༄༅། །ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པ།

Equal to the Sky

Khasama
 དཔལ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པ་ད་་ལ་།
dpal nam mkha’ dang mnyam pa’i rgyud kyi rgyal po

The Glorious King of Tantras “Equal to the Sky”

Śrīkhasamatantrarāja
 Toh 386
Degé Kangyur, vol. 79 (rgyud ’bum, ga), folios 199.a–202.a.

Translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee

under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha

First published 2022

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co. TABLE OF CONTENTS
ti. Title
im. Imprint
co. Contents
s. Summary
ac. Acknowledgements
i. Introduction
tr. The Translation
1. Equal to the Sky
c. Colophon
n. Notes
b. Bibliography
· Tibetan Sources
· English Sources
g. Glossary
s. SUMMARY
s.1 Equal to the Sky belongs to a series of texts known as the rali tantras, which
are primarily associated with the Cakrasaṃvara system but incorporate
themes that are also prominent in the Hevajra and Kālacakra systems. The
tantra presents a discourse in which the Buddha addresses three types of
ḍākinī, explains their true natures, and correlates them with the
practitioner’s physical and subtle body. A primary concern of this text is to
explain advanced yogic practices performed during the completion stage
(Skt. utpannakrama/niṣpannakrama; Tib. rdzogs rim) in the Yoginī Tantras, but it
also treats a wide range of topics including astrology, sacred geography, and
tantric hermeneutics. The result is a text which, while very dense and quite
difficult to engage with, rewards the reader by bringing together an
astonishingly vast range of topics concerning both the theory and practice of
Buddhist tantra.
ac. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ac.1 This text was translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee under
the supervision of Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche. Daniel McNamara translated the
text from Tibetan into English and wrote the introduction. Andreas Doctor
compared the draft translation with the original Tibetan and edited the text.
Daniel McNamara would like to thank Ven. Prof. Lobsang Norbu Shastri for
reading through the entire text with him, and he also thanks Dr. Harunaga
Isaacson and Tenzin Bhuchung for assistance in clarifying difficult points.
ac.2 The translation was completed under the patronage and supervision of
84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.
i. INTRODUCTION
i.1 Equal to the Sky is a commentarial tantra on the Cakrasaṃvara cycle of Yoginī
Tantras, as evidenced by both its content and its location in the Kangyur. In
the Kangyur the tantra is part of a cluster of texts known as the rali tantras
(Tib. ra li; Toh 383–414) and, within that set, it is part of the class of
“awakened mind tantras” (Tib. thugs kyi rgyud).1 According to its colophon,
this text was translated by Drokmi Lotsāwa Śākya Yeshé and the Indian
paṇḍita Gayādhara. These two were both active in the late eleventh century.
Since the tantra seems to be informed by Kālacakra literature —which was in
wide circulation in India by the early eleventh century2—it is reasonable to
posit that this text also circulated in India by the mid-eleventh century and
was translated into Tibetan soon after.
i.2 The text’s title, Equal to the Sky, likely derives from the mythic source text of
the Cakrasaṃvara cycle. The Cakrasaṃvara Tantra is alternatively called the
Laghusaṃvara, meaning “the light version of the Saṃvara,” because it is held
to be a condensation of a much longer tantra that was not transmitted in full
to the human realm. This mythic source text, which is said to be one hundred
thousand verses in length, is only known by its title, the Khasama Tantra, the
same title of the present work.3 By invoking this larger textual corpus, Equal
to the Sky asserts itself as an authority for understanding the Cakrasaṃvara
system as a whole, making it a very short text with very broad implications.
i.3 The central concern of Equal to the Sky is to explain the nature of three
types of ḍākinī: the sky dweller (Skt. khecarī), earth dweller (Skt. bhūcarī), and
subterranean dweller (Skt. pātālacāriṇī).4 These three ḍākinīs are also the main
audience for the tantra and are introduced after a preamble common to the
Yoginī Tantras in which the discourse is located in the bhaga of the vajra
queen.5 Equal to the Sky first introduces the three types of ḍākinī together
(verses 2–3) and then proceeds to elaborate on their individual attributes in
terms of physiology and yogic practice.
i.4 Verses 3–17 describe the sky-dwelling ḍākinī, who corresponds to the
division of winds in the subtle body (totaling twenty-one thousand six
hundred),6 and their movements are discussed in terms derived from the first
and second chapters of the Kālacakra Tantra. It is significant that this tantra
references the Kālacakra system, suggesting an association—or, at the least,
a theoretical alignment—between the rali tantras and the “three bodhisattva
commentaries,”7 which interpret the Kālacakra, Hevajra, and Cakrasaṃvara
tantras. These “bodhisattva commentaries” integrate the cycles of Hevajra
and Cakrasaṃvara into the larger rubric of the Kālacakra system.
i.5 The second section of Equal to the Sky (verses 18–27) discusses the earth-
dwelling ḍākinī, primarily in association with the practice of inner heat (Skt.
caṇḍālī; Tib. gtum mo). Where the first section discussed winds, here the main
focus is the seventy-two thousand channels 8 of the subtle body. The third
section (verses 27–37) discusses the attributes of the subterranean ḍākinī,
focusing primarily on the white and red drops that are found at the crown
and navel, respectively. Throughout these discussions, the text emphasizes
the distinction between ordinary, karmic conditioned experience, on the one
hand, and the pure unconditioned experience that comes about as a result of
yogic practice.
i.6 The next section of the text (verses 38–43) treats the sixfold system for
interpreting tantric texts. Sönam Tsemo (bsod nams rtse mo, 1142–82) draws on
this set for its unique method of interpreting tantric literature. He glosses the
six as “(1) symbolic syllable (implicit), (2) characteristic (explicit), (3) special
contextual means of expression, (4) general purpose, (5) hidden purpose,
and (6) ultimate intent.”9 This text introduces these six as a set before
treating them individually. The gloss of ultimate intent seamlessly transforms
into a brief discussion of the divisions of tantra, with the Yoginī Tantras at
the apex (verses 44–46) of what is a unique classification scheme: Action
Tantra, Actionless Yoga, Inner Yoga, and Yoginī Tantra. It proceeds to offer a
somewhat cryptic discussion of yogic practice (verses 47–49) before opening
up to a discussion of twenty-four “jewels” (Tib. rin chen), which connect with
the twenty-four sacred sites.
i.7 The last major section of the tantra (verses 50–63) concerns the twenty-
four sacred sites as presented in Cakrasaṃvara literature, describing them as
places where the twenty-four ḍākinīs were entrusted with tantras associated
with inner heat practice. Verses 63–65 conclude by admonishing the listener
to serve the guru, and the final three lines of verse 65 admonish the audience
(somewhat elliptically) to rely on the rali tantras together with the guru’s
instructions. The text closes with a standard expression of the rejoicing of all
who are present and concludes with a straightforward colophon.
i.8 There is no available Sanskrit witness of this text, nor are there extant
commentaries.10 The text’s relationships with the Kālacakra and
Cakrasaṃvara literature have assisted in interpreting some difficult verses in
this terse and enigmatic tantra. The lack of commentarial literature presents a
further difficulty in parsing precisely thematic sections and individual
verses. While the Tibetan translation is consistent in using quatrains, these
are often forced. It is likely that the Sanskrit text used more than one meter,
probably involving different numbers of lines per stanza.
i.9 This English translation was based primarily on the Tibetan Degé edition
in consultation with the Stok Palace Kangyur and the Comparative Edition
(Tib. dpe bsdur ma) of the Degé Kangyur. This translation preserves the
quatrain structure of the Tibetan text, but the reader should note that each
stanza does not necessarily represent a single coherent idea. For example,
major sections of the text describing the three ḍākinīs begin at the third, first,
and fourth lines of their respective verses. The reader is therefore advised to
attend to punctuation, as an attempt has been made to break themes and
statements into discrete sentences.
 The Translation

