I.

INTRODUCTION

Hi guys,…Today I would like to give you a general overview of conflagration.

As we know, a conflagration is a large fire. Conflagrations damage human life,
animal life, health, and property. A conflagration can begin accidentally or be
intentionally created. Conflagrations can cause casualties including deaths or
injuries from burns. And currently it is a serious problem when high-rise
apartments for rent or living do not ensure fire prevention measures, and are in
difficult-to-access terrains. Or forest fires in the summer due to extreme
temperatures lead to fires.

II. REALITY

There have been numerous reports of fires around the world recently, and
Vietnam has not been spared. Fires have broken out in apartments, houses, and
shops, causing significant damage and loss. For instance, In Vietnam, in April
2021, a series of fires destroyed over 1,000 hectares of forest land in Vinh Phuc
province, resulting in an estimated loss of VND 1.2 trillion.

Similarly, on April 28, 2021, a fire caused by a flare from an oil rig damaged
more than 5,000 hectares of forest in Quang Ninh province. Moreover, A fire
broke out at Quang Minh Industrial Park, causing damage of more than 11
billion VND. The fire engulfed the entire 1-story factory, which had an area of
approximately 4,600 square meters. Three production lines were destroyed
along with numerous pieces of equipment, production materials, and finished
goods.

Most recently, a severe fire in a mini apartment building in Hanoi claimed the
lives of 54 people, leaving many in sorrow.

The house was built in 2015 and has an area of about 200m2 with 45 rooms, and
about 150 people living but only one exit at the main door. With a small area
and too many people living, when such a terrible fire occurred, the fire became
an extremely heartbreaking disaster with a huge loss of life and property. The
fires have not only caused loss of lives but also huge economic losses, such as
the loss of livelihoods, school closures, and the disruption of public services.
These fires have been caused by electrical and natural reasons, and in some
cases, even arson. They have resulted in massive damage, destroying property,
and displacing numerous people.

 From October 2022 to September 2023, there were more than 1,900 fires
nationwide, killing 144 people, an increase of 11% in the number of cases
and nearly 30% in the number of deaths over the same period. The above
data is stated in the Government's report on the implementation of fire
prevention and fighting legal policies for the period October 2022-
September 2023. The fires caused property damage of 315 billion VND,
 including 61 serious incidents that killed 142 people and injured 63
people, mainly occurring in residential areas.

III. REASONS

1. Cause of conflagration in urban areas and apartment buildings

 The lifestyle and activities of everyone in the apartment complex
 Some habits and subjectivity of people when living in apartment
buildings: gas leaks, smoking, burning joss paper in the wrong place, etc.
In addition, vehicles leaking gasoline can also cause problems. so there is
a high risk of fire and explosion.
 According to statistics, up to 70% of fires and explosions are related to
electrical problems. Specifically, the reasons are below:
 Using electrical equipment with a capacity exceeding the capacity
of the current used.
 Failure to promptly repair or replace broken or old electrical wiring
systems.
 When the insulator is damaged, due to overload or short circuit, the
current increases causing heating of the wire, due to electric arcs
generated when the circuit breaker is closed, when the fuse burns,
the circuit is touched,...
 Fire is caused by electrostatic friction between burning objects,
such as grinding friction, etc.

These situations can cause electrical equipment to fall into situations such as
short circuits, electrical overload, etc.

2. Cause of forest conflagration

There are many causes of forest fires, but there are two main causes: natural
and man-made causes.

 Natural causes of forest conflagration

 Weather and meteorological factors are a factor in the emergence and
development of a forest fire. Basic factors affecting forest fires and forest
fire forecasts include temperature, humidity and wind.
 Terrain directly or indirectly affects forest fires and is directly related to
fire development; has the effect of blocking wind systems, forming
different micro-climate areas creating areas with frequent rain or dry
areas. In addition, topographic conditions directly affect the water
evaporation conditions of burning materials or influence the scale and
speed of spread of forest fires.
  Forest type and vegetation type are directly related to the source of
burning materials. The nature and volume of burning materials are
determined by the characteristics of the forest type and vegetation type,
thereby leading to flammability and scale. Fire.
 Besides, there are other causes such as forest fires caused by thunder and
lightning; Forest fires caused by bullets and gunpowder left over from the
war in the forests of the Central Highlands and Central region can also
explode and cause forest fires when conditions are favorable; etc.
 Artificial causes of forest conflagration
 Due to human activities, human production activities such as burning
forests for farming, burning coal, burning vegetation to collect metals,
smoking to get honey and many other activities can cause forest fires. .
Forest exploitation activities or unintentionally causing forest fires can
also be the cause of forest fires.

