A Synopsis

ON

“Experimental Study on Compressive Strength and Cost

analysis of M30 Concrete by Replacing Artificial sand
Against Natural sand”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement
for the award of degree of
Master of Technology
(Construction Technology & Management)

Submitted To

Bhabha University, Bhopal (M.P.)

Submitted by

Bablu Kumar
(02MT211CT009)

Under the guidance of

Prof .Pushpendra Kumar Kushwaha

Department of Civil Engineering

RKDF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BHOPAL (M.P.)

(Approved by All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE)

Affiliated to Bhabha University Bhopal (M.P.)

Technical University of Madhya Pradesh

January 2022
 ABSTRACT
.

Being cheapest in earlier days the natural sand used in concrete without any alternate even
though natural sand containing organic impurities, clay and silt content more than permitted
level. Due to excessive mining the river basin environment got affected, the demand for fine
aggregate increased and the prevailing market unable to meet the need. Nowadays crushed
sand also calledas manufactured sand being used as an alternate to natural sand partially or
fully. Even though manufactured sand used in normal construction activities, it is not used in
high rise structures involving special concretes. Hence it is necessary to study the properties
of special concrete with various replacement proportions of fine aggregate by manufactured
sand. Due to various environmental issues Government has expelled the dragging of sand
from rivers. This has led to a scarcity and substantial increase in the cost of natural sand.
There is a vital need to find an alternative to Natural Sand. The only long term replacement
for sand is Artificial sand. In the present study, an attempt has been made to experimentally
study the properties of concrete by replacing the 100% natural sand with artificial sand. The
results have shown that the natural sand can be replaced with the artificial sand to produce
concrete of satisfactory strength and durability. Experiments conducted on M30, grade
concrete with fine aggregate replacement proportion 10%,20% 30%, 40%,50%,60% and
70%. We have investigated workability, water absorption, compressive strength, split tensile
strength and flexural strength for all different cases.

Keywords: Manufactured Sand, River Sand, Compressive strength, Flexural strength, Split
Tensile Strength, Workability.
 CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION

1. GENERAL

Concrete is a widely used material in the world. More than ten billion tones of concrete are
consumed annually. Based on global usage it is placed at second position after water.
Conventional concrete, a versatile material is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate and water.
Aggregate content is a factor, which has direct and far-reaching effects on the quality of
concrete. Unlike water and cement, which do not alter any particular characteristic except in
the quantity in which they are used, the aggregate component is infinitely variable in terms of
shape and grading. High quality aggregate, both coarse and fine for concrete, is of extreme
importance. Aggregates occupy 65 to 80% of the total volume of concrete and affect the fresh
and hardened properties of concrete. Out of the total composition of concrete, the fine
aggregate consumes around 20%to 30% of the volume.

1.2 SAND

The term sand as used in the building and construction industry is synonymous with fine
aggregate which is the material with a particle size less than 5mm. Coarse sand is defined as
the material comprising particles of size less than 5mm and with less than 10% being finer
than 0.15mm. Fine sand is generally regarded as the material finer than 1.0mm. The particle
size distribution of the sand determines its particular use such as roofing tile sand, plaster
sand, concrete fine sand, concrete coarse sand, masonry sand, fill sand, grout sand, bedding
sand, filter sand and so on. Sand is used all over the world in the construction industry and is
an essential raw material for providing infrastructure and shelter. The primary use of sand is
in the manufacture of concrete and concrete products such as ready mixed concrete, masonry
products, poles, stumps, manholes, pipes, panels, beams, walls, roof tiles and a diverse range
of other products. Sand can be used as fine aggregate in asphalt manufacturing, as filter for
water and other fluids, filler for manufactured products, bedding for pipes, slabs and cables,
in drainage media, mortar, grout, landscaping, soft surfaces (playgrounds), recreation
(artificial beaches, golf bunkers, tennis courts), filling for raising or levelling the land. The
riverbeds are the main sources for the natural sand. These natural resources are being
depleted very fast, due to over exploitation and contamination by chemicals and waste from
nearby industries. This causes scarcity of natural sand. The natural sand is transported from
available places to the construction sites. Transporting river sand to the construction sites
increases its sale price significantly. Specifications which are generally guided by Australian
and International Standards require sand to have particular physical and chemical
characteristics such as particle size distribution limits, hardness, inertness, water absorption
limits, density, mineral type, durability and to be free of deleterious matter.

1.3 CONSTITUENTS OF CONCRETE

On the off chance that a concrete is to be reasonable for a specific reason, it is important to
choose the constituent materials and consolidate them in such a way as to build up the
exceptional qualities required as economical as could be allowed. The determination of
materials and decision of strategy for developments isn't simple, since numerous factors
influence the nature of the concrete created, and both quality and economy must be
considered.