The Glorious King of Tantras

Equal to the Sky

1. Equal to the Sky
[F.199.a]

1.1 Homage to the Glorious Great Blissful One! [F.199.b]

1.2 Thus did I hear at one time. The Blessed One was dwelling in the bhaga of
the vajra queen—the awakened body, speech, and mind of all thus-gone
ones. At that time, present among the assembly were the sky-dwelling,
earth-dwelling, and subterranean ḍākinīs. Smiling at these three, the Blessed
One gave this teaching on the secret topic:

1.3 With faith, compassion, and a one-pointed mind,

Fix your body and your speech; set your mind toward others’ benefit.
Endeavoring toward fearless yogic discipline,
With zeal for the profound path—listen well!

1.4 Ḍākinīs, to you I will explain

Your distinctive characteristics.
Sky dweller is the winds of the upper gate.
Earth dweller is the drops of the middle gate.

1.5 Subterranean dweller is the lower gate of śukra.

These three gates are awakened body, speech, and mind.
First, the distinctive characteristics of the sky-dwelling ḍākinī
Should be known as being of three types:

1.6 The physical wind, the cognitive wind,

And the wisdom wind, which has the quality of all.
To elaborate on this brief explanation in sequence:11
The nondual wind is neither male nor female.

1.7 When in union, it is the wind of method and wisdom.

When it flows upward and enters,12 it is awakened body, speech, and mind.
 It then spreads throughout the body: the heart, sacrum,
Mouth, throat, and navel.

1.8 The five families’ winds then abide all-pervasively.

The physical wind has four circulatory movements.
Divided into pure or defiled, there are a total of eight.
Each of these corresponds to one of eight three-hour periods.

1.9 Each three-hour period can be divided into two circulations.

The circulations of wind are sixteen in number.
Each circulation takes two hours.
In each hour, there are two daṇḍas.

1.10 In terms of the winds, the daṇḍas number sixty-four.

Similarly, there are thirty-two hours,
Which can be divided into twenty-one thousand six hundred and so forth.13
These winds are a mix of mental and nonmental.

