This is a guide to the American Psychological Association (APA) referencing system for XJTLU students.

However, please always refer to your module

handbook or any specifications for further guidance, as your lecturers/tutors may prefer a different style of referencing.

This guide gives advice on referencing using the American Psychological Association (APA) System. This is the preferred referencing system for social science
at Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University. There are numerous different types of referencing systems available. And most style guides fall into two commonly
used systems: 1) author-date system (Harvard, APA) and 2) numeric system (Vancouver, MLA). To be noted, APA is an author-date style for citing and
referencing information in assignments and publications. Bibliographic style is a personal choice, it is about whether titles are italicised, in bold,
underlined, authors’ full names or initials are included. Before writing list of references, check with your lecturer or tutor for the bibliographic style preferred.
There may be differences in the style recommended by the Department. This guide is based on the American Psychological Association’s Publication Manual,
6 edition.
th

When writing assignments, you must acknowledge the source of your ideas and quotes in sufficient detail so that readers can locate the item. Referencing
is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to enable readers to follow up what you have written and locate the cited work. Plagiarism is
defined by Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University Student Regulations as “Reproducing material from other works or a paraphrase of such material without
acknowledgement”. For more information on how to avoid plagiarism please refer to Department of Registry.
It is often not easy (or possible) to retrieve sources after you have written your text. For this reason, it is best to write down all the citation details of a source
as you use it, and to compile a reference list at the end of the document that includes full details of all references cited. Bibliographic software, such as
EndNote, RefWorks, or Zotero, will help you organize your references according to different citation systems and to add the citations to your text.

• In-text citation - Citing in the text of your work: this means acknowledging, within your text, the sources that you have used.
• Your Bibliography (containing bibliographic citations): these are the details of the sources you have used. You list them in alphabetical order at the end
of your work. This is your reference list. You can see instructions for developing your bibliography later in this guideline.

In-text citations:
• In an author-date style, in-text citations usually require the name of the author(s) and the year of publication.
• A page number is included if you have a direct quote, paraphrase a passage or you want to direct the reader to a specific page. Page numbers may also
be included if you are referring to a long work and the page numbers might be useful to the reader.

How to create a reference list/bibliography:

• A reference list contains only the books, articles, and web pages etc. that are cited in the text of the document. A bibliography includes all sources
consulted for background or further reading.
• A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If an item has no author, it is cited by title, and included in the alphabetical list using the first
significant word of the title.
• If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items chronologically, starting with the earliest publication.
• If you have more than one item with the same author (or with the same two or more authors in the same order) and the same publication date, use
the suffixes a, b, c and so forth, after the year.
• If you have several works by different first authors with the same surname, arrange works by different authors with the same surname alphabetically
by first initial.
• If you have works with group authors, such as associations or government agencies, list works by the first significant word of the name. Full official
names should be used. A parent body precedes a subdivision.
Books (printed and electronic) .......................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter in A Book ....................................................................................................................................... 7
Journal Articles (printed and electronic) ............................................................................................................... 7
Conference Papers and Proceedings .................................................................................................................... 9
Newspaper and Magazine Articles .................................................................................................................... 10
Dissertations and Theses .............................................................................................................................. 11
Reports .................................................................................................................................................. 12
Web Pages .............................................................................................................................................. 12
Other Electronic Media ................................................................................................................................ 13
Audiovisual and Other Media ......................................................................................................................... 15
Unpublished Works .................................................................................................................................... 16
Patents .................................................................................................................................................. 17
Secondary Reference ................................................................................................................................... 17
Direct Quotations ...................................................................................................................................... 18
Self-referencing ........................................................................................................................................ 18
Further Help and Contacts ............................................................................................................................. 19
Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................................... 19
APPENDIX .............................................................................................................................................. 20
Author(s), editor(s) or corporate author1 of book – family name and initials (Year of publication). Title and any subtitle of the book – italicised. (Edition ed. – if it is not the first)
Place of publication: Publisher.