The attributes of cement ought to be assessed in connection to the required quality for any
given development reason. The nearest practicable way to deal with flawlessness in each
property of the concrete would bring about poor economy under many conditions, and the
most attractive structure is that in which the concrete has been composed with the right
accentuation on each of the different properties of the concrete, and not exclusively with a
view to getting of greatest conceivable quality [5].

1.4 CEMENT
Cement is a binder, a substance utilized as a part of development that sets, solidifies and
clings to different materials, binding them together. Concrete is from time to time utilized
exclusively, however is utilized to bind sand and rock (total) together. Cement is utilized with
fine aggregate to deliver mortar for stone work, or with sand and rock totals to create
concrete.

Cement is a fine mineral powder produced with extremely exact procedures. Blended with
water, this powder changes into paste that bind and hardens when submerged in water. Since
the creation and fineness of the powder may change, bond has diverse properties relying on
its cosmetics.
Cement is the primary segment of concrete. It's a prudent, superb development material
utilized as a part of development ventures around the world.
Concretes utilized as a part of development are typically inorganic; frequently lime or
calcium silicate based, and can be described as being either pressure driven or non-water
driven, contingent on the capacity of the bond to set within the sight of water.
TABLE 1.1 TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT

These mixes connect with one and other in the furnace to from a progression of more
unpredictable items. Portland bond is differed in type by changing the relative extents of its
four overwhelming substance mixes and by the level of fineness of the clinker granulating. A
little variety in the creation or extent of its crude materials prompts a substantial variety in
compound structure.

Calculation of the chemical composition of the portland cement is generally based on the
bogue composition (RH bogue). In addition to the main compound, their exits minor
compound such as MgO, TiO2, K2O, and Na2O; they usually amount to not more than a few
percent of the mass of the cement.

Present knowledge of cement chemistry indicates that the major cement compounds have the
following properties .

• Tri calcium silicate, C3S hardens rapidly and is largely responsible for initial set and
early strength development. The early strength of Portland cement concrete is higher
with increased percentages of C3S.

• Di calcium silicate, C2S hardens slowly and contributes largely to strength increase at
ages beyond one week.

• Tri calcium aluminate, C3A liberates a large amount of heat during the first days of
hardening. It also contributes slightly for early strength development. Cements with low
percentages of this compound are especially resistant to soils and waters containing
 sulphates. Concrete made of Portland cement with C3A contents as high as 10.0%, and
sometimes greater, has shown satisfactory durability, provided the permeability of the
concrete is low.

• Tetra calcium alumino ferrite, C4AF reduces the clinkering temperature. It acts as a flux
in burning the clinker. It hydrates rather rapidly but contributes very little to strength
development. Most colour effects are due to C4AF series and its hydrates . The
compounds tricalcium aluminate and tricalcium silicate develop the greatest heat, then
follows tetracalcium aluminoferrite, with dicalcium silicate developing the least heat of
all.

1.5 TYPES OF CEMENT

The division of cements into various sorts is essentially close to a load up practical order, and
there may now and then be wide distinction between bonds of ostensibly a similar kind. Out
of the few kinds of cement, two of them i.e. Portland pozzolana bond and customary Portland
concretes delivered in Indian concrete manufacturing plants have been utilized for this
exploration and briefly discussed below.

1.5.1 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT

Ordinary Portland (type - I) cement is reasonable for general development when there is no
presentation to sulfates in the soil. The standard requires that it is produced using 95 to 100
percent of Portland concrete clinker and 0 to 5 percent of minor extra constituents. Minor
extra constituents are at least one of alternate cementitious materials or filler. Filler is
characterized as any regular or inorganic mineral material other than a cementitious material .
Varieties in its arrangement may create a distinction of up to 20 percent in the compressive
quality of concrete that is made with it; however uniform outcomes are possible by drawing
cement from one wellspring of supply.

1.5.2 PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT

Portland pozzolana cement is made by mixing 10 to 30 percent by weight of pozzolanic
material with Portland concrete; either by straightforward blending or by entombs crushing
with concrete clinker. The calcium hydroxide freed amid the procedure of hydration of the
bond joins gradually with the pozzolana to give it cementious properties, there by adding to
water snugness and since quite a while ago, proceeded with pick up in quality of the solid.
Portland pozzolana bond is especially reasonable for use in mass solid structures, (for
example, in dam and scaffold docks), where low warmth of hydration is wanted; pressure
driven structures of various sorts where water snugness is imperative; structures subject to
assault from ground water, ocean water or weakened modern squanders; and submerged
development where concrete is stored by pail. A pozzolana might be utilized as a halfway
substitution of the fines of sand, without a decrease of bond content, where high early quality
is required .

