ADDI

SABABASCI
ENCEANDTECHNOLOGYUNI
VERSI
TY

Col
l
egeofNat
ural
andSoci
alSci
enceEl
ect
romechani
cal
Engi
neer
ing

Sect
ionA

Cour
se:
Mechani
cal
Wor
kshop

I
ndi
vi
dual
Assi
gnment

Namei
dNo.

Al
l
alem Mul
awETS0150/
14

Submi
ssi
onDat
e:8/
10/
2023

Submi
tt
edt
o:
Lat
heMachi
neOper
ati
on

Lathei samachi net hathelpsinshapingsev eralmateri

alpi
ecesint he
desiredshapes.Al atheisamachi net hatrot
atesthepieceont heax i
sin
ordertoper formv ariousoperati
onsl i
kecut t
ing,
faci
ng,knurl
ing,deformat i
on
andmor e.Met alspinning,
thermalspr ayi
ng,woodturni
ngandmet alworkingare
thecommonoper ati
onsper f
ormedwi t halathemachine.Onecanev enshape
potterywi t
ht hi
swor kingwonder .What evermateri
alusedinlathemachi ne
whet hermet alorwoodi smoldedf i
rst.Themostcommonl yusedl athesarethe
woodwor ki
ngl at
hes.

LathesOper at
ions
Thegener aloperati
onsdonewi t
hthelathearegroov i
ng,tur
ning,cut
ti
ng,
sandingandet c.ifanyonewant stooperatethelathemachinet henhemust
fi
rstknowaboutt hefeeds,cutt
ingspeed,depthoft hecutandusageoft ool
shouldbeconsi dered.Eachlatheoperati
onhasgoti t
sownf actorst
hatneedto
beconsi der
edbef oredoingthewor k.Thefactor
sshoul dbeusedpr oper
lyso
thatonecanav oi
df r
om mi shandl
ingandmi shapswhi leper
forminganykindof
l
atheoper at
ion.Wi t
hev erycutdesir
edthespeed, depthandf eedofthel
athe
machi neischangedf orprecisi
on.

Thevar
iousoper
ati
onst
hatcanbedonewi
tht
hehel
pofl
athemachi
near
eas
fol
l
ows:

1.Tur
ning:
-

Turningist hemostusual sor

tofoper ati
oncar r
iedinalmostev erysingle
l
athemachi neeverproduced.Turningcanbeex plai
nedast hepr ocessofget ti
ng
ri
doft heex tramateri
alformthewor kpiecetogener ateacyli
ndr icalsurf
ace
tother equiredl
ength.Thewor kpi
ecei splacedrightbetweent hecent reand
spinnedatt hedesiredpace.Thelathemachi net henstart
smaki ngamov ementi
n
thelongitudinal
dir
ectioninordertomov etowardst heheadstockal ongt he
perfectcutofdepth.Thesur f
acef i
nishisabsolut el
ygood.

2.Faci
ng:
-

Iti
saprocessofdiminishingthetot
allengthoft hepiecebyputti
ngi t
i
ntothesquarewhichleadst otheaxi
sofl athe.Thepr ocessofdecreasi
nga
surf
acethatisfl
atatt
heendpoi ntofthewor kpiece.Thechoppingedgeoft he
sharpt
ollcouldbeconsideredastheheightsameasoft heworkpiececent
re.

3.TheChamf
eri
ngPr
ocess:
-
TheChamf er
ingprocesscanbedef inedorex pl
ainedast heobtai
ningofthe
bevell
edsurf
aceatedgeofawor kpiecethatiscyli
ndricali
ngeomet r
y.The
processi
saccompl i
shedjustwhent heshaftandbol tends.TheChamf eri
ngplay
s
anexcell
entrol
etoav er
tfrom thedamagest othev erysharpedgesand
safeguar
dtheprocessforthepeopleoper at
ingthelathewhi l
eengagedinother
work.Chamferi
ngonbol tplay
sacr ucial
roletoholdt hescrew(nut)fi
mly.

4.Knur
li
ngoper
ati
on:
-

Theknur li
ngoper at
ioni sthepr ocessofat t
aini
ngadi amondst ructur
eont he
workpiecei norderforal i
ttl
eassi stancef orgri
pi tmoreper f
ectly.Aproper
orper f
ectgr i
pisthemai nreasonwhent hesur f
aceisadmi nisteredbyhands
only
.Thi stwistedtaskcanonl ybedonewi ththeknurli
ngt ool.Thissmar t
mechani sm compr i
sesofast at i
onofaccust omedst eelroll
erandi sabletohol
d
thetoolpostmuchr i
gidly.Thef actisknur li
ngissupposedt obedoneatan
extr
emel ylowspeed.I tisappl i
cabl e/usefulonthehandl esandendsofgauges.
Thef eedv ari
escompl etelybetween1t o2mm percoupe.AtLeastt hreetot
wo
cutisessent i
altofurnishwi t
hf ullpotential
.

