first to
shout “Snap!” takes the cards.

Windup player
This tin-plate windup
toy was made in
Germany in the 1950s.
When wound up with
a key, the figure moves
forward as if dribbling
the ball. The shirt is a
typical of the style worn
in Europe at that time.

Champions!
This game, called
Championship
Soccer, was made
in 1983. It uses two of
the classic components
of many board games—
Quick change dice and cards—to
These wooden blocks govern the movement
from 1895 have a different of the ball around the
picture on each side and field. A scoreboard and
can be mixed up to make clock are also included.
a character.

53
 Memorabilia
Soccer can be used
to promote a range of
1910 Bank Top
silver Vesta items. Soccer-related White Star Scottish
club,
advertising
the mustard
advertising and product Baines cards Welsh Hearts
national
maker promotion is nothing These cards from
the late 19th
team Chadderton, a
Colman’s
new. Companies were and early 20th Wednesday,
non-league team

latching on to the game’s centuries were now Sheffield

the forerunners Wednesday
popularity in the early 20th of sticker albums.
They featured soccer
century. An understated style and rugby league
and original artwork dominated teams at the
professional and
until the 1950s. This has been amateur level.

replaced by mass-produced
items, reliant on star players Sports tin
By the 1930s,
and wealthy clubs. original artwork
on a sporting theme
was often used as
decoration for
Covered stands household items.
are rare in This tin features soccer
southern Europe
on the lid and other
sports on the sides.

Poster painting
In this advertising card This label comes
from the 1920s, an from a fruity
Italian drinks company soft drink. It was
marketed as an
has illustrated its product
ideal refreshment
in a soccer scene. for halftime
FIFA logo
for Italia ’90
Soccer fan Healthy kick
Souvenirs This Spanish lady’s fan There is no magic
Mementos of the World from the mid-20th century soccer ingredient
This label implies
Cup finals do not stop at has a soccer image on one in this drink, but the that the drink will
programs and tickets. side and a promotional manufacturers knew promote the robust
Many souvenirs are also message on the back. Many that any association strength that a
popular, such as these commercial objects were designed with soccer would soccer player enjoys
erasers from Italia 1990. to be artistic as well as functional. improve sales.

54
 Class B17
locomotive

Banks Johnstone Jennings England Best

Team train Heads it is

In the 1980s, the Hornby toy company of Liverpool, Name plate The Cleveland Petroleum
England, produced a series of these scale models The kicking leg Company produced these
of the London and North Eastern Railway’s trains, is the second hand miniatures of British
named after soccer clubs. This is the Manchester players in 1971.
United. Real trains can be named after clubs.
Pocket
watch

Watch

Full time Alarm

This group includes a Swiss pocket
clock
watch made in Geneva around 1910,
a British watch from the 1950s, and a
more modern 1970s alarm clock. Chain
Design, materials, and therefore cost,
were dictated by whether the object
was aimed at children or adults.

Medal charms
Soccer items are often
turned into jewelry. Four
silver medals from the
1920s are attached
to this chain. The silver
locket and compass are
both from the 1880s.
Locket
Compass
Olympic clock
This German wooden clock may have been made to More medals
commemorate the 1936 Berlin Olympics. This soccer could be
tournament was won by Italy, when they beat Austria 2–1 added to
in the final. The figures at the top move on the hour. the chain

The mold is
made up of
two parts

Chocolate
Melted chocolate would
have been poured into this
early 20th-century brass
mold and left to cool and
Soap on a rope set, producing a miniature
The Avon company String along chocolate player with
produced this soap Made in the 1880s, this a ball at his feet. This
soccer ball to mark copper string holder stops item was made to appeal
the 1966 World Cup. string from getting tangled. mainly to children.

55
 The business of soccer
Soccer is big business. Millions of
fans attend games, club products
sell worldwide, and top Billy’s bribe
players and managers This shirt was worn by Welshman
Billy Meredith. As a player for
earn big wages. The Manchester City, England, he was
clubs of the 1880s banned for a year in 1905 for
allegedly trying to bribe a rival
provided cheap captain £10 to lose a big game. This
was soccer’s first major scandal.
entertainment for Romário is pictured
the public and here playing in Vasco
de Gama’s white home
offered a decent shirt with trademark
diagonal black stripe
living to players.
Today, club owners
and star players
stretch the money-making
potential to the limit.
The company
logo of the club’s
gear sponsors is
Getting shirty displayed in the
Replica shirts are a big source center of the shirt
of income for professional clubs
like England’s Manchester
United and Spain’s Real Madrid.
At least three designs are
available at one time. Clubs
Even shin pads,
produce hundreds of products—
worn under
from calendars to baby clothes. the socks, are
These can be sold to fans all marked with
over the world, reducing the the name of the
club’s reliance on ticket sales. manufacturer

Under stress
Modern managers
experience stress and
have to accept that every
decision will be examined
by the media. In most major
leagues, a manager is expected to
produce a winning team within months.
In 2007, Brazilian star Romário became
player-manager of Vasco da Gama and
scored three times for the club as manager.

Shirt ad
Companies have been paying soccer clubs to put
their logos on their shirts since the 1970s. But
Barcelona only began a commercial relationship in
2010, resulting in sponsorship from Qatar Airways.

56
 Neymar’s record
Players today change clubs regularly
for the signing bonuses they receive.
Prices have continued to soar in
recent years, with
a new record set
in 2017 by Brazil’s
Neymar. The superstar
goalscorer became the most
expensive player in soccer
history when he moved from
Barcelona to Paris Saint-
Germain for £197 million.
Ground force
Advertising in and around soccer
Strikers, stadiums was allowed long before shirt
such as sponsorship. In the 1950s, it featured
Neymar,
mainly local firms, but now larger
fetch the
highest multinational companies exploit the
prices exposure provided by television
coverage. Some billboards
rotate to catch the eye of the
watching public and allow
more advertisers to use
limited space. In some
competitions, such as the
European Champions
League, the same products
are advertised at every
game in the tournament.

Badge showing
AC Milan’s
club logo

World
Club
All abroad! Cup
Political and legal
changes have made it Media moguls
easy for players to move Italian media mogul Silvio
abroad and play for Berlusconi bought AC Milan
foreign clubs. European when television coverage of
Union (EU) residents can the game was increasing.
play in any member state, He maximized commercial
Ivory Coast’s
while players from non- Yaya Touré has won opportunities and attracted
EU countries must meet the Premier League stars from abroad before he
specified criteria to play title twice with English sold the club to a Chinese
abroad. Players from team Manchester City investment management
overseas, such as Ivorian company in 2016.
midfielder, Yaya Touré,
are now in the majority
at the Premiership Europe versus South America
clubs of England. The Intercontinental Cup was played by the
top team in Europe and the top team in South
America. Originally a home-and-away fixture won
by the team with the highest aggregate score, it
was changed to a single fixture in 1980 before
being replaced by the World Club Cup in 2005.