1.6 HYDRATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT

Hydration of Portland concrete is the chemical reaction it experiences when gotten contact
with water. In any case, dissimilar to the response of alternate calcareous concretes, hydration
of Portland bond is a much more perplexing wonder. This is so since Portland bond is a
heterogeneous blend of a few synthetic mixes, which are intricate in themselves .
The most vital segments of Portland bond from the quality improvement perspective are C2S
and C3S which, on hydration, from similar mixes in contrasting extents, C3S2H3 is the last
result of hydration of both C2S and C3S, the response of hydration can be return for C3S and
C2S separately, as takes after
2(3Cao.SiO2) + 6H2O 3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O + 3Ca (OH)2

2(2CaO.SiO2) + 4H2O 3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O + Ca (OH)2

1.7 ADMIXTURES
Admixtures are materials other than cement, aggregate and water that are added to concrete
either earlier or amid its blending to change its properties, for example, workability, curing
18 temperature extend, setting time or shading. Nowadays a blend without admixture is an
exemption. Admixture is a synthetic item which is add to the solid blend in amounts nor
bigger than 5% by mass of bond amid blending or amid an extra blending operation
preceding the putting of cement, to achieve a particular alteration to the ordinary properties of
cement [18] Admixtures are equipped for giving significant physical and economic
advantages as for concrete production. The utilization of admixtures results in attending
investment funds. For instance in the cost of work required to impact compaction and in
enhancing toughness without the utilization of extra measures. [20]
1.7.1 TYPES OF ADMIXTURES

Based on the function, the classification of admixtures as per ASTM Ca94-92 is as follows[4]
• Type A: Water reducing
• Type B: Retarding
• Type C: Accelerating
• Type D: Water reducing and retarding
• Type E: Water reducing and accelerating
• Type F: High range water reducing or super plasticizing

Type G: High range water reducing and retarding, or super plasticizing and retarding.
The science of solid admixtures is a perplexing subject requiring top to bottom information
and experience. A general comprehension of the choices accessible for solid admixtures is
essential for getting the correct item for the activity, in view of climatic and employment
prerequisites.

The particular impact of admixtures must be comprehended before they are utilized; in
addition, the particular impacts created may shift with the properties and extents of alternate
elements of the blend The manufacturers recommend the dosage of the various admixtures,
usually expressed as a percentage of the mass of cement in the mix, but they are often varied
according to circumstances. The effectiveness of any admixture may vary depending on its
dosage in the concrete and also on the constituents of the mix, especially the properties of the
cement. Some of the characteristics property of superplasticizers, as it is used for this
research work, is mentioned in the following section [16].

1.8 SUPERPLASTICIZERS

ASTM C 494-92 refers to superplasticizers as "water-diminishing, high range admixtures

Compared to what is normally alluded as "water reducer or "mid-extend water reducer"
superplasticizers are high range water reducer. Superplasticizers are water solvent natural
polymers, which must be blended, utilizing an intricate polymerization process, to create long
particles of high atomic mass, and they are hence generally costly. High range water reducers
are admixtures that permit huge water diminishment or more prominent stream capacity
without considerably abating setting time or expanding air entrainment.
1.8.1 EFFECTS OF SUPERPLASTICIZERS

The principle activity of the long atoms is to wrap themselves around the bond particles and
give them a profoundly negative charge with the goal that they repulse each other. These
outcomes in deflocculating and scattering of bond part at given water concrete proportion and
water content in the blend, the scattering activity or superplasticizers builds the workability of
cement. The second utilization of superplasticizers is in the creation of cement of typical
workability however with a great degree high quality attributable to an extremely significant
decrease in the water/bond proportion. Instrument of the activity of superplasticizers has not
been completely clarified, it is realized that they associate with C3A whose hydration is
hindered.

