CE151P-5

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE

• Presidential Decree 1096.

• All buildings or structures shall conform in all respects to the principles of safe
construction and must be suited to the purpose for which they are designed.

• Buildings or structures intended to be used for the manufacture and/or production of any
kind of article or product shall observe adequate environmental safeguards.

• Buildings or structures shall be maintained in safe, sanitary, and good working condition.

SECTION 104. General Building Requirements

• All buildings or structures as well as accessory facilities thereto shall conform in all
respects to the principles of safe construction and must be suited to the purpose for which
they are designed.

• Buildings or structures intended to be used for the manufacture and/or production of any
kind of article or product shall observe adequate environmental safeguards.

• Buildings or structures and all parts thereof as well as all facilities found therein shall be
maintained in safe, sanitary and good working condition.

SECTION 105. Site Requirements

• The land or site upon which will be constructed any building or structure, or any ancillary
or auxiliary facility thereto, shall be sanitary, hygienic or safe. In case of sites or
buildings intended for use as human habitation or abode, the same shall be at a safe
distance, as determined by competent authorities, from streams or bodies of water and/or
sources of air considered to be polluted; from a volcano or volcanic site and/or any other
building considered to be a potential source of fire or explosion.

SECTION 205. Building Officials

• The Building Official shall be responsible for carrying out the provisions of the Code in
the field as well as the enforcement of orders and decisions made pursuant thereto.
SECTION 206. Qualifications of Building Officials
• A Filipino citizen and of good moral character.
• A duly registered architect or civil engineer.
• A member of good standing of a duly accredited organization of his profession for not
less than five
(5) years endorsed or recommended by the accredited professional organization.
• Has at least five (5) years of diversified and professional experience in building design
and construction.
• Has attended and successfully completed a seminar workshop on PD 1096 and its IRR
conducted by the DPWH.

SECTION 214. Dangerous and Ruinous Buildings or Structures

• Dangerous buildings are those which are herein declared as such or are structurally
unsafe or not provided with safe egress, or which constitute a fire hazard, or are
otherwise dangerous to human life, or which in relation to existing use, constitute a
hazard to safety or health or public welfare because of inadequate maintenance,
dilapidation, obsolescence, or abandonment; or which otherwise contribute to the
pollution of the site or the community to an intolerable degree.

SECTION 215. Abatement of Dangerous Building

• When any building or structure is found or declared to be dangerous or ruinous, the
Building Official shall order its repair, vacation or demolition depending upon the degree
of danger to life, health, or safety. This is without prejudice to further action that may be
taken under the provisions of Articles 482 and 694 to 707 of the Civil Code of the
Philippines. The condition or defects that render any building/structure dangerous or
ruinous are as follows:
• Structural Hazards
• Fire Hazards
• Unsafe Electrical Wiring
• Unsafe Mechanical Installation
• Inadequate Sanitation/Plumbing and Health Facilities
• Architectural Deficiency
SECTION 301. Building Permits
• No person, firm or corporation, including any agency or instrumentality of the
government shall construct, alter, repair, convert, use, occupy, move, demolish and add
any building/structure or any portion thereof or cause the same to be done, without first
obtaining a building permit therefor from the Building Official assigned in the place
where the subject building/structure is located or to be done.
• Exemption From Building Permits
• A building permit shall not be required for the following minor constructions and repairs,
provided these shall not violate any provision of the Code and this IRR.
• A. Minor Constructions
• B. Repair Works

SECTION 302. Applications For Permits

• In order to obtain a building permit, the applicant shall file an application in writing and
on the prescribed form from the office of the Building Official. Every application shall
provide at least the following information:
• A description of the work to be covered by the permit applied for
• Certified true copy of the TCT covering the lot on which the proposed work is to
be done.
• The use or occupancy for which the proposal work is intended;
• Estimated cost of the proposed work.

SECTION 305. VALIDITY OF BUILDING PERMITS

• The issuance of a building permit shall not be construed as an approval or authorization
to the permittee to disregard or violate any of the provisions of P.D. 1096
• Whenever the issuance of a permit is based on approved plans and specifications which
are subsequently found defective, the Building Official is not precluded from requiring
permittee to effect the necessary corrections in said plans and specifications or from
preventing or ordering the stoppage of any or all building operations being carried on
thereunder which are in violation of P.D. 1096
• A building permit issued under the provisions of this Code shall expire and become null
and void if the building or work authorized therein is not commenced within a period of
one year from the date of such permit, or if the building or work so authorized is
suspended or abandoned at any time after it has been commenced, for a period of 120
days.
SECTION 306. NON- ISSUANCE, SUSPENSION OR REVOCATION OF BUILDING
PERMITS
• The Building Official may order or cause the non-issuance, suspension or revocation of
building permits on any or all of the following reasons or grounds:
• Errors found in the plans and specifications;
• In correct or inaccurate data or information supplied;
• Non-compliance with the provisions of this Code or of any rule or regulation.
• Notice of non-issuance, suspension or revocation of building permits shall always be
made in writing, stating the reason or grounds.