57
 The science of soccer
For many years, soccer was not a subject of scientific
investigation, so coaches and players relied on knowledge
from experience. As technology has advanced, science has
made its mark on soccer. Nutritionists transformed players’
diets, physicists studied how to bend
the ball, and information technology
has made a statistical
analysis of the game.
Gender gap
In the past, women were
marginalized for being
physically unsuited to the Isotonic nutrition
game. However, as former Players can lose up to 7 pints
Brazilian international (3 liters) of water during a game, so
Milene Domingues shows it is imperative that they rehydrate
here, women have all the their bodies during and after a
touch and skills of men, if game. Isotonic drinks, which
not the bulk and strength. contain small amounts of
salts and sugars, are the
German
most effective at doing
players this. The drinks also help
exercise their replenish the player’s
abductor stock of calories.
muscles,
which lift the
leg outward Players
from the body run around
poles to
test their
capacity
The muscles in to change
a player’s leg direction
have to learn to at speed
switch rapidly
from relaxed to
contracted and
back again

With one foot

off the ground,
turning on the
run, players
develop their
sense of
balance

Training muscles
Training was once a few laps around the field, but advances in medical science have
produced highly specialized regimes. Players warm up and warm down to avoid
muscle strain and do specific work on muscle groups to cope with the range of moves.

58
 The camera relays
the information to
a computer, which
determines whether
the ball has crossed
the goal line

Eyes in the sky

Did all of the ball cross all of the line? This is a question referees,
players, and fans are always arguing over. New technology such as
fast-frame cameras can now track a ball’s movement in the goal area.

Direction of attack
Distance covered: 5478
Prozone
Software such as Prozone can track the movements of players in a game,
recreate passages of play in animated form, and give statistics. This
screen shows a central midfielder’s movements. The dot in the center is
the average position, and the player has run more than 3 miles (5 km).

Bleeping flags
Assistant referees are now equipped
with flags to attract the referee’s
attention. If something is missed,
the assistant can press a button on
the flag’s handle. The referee’s
receiver, which is strapped
to the arm, will then
Physical demands vibrate or bleep.
The German national team were
put through their paces before the
2006 World Cup. Their levels of
fitness were monitored and recorded
in training exercises like this. Flags with blip buttons
like this were first
introduced in the
late 1990s

59
 Did you know?
AMAZING FACTS
On average, each Johann Cruyff’s mother was a United 26–0 in the first round of
player in a game cleaner for the club Ajax in the competition.
has the ball for only Holland. When she asked them to give
Pelé scored 1,283 goals during
three minutes, the time her 10-year-old son a trial, they signed
his senior career.
it takes to boil an egg! him as a youth player. He became an
international star. Half of the
A three- In 1965, substitutes
world’s
minute egg were allowed for The goal net only became
registered soccer
the first time, but only mandatory in 1892. The crossbar
players are from
when a player was injured. Substitutes was introduced in 1875.
Asia. Japan’s
featured in the
The first time teams used attacking
World Cup for
numbered shirts in an FA Cup midfielder Shinji
the first time
final was in 1933. Everton wore Kagawa is one of
in 1970.
numbers 1 to 11, and Manchester the leading stars
City wore numbers 12 to 22. playing in Europe.
Eight of the players who
won the World Cup for Brazil
in 1958 were in the team that Shinji
retained the World Cup in 1962. Kagawa
playing
Only eight different for the
countries have been German
World Cup champions, club
although there have been Borussia
20 tournaments. Dortmund
The FA Cup is
soccer’s oldest
competition. The
highest scoring
FA Cup victory
was in 1887
when Preston
Luis North End
Chilavert, beat Hyde
goalkeeper for
Paraguay, rushed
out of his goal After Brazil beat Italy 4–1 in the
and scored for 1970 World Cup Final, reporters
his team against pursued Pelé into the changing rooms
Argentina in 1998. The and interviewed him as he showered!
final score was 1–1. Uruguay, with a population of just
In 1974, Holland’s three million, is the smallest
Johan Neeskens was nation to have won the World Cup.
the first player to score a The first international soccer
penalty in a World Cup final. game played by a team with 12
In the 1994 World Cup finals, players was in 1952, between France
Russia failed to qualify for the and Northern Ireland. One of the French
later stages even though they scored players was injured and substituted,
more goals in the first stage of the but after treatment he kept playing,
competition than any other team. and no one noticed until halftime.
Two pairs of brothers, John and
John Terry lifting the Mel Charles and Len and Ivor
FA Cup for Chelsea after Allchurch, played on the Welsh team
the 2009 final that beat Northern Ireland 3–2 in 1955.

60
 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q Which is the most successful

international women’s team? Q When were women banned
from playing at FA clubs? Q What has the
phrase “back to
square one” got to

A By a small margin, the

US, which won the A In 1920, at least 53,000 fans
packed into Goodison Park to
do with soccer?

A
World Cup in 1991, 1999, watch Dick Kerr Ladies play St. When the
and 2015. Germany has Helens Ladies. The FA, worried BBC first
won two World Cups that the women’s game was broadcast soccer
(2003, 2007) and socially unacceptable, banned live on radio in
hosted it in 2011. The women from playing on 1927, the Radio
US were runners up FA club grounds in 1921. The
Times magazine
once, in 2011, and ban was not lifted until 1970!
printed a
have claimed Olympic
diagram of the
gold four times—in 1996,
2004, 2008, and 2012.
Q Which country was the first
to be knocked out of a World
Cup in a penalty shootout?
field, divided
into numbered
squares. When the
BBC radio
microphone

Q Why was the

first World Cup
held in Uruguay? A Penalty shootouts were
introduced at the World
ball was passed back to the
goalkeeper, the commentators
said, “Back to square one.”
Cup finals in 1982 when West

A The other
applicants
(Hungary, Italy,
Germany knocked out France.

Spain, the Netherlands,

and Sweden) withdrew
their bids.
Simone
Laudehr of Q Who plays soccer in
the Olympics?
Germany
A The national
women’s soccer Record breakers
Q Were old soccer balls heavier than
those used today?
teams compete in the
Olympic Games, but for men
only the national under-23
Brazil is the only country to have played

A Old soccer balls were about the in the final stages of every World Cup.
teams take part.
same weight, but today’s balls have The oldest soccer club in the world is
a coating to stop the leather from Sheffield FC. Formed in 1857, the club

Q
absorbing moisture and getting heavier. Who was England’s first has always played non-league soccer.
black professional Lev Yashin (Russia) is the only goalkeeper
soccer player? to win European Footballer of the Year.

A Arthur Wharton, In 1999, Manchester United made history

originally from Ghana, by becoming the first team to win the Triple
played for Preston North of the Premier League, the FA Cup, and the
End as an amateur in the European Champions League.
1880s, and as a professional Real Madrid have won the European
for Rotherham Town, Champions League 12 times, more than
Sheffield United, and any other team.
Stockport County.
In 1957, Stanley
Matthews became
the oldest player
Q Why have there been
four FA Cup trophies?
to play for
England when he
won his 84th

Modern soccer A The first trophy was

stolen from a sports
store in Birmingham. When
international cap
at the age of 42.
He continued

Q When were floodlights first used? Manchester United won the

FA Cup in 1909, they copied
playing league
soccer until he

A The first recorded use of floodlights

was at Bramall Lane, Sheffield,
in 1878. The lamps were placed on
the trophy for a director. The
FA withdrew this trophy and
made a third FA Cup. Due to
was 50 years old.

Stanley Matthews
wooden gantries and were powered damage, this was replaced collector’s card
by dynamos. with a replica in 1991.