1.11 In its coarse and subtle aspects,

The wise should take hold of the mount of the mind,14
The steed of the mind—concepts of grasper and grasped.
When these two—grasper and grasped—have ceased, the winds come to
rest at the center.

1.12 By itself, this is the wind of vajra wisdom.

When divided it has two aspects, method and wisdom.
It is the nature of the sky-dwelling ḍākinī.
This should be studied by those who know the pith instructions.

1.13 By means of their qualities, faults, and indications,

One must know the distinctive characteristics of the winds, [F.200.a]
Along with all their supports.
There is the “curved one” along with the one on the left.

1.14 These have the shape of a bow.

They are the paths of the physical wind.
Through the paths of direct sensory perceptions,
One should strive diligently to understand

1.15 The various geographical features —Mount Sumeru and the four continents;
The sun and moon in the north and west, orbiting to the south;
The cycling of method and wisdom, and so forth—
These are stabilized by the physical wind.

1.16 Due to the cataracts of ignorance,

 The jewel of the mind has become stained.
This is the conceptual wind;
This wind is itself the path.

1.17 There are the right channel and left channel,

Their forms similar to a coiled snake.
For one who focuses on yoga,
The conceptual winds cease in their place.

1.18 Self-awareness, which is primordially unarisen,

Is itself the wind of vajra wisdom.
Supported by the channel in the center,
Caṇḍālī is like its chariot.

1.19 The domain of its activity is the wisdom of self-awareness.

One who strives to remain there will apprehend self-awareness.
Because the sky-dwelling ḍākinī has the nature of these winds,
They are themselves the vajra path.

1.20 Next, I will explain the earth-dwelling ḍākinī.

One who desires the wisdom of self-awareness
Should investigate the divisions of caṇḍālī.
First is the natural caṇḍālī.

1.21 Second is the inner heat caṇḍālī.

Third is the caṇḍālī of union.
Likewise, there is the naked caṇḍālī.15
These categories are also subdivided as follows:

1.22 There are naked inner heat, extreme inner heat,

And the perfect inner heat of union with another.
These should be applied to all the above categories.
There are naked, very naked, very nakedly naked, and so forth;

1.23 All of these should be applied to each.

Divided, there are twelve aspects
And branches, forty-eight in number.
This is the nature of earth-dwelling ḍākinī,

1.24 Seventy-two thousand, and so forth.

Mere fierce fire produced from elsewhere
Is the antithesis of this subtle inner heat.
The tips of one hundred twenty hairs
1.25 And the tips of thirty-two hairs,
The five pairs and the three main ones:16
The place where these three unite is the size of a mustard seed.
The relative widths of the central, right, and left,

1.26 And the twofold distinctions should all be known.

There are places where they naturally reside
As channels that are clear, and those that are impure.
Also, the channel knots, similar to letters: [F.200.b]

1.27 These are known as the primordial sound.

They are the nature of the earth-dwelling ḍākinī.
Learn their locations and so forth from other sources.
These instructions are a precious jewel;

1.28 Everything arises in dependence on them.

There are mistaken lineages, mistaken placements, and mistaken
measurements,
Shapes, colors, numbers, and so forth.
There is no attainment from mistakes.

1.29 The nature, which is free from those mistakes,

Is the attainment of the earth-dwelling ḍākinī.
She is the support for them all.
Next, the nature of the subterranean ḍākinī

1.30 Will be correctly and excellently explained.

There are three types of awakening mind.
The first is the suchness mind.
This is beyond the scope of expressible knowledge.

1.31 The second is the self-aware awakening mind.

Like a crystal, its appearance is conditioned.
The third is the physical awakening mind;
Sandalwood and camphor.

1.32 These are described in two ways: ultimate and conventional.

What moves by way of karmic winds and karmic fires
Is conventional awakening mind.
What moves by way of wisdom winds and wisdom fires

1.33 Is the ultimate awakening mind.

They have these stages, pure and impure.
They should be distinguished
 Through shapes and through colors.

1.34 Not moving through the karmic winds,

Not burning through the karmic fires,
Its attributes are similar to snow;
The indestructible drop has the form of haṁ.

1.35 Like a jasmine-colored gem,

Glossy-white and resplendent,
It arises as the body of great bliss.
This is the ultimate awakening mind.

1.36 As for the red one, naturally clear,

There are four common distinctions.
These are wisdom, awakening mind,
And the two inferior ones, which are their opposites.

1.37 The latter two abide at the lower door; they give rise to cyclic existence
When they are spurred to movement through negative conditions.
Therefore, the attributes of the drops
Must be known in their ultimate and their conventional aspects.

1.38 There is no attainment from mistaken causes,

Nor, likewise, from mistaken conditions.
These can be known from the teacher’s words.
The ultimate is not an object engaged by the mind.

1.39 The conventional has the feeling of bliss as its object.

Its nature is the subterranean ḍākinī.
She is the unshakable meditation on the three vajras.
She, herself, is Vajrasattva.