1.9 DRAWBACKS OF USING NATURAL RIVER SAND

Natural Sand (NS) is deficient in many aspects when used directly for concrete production,
due to some of the listed factors: From the environmental point of view:
Extraction of the sand from river bed in excess quantity is hazardous to the environment It is
a common sight that well foundations of the bridges are exposed considerably, due to
excessive extraction of sand around the sub structure endangering the sub structure of the
bridges. Excessive mining of the sand from river beds reduces the water head. This is due to
the less percolation of rainwater in the ground. The absence of sand in river bed results in
more water being evaporated due to direct sunlight. The sand shortfall in river beds will
affect the water filtration. The arguments are mostly in regard to protecting river beds against
the erosion and the importance of having natural sand as a filter for ground
water. For these reasons, periodic restrictions are being introduced by governmental
authorities against the collection of river sand. Recently many countries have established
policies aimed at utilizing the local materials as much as possible for building construction.
The growing shortage and price rise of the natural sand also raise questions that a
construction industry shall think about it. Due to short supply of natural sand and the
increased activity in construction sector, it has become an imperative to look for viable
alternatives of natural sand. With natural sand deposits the world over drying up, there is an
acute need for a product that matches the properties of natural sand. The Manufactured Sand
(MS), i.e. quarry sand which is available in abundance in various quarries is one of the major
alternative material that can be used instead of natural sand in concrete. In this thesis, the
various properties of manufactured sand concrete are compared with those of the natural sand
concrete.

1.10 MANUFACTURED SAND

The Manufactured Sand (MS) is a by-product of the crushing and screening process in the
quarries. Quarry generates considerable volumes of quarry fines while crushing the rock into
aggregates. It is also referred to as crushed rock sand, stone sand, crusher sand and crushed
fine aggregate. Quarry fines consist of a graded mix of coarse sand, medium sand and fine
sand sized particles, plus clay/silt fraction known as the ‘filler’ grade. Filler grade material is
defined by the industry as the material having less than 0.075mm (75 microns) in size. The
filler content is particularly important as it has a major impact on the technical properties.
The limitation on the passing 75 micron in specifications for natural sand for concrete is a
response to the presence of deleterious clay minerals within this fraction size. Clay minerals
are prone to cause cracking, dusting and shrinkage in hardened concrete, and they increase
the water demand in the mix design. When designing the concrete with natural sand, it is
necessary to restrict the passing 75 micron to a level that prevents the possibility of clay
minerals being present in quantities that would result in the potential issues described. With
the introduction of manufactured sand, there has been a gradual recognition that much of the
passing 75 m materials are ground into primary minerals and not as clay minerals. These
materials act as a rock flour or filler and have advantages in the concrete mix. The effect of
this material on water demand still requires careful monitoring and needs to be considered in
mix design. The filler grade content of these fine materials is reduced by washing it with
water to produce a clean, saleable ‘sand’ product.

1.11 PRODUCTION OF MANUFACTURED SAND

Manufactured sand is produced and used in various countries such as Norway, USA,
Australia, South Africa and India in the regions abundant with rock quarries. In USA
limestone and granite account for 86% of the rock used to make manufactured sand, with the
remainder made from basalt, dolomite, sandstone and quartzite, Ahn and Fowler (2001). The
quality (mineralogical, chemical and physical properties) of manufactured sand depends upon
the type of rock quarries and the degree of processing it has undergone. David Manning
(2004) claimed that igneous rocks produce about 10% to 30% quarry fines. Limestone
including dolomite and chalk quarries typically produces around 20% to 25% of fines,
whereas sandstone quarries produce up to 35% of fines.

1.11.1 CRUSHER

A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large rocks into smaller rocks, gravel and rock
dust. Crushing process of quarried rock is carried out mainly in three stages, namely Primary
stage, Secondary stage and Tertiary stage. For each stage a different type of crusher is used to
reduce the size of the quarried rock from upwards of 1.5m blocks to successively smaller
sizes, until it reaches finer than 20mm. Each of these crushing stages produces quarry fines.
The more the stages, the higher the proportion of fines generated. Primary crushing is
normally carried out by jaw or gyratory crushers and subsequent stages of crushing by cone
or impact crushers Hudson et al (1997). The ‘rock-on-rock’ principle maximizes sand
production without compromising either the shape or the texture. The reason for this lies in
the crusher technology, which allows the material to crush itself by the action of centrifugal
force and attrition, rather than by relying on breaker bars, hammers or cones. These result in
lower energy consumption and wear costs than other types of crushers, providing further
saving in the overall production cost.

1.12 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES

One of the main challenges in aggregate production, especially when producing crushed
aggregates from hard rock quarries is to obtain a satisfactory mass balance. Unless special
processing precautions are taken, the manufactured sand will end up with more or less
uncontrolled fine content, far in excess of what can be tolerated. Any excess fraction that has
to be kept on stock or even more deposited will create an economic as well as an
environmental problem. From the data found from manufacturers of manufactured sand, the
production of crushed aggregate gives an imbalance of particle sizes. So the particle size
distribution curve of manufactured sand is adjusted during manufacturing of the material.
Stress fractures, caused by compressive or impact crushing, will preferentially form along
mineral grain boundaries and also across grain boundaries where internal weaknesses already
exist. Therefore, manufactured sand tends to consist of more angular and irregularly shaped
particles compared to natural sand, which tends to contain more rounded particles. This
makes the manufactured sand (crushed sand) suitable for use in asphalt and concrete as
angular particles give a better mechanical interlock. However, manufactured sand products,
particularly if they are to be used in concreting mixes, must be consistent in quality and be
acceptable in grading. Therefore it necessitates to be manufactured in a purpose-designed
crushing and screening process in contrast to crusher dusts from hard rock quarrying
produced as residues of coarse aggregate production.