61
 Who’s who?
Soccer is a game of speed and skill, with many
outstanding players. In international competitions
like the FIFA World Cup, extensive media coverage
means players from around the world can become
household names. Referees can also build up a global
reputation. These pages contain some of the past and
present players who are among the world’s best.
Italian referee Pierluigi Collina

GOALKEEPERS DEFENDERS
• Sepp Maier, West Germany, • Paolo Maldini, • Franco Baresi, Italy, B.5.8.60
B.2.28.44 Italy, B.6.26.68 The best sweeper in the world for
The pinnacle of Maier’s career Attacking fullback much of the 1980s and 1990s,
came in 1974, when he won the Maldini captained Baresi brought
European Cup with Bayern Munich, AC Milan and Italy, the ball forward
followed by the World Cup with appearing for Italy and joined in
West Germany. He played for over 120 times. attacks. He
Bayern Munich for 19 years. retired in 1997,
• Marcel Desailly, after playing more
• Peter Shilton, England, France, B.9.7.68
B.9.18.49 than 600 times
Born in Accra, for club team AC
Renowned for his fitness and Ghana, Desailly
perfectionism, Shilton made his Milan during his
Paolo Maldini moved to France 20-year career.
senior England debut at age 20. as a child. In 1993
Over the next 21 years, he played and 1994 he won the
for his country 125 times. Champions League, with Marseille
and then AC Milan. Desailly played a
• Peter Schmeichel, Denmark,
vital role in the French national team
B.11.18.63
when they won the 1998 World Cup
Schmeichel moved to Manchester
and the European Championship
United in 1991, where he won five
in 2000.
league titles and two FA Cups. Bobby
In his trademark “star” save, • Paul Breitner, West Moore
Schmeichel runs out, spreads Germany, B.9.5.51
his arms and legs wide, and An adventurous, skilled left back
jumps toward the striker. at Bayern Munich, Breitner moved
forward to midfield on transferring
• Gianluigi Buffon, to Real Madrid. He appeared relaxed
Italy, B.1.28.78 and nerveless in big matches.
A World Cup winner
with Italy in 2006, Buffon • Roberto Carlos da Silva, • Bobby Moore, England,
became the world’s most Brazil, B.4.10.73 B.4.12.41—D.2.24.93
expensive goalkeeper With a reputation for ferocious free A gifted defender and an excellent
in 2001 when Juventus kicks, Roberto Carlos entered the captain, Bobby Moore led England
paid Parma £32.6 million. Brazilian national team after the 1994 to victory in the 1966 World Cup. He
World Cup. A runner-up in 1998, he played for England 108 times, only
• Iker Casillas, won the World Cup in 2002. He joined missing 10 matches between 1962
Spain, B.5.20.81 Iker
Real Madrid in 1996, winning the and 1972.
Casillas made Casillas
Spanish league in his first season.
his debut for Spanish club • Fabio Cannavaro, Italy, B.9.13.73
Real Madrid in 1999 at age 17, • Sergio Ramos, Spain, B.3.30.86 Although small, Cannavaro was a
and stayed there until 2015. A World Cup winner in 2010 and a tenacious defender. He captained Italy
He was captain of Spain for two-time winner of the European to World Cup glory in 2006 and, the
their 2010 World Cup and Championships, Real Madrid’s same year, became the first defender
European Championship Ramos has been present for to win the FIFA World Player of the
successes in 2008 and 2012. Spain since his debut in 2005. Year award.

62
 MIDFIELDERS
• Luis Filipe Madeira Caeiro international level. He won the • Sócrates, Brazil,
Figo, Portugal, B.11.4.72 Champions League with Milan twice, B.2.19.54—
Figo was a European champion at and the World Cup with Italy in 2006. D.12.4.2011
under-16 level in 1989, and a World A soccerer with
Youth Cup winner in 1991. He won the • Frank Rijkaard, Holland, tremendous poise,
Portuguese Cup with Sporting Clube in B.9.30.62 Sócrates made
1995, and moved to Barcelona, where Rijkaard made his debut for Holland excellent passes and
he captained them to the Spanish at age 19. A versatile player, he played scored terrific goals.
league title in 1998, before midfield for Milan but central defense He qualified as a
playing for Real Madrid. for Holland. He played for clubs in doctor before
Holland, Portugal, Spain, becoming a soccer
• Xavi, Spain, B.1.25.80 and Italy. player, and returned to
An intelligent midfielder medicine when his
renowned for his incisive • Luis Suárez,
Spain, B.5.2.35 career ended.
passing, Xavi was the
heartbeat of Barcelona Considered one of • Lothar Matthaus,
and Spain. He helped Spain’s greatest players Germany, B.3.21.61
his club to four ever, Suárez dominated Barcelona’s An attacking midfielder
Champions League midfield in the 1950s and played a with a thunderous shot,
titles and his key role in the Inter Milan side of Matthaus played in five
country to World Cup the 1960s. World Cup tournaments Sócrates
glory in 2010. between 1982 and 1996,
• Andrés Iniesta, Spain, B.11.5.84
and has played in more
• Andrea Pirlo, Italy, A product of the famous Barcelona
World Cup matches (25) than
B.5.19.79 youth academy, Andrés Iniesta’s ability
any other player. He captained
One of the game’s to pass, shoot, and score marks him
Germany to World Cup glory in
great passers, out as a complete attacking midfielder.
1990 and became the only German
Pirlo enjoyed He has won four Champions League
player to win the FIFA World Player
success at the titles with Barcelona, two European
of the Year award.
national and Championships, and one World Cup.
Andrea Pirlo

FORWARDS
• Roberto Baggio, Italy, B.2.18.67 • Romário, Brazil, B.1.29.66 Marco van Basten
A gifted goalscorer, Baggio helped A prolific scorer at club level with
Juventus win the UEFA Cup in 1993 and both PSV Eindhoven and Barcelona, • Marco
the league title in 1995. He was FIFA’s Romário also excelled at the van Basten,
World Player of the Year and European international level. In 1994, his Netherlands,
goals powered Brazil to a first B.10.31.64
Footballer of the Year for 1993.
World Cup title since 1970, and Goal machine van
• George Best, Northern he was voted the world’s best Basten was a three-
Ireland, player at the end of the year. time Ballon d’Or
B.5.22.46—D.11.25.2005 winner, won the
An amazingly gifted player, • Ronaldo Luis Nazario, European Cup twice
Best had brilliant ball skills Brazil, B.9.22.76 with Milan, and took the
and balance. He was European Ronaldo scored his first goal Netherlands to victory
Footballer of the Year in 1968. for Brazil when he was only at the 1988 European
16. An inspirational striker, Championships. An
• Kenny Dalglish, Scotland, his speed and skill could ankle injury at age
B.3.4.51 break through almost any 28 made
Dalglish was probably Scotland’s defense. He was World him retire.
greatest player ever. His Player of the Year in
ball-control skills could slice 1996, 1997, and 2002. • Josef Bican,
through a defense with Austria/Czechoslovakia,
bold, accurate passes. • Arthur Friedenreich, B.9.25.13—D.12.12.2001
Brazil, Bican was a prolific striker who
• Thierry Henry, France, George Best B.7.18.1892—D.9.6.1969 represented the Austrian Wunderteam
B.8.17.77 Nicknamed “The Tiger,” before World War II and Czechoslovakia
A striker with terrific ball control, Friedenreich was a prolific after the war. However, he forged his
incredible pace, and clinical finishing, striker blessed with a magical touch. reputation at club level: in a 27-year
Henry was top goalscorer for France He played in Brazil’s first international career, he scored 518 league goals—
when they won the World Cup in 1998. in 1914. more than any other player in history.