SECTION 307. APPEAL

• Within fifteen (15) days from the date of receipt of advice of the non- issuance,
suspension or revocation of permits, the applicant/permittee may file an appeal with the
Secretary who shall render his decision within fifteen days from date of receipt of notice
of appeal. The decision of the Secretary shall be final subject only to review by the Office
of the President.

SECTION 308. INSPECTION AND SUPERVISION OF WORK

• The owner of the Building who is issued or granted a building permit shall engage the
services of a duly licensed architect or civil engineer to undertake the full-time inspection
and supervision of the construction work.
• Such architect or civil engineer may who is responsible for the design of the building.
• It is understood however that in either case, the designing architect or civil engineer is not
precluded from conducting inspection of the construction work to check and determine
compliance with the plans and specifications of the building as submitted.
• There shall be kept at the jobsite at all times a logbook wherein the actual progress of
construction including tests conducted, weather conditions and other pertinent data are to
be recorded.
• Upon completion of the construction, the said licensed architect or civil engineer shall
submit the logbook, duly signed and sealed, to the Building Official. He shall also
prepare and submit a Certificate of Completion of the project stating that the construction
of building conforms to the provisions of this Code as well as with the approved plans
and specifications.
SECTION 309. CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY
• No building or structure shall be used or occupied and no change in the existing use or
occupancy classification of a building or structure or portion thereof shall be made until
the Building Official has issued a Certificate of Occupancy.
• A certificate of Occupancy shall be issued by the Building Official within thirty (30) days
if after final inspection and submittal of a Certificate of Completion referred to in the
preceding section, it is found that the building or structure complies with the provisions
of this Code.
• The non-issuance, suspension and revocation of Certificates of Occupancy and the
procedure for appeal therefrom shall be governed in so far as applicable, by the
provisions of Section 306 (Non-issuance, Suspension or Revocation of Building Permits)
and 307 (Appeal) of P.D. 1096.
• Dwelling Location and Lot Occupancy - The dwelling shall occupy not more than
ninety percent (90%) of a corner lot and eighty percent (80%) of an inside lot, and subject
to the provisions on Easement on Light and View of the Civil Code of the Philippines,
shall be at least 2 meters from the property line.
• Light and Ventilation - Every dwelling shall be so constructed and arranged as to
provide adequate light and ventilation as provided under Section 805, of P.D. 1096
• Sanitation - Every dwelling shall be provided with at least one sanitary toilet and
adequate washing and drainage facilities.
• Foundation - Footing shall be of sufficient size and strength to support the load of the
dwelling and shall be at least 250 millimeters thick and 600 millimeters below the surface
of the ground.
• Post - The dimensions of wooden post shall be those found in P.D. 1096. Each post shall
be anchored to such footing by strap and bolts of adequate size.
• Floor - The live load of the first floor shall be at least 200 kgs/sq.m. and for the second
floor, at least 150 kgs/sq.m.
• Roof - The wind load for roofs shall be at least 120 kgs/sq.m. for vertical projection.
• Stairs - Stairs shall be at least 750 millimeters in clear width, with a rise of 200
millimeters and a minimum run of 200 millimeters.
• Entrance and Exit - There shall be at least one entrance and another one for exit.
• Electrical Requirements - All electrical installation shall conform to the requirements of
the Philippine Electrical Code.
• Mechanical Requirements - Mechanical systems and/or equipment installation shall be
subject to the requirement of the Philippine Mechanical Engineering Code.
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION:
• Type I - buildings shall be a wood construction. The structural elements may be any of
the materials permitted by the Code.
• Type II - buildings shall be of wood construction with protective fire-resistant materials
and one-hour fire-resistive throughout: Except, that permanent non-bearing partitions
may use fire-retardant treated wood within the framing assembly.
• Ironwood Species is the best option for heat-resistant wood
• Intumescent protect wood by releasing a layer of chemical foam that swells and
insulates the wood around it. This layer slows the spread of fire.
• Type III - buildings shall be of masonry and wood construction. Structural elements may
be any of the materials permitted by the Code: Provided, that the building shall be one-
hour fireresistive throughout. Exterior walls shall be of incombustible fire-resistive
construction.
• Type IV - buildings shall be of steel, iron, concrete, or masonry construction. Walls,
ceiling, and permanent partitions shall be of incombustible fire-resistive construction:
Except, that permanent non-bearing partitions of one-hour fire-resistive construction may
use fireretardant treated wood within the framing assembly.
• Type V - buildings shall be fire-resistive. The structural elements shall be of steel, iron,
concrete, or masonry construction. Walls, ceilings, and permanent partitions shall be of
incombustible fire-resistive construction.
 STRUCTURAL LOADS