TABLE 1.2 COMPARISON BETWEEN NATURAL AND MANUFACTURED SAND

Natural sand Manufactured sand

Has lots of fines Has enough fines

Has smooth surface Surface is rough
Rounded to sub - angular in shape Particles are angular
Particles are in excellent shape for Grains have sharp edges and are
concrete sometimes irregular
High cost Low cost

1.13 OBJECTIVES OF USING MANUFACTURED SAND

❖ To minimize the waste

❖ To generate revenue

❖ To minimize volumes accumulating and taking up space in a quarry

❖ To reduce the costs of storage and disposal

❖ To satisfy the customer demand for products for which fines are a by-product

❖ To achieve sustainability

❖ To ensure landscape restoration

❖ To reduce the extraction of natural sand

1.14 ADVANTAGES OF MANUFACTURED SAND (M-SAND)

❖ Is well graded in the required proportion.

❖ It does not contain organic and soluble compound that affects the setting time and
properties of cement, thus the required strength of concrete can be maintained.
❖ It does not have the presence of impurities such as clay, dust and silt coatings,
increase water requirement as in the case of river sand which impair bond between
cement paste and aggregate. Thus, increased quality and durability of concrete.

❖ M-Sand is obtained from specific hard rock (granite) using the state-of-the-art
International technology, thus the required property of sand is obtained.

1.15 Properties of Manufactured Sand for Concrete Construction Higher Strength of

concrete

The manufactured sand has required gradation of fines, physical properties such as
shape, smooth surface textures and consistency, which makes it the best sand suitable
for construction. These physical properties of sand provides greater strength to the
concrete by reducing segregation, bleeding, honeycombing, voids and capillary. Thus
required grade of sand for the given purpose helps the concrete fill voids between
coarse aggregates and makes concrete more compact and dense, thus increasing the
strength of concrete.

A) Durability of concrete

Since manufactured sand (M-Sand) is processed from selected quality of granite, it has the
balanced physical and chemical properties for construction of concrete structures.This
property of M-Sand helps the concrete structures withstand extreme environmental conditions
and prevents the corrosion of reinforcement steel by reducing permeability, moisture ingress,
freeze-thaw effect increasing the durability of concrete structures.

B) Workability of concrete

Size, shape, texture play an important role in workability of concrete. With more surface area
of sand, the demand for cement and water increases to bond the sand with coarse aggregates.
The control over these physical properties of manufacturing sand make the concrete require
less amount of water and provide higher workable concrete. The less use of water also helps
in increasing the strength of concrete, less effort for mixing and placement of concrete, and
thus increases productivity of construction activities at site

C) Less Construction Defects

Construction defects during placement and post-concreting such as segregation, bleeding,
honeycombing, voids and capillarity in concrete gets reduced by the use of M-Sand as it has
optimum initial and final setting time as well as excellent fineness.

D) Economy
As discussed above, since usage of M-Sand has increased durability, higher strength,
reduction in segregation, permeability, increased workability, decreased post-concrete
defects, it proves to be economical as a construction material replacing river sand.It can
also save transportation cost of river sand in many cases.

E) Eco-Friendly
Usage of manufactured sand prevents dredging of river beds to get river sand which
may lead to environmental disaster like ground water depletion, water scarcity, threat
to the safety of bridges, dams etc. to make M-Sands more eco-friendly than river sand

Figure 1 Production of M sand in plant

Sand is a vital ingredient in making two most used construction materials viz. cement
concrete and mortar. Traditionally River sand, which is formed by natural weathering of
rocks over many years, is preferred as fine aggregate. The economic development fuelling the
growth of infrastructure and housing generates huge demand for building materials like sand.
The indiscriminate mining of sand from riverbeds is posing a serious threat to environment
such as erosion of riverbed and banks, triggering landslides, loss of vegetation on the bank of
rivers, lowering the underground water table etc. Hence, sand mining from riverbeds is being
restricted or banned by the authorities. Controlling extraction along rivers has caused the
illegal activities to spread into hillside and farmlands, creating public hazards such as
landslide, deep ponds, and hanging cliffs. This sand extracted from fields (popularly known
as filter sand), in addition to depleting the fertile top soil, impairs the quality of concrete /
mortar. Manufactured sand, which is obtained by crushing the rock, is emerging as a viable
alternative to river sand. This material is in use for quite some time in developed countries.
The use of this sand (also called artificial sand, M Sand, Robo Sand etc.,) is picking up in
India in major cities.