1.40 The meaning of the letters, the branches, [F.201.a]

The condensed meanings, the general meaning,
The hidden meaning, and the ultimate meaning;
The varieties of conventional phenomena

1.41 Arise from the mind. Like a jewel and like a cymbal,
The varieties of ultimate phenomena
Arise on the basis of nonconceptual awareness.
The āli and kāli, along with the neuter phonemes,

1.42 Should be analyzed through these six modes.

The letter marking the final sound17 is inconceivable.
There are three types of branch:
 Cause and result, signifier and signified,

1.43 And expression and expressed.

To briefly explain their opposites:
There are three vehicles; the rest is the mundane.
These should be understood as common.

1.44 These divisions should be known for oneself.

The hidden comprises the classifications of initiations and mantras.
There are four types of mantra and two kinds of initiation.
Dharmas are of two types, general and particular.

1.45 All these attributes

Should be known from the mouth of the guru.
The types of fit and unfit vessels
Should also be well analyzed by the guru.

1.46 When suchness is correctly realized,

There is no teacher, and nothing is taught.
Concentration and so forth become unceasing,
And buddhas arise in various forms.

1.47 They turn the various wheels of the Dharma,

Performing the twelve deeds and so forth.
For the lesser disciples, there is Action Tantra.
For the rest, there is Actionless Yoga.

1.48 After that, Yoga is also taught.

Inner yoga is for the rest.
After that there is Yoginī Tantra.
Using the churning stick of method and insight,

1.49 With the essence of wisdom at its tip,18

The nondual awakened mind is churned;
From it comes nectar of twenty-four tastes.
This is known as the flow of precious jewels.

1.50 From this, all mundane and supramundane

Attainments will arise.
Just as unchurned milk
Will not give rise to what is desired,19

1.51 Likewise, neither from many years of effort,

Nor suddenly, will attainments arise.
 Therefore, there are twenty-four jewels,
Which taste like nectar and have the form of a lion.

1.52 Their sacred sites are also twenty-four,

Blessed by awakened body, speech, and mind.
Entrusted to twenty-four ḍākinīs,
They were sealed with four seals,

1.53 Carefully concealed and carefully disseminated.

If the seals are broken, the sacred vows are corrupted.
The natures of the mantras, visualized forms, and realizations [F.201.b]
Are the natures of awakened body, speech, and mind.

1.54 These are constantly misconstrued as having an essence.

There are two kinds of mantra, two kinds of realization.
Visualized forms should be similarly understood in two ways.
The classifications and the divisions

1.55 Of each should be learned from the guru.

Outer, inner, hidden, and final—
These are the four seals of all tantras.
This classification should be analyzed by the wise.

1.56 When these are understood,

The yogi possesses tantra,
And hindrances are transcended.
This is natural caṇḍālī.

1.57 There are twenty-four sacred sites,

Blessed by the three channels.
In these twenty-four sacred sites,
To twenty-four ḍākinīs, twenty-four tantras were entrusted:20

1.58 Puru—very fierce secret vajra.

Jaru—fierce eye, the secret is severed.
Oru—the bright one not pervaded by thought.
Āru—the tip of the nose is equal to space.

1.59 Goru—teaching the great space of the intellect.

Raru—the body, speech, and mind of a dwarf.
Deru—Laṅka, jewel garland.
Maru—dark woods, great vow.

1.60 Karueru—great power.

Oru—terrifying secret wisdom.
 Triru—powerful winds, wisdom garland.
Koru—beer is consumed, wisdom blazes.

1.61 Karuśyāma—garland of the moon.

Laru—blazing with wealth and appeal.
Karu—horse-ear, the wheel of the sun.
Herukhakha—victorious wisdom.

1.62 Preru—secret place of ḍākinīs’ strength.

Grīrukhaṇḍa—secret, blazing with fire.
Saurushoṇḍi—secret nectar.
Suru—the wheel ornamented with a cemetery.

1.63 Naru—very heroic victorious vajra.

Siru—great power and victorious wisdom.
Maru—this area confers victory over attachment.
Kuru—enthusiastic ḍākinīs assemble.

1.64 These are the places of entrustment; they should be sought out well.
Regarding inner caṇḍālī, twenty-four were entrusted.
The first is secret, as is the second.
These are the nature. Next comes empowerment.

1.65 Last is conditions. So it was said.

These are the specific natures of the ḍākinīs.
Any desired attainments will be bestowed.
One who wants the supreme attainments

1.66 Should receive initiation and sacred vows.

With horses, elephants and so forth,
One’s children and wife,
One’s wealth and jewels,

1.67 One should honor and serve the guru.

From ra and li, which are the taste of nectar,
One attains realization from the instructions of the guru;
Remember to hold them in mind!