63
World Cup wins WINNERS
Only eight countries have ever lifted the
World Cup trophy:
The World Cup began in 1930. By 2014, a
global audience of 1 billion people tuned in Brazil 1958, 1962, 1970,
1994, 2002
to watch the final. The Cup’s history is
Italy 1934, 1938,
packed with super scorers, memorable 1982, 2006
moments, and amazing anecdotes. Germany 1954, 1974,
1990, 2014

HIGH SCORES It’s a knockout

At the World Cup finals
Argentina 1978, 1986

The highest score in the World of 1958, a Brazilian player Uruguay 1930, 1950
Cup finals was when Hungary called Vava scored against
beat El Salvador 10–1 in 1982. the Soviet Union. His
teammates mobbed him England 1966
The highest score in a World Cup
with such enthusiasm that
qualifier came in 2001, when
he was left unconscious!
Australia beat American Samoa 31–0. France 1998

Spain 2010

GREATEST
Italy lift the World
GOALSCORERS Cup in 2006

Miroslav Klose (GERMANY)

16 goals 2002–2014 Hat-trick heaven
When Brazil and Poland
Ronaldo (BRAZIL) played in the 1938 World Cup,
15 goals 1994–2006 Brazil’s Leônidas da Silva
Gerd MÜller (WEST GERMANY) scored four goals. In response,
14 goals 1966–1974 Poland’s Ernst Willimowski
scored four more. Brazil’s Romeo
Just Fontaine (FRANCE) finally got the game-winner
13 goals 1958 in overtime.
Pelé (BRAZIL)
12 goals 1958–1970
JÜrgen Klinsmann (GERMANY)
Brazil’s 11 goals 1990–1998
Ronaldo
SÁndor Kocsis (HUNGARY)
11 goals 1954

Youngest player Oldest player

Brazil’s Edu was 16 years and Colombia’s Faryd Mondragon
11 months at the 1966 World Cup. was 43 at the 2014 World Cup.

FASTEST GOALS
AFTER KICK-OFF
Hakan ŞÜkÜr (TURKEY) v SOUTH KOREA 2002 11 seconds
Vaclav Masek (CZECHOSLOVAKIA) v MEXICO 1962 15 seconds
Ernst Lehner (GERMANY) v AUSTRIA 1934 25 seconds
Bryan Robson (ENGLAND) v FRANCE 1982 28 seconds
Clint Dempsey (USA) v GHANA 2014 29 seconds
 Sticking th
India withdrew e boot in
from the 1950
in protest over World Cup
STADIUMS
the rule that al
players wear l The first World Cup final, in
boots.
Uruguay in 1930, was held in the
Estadio Centenario in Montevideo. It
had a capacity of just under 100,000
spectators, with many standing.
TROPHY TRIVIA The final of the 2014 World Cup
took place in the Estádio do
New Trophy Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro. One of the
The existing World Cup trophy most recognizable stadiums in world
was first awarded in 1974. The soccer, the Maracanã was built for the
name and year of every World Cup 1950 World Cup. It is believed to have
winner is added to the bottom of the once held some 200,000 spectators but
Global audience
trophy. In 2038, a new trophy will its current capacity is 78,000.
The World Cup draws one of the largest
be needed because there will not be audiences of any televised event on Earth The 2018 World Cup will be held
enough space left for new names. and is viewed in private homes, public at 12 stadiums located all across
The trophy is made of 18-carat squares and stadiums, and even on Russia, from St Petersburg in the
gold! It is 14 in (36 cm) high mobile phones. The 2014 World Cup in north of the country, to Sochi, 1,460
and weighs 13 lb (6 kg). Brazil was broadcast in every country in miles (2,350 km) to the south.
the world, and the final of the tournament
The capacity of the 12 Russian
Old Trophy is estimated to have been viewed by an
stadiums ranges from 42,000
The original trophy was audience of 1 billion.
spectators to 81,000. The opener and
called the Jules Rimet the final will take place in the Luzhniki
Trophy in honor of the FIFA Stadium in Moscow, the largest venue.
president from 1921 to 1954.
The Frenchman set up the first
World Cup finals in 1930.
The trophy was stolen Royal Request
twice. The first theft was At the first World Cup
in England in 1966, but a dog held in Uruguay in 1930,
called Pickles later discovered the Romanian squad was
it. The trophy was then stolen handpicked by King Carol
who organized time off Estádio do Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro
again in Rio de Janeiro in
1983 but never found. work for the players!

BLANCO
BOUNCE
The 1998 World Cup in France saw the
introduction of a new soccer trick,
courtesy of the Mexican player
Cuauhtémoc Blanco. He broke through
the defense by wedging the ball
between his feet and jumping.
 National teams ENGLAND
Considered the founders of modern
out moment was in 1966 when the
football, England’s stand-
team won the World Cup.
The beautiful game is played all over Football Association founded: 186
Nicknames: The Three Lions
3

the world on streets, fields, beaches, Top goalscorer: Wayne Rooney 53

(2003–16)
Most appearances: Peter Shilton
and in parks. In each country, the most Trophies: FIFA World Cup—1966
125 (1970–90)

gifted players join their national teams

to compete in high-profile tournaments.
FRANCE
of soccer, France is the
ARGENTINA With a penchant for an attacking style
epitome of entertainment.
ded: 1919
a vibrant soccer history, with French Federation of Football foun
This South American country has
trophy cabinet. Nicknames: Les Bleus (The Blues)
fanatical supporters and a packed (1997–2010)
founded: 1893 Top goalscorer: Thierry Henry 51
Argentinian Football Association Most appearances: Lilia n Thu ram 142 (1994–2008)
stes (Wh ite and Sky Blues)
Nicknames: Albicele Trophies: FIFA World Cup—1998
rer: Lion el Mes si 58 (200 5–present) 4, 2000
Top goalsco
143 (1994–2011) UEFA European Championship—198
Most appearances: Javier Zanetti Olympic gold medal—1984
78, 198 6
Trophies: FIFA World Cup—19 FIFA Confederations Cup—2001, 200
3
1929, 1937, 1941, 1945,
Copa América—1921, 1925, 1927,
nd-robin league tournaments),
1946, 1947, 1955, 1957, 1959 (rou
gold medal—2004, 2008
1991 (round-robin), 1993; Olympic
GERMANY
Germany has an unrivaled record
for consistency, reaching
AUSTRALIA 13 major competitive finals and winn
German Football Association foun
ing seven tournaments.
ded: 1900
After years of success in Oceania, Nicknames: Die Nationalelf (The Nati
Australia joined the onal Eleven)
competitive Asian Football Confede Top goalscorer: Miroslav Klose 71
ration in 2006. (2001–14)
Australian Soccer Association foun Most appearances: Lothar Matthau
ded: 1961 s 150 (1980–2000)
Nicknames: Socceroos Trophies: FIFA World Cup—1954,
1974, 1990, 2014
Top goalscorer: Tim Cahill 48 (200 UEFA European Championship—197
4–present) 2, 1980, 1996
Most appearances: Mark Schwarzer Olympic gold medal—1976
109 (1993–2013)
Trophies: OFC Nations Cup—1980,
1996, 2000, 2004
AFC Asian Cup—2015
ITALY
BRAZIL Italy has four World Cups to its nam
most successful soccer nation with
e, and is tied as the second
Germany.
on in history, Brazil has : 1898
As the most successful soccer nati Italian Football Federation founded
reak ing five times.
won the World Cup a record-b Nicknames: Azzurri (Blues)
5–74)
Brazilian Football Confederation
founded: 1914 Top goalscorer: Luigi Riva 35 (196
), Canarinho (Little Canary) : Gian luig i Buffon 169 (1997–present)
Nicknames: A Selecao (The Selected Most appearances
1938, 1982, 2006
Top goalscorer: Pelé 77 (195 7–7 1) Trophies: FIFA World Cup—1934,
196 8
Most appearances: Cafu 142 (199
0–2006) UEFA European Championship—
Wor ld Cup —19 58, 196 2, 1970, 1994, 2002 Olympic gold medal— 193 6
Trophies: FIFA
198 9, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2007
Copa América—1919, 1922, 1949,