LOADS ON STRUCTURES
• Design Loads
• Loads that are assumed for the design of a structure.
• May include on more of the following:
• Dead Load
• Live Load
• Snow and Ice Load
• Rain Load on Roof
• Hydrostatic Loads
• Wind Load
• Earthquake Load
• Earth Pressure Load

GRAVITY LOADS
• Dead Load (DL)
o Dead loads are permanent or stationary loads which are transferred to structure
throughout the life span. Dead load is primarily due to self weight of structural
members, permanent partition walls, fixed permanent equipment and weight of
different materials. It majorly consists of the weight of roofs, beams, walls and
column etc. which are otherwise the permanent parts of the building. The
calculation of dead loads of each structure are calculated by the volume of each
section and multiplied with the unit weight.

• Live Load (LL)

o Are either movable or moving loads with out any acceleration or impact. These
loads are assumed to be produced by the intended use or occupancy of the
building including weights of movable partitions or furniture etc.. Live loads
keeps on changing from time to time.
IMPACT LOADS
• Impact loads are sudden or rapid loads applied on a structure over a relatively short
period of time compared with other structural loads. They cause larger stresses in
structural members than those produced by gradually applied loads of the same
magnitude. Examples of impact loads are loads from moving vehicles, vibrating
machinery, or dropped weights. In practice, impact loads are considered equal to imposed
loads that are incremented by some percentage, called the impact factor.

ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS
• The loads that act on the structure due to natural forces;
• Rain load
• Wind load
• Snow load
• Seismic load
• Hydrostatic load and earth pressure

RAIN LOAD
• Are loads due to the accumulated mass of water on a rooftop during a rainstorm or major
precipitation.
• This process, which is referred to as ponding, mostly occurs in flat roofs and roofs with
low slope.
• Are loads induced in a structure when rainwater accumulates. Roof systems are designed
to sustain the load of rainwater that accumulates on it when the drainage system is
blocked.

SNOW LOAD
• The downward force on a building's roof by the weight of accumulated snow and ice.

SEISMIC LOAD
• Are loads induced in a structure by an earthquake.
• Structures are designed and constructed to resist the effects of seismic ground motions.
• It happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground, or with adjacent
structures, or with gravity waves from tsunami.
HYDROSTATIC LOAD & EARTH PRESSURES
• Hydrostatic Loads means loads or pressures resulting from the static mass of water at
any point of floodwater contact with a structure.
• Earth Pressure Load - The soil that is retained by various structures like retaining walls,
sheet piles exerts a force on those structures. It is the pressure that soil exerts in the
horizontal direction. Lateral Earth Pressure is the horizontal pressure applied by or to soil
when it is against standing structures like basements (buildings) and retaining walls.
• Active Earth Pressure is soil pressure that is trying to move the structure, almost all
forms of earth pressure situations involve active earth pressure. The soil inducing the
active pressure is breaking away from another body of soil (e.g. the soil behind a
retaining wall would usually break away) and is in tension.
• Passive Earth Pressure is the pressure that is trying to keep the structure in place. The
soil inducing the Passive pressure is under compression.

FOUNDATION SYSTEMS:
1. Shallow Foundations
2. Deep Foundations

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
• Individual/Isolated Footing
• Combined Footing
• Continuous/Wall/Strip Footing
• Raft/Mat Foundation

ISOLATED FOOTINGS
PAD FOOTING
• Constructed under each column independently
and is usually square, rectangular, or circular
in shape. The thickness of flat isolated footing
is uniform. It is provided so as to reduce the
bending moments and shearing forces at their
critical sections.
COMBINED FOOTINGS
• Whenever two or more columns in a straight line are carried on a single spread footing, it
is called a combined footing. Isolated footings for each column are generally the
economical. Combined footings are provided only when it is absolutely necessary.
1. When two columns are close together, causing overlap of adjacent isolated footings.
2. Where soil bearing capacity is low, causing overlap of adjacent isolated footings.
3. Proximity of building line or existing building or sewer, adjacent to a building column.