5.Thr
eadcut
ti
ng:
-

Iti
st hesi gnif
icantpr ocessi nwhi cht helatheneedst oacqui r
et hest eady
spiral cutbet terknownast hreads.Whenev ersucht hreadsorspi ralcutsare
creat edont heout ersur faceont hewor kpiecei sknownasout war dthr ead
cutting.Thet hr eadsorspi ral cutsar ecreat edint heinnersur faceon
wor kpi eceisknownasi nternal thr eadcut ti
ng.Thi swor kpieceisrevol vi
ngin
andar ound2cent resi.e.deadandl ivecent resort hel athe.Thesmar t
mechani sm ist henadv ancedv er ticall
ytoacqui retheneededt ypeoft hethread.
Thet ool whenpr ecededf r
om t her ightdirect i
ontot hel eftdir
ectiononecan
gett hel efthandedt hread.Li kewi sewhenev erthepr ogressedf rom lefttoright
onecanhav et her i
ghthandedt hr ead.Themov ementoft hecarriageher eis
furnishedwi tht heleadscr ew.Acoupl eofchangei nt hegear smov edt helead
screwbymov ingaroundt hehandl ewhi chist hedept hofcutcanbeadmi nister
ed.

6.Fi
l
li
ng:
-

Thisissaidt obeconcludi
ngpr ocedurewhichcomesi ntothepictureri
ght
aft
ert ur
ning.Itiscar
ri
edonl athetogetri
dofbur rs,sharpcornersand
thetrail
mar ksonwor kpi
ecewhi leal
soinanat temptt odragittot hesizeby
eli
minatingev enthesmall
estmet altr
aces.Theent i
repr ocesscompr i
sesof
gett
ingaf latsingl
ecutfi
lethroughandov ertheworkpi ecethatrevolv
esat
ahighpace.Thepacei snormal l
y2timesascompar edwi thturni
ng.

7.Pol
i
shi
ng:
-

Thisworkcomesint
oact i
onwhent hefil
i
ngi sdoneinor dertogett
he
surf
acequali
tyi
mprovisedworkpiece.Ifthepoli
shingisdonewi tht
hefi
nest
quali
tyemerycl
othr
ightafterf
ili
ngisdonesuccessf ul
lydel i
ver
sin
extr
emelysmoothandbr i
ghtsurface.Thelatherunsatar at
eof1500to1800
rpmsandoilist
akenintoconsiderati
onont heemer ycloth.
8.Gr
oov
ing:
-

Iti
st hetaskofel i
minati
ngtheworkpiecediameterwheni thasar eal
ly
taperingsurface.Anditcoul
dbedoneonl ywi t
ht hehelpofthegroovingtool
.
Agr oovingtoolisident
icalt
othedetachmentt ool.I
tisquit
enormal l
ydone
attheedgeofat hreadwhichfal
lsadjacenttotheshoulderinordertoleave
atinybor der
.

9.Spi
nni
ng:
-

I
tisthetaskofthecreat
ingami nut
emet al
sheetbytur
ningthelat
he
machineatahigherpaceandthenpushi ngitagai
nstaheadstockaxl
e.
Rei
nforcementi
sneededf rom t
hetail
stockedge.

10.For
ming:
-

Itcanbeexpl
ainedasthet
askoft
ransf
ormi
ngaconv
ex,
concav
eorofany
asymmetri
calstr
uctur
e.

11.Dr
il
li
ng:
-

Dril
lingistheprocessofcreat i
ngahol et
hati sofacy li
ndricalshapein
thewal l.I
tcanbedonewi t
hthehel pofar otati
ngr ot
atingmechani sm.The
rotatingpartofthesli
cerbetterknownast hedr il
l
ingdr i
ll
.Dur i
ngthis
procedur etheworkpieceusmov i
nginandar oundaf aceplate,orachuckandt
he
dri
llisheldagainstthedri
llholderofthetail
stockandt hechuckoft he
dri
llchuck.Themat eriali
spulledoutandi simpact edbyt hemot iononthe
tai
lstockaxle.Thistechni
quei sacceptedwidel yfort
hedr il
li
ngshaped
wor kpiece.

12.Reami
ng:
-

Reami ngistheprocesswhi chcouldbeexpl

ainedast het askoff
inali
zingand
classif
yingaholewhi chalreadyhasbeenbor edordril
led.Themechani sm i
s
knownasr eamerwhichcomesf it
tedwi
thmul t
iplepl
atecut t
ingf
ringes.The
reameri sheldupagai nstat ai
lst
ockaxl
e,di
rectlyort
hr oughthedril
lchuck
andi supholdatafixeddest i
nati
onwhil
ethewor kisrev ol
vedatav er
yslow
pace.

13.Bor
ing:
-

Boringi sthet askofex pandingoft heholewhi chhasbeendr il

ledalr
eady ,
forged, puched.Howev eritcannotr esul
tintoahol e.Bor i
ngi sidenti
calto
theex teri
ort urni
ngt askwhi chcanbecar riedouti nal athe.I nthis
procedur et hewor kpieceisr otatedinafacepl at
eorchuckandt hemechani sm
arefixedi ntothewor k.Itcompr isesofabor ingbart hatj usthasonesi ngl
e
pointcut ti
ngmechani sm whichexpandst hehole.Ital sor ectif
iesthe
cyli
ndrical-nessofahol e.Thi stechniqueisadopt edf orbor ingt i
nysized
j
obsonl y.Theonl ythi ngisthatt hepaceoft heprocessi ssl ow.
14.Tappi
ng:
-

Tappingisexplai
nedastheprocedureofsl i
cingthethreadsofsmalldi
ameter
thr
eadst hatareatt
heint
eri
orwhi l
etakingintoconsiderati
ona
multi
-cutti
ngmechanismsbetterknownast hetap.Alathertheobj
ecti
suphel
d
onaf aceplat
eoronachuckandwhi rl
edatav er
yslowpace.At apofthe
neededex panseisuphel
dagainsttheax l
e.