IVORY COAST
DENMARK The Ivory Coast reached the World
Cup for the first time in
Denmark’s highlight to date was Euro 2006, and many of the nation’s hom
1992 when the team egrown talents now play
caused a shock by beating West Germ for great European clubs in their
any in the final. domestic leagues.
Danish Football Association foun Ivory Coast Football Federation foun
ded: 1889 ded: 1960
Top goalscorers: Poul “Tist” Nielsen Nicknames: Les Éléphants (The Elep
(1910–25) and Jon Dahl hants)
Tomasson (1997–2010) 52 Top goalscorer: Didier Drogba 65
(2002–14)
Most appearances: Peter Schmei Most appearances: Didier Zokora
chel 129 (1987–2001) 123 (2000–14)
Trophies: UEFA European Champi Trophies: Africa Cup of Nations—
onship—1992 1992, 2015
Confederations Cup—1995
66
 RUSSIA
JAPAN Although the nation has not won a
major title for 50 years,
Russia has established a strong basi
s for future success.
ular sport in Japan, Russian Football Union founded:
Football is now the second most pop 1912
Top goalscorer: Aleksandr Kerzhako
n Cup.
following four triumphs in the Asia Most appearances: Sergei Ignashev
v 30 (2002–15)
: 1921
Japan Football Association founded
ich 120 (2002–present)
Trophies: (competing as the USSR)
Nicknames: Sam urai Blue
UEFA European Championship—196
to 80 (1964–77) 0
Top goalscorer: Kunishige Kamamo (competing as Russia) None
o 152 (2002–15)
Most appearances: Yasuhito End
—19 92, 200 0, 2004, 2011
Trophies: AFC Asian Cup

SOUTH AFRICA
REPUBLIC OF KOREA After years of exile by FIFA for refu
sing to play a mixed-race team,
n to host the World Cup.
The Republic of Korea co-hosted the South Africa was the first African natio
World Cup finals in 2002. founded: 1991
The nation drew international reco
gnition by reaching the semi- South African Football Association
(The Boys )
finals, knocking out favorites Italy
and Spain along the way. Nicknames: Bafana Bafana
ni McC arthy 32 (199 7–2012)
Korea Football Association founded Top goalscorer: Ben
: 1928 nces : Aaro n Mok oena 107 (1999–2010)
Nicknames: Taeguk Warriors, The Most appeara
Reds, Red Devils 199 6
Top goalscorer: Cha Bum-Kun 58 Trophies: Africa Cup of Nations—
(1972–86)
Most appearances: Hong Myung-B
o 135 (1990–2002)
Trophies: AFC Asian Cup—1956, 196
0
SPAIN
Spain is realizing its potential than
ks to victories in the 2008
MEXICO and 2012 European Championships
Royal Spanish Football Federation
and at the 2010 World Cup.
founded: 1913
boasting Latin brilliance on Nicknames: La Furia Roja (The Red
A dominant force in the CONCACAF, Top goalscorer: David Villa 59 (200
Fury)
ender on the global stage.
the ball, Mexico is becoming a cont Most appearances: Iker Casillas 167
5–14)
ded: 1927 (2000–present)
Mexican Football Federation foun Trophies: FIFA World Cup—2010
Hern and ez 48 (2009–present)
Top goalscorer: Javier UEFA European Championship—196
: Clau dio Sua rez 177 (1992–2006) 4, 2008, 2012
Most appearances Olympic gold medal—1992
ip and Gold Cup—1965, 1971,
Trophies: CONCACAF Championsh
200 9, 2011, 2015
1977, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2003,
99; Olym pic gold medal—2012
Confederations Cup—19
URUGUAY
to lift the World Cup in 1930,
Famous for being the first nation
years later.
NETHERLANDS Uruguay repeated this success
Uruguay Football Federation foun
20
ded: 1900
In the 1970s, the Dutch created “Tot es: La Cele ste (The Sky Blue )
al Soccer,” a system in Nicknam
which every player could play in ever
goa lsco rer: Luis Suá rez 47 (200 7–present)
y position on the field. Top
(2005–present)
Royal Netherlands Football Associa
tion founded: 1889 Most appearances: Maxi Pereira 120
Nicknames: Clockwork Orange, The Wor ld Cup —19 30, 195 0
Orangemen, Trophies: FIFA
Flying Dutchmen rica —19 16, 191 7, 192 0, 192 3, 1924, 1926, 1935,
Copa Amé
198 7, 199 5, 2011
Top goalscorer: Robin van Persie
50 (2005–present) 1942, 1956, 1959, 1967, 1983,
Most appearances: Wesley Sneijder Olympic gold medal—192 4, 192 8
131 (2003–present)
Trophies: UEFA European Champi
onship—1988

PORTUGAL USA
Interest in soccer rocketed when
rs of world soccer, Portugal their country staged a hugely
Long considered the underachieve successful World Cup in 1994.
at the 201 6 European Championship.
finally won a tournament United States Soccer Federation
ded: 1914 founded: 1913
Portuguese Football Federation foun Nicknames: The Stars and Stripes,
75 (2003–present) The Red, White, and Blue
Top goalscorer: Cristiano Ronaldo Top goalscorer: Landon Donovan
tian o Ron aldo 143 (2003–present) 57 (2000–14); Clint Dempsey
Most appearances: Cris 57 (2004–present)
onship—2016
Trophies: UEFA European Champi Most appearances: Cobi Jones 164
(1992–2004)
Trophies: CONCACAF Gold Cup—19
91, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2013

67
 Find out more
There are many ways of getting more involved in soccer. Find
a club you want to support, and follow their game results. If you
are eager to play yourself, join a team and take part in a local
league. By visiting soccer museums you will find out about
managers, coaches, and players. The more you learn, the more
Match program you will enjoy the soccer fever surrounding big competitions.
Programs are full of
information about the
teams that are playing, Bob Bishop was the Manchester United
scout who discovered George Best,
and are a great keepsake.
Sammy McIlroy, and many others USEFUL WEBSITES
in the 1960s and 1970s
• To find out about the Soccer Association:
www.thefa.com
• For information on the World Cup:
www.fifa.com
• For information on English soccer clubs outside
the Premier League: www.soccer-league.co.uk
• For up-to-date soccer information:
news.bbc.co.uk/sport/soccer
• For playing tips and video masterclasses:
news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/soccer/skills

Support your club

Choose the club you want to support and start following
their results. If you can, go to some matches and start your
own collection of programs. Watching the matches and
Soccer scouts reading the programs will soon make you an expert on your
All big clubs have scouts who travel around looking for new club’s players and management. You will learn about soccer
talent, from established players they can “buy,” to gifted young rules and develop your own ideas about team tactics.
players. Outstanding young players are asked for a trial and
may be invited to join the club’s soccer academy where they
receive an education and soccer training. If all goes well, they Italian fans cheer
work through the youth and reserve team to the first team. on their team