1.68 Following this discourse, all the gathered assemblies that were present
rejoiced.

1.69 This completes the glorious king of tantras “Equal to the Sky,” which has the nature of
[F.202.a] awakened body, speech, and mind.
c. Colophon
c.1 This was translated and edited by the paṇḍita Gayādhara and the monk
Śākya Yeshé.
n. NOTES
n.1 The rali tantras are divided into four sets: Mind, Speech, Body, and
Miscellaneous. For further discussion see James Gentry’s introduction to The
Glorious King of Tantras That Resolves All Secrets, Toh 384.
(https://read.84000.co/translation/toh384.html# UT22084-079-011-3)

n.2 See Newman, “The Epoch of the Kālacakra Tantra” (pp. 342–43) for
discussion of these dates.

n.3 Gray 2005, p. 429.

n.4 The reconstruction of pātālacāriṇī from sa ’og na spyod ma was suggested by

Harunaga Isaacson as a variant of pātālavāsinī (personal communication).
This set of three is attested in both Buddhist and Śaiva tantric literature —see,
for example, Hatley 2016, p. 12, n. 52. The Hevajratantra is likely informing this
list. It describes the sky dweller and earth dweller as part of a triad (with
Nairātmyā) and as part of sets of seven (I.ii.34) and ten ḍākinīs (I.viii.15 and
I.ix.11–12).

n.5 See also, for example, the opening verse of the Hevajratantra (e.g., Snellgrove
1959, Part II, pp. 1–2).

n.6 According to Kālacakra astrology, the lunar year lasts twenty-one thousand
six hundred hours, mapping the twenty-one thousand six hundred breaths a
healthy human being takes over the course of twenty-four hours. For more
information see Ornament of Stainless Light (Norsang Gyatso 2001, pp. 182–92).

n.7 byang chub sems ’grel skor gsum. These are the bodhisattva Kalkī Puṇḍarīka’s
Stainless Light (Vimalaprabhā) commentary on the Kālacakratantra, Toh 1347; the
bodhisattva Vajragarbha’s Summary of the Meaning of the Hevajra (Hevajra-
piṇḍārthaṭikā) on the Hevajratantra , Toh 1180; and the bodhisattva Vajrapāṇi’s
 Summary of the Meaning of the Short [Cakrasaṃvara] Tantra
(Lakṣābhidhanāduddhṛtalaghutantrapiṇḍārthavivaraṇa), Toh 1402.

n.8 This number is based on the twenty-four sacred sites and the corresponding
parts of the practitioner’s body. Each of these is divided into three, making
seventy-two, each of which multiplies to one thousand across the subtle
body. See Beer 2003, p. 242.

n.9 For a detailed explanation of this system see Tsemo 2012, pp. 467–92.

n.10 Ratnākaraśānti’s commentary, the Khasamatantraṭīkā, Toh 1424, is not a

commentary on this text, but on the Yathālabdhakhasamatantra, Toh 441.

n.11 The “sequence” being followed is not clarified, but based on the content that
follows, it may refer to the three ḍākinīs. It may also refer to the sequence of
completion-stage practices.

n.12 The text does not specify what is being “entered,” but based on the context it
could be the central channel, from which the wind would then diffuse to the
areas mentioned in the following lines.

n.13 See i.4 and n.6.

n.14 The Choné, Lithang, Peking, and Yongle Kangyurs read “the wise should
apprehend the ground of the mind” (Tib. mkhas pas sems kyi gnas par gzung).

n.15 Kongtrul’s Treasury of Knowledge cites this section while explaining gtum mo
practice in the Marpa Kagyu tradition. This is translated in Esoteric
Instructions, pp. 159–60.

n.16 The number of hair-tips refers to the size of the relatively larger central
channel vs. the smaller side channels. The five pairs are the five cakras.

n.17 This refers to the anusvāra, the mark that indicates nasalization of the syllable
it marks.

n.18 This translation follows the Kangxi, Peking Yongle, and Stok Palace versions
in reading rtser gyur pa (“at its tip”). Degé reads brtser gyur pa (“kind”).

n.19 I.e., butter, curd, and cheese.

n.20 For these twenty-four sacred sites the text gives cryptic syllables and a brief
(and equally cryptic) description. The names given for the corresponding
sites in the Cakrasaṃvara Tantra are as follows (Gray 2007, p. 67 and pp. 329–
37): Pullīramalaya, Jālandhara, Oḍḍiyāna, Arbuda, Godāvarī, Rāmeśvarī,
Devīkoṭa, Mālava, Kāmarūpa, Oḍra, Triśakuni, Kośala, Kaliṅga, Lampāka,
Kāñcī, Himālaya, Pretapuri, Gṛhadevatā, Saurāṣṭra, Suvarṇadvīpa, Nagara,
Sindhu, Maru, Kulutā.
b. BIBLIOGRAPHY
· Tibetan Sources ·

dpal nam mkha’ dang mnyam pa’i rgyud kyi rgyal po. Toh 386, Degé Kangyur, vol.
79 (rgyud ’bum, ga), folios 199.a–202.a.

dpal nam mkha’ dang mnyam pa’i rgyud kyi rgyal po. bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma).
[Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste
gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation
Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing:
krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing
House), 2006–9, vol. 79, pp. 572–79.

dpal nam mkha’ dang mnyam pa’i rgyud kyi rgyal po. S 348, Stok Palace Kangyur
vol. 93 (rgyud, kha), folios 465.b–469.a.

kye’i rdo rje’i rgyud (Hevajratantra). Toh 417, Degé Kangyur vol. 80 (rgyud, nga),
folios 1.a–13.b.