1.16 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Sand, as a standout amongst the most available natural sources, has been utilized as building
material since the earliest days of civilization. It is characterized as ""continuously graded
non-consolidated material (sediment) present on the earth's surface due to the natural
disintegration of rocks ".

The most natural and least expensive sources of sand are riverbeds and these regular assets
are immediately exhausted. For different reasons, good sand isn't generally promptly
accessible and must be transported from substantial separations. Transport is an imperative
factor in the cost of building sand. Moving construction sand to the market altogether
expands the offering cost of the market because of the high transport costs. The utilization of
particular sand stores relies upon the execution of these materials in standardized engineering
tests, including, yet not constrained to, particle size distribution, shape and level of sludge or
clay.

There is agreement that natural sand, currently available, is inadequate on many aspects to be
used directly for the production of concrete. Some of the factors include:

• It does not contain fine particles, in the required ratio.

• Contains an organic and soluble compound that influences the curing time and
properties of cement

• The presence of impurities such as clay, dust and silt coatings increases the water
requirement and reduces the adhesion between cement paste and aggregate.
• The presence of organic materials influences the durability of the concrete and
therefore shortens the life of the concrete product. From an environmental point of
view the following areas are having problems in the future.

• The digging of the sand from riverbeds reduces the water level, as a result of which
less rain water seeps into the soil, resulting in a lower groundwater level.

• In the absence of sand, more water evaporates as a result of direct sunlight.

• If there is no sand in the river bed, no water is filtered.

1.17 PRESENT WORK

High-quality concrete that replaces manufactured sand has more advantages in the
construction sector. The fundamental motivation behind high-quality concrete is to build up
the compressive strength of cement by replacing natural sand with manufacturing sand and
blending. To look at the workability of manufactured sand and the utilization of blending in
concrete. Research into the execution of these concrete terms of compressive strength and
split tensile strength. This work raises the utilizations of manufactured sand as an endeavour
at manageable improvement in India. It will help to find an answer for the declining
accessibility of natural sand to accomplish eco-adjust. Manufacturing sand is one of such
materials to replace river sand, which can be utilized as an elective fine aggregate in mortars
and cement. The utilization of manufactured sand in concrete is picking up force. The current
exploratory investigations have been completed on solid utilizing made sand as a fine
aggregate and have watched the impacts of crushed sand on the quality properties of
concrete.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEWED

This chapter is all about the previous work done by so many researchers across the world.
Substantial amount of works on this aspect have been carried out by great number of
researchers in India and abroad. Some notable contributions in this direction in recent past
have been made by scholars are presenting

Illangoan. R (2000) has completed an investigation on 100% substitution of sand by quarry

dust in concrete. The compressive strength of cement with quarry dust has 40% more than
that of the concrete with sand.

M. Shukla and A K Sachan (2000) contemplated ecological hazardous stone dust use in
building development. It is discovered that halfway substitution won't influence the quality
and furthermore take care of the issue of disposal of stone dust. The workability of cement
reduces with the increase in stone dust and this can be enhanced by including reasonable
admixtures.

H. Donza. O et al (2002) grew High-quality cement with various fine aggregate.. The test
work is basically concerned about the investigation of mechanical properties like
compressive quality, split rigidity and flexural quality of concrete by full substitution of
regular sand by manufactured sand as fine aggregate. Tests were done on cubes, cylinders
and unreinforced beams to consider the mechanical properties of cement.
Sahu A. K, in Januar (2002)study shows that There is increase in compressive strength
modulus of rupture and split strength by replacing natural sand with stone pressure west with
20 and 40 percent as fine aggregate.

Bhatty, J (2006) portrayed the high-volume utilization of fly ash as a raw material in the
make of Portland concrete. This approach gives three basic advantages to concrete
assembling and nature. To start with, being rich in silica, alumina, and iron, the fly ash can
basically replace raw materials in concrete crude encourage, for example, shale and earth,
which are generally mined or obtained. Second, the carbon content in fly fiery remains can
give a fuel supplement to the vitality concentrated cement manufacturing process.

Reddy (2007) from their trial consider on utilization of rock flow and insulator ceramic scrap
in concrete that the rock flow when utilized as fine aggregate expands the modulus of rupture
accordingly the flexural quality. From the investigation of green cement have containing
quarry dust and marble sludge powder it has been accounted for that the split strength of
green cement was 14.62% higher at 7days and 8.66 % higher at 28 days.