68
 PLACES TO VISIT
FIFA MUSEUM, ZURICH, SWITZERLAND
www.fifamuseum.com
This collection of historic documents,
videos, and pictures tells the story of how
soccer became the most popular sport.
THE NATIONAL SOCCER MUSEUM, URBIS
BUILDING, CATHEDRAL GARDENS,
MANCHESTER
www.nationalsoccermuseum.com
The world’s largest soccer museum has the
FIFA Museum Collection, and the FA and
Soccer League collections. The museum
Join a team holds more than 25,000 objects, 90 minutes
If you are eager to play the game, then join a school of film and sound, and 1,000 photographs.
or local youth-club team, and you will quickly find WEMBLEY STADIUM, WEMBLEY, LONDON
out whether you prefer defense, midfield, attack, www.wembleystadium.com/
or goalkeeping. Club coaches will help you master Wembley-Tours/
many techniques, such as marking, tackling,
A collection that includes memorabilia
dribbling, and passing. Regular training and
from England’s World Cup victory in 1966.
practice games will ensure you are fit and
have the stamina to last the game. THE SCOTTISH SOCCER MUSEUM, HAMPDEN
PARK, GLASGOW
www.scottishsoccermuseum.org.uk
Good close ball control is A collection of Scottish memorabilia.
essential, whether you play in
an attacking position or in defense LIVERPOOL FC MUSEUM, LIVERPOOL
www.liverpoolfc.com/history/tour-and-
museum/home
Charts the history of Liverpool soccer club.
ARSENAL FC MUSEUM, HIGHBURY, LONDON
www.arsenal.com/emirates-stadium/
arsenal-museum
A collection that highlights the
achievements of Arsenal soccer club.

Players shake hands

as a symbol of good
sportsmanship

The 2014 FIFA World Cup

In 2014 the FIFA World Cup finals took place in Brazil. This was
the 20th World Cup to be played, and the seventh tournament to
be held in a Latin American country. As the host nation, Brazil
qualified automatically, and were joined by 31 teams from around
the world who got through via regional qualifying tournaments.
Captain Billy Wright of England (right) shakes
Brazil was knocked out by Germany, who beat Argentina in the final.
hands with Jean Baratte of France (left) in 1951

69
 Glossary FORMATION The arrangement of the
players on the field. The coach or
manager chooses the formation,
and may change it during a game
AFRICA CUP OF NATIONS First staged in response to the strengths or
in 1957. African national teams compete weaknesses of the opposition.
for the trophy every two years.
GIANT KILLER A team that beats a team
AGENT The person who acts on behalf believed to be of a much higher quality,
of a player in the arrangement of a and from a higher division.
transfer or a new contract.
GLOVES Worn by goalkeepers to protect
ASSISTANT REFEREES Formerly known
their hands and to help them grip the ball.
as linesmen, one covers each side of the
field. They signal offside, throw-ins, GOAL KICK Awarded when the ball goes
fouls, and substitutions. out of play over the goal line if it was
BOOK The referee books players when last touched by the attacking team.
they have committed an offense. He GROUNDSKEEPERS The people who look
shows players a yellow card and writes after the stadium, the terraces, and the
their names in his black book. Players soccer field.
are sent off if they receive two yellow
A referee’s uniform
cards in one game. HANDBALL It is an offense to touch the
DEAD-BALL KICK A kick from non-open ball with your hands or arms during play.
CAP Originally a hat awarded to players
in an international match. Players play, such as a free kick or a corner kick.
HEADING A defensive header sends the
count their international appearances ball upward, clearing it as far away as
DERBY A “derby game” is a game between
in caps. possible. An attacking header sends the
two local rival teams.
COACH Runs the training program, ball downward, hopefully into the goal.
DIRECT FREE KICK Awarded if a player
working closely with the manager.
kicks, trips, pushes, spits, or holds an INDIRECT FREE KICK Awarded when a
COPA AMÉRICA First won in 1910, South opponent, or tackles the player rather team commits an offense other than
American national teams compete for than the ball. The person taking the free a foul, such as obstruction. The player
the trophy every two years. kick can shoot directly at the goal. cannot score directly.

CORNER KICK Awarded when one of the DIRECTORS The people

defending team has put the ball out of who serve on a board to help
play over the goal line. run a club. Some put a lot of
personal money into the club.
CROSS A pass made from either wing to
a forward at the center of the field. DRIBBLING Running with the
ball while keeping it under
close control.
EUROPEAN CUP
First won in 1956,
it is now known as the
Champions League. The top
clubs from the league of
each European country
compete for the trophy
every year. The white ball was introduced in 1951
FA CUP First won
in 1872. English KICKOFF The kicking of the ball from
league and non- the center spot to start the game.
league teams LAWS The 17 Laws of the Game
compete approved by FIFA.
Using annually for
your the trophy. MANAGER The person who picks the
team, plans tactics, motivates the players,
chest to FIFA (FÉDÉRATION and decides what to do in training.
control INTERNATIONALE DE SOCCER
the ball ASSOCIATION) Formed in 1904, the world MARKING Staying close to an opponent
governing body of soccer, FIFA, arbitrates to prevent him or her from passing,
between countries, and runs the World Cup shooting, or receiving the ball.
and the Women’s World Cup.
MASCOT A person, animal, or doll that
SOCCER ASSOCIATION Formed in 1863, this is considered to bring good luck to
national governing body arbitrates between a team. Mascots are also part of the
clubs and disciplines players. increasing commercialization of soccer.

70
OFFSIDE When an attacking player SHIN PADS Pads worn inside socks to
receives a ball, two defenders including protect the lower legs.
the goalkeeper have to be between the
attacking player and the goal. Players SHOOTING A kick toward the goal.
are only penalized for being offside if STANDS The areas where the supporters
they interfere with play or gain some sit around the field.
advantage by being in that position.
STRIP The shirt, shorts, and socks a
ONE-TWO An attacking player passes the team wears. Most clubs have at least
ball to an advanced teammate, and runs two different strips, a home kit and an
on into a space. The ball is immediately away kit. A team uses its away kit when
returned, bypassing the defending player. there is a conflict of colors. World
PENALTY AREA A box that Cup
STUDS Small, rounded projections medal
stretches 18 yd (16.5 m) in front screwed into the sole of a
of and to either side of the goal. soccer boot. The referee
PENALTY KICK A shot at or assistant referee checks UEFA EUROPA LEAGUE Originally known
goal from the penalty spot. all studs before each game. as the Inter City Fairs Cup, it was first
Awarded against a team Players use longer studs on won in 1958. It changed its name
that commits an offense a wet, muddy field. to UEFA Cup and was renamed UEFA
in its own penalty area. Europa League in 2009–10. Some of
SUPERSTITIONS the best teams from each European
PENALTY SPOT The spot Many players are deeply country’s national league compete for
14 yd (13 m) in front of the superstitious. For example, the trophy every year.
goal. The ball is placed they may insist on wearing the
here to take a penalty. same shirt number throughout WARM-UP A routine of exercises to
their career. England player Paul warm up all the muscles before the
PHYSIOTHERAPIST Ince would only put his shirt on start of a match.
The person who helps for a game when running out
players recover from of the tunnel. WHISTLE Used by the referee at the
injuries, and who beginning and end of a game and to
checks players to TACKLING Stopping an opponent stop play when there is a foul.
ensure that they are fit who has the ball and removing the
ball with your feet. WINGER A striker who plays particularly
enough for a game.
A soccer card on one side of the field or the other.
FIELD The field of play. TACTICS Planned actions or
movements to gain an advantage over WOMEN’S WORLD CUP First won in 1991.
In the early days, the boundaries of the
your opponents. National women’s teams compete for the
field were marked by a series of flags.
trophy every four years.
The FA introduced the field markings TERRACES Steps where people stood to
we know today in 1902. watch a game before the advent of all- WORLD CUP First won in 1930.
seater stadiums. National men’s teams compete for
PROGRAM Provides information for the trophy every four years.
the fans about the players of their team THROW-IN A way of restarting play when
and of the opposition, as well as a the ball goes over the touchline. Awarded YELLOW CARD The referee holds up
message from the manager. to the opponent of the player who last a yellow card to book a player.
RATTLE Supporters took rattles into touched the ball.
matches until the 1960s, when they
started to sing or chant instead. These
rattles are now forbidden. The USA
women’s
RED CARD The referee holds up a red
soccer
card to show that a player has to leave
the field. Serious foul play or two team, 2011
bookable offenses results in a red card.
REFEREE The person who has the
authority to enforce the Laws of
the Game.
SCARF Each team has a scarf in its
own colors. Fans often wear the
scarf or their team’s uniform when they
go to games.
SCOUT A person employed by a club
to look for talented new players.
SET PIECE Moves practiced by a team to
take advantage of a dead-ball situation.