RECTANGULAR COMBINED FOOTING

• Rectangular combined footing is designed when two
columns carry equal loads.

TRAPEZOIDAL COMBINED FOOTING

• Combined footing for two columns becomes essential
when the heavily loaded column is near the property line
or when there is some restriction on the total length of
the footing, or when one column carries a heavy load
compared to others.
STRAP COMBINED FOOTING
• This footing is useful when the external column is very
near to the property line. A strap footing is a combination of spread footings of two
columns connected by a strap beam.
• Beam connecting two spread footings does not transfer any
load to the soil. The function of the strap beam is to transfer a load of the heavily loaded
column to the inner column.
WALL/STRIP FOOTINGS
• Wall footings are pad or spread and strip footings which are used to support structural or
nonstructural walls to transmit and distribute the loads to the soil in such a manner that
the load-bearing capacity of the soil is not surpassed.
• In addition to avoiding excessive settlement and rotation and maintain sufficient safety
against sliding and overturning.
RAFT/MAT FOUNDATION
• A raft or mat foundation is a large continuous rectangular or circular concrete slab that
carries the entire load of the superstructure and spreads it over the whole area beneath the
building.
• A raft foundation is often used when the soil is weak, as it distributes the weight of the
building over the entire area of the building, and not over smaller zones (like individual
footings) or at individual points (like pile foundations). This reduces the stress on the soil.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
PILES
• A slender, cylindrical structural element that is driven, drilled, or otherwise inserted deep
into the ground to provide support and foundation stability for various types of structures.

PIERS
• A vertical support structure typically made of concrete, steel, or wood, and it is used to
transfer loads from a superstructure (such as a bridge or building) to the underlying soil
or bedrock.
Classification of Piles: Base on Function
SHEET PILES

Classification of Piles: Based on Construction Method

DRIVEN PILES
• Long, slender columns made of preformed material and having a predetermined shape
and size that can be installed by impact hammering, vibrating or pushing it into the
ground to a design depth or resistance.
BORED PILES
• Bored pile foundation or drilled shaft foundation is a commonly used foundation for
supporting heavy vertical loads. It transfers the load to the soil below or rock strata with
sufficient bearing capacity and reduces the settlement of the structure.

• The construction of the bored pile is divided into two phases: the drilling phase and the
construction phase. In the drilling phase, the spoil is removed to form a hole of the
required diameter and depth, while during the construction phase, the reinforced concrete
is poured in situ. Therefore, bored piles are also called replacement piles.

PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT:

1. DROP HAMMER
• The drop hammer in the pile driving equipment consists of a heavy ram in
between the leads. The ram is lifted up to a certain height and released to drop on
the pile. This type is slow and therefore not in common use. It is used in the cases
where only a small number of piles are driven.
 2. SINGLE ACTING HAMMER
• In a single acting hammer a heavy ram is lifted up by stream or compressed air
but dropped by its own weight. The energy of a single acting hammer is equal to
the weight of the ram times the height of fall.

3. DOUBLE-ACTING HAMMER
• The double-acting hammer employs steam or air for lifting the ram and for
accelerating the downward stroke. The energy of a double-acting hammer is equal
to the (weight of the ram I mean effective pressure I the effective are of ram) 1
times the height of fall.

4. DIESEL HAMMER
• The diesel hammer is a small, light weight and highly mobile. They use gasoline
for fuel. To start the operation, the ram is raised, and the fuel is injected. As the
ram is released, the ram falls and compresses air and fuel. The air and fuel
becomes hot because of the compression and the air-fuel mixture is ignited. The
resulting explosion.

1. Advances the pile and

2. Lifts the ram. If the pile advance is very great as in soft soils, the ram is not lifted
by the explosion sufficiently to ignite the air-fuel mixture on the next cycic,
requiring that the ram be again manually lifted.