’khor lo sdom pa’i gsang ba bsam gyis mi khyab pa’i rgyud (Cakrasaṃvara-
guhyācintyatantra). Toh 385, Degé Kangyur vol. 79 (rgyud, ga), folios 196.a–
199.a.

mchog gi dang po’i sangs rgyas las phyung ba rgyud kyi rgyal po dpal dus kyi ’khor lo
(Kālacakratantra). Toh 362, Degé Kangyur vol. 77 (rgyud, ka), folios 22.a–
128.b.

nam mkha’ dang mnyam pa (Yathālabdhakhasama). Toh 441, Degé Kangyur vol. 81
(rgyud, ca), folios 86.b–89.b.

dpal gsang ba thams cad gcod pa’i rgyud kyi rgyal po (Śrīguhyasarvacchindatantra-
rāja). Toh 384, Degé Kangyur vol. 79 (rgyud ’bum, ga), folios 187.a–195.b.
English translation in Dharmachakra Translation Committee 2012.
Kalkī Puṇḍarīka. bsdus pa’i rgyud kyi rgyal po dus kyi ’khor lo’i ’grel bshad rtsa ba’i
rgyud kyi rjes su ’jug pa stong phrag bcu gnyis pa dri ma med pa’i ’od (Vimala-
prabhāmūlatantrānusāriṇīdvādaśasāhasrikālaghukālacakratantrarājaṭīkā). Toh 1347,
Degé Tengyur vol. 11 (rgyud ’grel, tha). folios 107.b–277.a; vol. 12 (rgyud
’grel, da), folios 1.b–297.a.

Ratnākaraśānti. nam mkha’ dang mnyam pa zhes bya ba’i rgya cher ’grel pa
(Khasamanāmaṭīkā). Toh 1424, Degé Tengyur vol. 21 (rgyud ’grel, wa), folios
153.a–171.a.

Vajragarbha. kye’i rdo rje bsdus pa’i don gyi rgya cher ’grel pa (Hevajrapiṇḍārtha-
ṭīkā). Toh 1180, Degé Tengyur vol. 2 (rgyud ’grel, ka), folios 1.b–126.a.

Vajrapāṇi. mngon par brjod pa ’bum pa las phyung ba nyung ngu’i rgyud kyi bsdus
pa’i don rnam par bshad pa (Lakṣābhidhānāduddhṛitalaghutantrapiṇḍārtha-
vivaraṇa). Toh 1402, Degé Tengyur vol. 16 (rgyud ’grel, ba), folios 78.b–
141.a.

· English Sources ·

Beer, Robert. Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols. Boulder: Shambala, 2003.

Dharmachakra Translation Committee, trans. The Glorious King of Tantras That

Resolves All Secrets (https://read.84000.co/translation/toh384.html) (Śrīguhya-
sarvacchindatantrarāja, Toh 384). 84000: Translating the Words of the
Buddha, 2012.

Davidson, Ronald M. Tibetan Renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the Rebirth of

Tibetan Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.

Gray, David B. The Cakrasamvara Tantra: The Discourse of Śrī Heruka. New York:
Columbia University Press, 2007.

— — —. “Disclosing the Empty Secret: Textuality and Embodiment in the

Cakrasamvara Tantra.” Numen 52, no. 4 (2005): 417–44.

Hatley, Shaman. “Converting the Ḍākinī: Goddess Cults and Tantras of the
Yoginīs between Buddhism and Śaivism.” In Tantric Traditions in
Transmission and Translation, ed. David B. Gray and Ryan Richard Overbey.
New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.

Kongtrul Lodrö Tayé, Jamgön. The Treasury of Knowledge: Systems of Buddhist

Tantra. Translated by Elio Guarisco and Ingrid McLeod. Ithaca: Snow Lion,
2005.

— — —. The Treasury of Knowledge: Esoteric Instructions. Translated by Sarah

Harding. Ithaca: Snow Lion, 2007.
Newman, John. “The Epoch of the Kālacakra Tantra.” Indo-Iranian Journal 41
(1998): 319–49.

Norsang Gyatso, Khedrup. Ornament of Stainless Light. Translated by Gavin

Kilty. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2001.

Snellgrove, David. The Hevajra Tantra: A Critical Study. London: Oxford

University Press, 1959.

Stearns, Cyrus. Luminous Lives: The Story of the Early Masters of the Lam ’bras
Tradition in Tibet. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2001.

Tsemo, Sönam. The Yogini’s Eye: Comprehensive Introduction to Buddhist Tantra.

Vol. 1. Translated by Ngor Thartse Khenpo Sonam Gyatso and Wayne
Verrill. Bloomington: Xlibris, 2012.