71
 Index
Chile 46, 48 forwards 63 mascots 46, 48 Ronaldo, Cristiano 16, 17, terraces 44, 45
China 6, 7 fouls 10, 11, 16 medals 36–37, 55 34, 67 throw-ins 10, 11
cleats 26, 27 France 9, 20, 34, 35, 45, medicine balls 22 rules see laws throwing out 19
clothing 46, 60, 64, 66 memorabilia 54–55 Russia 44, 49, 60, 65, 67 total soccer 20, 32, 67
goalkeepers 18 free kicks 10, 17, 19 Messi, Lionel 34, 38, 66 training 16, 22, 58–59, 69

A referees 12 Mexico 46, 51, 67

S transfers 57

G, H, I
soccer outfits 28–29 midfielders 16, 20, 21, 34, Trench Soccer 52
advantage rule 10 clubs 32, 36, 38–39, 40, 35, 63 trophies 36, 47, 48, 50–51,
Munich air crash 32, 39 saves 18 61, 65
advertising 54, 57 61, 68 schools 6, 8, 37
Africa 9 coaches 20, 21, 69 game day 42–43 muscles 22, 58–59 UEFA Cup 51
Germany 16, 20, 30, 31, museums 68, 69 science and technology Uruguay 46, 51, 60, 61,
Africa Cup of Nations 37, colors 18, 28, 37, 40 58–59
41, 51 computer technology 20, 59 32, 35, 36, 39, 42, 46, 48, 64, 67
Scotland 8, 44
N, O, P, Q, R
Copa América 50, 51, 63, 58–59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 69 US 9, 43, 46, 47, 49, 51,
Ajax 38 scouts 68
66, 67 Ghana 65 61, 67
amateurs 8, 12, 36 sendings-off 13
American soccer 25, 49 corner flags 11 gloves 18, 31

W, X, Y, Z
narrowing the angle 19 set pieces 19, 21
Argentina 21, 33, 34, 36, corner kicks 10 goal kicks 10, 19 shin pads 30–31
crossbars 10, 60 goal line technology 59 Netherlands 20, 28, 32,
39, 46, 49, 51, 66 38, 40, 46, 60, 67 shirts 8, 18, 28, 29, 56, 60
Ashbourne 6 crosses 17 goal nets 11, 60 shooting 17 Wales 37, 60
cups 50–51 goal posts 10 Neymar 27, 38, 57
Asia 60 Nigeria 23 shorts 12, 28, 29 wall, defensive 19
assistant referees 11, 12, Czechoslovakia 22, 46, goalkeepers 18–19, 32, signing-on bonuses 57 warming up 22, 58
63, 64 34, 61, 62 Northern Ireland 37, 60
13, 59 Norway 36 skills 16–17 Wembley Stadium 44
Australia 28, 66 heading 16, 24 socks 29 wingers 17, 33
D, E, F Heysel disaster 50 Nou Camp, Barcelona 44
away uniform 28 nutrition 22, 58 soccer balls 24–25, 59, 61 women’s soccer 9, 29, 31,
Hillsborough disaster 44 South Africa 9, 46, 49, 38, 50, 58, 61
history 6–9 offside rule 10, 11, 21

B defenders 16, 20, 21, 62 offside trap 21 65, 67 Women’s World Cup
Home Internationals 37 Soviet Union 34 50, 70
Denmark 66 Hungary 35, 36, 37, 46, Olympic Games 50, 55, 61
designer age 27 Spain 29, 34, 38, 44, 46, World Club Cup 57
back-pass law 18 61, 64 Orkney Isles 25
drainage, field 15 49, 64, 67 World Cup 46–49
badges 13, 36, 43 Independiente 39 Paraguay 60
dribbling 14, 17, 24, 34 sponsorship 27, 56 balls 24
ball control 16, 69 injuries 22–23, 30 passing 16 sportsmanship 69
Egypt 9, 36, 37, 51 Brazil 2014 65, 69
balls 6, 19, 22, 24–25, 49 Intercontinental Cup 57 penalties 10, 11, 60 Stade de France, Paris 45
England 8, 21, 23, 28, 32, 34, internationals 8 penalty box 11 draw 49
Barcelona 38 stadiums 15, 42, 43, facts 60, 61, 64–65
36, 39, 44, 46, 64, 66, 69 Ireland 18, 37 penalty shootouts 61
Bayern Munich 39 44–45 hosts 46, 48, 49
English Football League 8 Italy 6, 19, 20, 22, 25, 33, Peru 44
Benfica 38–39 stoppage time 12
entertainment 42 38, 46, 47, 61, 64, 66 physiotherapists 22–23 medals 36, 37
bicycle kicks 17 street soccer 7, 14
Europa League 51 Ivory Coast 57, 66 pinball 52 Russia 65
bookings 13 stretchers 22–23
European Cup 42, 50, 51 players, famous 8, 32–35, souvenirs 54, 55
boots 26–27 strikers 16, 17, 32, 33, 34,
FA Cup 11, 24, 28, 42, 44,
J, K, L, M
Borussia Dortmund 60 62–63 35, 63, 64 stadiums 42, 45, 49, 65
50, 51, 60, 61 Poland 64 stamps 9
Brazil 27, 28, 31, 33, 35, substitutions 11, 12, 21,
Fair Play Trophy 69 Portugal 33, 38, 67 trophy 47, 48, 65
41, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 60, 23, 37, 60
fans 38, 40–41, 42–43, Japan 7, 46, 60, 67 Premier League 61 World Wars 37, 41, 52
61, 64, 65, 66, 69 superstitions 42, 44
45, 68 Juventus 38 professional fouls 10 Xavi 16, 63
British Ladies Club 9, 38 Sweden 46, 47
fields 11, 14–15 kemari 7 programs 42, 47, yellow cards 12
sweepers 20, 35
FIFA 9, 13, 21, 46, 48,
C
laces, boot 27 50, 68 Switzerland 46 Zambia 41
49, 69 laws 6, 8, 10–11, 21 Qatar 49 Zidane, Zinedine 34, 49
fitness 22, 58–59
T, U, V
lines 11 Real Madrid 39, 61
calcio 6, 25 flags 11, 59 linesmen 12, 13 red cards 12, 13, 49
Cameroon 32, 51 floodlights 44, 61 managers 20, 56 referees 10, 12–13, 60, 63
caps 36–37 Football Association (FA) Manchester United 39, 61 replica shirts 56 tackling 16
card games 52, 53 8, 37, 43 Maracanã Stadium, Rio Republic of Korea 46, 67 tactics 20–21
Champions League 57, 61 formations 20 46, 65 Romania 65 television 42, 57, 65