Hameed and Sekar (2009) examined impact of crushed stone dust as fine sand and found
the flexural strength increases than the concrete with natural sand however the qualities
diminishes as level of crusher dust increases.

Thaniya Kaosol (2010) has made examination on the reuse of concrete waste as crushed
stone for hollow concrete masonry units. The principle objective was to expand the
estimation of the concrete waste, to make an economical and productive transfer elective for
the concrete waste. Endeavours were made to use the concrete waste as crushed stones in the
mix blend to make hollow concrete blocks. Different percentages of crusted stones have been
attempted (i.e. 0%, 10%, 20%, half and 100%). From the outcomes they discovered concrete
waste can used to deliver hallow concrete block masonry units.

Wakchaure M. R. et al (2012) presents the impact of the utilization of artificial sand as fine
aggregate in concrete as substitutes to common sand. The trial work is for the most part
worried about the investigation of mechanical properties like compressive quality, split
rigidity and flexural quality of cement by full substitution of characteristic sand by simulated
sand as fine total. Tests were done on cubes, cylinders and unreinforced beams to think about
the mechanical properties of concrete using artificial sand and compared with conventional
concrete.
Rajendra P. Mogre et. al. (2013) contemplated the substitution of natural sand by artificial
sand. They finished up from exploratory outcomes that, blends with mixes with artificial sand
as a fine aggregate gives preferable qualities over blends of normal sand because of sharp
ages of the particle in artificial and furnish preferred bond with concrete over adjusted
molecule of natural sand.

M. Adams Joe et al (2013) investigate the effect of M-Sand in structural concrete by

replacing river sand and develop a high performance concrete. It is proposed to determine
and compare the differences in properties of concrete containing river sand and M-sand. It is
also proposed to use steel fibres and chemical admixtures to increase the strength and
workability of concrete respectively. The investigations are to be carried out using several
tests which include workability test, compressive test, tensile test, and flexural test.

G. Balamurugan and P. Perumal (2013) examined the variation in the quality of concrete
when replacing sand by quarry dust from 0% to 100% in steps of 10%. M20 and M25
evaluations of cement were taken for consider keeping a constant slump of 60mm. The
compressive quality of concrete cubes at 7 and 28 days were gotten at room temperature.
Likewise the temperature impact on concrete cubes at 100oC on 28th day of casting was done
to check the loss of quality. From test comes about it was discovered that the most extreme
compressive strength is acquired just at half substitution at room temperature and net strength
after loss due to hike in temperature was above the recommended strength value due to 50%
replacement itself. This outcome gives a reasonable picture that quarry dust can be used in
mix blends as a decent substitute for natural river sand giving higher quality at half
substitution.
Nimitha Vijayaraghavan and A S Wayal (2013) concluded from experimental research that
the river sand can be fully replaced by manufactured sand.

Priyanka A. Jadhav and Dilip K. Kulkarni (2013) composed mortar mix having extent as
1:2, 1:3 and 1:6 with water cement proportion of 0.5 and 0.55 separately is utilized as a part
of experimental study. Mortar cube specimens are tested for assessment of compressive
strength. The mortar displays phenomenal quality with half substitution of natural sand by
manufactured sand. This paper advances the utilizations of manufactured sand as an
endeavour towards manageable improvement. It will discover suitable answer for the
declining accessibility of natural sand to make eco-adjust
Sheetal A. Sahare et al (2015) has been explore an impacts of artificial sand with quarry
dust on compressive strength, split strength and flexural strength of various concrete blends
when naturall sand is totally supplanted by manufactured sand.

Nithyambigai. G (2015) explored the strength of concrete mix at 28-day and 56-day age
containing 0%, 25% and 50 % of fine aggregate by M. Sand and 0%, 25% and 50 % of
cementitious materials by fly ash.

Chandrasekar R et al (2015) carried out for utilization of waste foundry sand (WFS) in
High strength concrete. The waste foundry sand was replaced in the place of normal sand
with four different percentages (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%). The several tests such as
compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, ultrasonic
pulse velocity (UPV), rebound hammer test, are performed for 7 days and 28 days to obtain
the behavior the concrete due to foundry sand.

M. Manoj Pravarly and S. Mahesh (2016) concentrated on accomplishing high

performance characteristics of concrete by contrasting M80 and M90 grades. The quality,
workability and Durability properties for the two evaluations are thought about by varying the
percentage of ROBOSAND with natural sand by 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% together
with fly ash remains of 20% substitution in cement.

