IGCSE U8-PROGRAMMING 23-24

Theory & PSEUDOCODE

Sequence A set of logical steps executed in a sequence

variable – a named data store that contains a value that

may change during the execution of a program

constant – a named data store that contains a value that

does not change during the execution of a program

Selection It is used to select part of a program to be executed based on

condition.

Example:
if - used only for true condition

if-else – used for both true and false condition

elif ladder - used for multiple conditions

nested if and multiple if - used to define a condition within

an another condition

slab based if : used in If statements when different slabs are

given

Iteration Iteration is the process of repeating steps

Example:
for - number of iterations are known.(Entry controlled
loop/precondition loop)

While - number of iterations are unknown(Entry controlled

loop/ precondition loop)

Repeat until - it prints the statement then checks the

condition/post condition loop)

Note:

counting – keeping track of the number of times an action

is performed

totalling – keeping a total that values are added to

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operator – a special character or word in a programming

language that identifies an action to be performed

1-D array A One-Dimensional Array is a group of elements having the

same data type which are stored under a single variable
name.
Example:

Arr = [2,4,5,6,11]
2d array The Two-Dimensional array is organized as matrices which
can be represented as the collection of rows and columns

Example:

An array of 2 rows and 3 columns

Rows : number of sets in the given array

Columns: number of elements in each set

Arr=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]

Function procedure – a set of programming statements grouped

together under a single name that can be called to perform
a task in a program.(No return statement)

function – a set of programming statements grouped

together under a single name which can be called to
perform a task in a program, rather than including a copy of
the code every time;
Note: function will return a value back to the main program

parameters – the variables in a procedure or function

declaration that store the values of the arguments passed
from the main program to a procedure or function

Library routines: (built-in functions)

MOD – an arithmetic operator that returns the remainder

of a division; different languages use different symbols for
this operation

DIV – an arithmetic operator that returns the quotient

(whole number part) of a division; different languages use
different symbols for this operation

ROUND – a library routine that rounds a value to a given

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number of decimal places

RANDOM – a library routine that generates a random

number

Local and global variables

A global variable can be used by any part of a program – its
scope covers the whole program.

A local variable can only be used by the part of the program it

has been declared in – its scope is restricted to that part of
the program.

Example : (Procedure)
def add():
a=int(input(“Enter a number:”))
b= int(input(“Enter a number:”))
sum=a+b
print(“Result:”,sum)

Example : (Function)
def add():
a=int(input(“Enter a number:”))
b= int(input(“Enter a number:”))
sum=a+b
return sum

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String It is a group of characters.

Strings are used to store text. Every string contains a number
of characters.
The characters in a string can be labelled by position number.
The first character in a string can be in position zero or
position one, depending on the language.

File Handling file – a collection of data stored by a computer program to

be used again

While any data stored in RAM will be lost when the computer
is switched off, when data is saved to a file it is stored
permanently. Data stored in a file can thus be accessed by
the same program at a later date or accessed by another
program. Data stored in a file can also be sent to be used on
other computer.

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Every file is identified by its filename.

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PSEUDOCODE
Pseudo code is a simple method of showing an algorithm. It describes what the algorithm
does by using English key words that are very similar to those used in a high-level
programming language.

Declaration
of
Variables

Input and
output
statements

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Conditional
statements

Iteration
statements

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TOTALLING

COUNTING

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ARRAYS

Note:

ONE-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

TWO-DIMENSTIONAL ARRAY

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PROCEDURES

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FUNCTIONS

LOCAL AND GLOBAL VARIABES

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String Handling

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FIE HANDLING

DECLARE TextLine : STRING // variables are declared as normal

DECLARE MyFile : STRING

MyFile ← "MyText.txt"

// writing the line of text to the file

OPEN MyFile FOR WRITE // opens file for writing

OUTPUT "Please enter a line of text"

INPUT TextLine

WRITEFILE, TextLine // writes a line of text to the file

CLOSEFILE(MyFile) // closes the file

// reading the line of text from the file

OUTPUT "The file contains this line of text:"

OPEN MyFile FOR READ // opens file for reading

READFILE, TextLine // reads a line of text from the file

OUTPUT TextLine

CLOSEFILE(MyFile) // closes the file

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EXAMPLES: Codes
Sequential programs: It is a set of logical steps executed in a sequence.(Without a
condition)