Acknowledgments
28crb, 28tl, 29bl, 29cr, 29tl, 29tr, 30br, 30c, 42br; Mike Hewitt / Getty Images Sport 19c;
30cl, 30crb, 30tl, 30tr, 31bc, 31bl, 31clb, Jasper Juinen / Getty Images Sport 16r;
31tc, 31tl, 31tr, 36bc, 36c, 36cb, 36cl, 36clb, Jeff Vinnick 43tl; Keystone / Hulton Archive
36cra, 36fbr, 36fcl, 36fcrb, 36ftl, 36ftr, 36tr, 33bl, 33tl; Ross Kinnaird 58c; David Leah
36tr (spoon), 37bl, 37br, 37c, 37clb, 37cr, 51c; John Macdougall / AFP / 2005 FIFA TM
Dorling Kindersley would like to thank Corbis Sports 34tc, 60cb, 65cr; S Carmona 37fbl, 37fcrb, 37tr, 38bl, 38br, 38tl, 38-39, 69clb; Josep Lago / AFP 56bl; Clive Mason
Hugh Hornby, Rob Pratten, Lynsey Jones, 44clb; Stephane Reix / Photo & Co. 34tl; 39cr, 39tl, 40b, 40ca, 40cb, 40cl, 40crb, 17tl; Damien Meyer / AFP 13l; Paolo Nucci /
& Mark Bushell at The National Soccer Stephane Reix / Corbis Sports 66-67 40ftl, 40ftr, 40tr, 41ca, 41cl, 41clb, 41tr, WireImage 49bl; NurPhoto 2c; Doug
Museum for their help and patience; (background); Tolga Bozoglu / Epa 62bc; 42cr, 42tl, 42tr, 43br, 43cra, 43fcr, 43ftr, Pensinger / Getty Images Sport 17c;
Stewart J. Wild for proofreading; Helen Universal / TempSport 69br; Visionhaus 43tr, 44ftr, 44tl, 44tr, 45cl, 45t, 46bc (1986), Popperfoto.com 68cl; Power Sport Images
Peters for the index; David Ekholm-JAlbum, 27tr. Dorling Kindersley: Soccer Museum, 46bl (1978), 46bl (1982), 46br (1990), 46br 34cra; Gary M. Prior 62tr; Michael Urban /
Sunita Gahir, David Goldblatt, Susan St. Preston / 1974 FIFA TM 48r; Soccer (1994), 46c (1954), 46c (1958), 46cl (1938), AFP 36bl; VI-Images 38cl; Dave Winter 21c.
Louis, Lisa Stock, and Bulent Yusuf for Museum, Preston / Adidas 18br; Soccer 46cl (1950), 46clb (1930), 46clb (1934), 46cr Bryan Horsnell: 42c, 42cl, 42fcl. Press
the clipart; Neville Graham, Sue Nicholson, Museum, Preston / FIFA 46fbr (1998), 49fcr; (1962), 46fcr (1966), 46fcrb (1970), 46fcrb Association Images: AP Photo / Lewis
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Mills for editing; and Victoria Pyke for Soccer Museum, Preston / Umbro 28br; 49tl, 49tr, 50cl, 50tl, 50tr, 51tl, 52br, 52c, Ltd 68-69 (background); Matthew Ashton /
proofreading the relaunch edition. Soccer Museum, Preston 1, 2cb, 2c, 2r, 2cla 52fbl, 52fcl, 52ftl, 52-53, 53bc, 53bl, 53cla, Empics Sport 16tr; Jon Buckle / Empics Ltd.
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7l, 7tr, 8c, 8ca, 8fbr, 8ftr, 8l, 8tr, 9br, 9cr, Philippe Marcou 58tl; AFP Photo / Roberto 47l; Peter Robinson / Empics Sport 57fcrb;
123RF.com: bagwold / “adidas, the 3-Bars 9crb, 9fclb, 9l, 9tr, 10clb, 10fclb, 10tl, 10-11, Schmidt 50c; AFP Photo DDP / Thomas Michael Steele / Empics Sport 41br, 41fclb;
logo, BRAZUCA and the Brazuca ball design 12br, 12cb (whistle), 12fclb, 12tl, 13br, 13cr, Lohnes 58b; Allsport 34-35; Allsport / Topham Picturepoint 35tl; Witters 32ftr. Rex
are registered trademarks of adidas, used 13ftr (Bangladesh), 13ftr (Columbia), 13ftr Hulton Archive 34bl; Allsport / Vincent Shutterstock: Colorsport 63cra. Wallchart:
with permission.” 2clb. Action Images: (Italy), 13ftr (New Zealand), 13ftr (USA), 13tr Laforet 50br; Lars Baron / Bongarts 16cl; Colorsport: cla, cl (Arthur Rowe).Corbis:
31crb; Toby Melville / Reuters 27cra; Bruno (Australia), 13tr (Iceland), 13tr (Portugal), Shaun Botterill 62-63 (background); Shaun Franck Seguin cb. Dorling Kindersley:
Domingos / Reuters 56r; Sporting Images 13tr (USSR), 14br, 14ca, 14tl, 15bl, 15cl, Botterill / Getty Images Sport 64-65; Clive Soccer Museum, Preston tl (Chinese
23c; Sporting Pictures 22c. Action Plus: 15clb, 15clb (side view), 15cr, 16tl, 17br, Brunskill 14bl; David Cannon / Allsport 33c, characters), ftl (Lord Kinnaird), cra, crb, tr.
Glyn Kirk 56c; Neil Tingle 10fbr, 60-61 18bl, 18cb, 18cr, 18tl, 18tr, 19bl, 19tl, 20bl, 51r; David Cannon / Getty Images Sport Dreamstime.com: Pumba1 bl. Getty
(background), 68b. Alamy: Brent Clark 20tl, 20tr, 21bl, 21cra, 21crb, 21tr, 22cla, 23tl, 64cl; Central Press / Hulton Archive Images: © 1974 FIFA™ / David Leah /
63cla; wareham.nl 71b; Colorsport: 11tr, 22tl, 22tr, 22-23, 24bc, 24cl, 24crb, 24ftl, 32cla, 33cr; Mark Cosgrove 10crb; Jean Mexsport crb, Time & Life Pictures ca
21br, 32clb, 39tr, 44-45, 57tr, 68tl; Olympia 24tr, 25bl, 25cb, 25crb, 25ftl (brass), 25ftl Catuffe 57tl; Tom Dulat 15t; Tony Duffy / (Pele); AFP Photo / Pierre-Philippe Marcou
35cr, 35tr; Jerome Provost 39bc. Corbis: (gauged pump), 25ftr, 25tl (pump), 25tl Allsport 32br; Mike Hewitt / FIFA 2r; Stuart br. iStockphoto.com: sdominick clb. Nike:
Ben Queenborough / BPI 57bc; Chen (rubber), 25tr, 26br, 26cl, 26cr, 26fcr, 26tl, Franklin / Bongarts 59bc; Gallo Images / clb/ (Boots)
Shaojin / Xinhua Press 17bl; Christian 26tr, 27bc (hammer), 27bc (studs), 27br Getty Images Sport 51cl; Markus Gilliar - All other images © Dorling Kindersley
Liewig / Liewig Media Sports 16clb; Frans (nails), 27br (studs), 27c, 27cla, 27fbr (key), Pool / Bongarts 58-59; Scott Heavey 61tl; For further information see:
Lanting 65tc; Matthew Ashton / AMA / 27fbr (studs), 27fbr (wrench), 27tl, 28bl, Patrick Hertzog / AFP 65br; Mike Hewitt www.dkimages.com

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