White, David. The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1996.
g. GLOSSARY
g.1 Action Tantra
bya ba’i rgyud

་བ་ད།
kriyātantra
A class of tantric scripture that generally features elaborate rites directed
toward both mundane goals —such as health, prosperity, and protection—
and to the ultimate goal of liberation. In this class of tantra, the practitioners
do not identify themselves with the deity as in other classes of tantra, but
rather seek their power, assistance, and intervention in pursuit of their goals.
The Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa and Amoghapāśakalparāja exemplify this class of tantra.

g.2 Āli and kāli

A li kA li

་་་།
āli kāli
The vowels (āli) and consonants (kāli) of the Sanskrit alphabet.

g.3 Attainment
dngos grub

དས་བ།
siddhi
This can be a general term for realization, but it refers more specifically to a
set of supranormal powers, such as longevity and clairvoyance.

g.4 Awakening mind

byang chub sems


 ང་བ་མས།
bodhicitta
Conventionally, this refers to a pure compassion; ultimately it refers to empty
awareness. It can also refer to drops in completion stage practice.

g.5 Bhaga
bha ga

བྷ་ག
bhaga
In this context, the vagina. A number of Buddhist esoteric scriptures are set
within the bhaga of a female deity from the Buddhist pantheon. As the root
term from which the Sanskrit word bhagavat, “Blessed One,” is derived, the
term bhaga also means “good fortune.” See “Blessed One.”

g.6 Blessed One

bcom ldan ’das

བམ་ན་འདས།
bhagavān
In Buddhist literature, an epithet applied to buddhas, most often to
Śākyamuni. The Sanskrit term generally means “possessing fortune,” but in
specifically Buddhist contexts this term implies that a buddha is in
possession of six auspicious qualities (bhaga) associated with complete
awakening. The Tibetan term—where bcom is said to refer to “subduing” the
four māras, ldan to “possessing” the great qualities of buddhahood, and ’das
to “going beyond” saṃsāra and nirvāṇa—possibly reflects the commentarial
tradition where the Sanskrit bhagavat is interpreted, in addition, as “one who
destroys the four māras.” This is achieved either by reading bhagavat as
bhagnavat (“one who broke”) or by tracing the word bhaga to the root √bhañj,
“to break.”

g.7 Caṇḍālī
tsaN+DA lI

ཙ ་།
caṇḍālī
Same as “inner heat.”

g.8 Central channel

dbu ma
 ད་མ།
avadhūti
Main subtle channel running roughly in front of the spine.

g.9 Channel
rtsa

།
nāḍī
These are the veins of the subtle body, through which vital winds flow.
While they can be divided into up to seventy-two thousand, the most
important are the central, left, and right.

g.10 Circulation
’pho ba

འ་བ།
saṅkrānti
In the context of the subtle body, a “circulation” consists of one thousand
three hundred fifty breaths over ninety minutes

g.11 Curved one

gzhol ma

གལ་མ།
—
Lit. “bent, crooked.” In this tantra, this refers to the primary side channel that
runs to the right side of the central channel.

g.12 Ḍākinī
mkha’ ’gro

མཁའ་འོ།
ḍākinī
A class of powerful non-human female beings who play a variety of roles in
Indic literature in general and Buddhist literature specifically. Essentially
synonymous with yoginīs, ḍākinīs are liminal and often dangerous beings
who can be propitiated to acquire both mundane and transcendent spiritual
accomplishments. In the higher Buddhist tantras, ḍākinīs are often
considered embodiments of awakening and feature prominently in tantric
 maṇḍalas. In this text, they are divided according to three types: sky dweller
(Skt. khecarī), earth dweller (Skt. bhūcarī), and subterranean dweller (Skt.
pātālacāriṇī).

g.13 Daṇḍa
dbyug gu

དག་
daṇḍa
A measure used for astrological movements. This generally refers to a time
span of approximately twenty-two and a half minutes or three hundred sixty
breaths. This tantra correlates that with the sixty-four channels of the yogic
subtle body.

g.14 Direct sensory perception

dbang po mngon sum

དབང་་མན་མ།
indriyapratyakṣa
The bare experience of sensory phenomena, without conceptual overlay.

g.15 Distinctive characteristics

mtshan nyid

མཚན་ད།
lakṣaṇa
The defining quality of a thing, such as the wetness of water and the heat of
fire.

g.16 Drokmi Lotsāwa Śākya Yeshé

’brog mi lo tsA ba shAkya ye shes · shAkya ye shes

འག་་་་བ་་་ས། · ་་ས།
—
Śākya Yeshé, commonly known by the title Drokmi Lotsāwa, was a Tibetan
translator and important figure in the Lamdré (Tib. lam ’bras) lineage.
Drokmi’s dates are uncertain, but Tibetan literature offers a range of possible
dates beginning in 990 and ending in 1074.
For a hagiography of Drokmi, see Stearns 2010, pp. 83–101. For an academic
appraisal of his life and works, see Davidson 2005, pp. 161–209.
g.17 Earth-dwelling ḍākinī
sa spyod ma

ས་ད་མ།
bhūcarī
The ḍākinī associated with the channels of the subtle body.

g.18 Gayādhara
ga ya dha ra

ག་ཡ་དྷ་ར།
Gayādhara
Indian (possibly Bengali) paṇḍita (994–1043) who visited Tibet three times;
teacher of Drokmi Śākya Yeshé; a complex personality and a key figure in the
transmission to Tibet of the Hevajra materials later incorporated in the
Lamdré (Tib. lam ’bras) tradition.