1. WAP to accept the radius of a circle. Calculate and display the area of a circle

Program

Output:

2. WAP to accept the Principal, time and rate of interest. Calculate and display the simple interest

Program

Output:

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3. WAP to accept the First name and the Last name. Concatenate the First name and the Last name.
Display the full name

Program

Output:

SELECTION
4. WAP to accept a number. Check and display whether the number is positive (one condition)

Program

Output:

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5. WAP to accept a number. Check and display whether the number is positive or negative (two
conditions)

Program

Output:

6. WAP to accept a number. Check and display whether the number is positive or negative or
zero(three conditions)

Program

Output:

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7. WAP to accept a number and check whether the number is even or odd
Program

Output:

% - modulus operator – to find the remainder

/- division operator – to find the quotient(Float division)

// - division operator – to find the quotient(integer division(ignores the fractional part)

Examples:

5%2 Ans=1

5/2 Ans=2.5

5//2 Ans=2

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8. A cloth showroom has announced festival discounts and the gifts on the purchase of
items, based on the total cost as given below:

Total Cost Discount

Up to ₹ 2,000 5%

₹ 2,001 to ₹ 5,000 10%

₹ 5,001 to ₹ 10,000 15%

Above ₹ 10,000 20%

Write a program to input the total cost. Compute and display the discount amount to be
paid by the customer.

**MULTIPLE CONDITIONS (Else if)

Program

Output:

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9. WAP to create a very simple pizza-ordering menu. At this pizzeria, there’s only one
kind of pizza you can order: cheese pizza with 4 toppings. Your choices for toppings can
be one or more. Accept the cost of the pizza and calculate the total amount of the pizza
with the toppings. Refer price menu below for the toppings.
Toppings cost

Tomato ₹60

Capsicum ₹70

Mushroom ₹80

Sweetcorn ₹85

**MULTIPLE CONDITIONS (multiple if)

Program

Output:

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10. MakeMyTour taxi charges from the passenger as per the tariff given below:

Distance Rate

Up to 5 km ₹ 100

For the next 10 km ₹ 10/km

For the next 10 km ₹ 8/km

More than 25 km ₹ 5/km

Write a program to input the distance covered and calculate and display the amount
paid by the passenger.

Example 1 :: distance covered = 16

Split 16

5(Slab1) + 10(slab2) + 1 (slab3)

Add fare

100 + (10*10)+ (distancecovered-15)*8

100+100+(16-15)*8
100+100+8
208

Example 2 :: distance covered = 29

Split 29

5(Slab1) + 10(slab2) + 10 (slab3) + 4(Sab4)

Add fare

100 + (10*10)+ (10*8)+(distancecovered-25)*5

100+100+80+(29-25)*5
100+100+80+20
300

Note:;

Slab 1 : 100

Slab2 : 10X10

Slab3 : 10 X 8

Slab4 : 25 * 5

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Multiple conditions(Slab based)

Program

Output:

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Iteration: Looping (for, while)

11. WAP to print your school name 10 times

Program

Output

12. WAP to print numbers from 1 to 10

Program

Output

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13. WAP to print numbers from 10 to 1

Program

Output

14. WAP to print EVEN numbers from 1 to 10

Program

Output

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15. WAP to print ODD numbers from 1 to 10

Program

Output

16. WAP to find sum of all the numbers from 1 to 10

Program

Output

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17. WAP to find sum of all the EVEN numbers from 1 to 10

Program

Output

18. WAP to find sum of all the ODD numbers from 1 to 10

Program

Output

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19. WAP to find product of all the numbers from 1 to 5.(Factorial of a number)
Program

Output

20. WAP to accept a number and print all the factors of the number
Program

Output

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21. WAP to accept a number .Count and display the number of factors
Program

Output

22. WAP to accept a number and check whether the number is a prime number or not
Program

Output

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WHILE LOOP

23. WAP to accept a number. SPLIT and display the digits in a new line.(for loop)
Program and output : (to split three digit number : for range is from (1,4)

Program and output : (to split four digit number : for range is from (1,5)

Program and output : (to split five digit number : for range is from (1,6)

NOTE:

In the above 3 programs, for loop modified according to the number of digits in an input. Loop runs
for 3 times for 3 digit number, 4 times for 4 digits number and 5 times for 5 digit number. Hence
the need of while loop.(number of iterations are unknown)

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24. WAP to accept a number. SPLIT and display the digits in a new line.(WHILE loop)
Program and output : (to split three digit number :

Program and output : (to split four digit number : (SAME CODE)

Program and output : (to split five digit number : (SAME code)

NOTE:

While loop is not modified in any of the above programs but splits 3,4 or any number of digits.