VIBRATORY HAMMER
• The principle of the vibratory driver is two counter-rotating eccentric weights.
The driving unit vibrates at high frequency and provides two vertical impulses,
one up and one down. The downward pulse acts with the pile weight to increase
the apparent gravity force. These hammers have reduced driving vibrations,
reduced noise, and great speed of penetration.
FLOOR SYSTEM FINISHES
1. FLOOR SYSTEMS
2. FLOOR FINISHES
FLOOR SYSTEMS
• Designed and constructed to provide a surface capable of supporting:

• LIVE LOADS
• Building Occupants
• Floor Finishes
• Partitions
• Other live loads such as furniture and appliances

• DEAD LOADS
• Self-weight of Structural Members
• And transfer these loads to other supporting structures such as beams and
columns.

CONSIDERATIONS USED IN FLOOR SYSTEMS

• Considerations in choosing the type of floor systems:
• Cost
• Construction Time-frame
• Service Integration
• Space Requirements
• Daylight Requirements
• Aesthetics
• Acoustics
• Fire-resistance
• Thermal Mass
• Deconstruction
COMMON TYPES OF FLOOR SYSTEMS
• The following are the most common types of Floor Systems used in the industry
• Reinforced Concrete Slab
• Steel Decks
• Wood Framing

REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS

FLATS SLABS
• A reinforced slab supported directly by columns or caps, without the use of beams.
• This type of slab is generally easy to construct and requires little formwork. The loads are
directly transferred to the columns.
FLAT PLATES
• Can be constructed as one-way or two-way slabs and it is directly supported by columns
or walls.
• It is easy to construct and requires simple formworks.
• The advantages of adopting flat plates include low-cost formwork, exposed flat ceilings,
and faster construction.
• Flat plates have low shear capacity and relatively low stiffness, which may cause
noticeable deflection.
SLAB ON GROUND
• Concrete floor supported on the ground and incorporating integral edge beams
• Commonly has the following sawcut joints:
• Construction joints, which define the extent of concrete placed at one time.
• Isolation joints, which isolate the SOG from the restraint to shrinkage and temperature
movements provided by perimeter foundation walls and interior columns.
• Control (contraction) joints, which are typically sawcut to weaken the slab at
predetermined locations to induce shrinkage cracks to form in straight lines rather than
randomly.
PRECAST SLABS
• Are cast and cured in manufacturing plants, and then delivered to the construction site to
be erected. The most outstanding advantage of the preparation of slabs in manufacturing
plants is the increase in efficiency and higher quality control which may not be achieved
on site.
HOLLOW CORE PRECAST SLAB
• It is a type of precast slab through which cores are run. Not only do these cores
decline slab self-weight and increase structural efficiency but also act as service
ducts. It is suitable for cases where fast constructions are desired.
STEEL FLOOR SYSTEMS
• Steel floor systems are a type of building structure that uses steel beams and joists to
support the floor. Steel floor systems are known for their strength, durability, and fire
resistance.
• They are also relatively lightweight, which can make them a good choice for buildings in
seismically active areas.
COMPOSITE DECK SLABS
• Composite metal floor decking is metal floor deck with an embossment pattern
manufactured into the sides (flutes) at regular intervals. The embossments allow the
concrete to bond with the metal decking panel as the concrete cures. The main difference
between a floor deck and a roof deck is that roof deck does not have the embossments.
• Once the concrete curing process is completed the metal decking and concrete become
one item bonded together. They become a composite metal floor deck. The strength of
this new composite product is greater than the strength of the sum of the two individual
parts.
WOODEN FLOOR FRAMING
• Generally produced from a lumber structure.
• The advantages of Wood Floor Systems include that wood is abundant, flexible, and easy
to repair. Wood Floor Systems are also less expensive than steel or concrete flooring
systems.
• Wood Floor Systems often implement wood joists and trusses into its systems to create
the framing, resulting in sturdy floor construction.
• The disadvantage of Wood Floor Systems is that they may deteriorate over time and have
shorter spans than steel floor systems. Wood Floor Systems Wood Floor Systems are
often used within residential buildings where are more traditionally found.
FLOOR FINISHES
• There are a variety of materials used in covering floor systems for occupant use. Choices,
however, are usually based on which type of structure it will be installed on.
• Commercial – Healthcare, Retail, Offices, and other commercial establishments.
• Residential – designed for different areas of the house. Living Rooms,
Bathrooms, Kitchens, etc.
• Industrial – designed for factories, warehouses, garages.
TILES
• Most popular type of finish and is used extensively in kitchen and bathroom. It is made of
sand and is installed using grout that is applied in between the tiles for perfect fitting.
• Types: Ceramic, Mosaic, Porcelain
• Advantages
• Durable.
• Easy Maintenance
• Comes in various material, color, shape, and size.
• Scratch & Dent resistant.
• Can be used in wet & dry conditions.
• Disadvantages
• Difficult to install.
• Brittle
• Needs regrouting from time to time.
LAMINATE
• It is board made of fiber and is compressed to make a thin flat plate. On top of it an
image of materials like timber, stone, marbles, tiles, etc. is provided and then that image
is covered with a protective coating. It often resembles wood and is available in various
shapes and sizes.
• Advantages
• Very little maintenance
• Easy to install
• Various designs
• Costs very less compared to other flooring.
• It is scratch and strain resistant as it has many layers.
• Disadvantages
• These are harder than real wood and so it makes lot of sound.
• When a plank loses shine or gets damaged, it cannot be refinished or repaired.
Instead, a new plank is provided on that spot.
WOOD
• Preferred in cold winter as wood is a bad conductor of heat and so warm temperature is
maintained in the house. In some floorings a thin layer of veneer finish is also given to
enhance the look. The veneer finish comes in matte as well as in glossy form
• Advantages
• Perfect for dry conditions and it can last several years in such conditions.
• Easily recyclable and it gives a rich look to the house.
• Easy to fit inside the house as not much tools are required for its fitting.
• Disadvantages
• Due to veneer finishes, sometimes it may become quite costly.
• It can be easily devoured by termites if not treated with chemicals.
• Because of its limited variety it may not suit some wall finishes and so interior
planning may be hindered.
POLISHED CONCRETE
• Concrete flooring is preferred in hot weather conditions as it maintains the temperature
inside the house cool. Nowadays, many textures have emerged in concrete flooring and
so people are opting such flooring.
• Advantages
• Such flooring is cost effective as no additional finishes are required to be applied
on top.
• Can withstand heavier loads
• resistant to any kind of insects and can last several years in any condition.
• Disadvantages
• Sanding and sealing process is involved in laying it and so it is handed over to the
experts.
• Micro cracks may appear due to excessive loads or severe earthquake conditions.
PVC FLOORING (VINYL)
• Vinyl flooring is a synthetic material favored for its durability and functionality. It has
become an increasingly popular flooring material in recent years because of its ability to
fight off moisture and its versatile appearance. Plus, it’s one of the most affordable
flooring options. Vinyl flooring can realistically mimic wood, stone, marble and a vast
array of other luxury flooring materials.
• Vinyl flooring comprises several layers of materials. When pressed together, these
materials form a water-resistant, long-lasting and relatively cheap covering for floors.
 • Advantages
• Designed to last and can endure significantly more wear-and-tear than floors
made from traditional materials
• Cheaper than traditional flooring materials
• Nearly infinite possibilities when it comes to design options, meaning you’ll have
plenty to choose from when selecting a floor for your home
• Relatively easy to install
• Disadvantages
• Can be difficult to remove because its adhesive hardens against the floorboards.
• Can be inconsistent, with some vinyl flooring measuring in as thin as 2 mm.