Prasanna K and Anandh K S (2016) investigates M60 grade concrete with fine aggregate
substitution extent 0%, 25%, half, 75% and 100%. The properties, for example, compressive
strength, split tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity are determined from cubes and
cylinders cast with manufactured sand acquired from kundrathur and river sand taken from
Araniar basin.

Muthukumar T and Sirajudeen K (2016) performed the experimental investigation on high

performance concrete using M50 grade mix proportion. High performance concrete achieved
by, 100% replace the fine aggregate by crusher wash sand and partial replacement of cement
by micro silica (i.e., 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% & 25%). Glenium b233 were added for workability
of concrete mix. A result data obtained has been analysed and compared with a control
specimen. A relationship between Compressive strength vs. days, Tensile strength vs. days,
and Flexural strength vs. days represented graphically. Result data clearly shows percentage
increase in 7 and 28 days Compressive strength, Tensile strength and Flexural strength for M-
50 Grade of Concrete. Combination of micro silica, crusher wash sand and super plasticizer
in this experimental study show a great improvement in the compressive strength as well as
tensile properties .Cement was replaced by micro silica by 20%, however strength increases
by 16.5%. High Performance Concrete strength is achievable using micro silica.

M. Manoj Pravarly and S. Mahesh (2017) concentrated on accomplishing high

performance characteristics of concrete by contrasting M80 and M90 grades. The quality,
workability and Durability properties for the two evaluations are thought about by varying
the percentage of ROBOSAND with natural sand by 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% together
with fly ash remains of 20% substitution in cement. The compressive strength, split tensile
strength and flexural strength are thought about for the two grades and results are classified
and the optimum percentages are concluded.

Anjali Prajapati et al (2017) studied the effect of performance of HPC using mineral
admixture i.e. fly ash and GGBS with M-60 grade of IS cube specimen .We partially replaced
Portland cement by weight of binder. Fly ash and GGBS replacement varies from 10% to
30%. We used Conplast SP430-Sulphonated Naphthalene Polymers as a superplasticizer for
better workability for high performance concrete. Dosage for superplasticizers is same for all
mix proportions. Also, we have replaced fine aggregate in different proportions with foundry
sand. We have investigated compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength
for all different cases. The HPC mix, grade M60concrete is designed as per Indian standards
“Guide for selecting proportions for high strength concrete with Pozzolana Portland cement
and other cementitious materials”.

M. N. Bajad Sarang Sakhare 2018 studied the the properties of concrete and mortar by
replacing the 100% natural sand with artificial sand. The results have shown that the natural
sand can be replaced with the artificial sand to produce concrete and mortar of satisfactory
strength and durability.

2.2 LITERATURE SURVEYED

A study of various articles published between 2002 and 2017 yields contemplates that vary in
scope and level of analysis, yet with reliably great outcomes. A review of experimental
studies performed by different researchers has been completed to analyse different
operational parameters viz. workability, toughness and compressive strength of cement with
crushed sand as replacement to the natural sand. The information collected over the course of
investigation prompt the accompanying conclusions;
1. The concrete with crushed sand performed better than concrete with natural sand as
the quality of concrete mix increased.

2. The flexural strength of concrete with crushed sand was marginally increased on the
strength of concrete with natural sand.

3. The concrete with crushed sand performed better than concrete with natural sand as
the quality of concrete mix increased.

4. The flexural strength of concrete with crushed sand was marginally increased on the
strength of concrete with natural sand.

5. The workability of concrete manufactured with crushed sand was lesser than that
manufactured with natural sand.

6. The round shape and smooth surface texture of natural sand reduces the inter particle
friction in the fine aggregate component so that the workability is higher in natural
sand. Manufactured sand particles are angular in shape and their rough surface texture
improves the internal friction in the mix. Because of that the workability is reduced.

7. Manufactured sand is free from chemical impurities such as sulphates and chlorides
which improves the properties of concrete like strength and durability.
 CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

3.1 OBJECTIVE OF PRESENT WORK

The general objective of this research work is

➢ To find out workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural
strength of concrete specimens for Mix design for M 30 grade concrete with
various
replacement levels of manufactured sand.
➢ To compare the strength characteristics using M sand and natural sand in concrete.
➢ To find out the optimum percentage of artificial sand to get maximum strength of
concrete.
➢ Study on properties of fresh and hardened concrete with the replacement of fine
aggregate by various proportions of manufactured sand.
➢ Comparing the results with conventional concrete mix.
➢ The objective of this study is to search alternatives material which can fully or
partially replaced naturally available material in construction
➢ The main purpose of this study is to reduce the use of conventional material for
making the concrete.
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