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25. WAP to accept a number .SPLIT and display the sum of all the digits.

26. WAP to accept a number .SPLIT and display the product of all the digits.

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24. WAP to accept a number. SPLIT and display the sum of squares of all the digits.
Example : 123 12+22+32 =1+4+9 = 14

25. WAP to accept a number. SPLIT and display the sum of cubes of all the digits.
Example : 123 13+23+33 =1+8+27 = 36

26. WAP to accept a number. Check and display whether the number is Armstrong or not
Example : 153 13+53+33 =1+125+27 = 153

Variable “orig” is used to store the value of “num” as the value of “num” reaches to 0 inside the loop. So it
cannot be compared with “sum” as original number

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27. WAP to accept a sequence of numbers and terminates the program when zero entered.

28. WAP to ask a question “who invented Java” and terminates the program when the user gives
the correct answer
Inventor: James Gosling

29. WAP to display the menu to order a pizza until the user enters a valid choice and terminates
when the valid choice is selected.

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ARRAY – one dimensional

30. WAP to initialize an array of 5 elements and display them

31. WAP to declare an array of size 5 and accept user input elements into an array

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32. WAP to accept 5 elements. Find and display their sum

33. WAP to accept 5 elements. Find and display the count of even numbers and odd numbers

34. WAP to accept 5 elements. Find and display the sum of even numbers and odd numbers

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35. WAP to accept 5 elements. Find and display the count and sum of all the prime numbers

Output:

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36. WAP to accept 5 elements. Search an element in an array and display the message found or
not with an index of the search element

37. WAP to accept 5 names into an array. Search the name and display whether the name is
found or not

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38. WAP to accept 5 elements. Find and display the maximum and minimum element in an array

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38. WAP to accept 5 elements. Arrange the elements in an ascending order and display the result

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38. WAP to accept 5 elements. Arrange the elements in an ascending order and display the result

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TWO DIMENSTIONAL ARRAY

Two-dimensional arrays can be defined as arrays within an array. 2D arrays erected as
metrics, which is a collection of rows and columns

A class consists of 5 students, and the class has to publish the result of all those students. You
need a table to store all those five students' names, subjects' names, and marks. For that, it
requires storing all information in a tabular form comprising rows and columns. A row
contains the name of subjects, and columns contain the name of the students. That class
consists of four subjects, namely English, Science, Mathematics, and Hindi, and the names of
the students are first, second, third, fourth, and fifth.

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39. WAP to initialize an array of 2X3 elements and display them

40. WAP to declare an array of size 2X3 and accept user input elements into an array and display them

41. WAP to declare an array of size 2X3 and accept user input elements into an array. Find and display
sum of all the elements in an array

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42. WAP to declare an array of size 2X3 and accept user input elements into an array. Find and display
sum of all the elements in each ROW

43. WAP to declare an array of size 2X3 and accept user input elements into an array. Find and display
sum of all the elements in each COLUMN

Note: Write the column for loop then the row for loop to calculate the column sum

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44. WAP to declare an array of size 2X3 and accept user input elements into an array. Count and
display the number of even numbers and odd numbers

45. WAP to declare an array of size 2X3 and accept user input elements into an array. display the sum
of even numbers and odd numbers

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46. WAP to declare an array of size 2X3 and accept user input elements into an array. Count and
display the number of even numbers and odd numbers in each ROW

47. WAP to declare an array of size 2X3 and accept user input elements into an array. Count and
display the number of even numbers and odd numbers in each COLUMN

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44. WAP to declare an array of size 2X3 and accept user input elements into an array. Find the
maximum and minimum element in an array

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45. WAP to declare an array of size 4X2 and accept the first name and the last name in each for 4
people.
TASK 1 : Accept the first name and display the corresponding last name
TASK 2: Accept the last name and display the corresponding first name

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OUTPUT:

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