RUBBER FLOORING
• Made from synthetic rubbers or natural rubbers and these can be recycled, thus, making it
environment friendly. It offers great amount of elasticity and is mainly used for domestic
use.
• Advantages
• Makes the floor non-slippery and bouncy.
• Durable.
• Offers temperature stability inside the room.
• Scratch resistant and is waterproof so it can be used in bathrooms too.
• Cost effective.
• Offers variety of designs on floors.
• Has good sound absorption and is good for acoustics.
• Disadvantages
• Difficult to clean and maintain as often dirt sticks on the surface.
• When one portion gets damaged then the entire flooring needs to be replaced as
patching work is not possible.
• Foot impressions can be seen on the floor, and this may affect the aesthetics of the
surroundings.
NATURAL STONE
Types: Granite, Marble, Quartz, Slate, Limestone, Sandstone
• Natural stone flooring is a style of tile that’s cut directly from stone blocks. Natural stone
comes from various mountain-born minerals, usually marble, granite, travertine,
limestone, and sandstone, unlike artificial stone products.
• Advantages
• Long-lasting: Stone floors are by far one of the most durable materials out there.
• Works indoors and outdoors
• Stone stays naturally cool
• Stone floors can be energy-efficient
• Disadvantages
• Stone flooring is expensive
• Stone stays naturally cool
• Can be slippery
• Prone to water damage
• The natural strength of stone flooring can make slip and fall accidents more
hazardous as there is less cushioning from the floor.