CLASSIFICATION

Finding Order
in Diversity
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

◼ Think about your home, school, and

neighborhoods. Can you think of any
examples of classification systems in
use in your home, school or
environment?
Kingdom
Phylum

DEFINE TAXONOMY
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

◼ Disciplineof
classifying
organisms and
assigning each
organism a
universally
accepted name. TURKEY VULTURE
(Cathartes aura)
Kingdom
Phylum

WHY CLASSIFY?
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

1. How do biologists use a

classification system to study
the diversity of life?
to name organisms and group
them in a logical manner.
Kingdom
Phylum

WHY CLASSIFY?
Class
Order
Family
Genus

2. How do taxonomists group

Species

organisms when they classify

them?
Into groups that have
biological significance.
Kingdom
Phylum

WHY CLASSIFY?
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

3. How does classification make

life easier?
grouping things makes them
easier to find and work with
3a. What are some things we
classify?
Kingdom

C. ASSIGNING
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species SCIENTIFIC NAMES
1. Many organisms may
have several different
common names.
1a.The cougar is also
known as the mountain
lion, catamount, or
puma …thus the need
Felis concolor
for a scientific name.
Photo courtesy Texas Parks
and Wildlife Department ©
2004
Kingdom
Phylum

ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
2. A Swedish botanist named
Carolus Linnaeus developed
Binomial Nomenclature, a two-
word naming system
for naming all species
on earth.
What do botanists
study?
Kingdom
Phylum

ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

2a. The first part of the

scientific name is the
genus.
This word is always Homo sapien
written first and
capitalized.
It appears in italics or is
underlined. Ursus arctos
Grizzly bear picture is reproduced with permission from WWF. © 2004 WWF- World
Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund). All Rights Reserved.
www.panda.org. horribilis
Kingdom
Phylum

ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

2b. The second part of

the scientific name is
the species name.
This word is always Homo sapien
written second and is
not capitalized.
It appears in italics or is
underlined.
Ursus arctos
horribilis
 LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
CLASSIFICATION
1. Linnaeus’ hierarchical system of
classification includes seven
levels called taxa.
They are, from largest to smallest,
Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Genus,
Species.
 LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
CLASSIFICATION

2. The Kingdom is the largest and

most inclusive (includes) of the
taxonomic categories.
3. Species is the smallest and least
inclusive of the taxonomic
categories.
 LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, Species.

More specific

Place the taxa in

the correct level
of the pyramid.

More general
Kingdom
Phylum

DOMAIN
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

◼ Archaea
◼ Bacteria
◼ Eukarya
Kingdom
Phylum

KINGDOM
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

◼ Archaea
◼ Bacteria
◼ Protista
◼ Fungi
◼ Plantae
◼ Animalia
Kingdom
Phylum

PHYLUM
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

◼ Ranks below the kingdom and above the

class in taxonomy.
◼ Arthropoda
◼ Mollusca
◼ Chordata
Kingdom
Phylum

CLASS
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

◼ The class ranks below the phylum and

above the order in taxonomy.
◼ Class amphibia
◼ Class reptilia
Kingdom
Phylum

ORDER
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

◼ The order ranks below the class and

above the family taxonomic hierarchy.
◼ Artiodactyla
◼ Cetacea
Kingdom
Phylum

Family
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

◼ The family ranks below the order and

above the genus.
◼ Members of the same taxonomic family
are more closely related than they are
to other members of the same order.
Kingdom
Phylum

GENUS
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

◼ Members of a genus are closely related

to each other than they are in the
same family.
Kingdom
Phylum

Species
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

◼ The species is the most fundamental

unit in taxonomy and ranks at the base
of the biological classification
hierarchy.
 LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
CLASSIFICATION

4. The more taxonomic

levels that two
organisms share, the
more closely related
they are considered to
be.
 LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
CLASSIFICATION
What do the scientific names of the
polar, grizzly and panda bears tell
you about their similarity to each
other?

Ursus maritimus Ursus arctos Ailuropoda

horribilis melanoleuca
Pictures reproduced with permission from WWF. © 2004 WWF- World Wide Fund For Nature
(Formerly World Wildlife Fund). All Rights Reserved. www.panda.org.
Kingdom

THINKING CRITICALLY
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Organism Cat Wolf Fly

Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia

Phylum Chordata Chordata Arthropoda

Class Mammalia Mammalia Insecta

Order Carnivora Carnivora Diptera

Family Felidae Canidae Muscidae

Genus Felis Canis Musca

Species F. domesticus C. lupus M. domestica

Kingdom
Phylum

THINKING CRITICALLY
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

1. What type of animal is

Musca domestica? Animal; insect
2. From the table, which 2
animals are most closely
related? Cat and Wolf
3. At what classification
level does the Family Level
evolutionary relationship
between cats and wolves
diverge (become
different)?
 E. EVOLUTIONARY
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
CLASSIFICATION

1. Biologists group organisms into

categories that represent lines
of evolutionary descent, or
phylogeny, not just physical
similarities.
2. Define Phylogeny: The study of
evolutionary relationships among
organisms.
 E. EVOLUTIONARY
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
CLASSIFICATION
3. Classification using Cladograms
a. Cladograms are diagrams that
show the evolutionary
relationships among a group of
organisms.
b. A phylogenic tree is a specific
type of cladogram.
 E. EVOLUTIONARY
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
CLASSIFICATION
Example of a phylogenic tree.

A B C D E F

Clade or T
lineage I
M
E
Speciation: formation of two
new species from one
 3. CLADOGRAMS
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus c. This cladogram shows the evolutionary
relationship among several vertebrates.
Species

Lizard Mouse
Fish
Hagfish Frog
Pigeon Chimp

Feathers

Fur &
Mammary
Glands
Claws
or Nails
Lungs

Jaws
Kingdom

3. CLADOGRAM
Phylum
Class
Order
Family Lizard
Genus
Mouse
Hagfish Chimp
Species Fish Pigeon
Frog

Feathers
Fur &
Mammary
Glands
Claws
or Nails
Lungs
Jaws

d. Characteristics listed below the

line are called derived characters
(traits).
Kingdom

3. CLADOGRAM
Phylum
Class
Order
Family Lizard
Genus
Mouse
Hagfish Chimp
Species Fish Pigeon
Frog

Feathers
Fur &
Do frogs
hagfish
have Mammary
Glands
have jaws? glands?
mammary Claws
or Nails
Lungs
Jaws

e. When the derived character is

above an organism, the organism
lacks that derived character.
Kingdom

3. CLADOGRAM
Phylum
Class
Order
Family Lizard
Genus
Mouse
Hagfish Chimp
Species Fish Pigeon
Frog

Feathers
Fur &
Do pigeons
lizards have Mammary
Glands
have jaws?
claws or nails? Claws
or Nails
Lungs
Jaws

f. When the derived character is

below the organism, the organism
possesses that derived character.
Kingdom

4. VENN DIAGRAMS
Phylum
Class
Order
Family

Venn Diagrams can be used to make

Genus
Species

models of a classification scheme.

◼ Venn diagrams show hierarchy and
grouping relationships of organisms.

A.
B.

C. D.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus A.
Species
B.

C. D.

◼ Four groups are represented by circular regions

◼ Each region represents different taxonomic
levels.
◼ Regions that overlap, share common members.
◼ Regions that do not overlap do not have common
members.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
A.
Species
B.

C. D.

Matching:
❖ Mammals C
❖ Animals with backbones B
❖ Insects D
❖ All animals A