g.19 Glorious Great Blissful One

dpal bde chen po

དཔལ་བ་ན་།
Śrīmahāsukha
In the tantric context, a common epithet that can refer to several awakened
deities.

g.20 Hour
chu tshod

་ད།
ghaṭikā
In this context, a technical term for a measure of astrological movements and
human breaths

g.21 Inner heat

gtum mo

གམ་།
caṇḍālī
Blissful heat cultivated in the completion stage of tantric practice.

g.22 Left channel

rkyang ma
 ང་མ།
lalanā
One of subtle body’s three primary channels, most often described as either
white or red, depending on the system of practice.

g.23 Mount Sumeru

ri rab

་རབ།
sumeru
In Buddhist cosmology, the sacred mountain at the center of the world.

g.24 Period
thun

ན།
—
This most commonly refers to a meditation session but derives from the
division of a twenty-four-hour day into eight three-hour periods. This also
refers to the period in which a person takes two thousand seven hundred
breaths.

g.25 Physical wind

bems po’i rlung

མས་ ་ང་།
—
The subtle wind which, when dividing between physical and mental, refers
to the former and is connected with material experience.

g.26 Pith instructions

man ngag

མན་ངག
upadeśa
Instructions passed down orally by a qualified master that enable a reader to
penetrate the full meaning of esoteric scriptures such as this.

g.27 Primordial sound

dang po’i sgra

དང་ ་།
 ādivāc · ādiśabda
The sounds indicated by the Sanskrit vowels and consonants (Skt. ālikāli), or
possibly specifically the syllable oṁ or āḥ.

g.28 Right channel

ro ma

་མ།
rasanā
One of the yogic subtle body’s three primary channels, most often described
as either white or red, depending on the system of practice.

g.29 Sacred vow

dam tshig

དམ་ག
samaya
The pledges taken by a tantric practitioner in the course of initiation.

g.30 Self-awareness
rang rig

རང་ག
svasaṃvedana
The nonconceptual wakefulness that is both the basis for and the result of
tantric sādhana practice.

g.31 Sky-dwelling ḍākinī

mkha’ spyod

མཁའ་ད།
khecarī
The ḍākinī associated with the winds of the subtle body

g.32 Subterranean ḍākinī

sa ’og spyod ma

ས་ག་ད་མ།
pātālacāriṇī
The ḍākinī associated with the drops of the subtle body.
g.33 Suchness
chos nyid

ས་ད།
dharmatā
The nature of phenomena.

g.34 Śukra
shu kra

་།
śukra
Resplendent or clear liquid; here, referring specifically to the seminal drop
residing at the crown of all human bodies.

g.35 Thus-Gone One

de bzhin gshegs pa

་བན་གགས་པ།
tathāgata
A frequently used synonym for buddha. According to different explanations,
it can be read as tathā-gata, literally meaning “one who has thus gone,” or as
tathā-āgata, “one who has thus come.” Gata, though literally meaning “gone,”
is a past passive participle used to describe a state or condition of existence.
Tatha(tā), often rendered as “suchness” or “thusness,” is the quality or
condition of things as they really are, which cannot be conveyed in
conceptual, dualistic terms. Therefore, this epithet is interpreted in different
ways, but in general it implies one who has departed in the wake of the
buddhas of the past, or one who has manifested the supreme awakening
dependent on the reality that does not abide in the two extremes of existence
and quiescence.

g.36 Twenty-four sacred sites

gnas nyi shu rtsa bzhi

གནས་་་་བ།
caturviṃśatipīṭha
Twenty-four sites on the Indian subcontinent that are considered
particularly powerful for the practices of the Yoginī Tantras. These map to
twenty-four places on the human body in conjunction with the yogic
practices of the perfection stage.
g.37 Vajra queen
rdo rje btsun mo

་་བན་།
vajrayoṣit

g.38 Vajrasattva
rdo rje sems dpa’

་་མས་དཔའ།
Vajrasattva
Used as a proper name, Vajrasattva is one of the principle deities of the
esoteric Buddhist pantheon, regarded as both a source of the Buddhist
tantras and the exemplar of the awakened state. As an adjective, the term
vajrasattva, literally “vajra being,” can also be applied to other esoteric
Buddhist deities, particularly Vajrapāṇi.

g.39 Yogic discipline

brtul zhugs

བལ་གས།
vrata
A prescribed mode of behavior, typically time-delimited, that is observed in
connection with specific rites and practices. In the Yoginī Tantras, these
often include transgressive practices such as engaging with impure
substances.

g.40 Yoginī Tantra

rnal ’byor ma’i gyud

ལ་འར་མ་ད།
yoginītantra
A class of Buddhist tantra focused upon the figure of the yoginī and the
meditative manipulation of the subtle energetic anatomy of the physical
body. This genre is typified by the Hevajratantra, Cakrasaṃvaratantra, and
Mahāmāyātantra.