Due to other social activities such as children tending buffaloes and lighting
fires to keep warm; burn incense to sweep the grave; Ethnic people's customs
and traditions of releasing lanterns during festivals unintentionally cause fires;
Picnic activities and live ammunition shooting in the military cause forest fires;
etc.

IV: CONSEQUENCES

Fires can be devastating and cause significant damage to property and human
life.Below are some consequences caused by fire

1. Property Damage

Fires can cause significant damage to property, including buildings, vehicles,

and personal belongings. The damage can be particularly severe in the
workplace because of valuable equipment, inventory, and important documents.

For instance, a fire in a manufacturing facility can destroy expensive machinery,

raw materials, and finished products.

2. Business Interruption

Business interruption is another significant consequence of the fire. Even if the

fire does not cause any property damage, the workplace may need to be closed
for a period of time to be cleaned and repaired, which can result in lost revenue
and customers.

During this downtime, employees may be unable to work, resulting in a loss of

productivity and income for both the employees and the business
3. Injuries And Fatalities

Workplace fires can also result in injuries and fatalities, with devastating
consequences. Burns and smoke inhalation are two of the most common causes
of injuries in workplace fires. Victims may require extensive medical treatment,
including surgery, skin grafts, and long-term rehabilitation, depending on the
severity of the burns.

Smoke inhalation can also cause serious respiratory problems, such as asthma or
lung damage, which can have long-term health consequences.

4. Loss of life:

Fires can cause injury or death to people in the area. Smoke inhalation, burns,
and other injuries can be fatal.

Most people who die in fires die from the toxic gases, thick smoke and lack of
oxygen. In a fire, breathing even small amounts of these toxic elements can be
disorienting, causing some people to pass out.

5. Emotional Trauma

Witnessing a fire or experiencing the loss of a coworker in a fire can be

emotionally traumatizing, leading to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD). Employees who experience a workplace fire may feel
shaken and vulnerable and struggle to cope with the event’s aftermath.

Even if not physically injured, they may experience significant emotional

distress, affecting their ability to work and carry out their daily activities.

6. Litigation

Litigation is another potential consequence of workplace fires. If someone is

injured or killed in a fire at the workplace, the employer may be held liable and
face legal action. This can be costly and time-consuming, damaging the
employer’s reputation.

The legal fees, settlements, and other expenses associated with litigation can add
up quickly and have a significant impact on the financial stability of the
business.

V. CONCLUSION
Conflagration has caused great damage to humans and nature , our team has
come up with a number of preventive measures such as: ... Besides, the
government also needs to equip people with knowledge about fires, in addition,
the awareness of each citizen is indispensable.

v. solutions

As the modern world becomes denser and as we continue to build mix-

use and multi-housing complexes to house our ever-increasing
population, so does the risk for urban conflagration. It is time to
consider supporting (financially and morally) urban anti-fire
capabilities. Families, businesses, owners of building and the
authorities through construction of convenient fire stations, efficient
water supply facilities, effective communication before, during and
after an inferno, cleared marked routes for fire-fighting, all business
units having a fire management plan, fire equipment, emergency
medical services, fire training and distant monitoring of urban fire;
training program in hotspot areas, relief capability in emergency
evacuation, assessing safety of buildings, considering the density of
people concentration in an area, equipping wireless communication
facilities for fire, safety management in crowded place, including fire
management in school curriculum, construction of buildings with
fireproof materials, documentation of fire disasters towards
improvement on monitoring and eliminating future disasters.

. Elaborate sprinkler systems, can be designed to allow people time to

escape a building before the conflagration reaches them or to
thoroughly douse an inventory with fire retardant, preventing as much
damage as possible. Fire doors and other fire-resistant building
components are included in many building designs. All houses also
should be equipped with fire protection clothing, respirators or rope
ladder in order to restrict a conflagration to a particular part of a
building or, at the very least, to slow its spread. For example in a mini
aparment fire in khuong ha street last month, many people was trapped
but some of them use their fire protection equipment so it keep them
alive.

Reconstruction after a major urban conflagration should always result

in the adoption of at least building back better, rather than making a
temporary shelter or slum and ensure we make our cities inclusive,
safe, resilient and sustainable.

What to do during a fire

– Use an absorbent towel to cover your mouth and nose to filter air
when breathing. A smoke mask may be used if fitted in advance.

– If you want to escape the fire, use a blanket soaked in water to cover
your entire body and run quickly through the fire to avoid burning
your clothes and causing skin burns.

– When there is a lot of smoke, escapees must bend, kneel, crawl or

crawl away from the fire.

– Try to stay calm, avoid panic, quickly call the fire police force for
timely rescue.