• … conceals very large individual differences (Doob,

1971). or Doob, L. W. (1971). The patterning of time. New Haven: Yale University
Single author
• Doob (1971, p. 25) claims that … or Press.
• Doob (1971, pp. 25-40) argues that …

• … above chance (for a detailed treatment theory, see

Macmillan, N. A., & Creelman, C. D. (2004). Detection theory: a user’s guide.
2 authors Macmillan & Creelman, 2004). or
Mahwah: Erlbaum.
• Macmillan and Creelman (2004) found …

• Henriques, Hollway, Urwin, Venn, and Walkerdine (1998) Henriques, J., Hollway, W., Urwin, C., Venn, C., & Walkerdine, V. (1998).
3 -5 authors found … or Changing the subject: psychology, social regulation and subjectivity. New
• Henriques et al. (1998) found … York: Taylor & Frances/Routledge.

Black, C. P., Arlo, S. T., Rechit, R., Machlen, J. P., Sempson, K., Bee, A. L., …
Clark, S. P. (2001). APA format for psychology students. Newark: Prentice-
• It was argued that … (Black et al., 2001) or Hall.
6 or more authors
• Black et al. (2001) suggests that … Give surnames and initials for up to and including seven authors. When
authors number eight or more, include the first six authors’ names, then
insert three ellipses, and add the last author’s name.

1 Corporate author refers to agency, body, or organization that authorizes or commissions a publication, and under whose official name it is entered in the publisher’s catalogue.
 • … in the book The ultimate APA format guidebook, … The ultimate APA format guidebook. (2006). Hartford: Student Press.
2
No author (2006) or Anonymous. (2004). Do: leadership the army way. San Francisco: Jossey-
• There is an interesting example (Anonymous, 2004) … Bass.

Willmott, W. F. (2004) Rocks and landscapes of the national parks of

Southern Queensland. Brisbane: Geological Society of Australia, Queensland
Multiple works by the • … geology of Queensland’s national parks (Willmott, Division.
same author 2004, 2006). Willmott, W. F. (2006) Rocks and landscapes of the national parks of
Southern Queensland. Brisbane: Geological Society of Australia, Queensland
Division.

Multiple works by the

same author, Dawkins, R. (1996a) Climbing mount improbable. London: Viking.
• … geographically speaking (Dawkins, 1996a,1996b) …
published in the same Dawkins, R. (1996b) River out of Eden. London: Phoenix.
year

Dawkins, R. (1996) Climbing mount improbable. London: Viking.

Two or more works by Willmott, W. F. (2004) Rocks and landscapes of the national parks of
• … rock formations (Dawkins, 1996; Willmott, 2004) …
different authors Southern Queensland. Brisbane: Geological Society of Australia, Queensland
Division.

• Among studies, we review J. T. Klein (1990) and J. Klein

(1992). Klein, J. T. (1990). Interdisciplinary: history, theory, and practice. Michigan:
Authors with the same If two works with more than three authors shorten to the Wayne State University Press.
surname same form, cite the surnames of the first authors and of as Klein, J. (1992). Greek mathematical thought and the origin of algebra. New
many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish York: Dover Publications.
the two references, followed by a comma and et al.

2 Please be noted that it is very rare for a publication which actually has no author. If possible, try to avoid citing works where the author is not obvious. However if you do need to cite a work which appears to have
no author, use the abbreviation Anon for Anonymous. However, if it is a reference to newspapers where no author is given, or a web page that has no clear author, the citation should be treated differently. Please
refer to the later section in this guide.
 • … in the case of an institution (Australian Government
Australian Government Publishing Service. (1987). Commonwealth printing
Groups as authors Publishing Service (AGPS), 1987) … or
and publishing manual (2nd ed.). Canberra: AGPS.
• … as stated in AGPS (1987).

Pring, R. (2004) Philosophy of educational research. (2nd ed.) London:

Later editions • … the meaning of educational research (Pring, 2004), …
Continuum.

Everson, S. (Ed.). (1991). Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.
• (Everson, 1991)
Edited book Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R., & Wrightsman, L. S. (Eds.). (1991). Measures of
• (Robinson, Shaver, & Wrightsman, 1991)
personality and social psychological attitudes. Measures of Social
Psychological Attitudes Series: Vol. 1. California: Academic Press.

Author (Year). Title of series. In Title of Series. Place of publication:

Publisher.
Book Series • Jung (2012) argues that …
Jung. C. G. (2012) Analytical psychology: notes of the seminar given in 1925.
In Series in Jung Seminars. New York: Princeton University Press.

Stephen, S. (2010). Visual research methods in the social sciences.

doi:10.4324/9780203883860
Electronic version of • Stephen (2010) argues that …
Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer
printed book • (Shotton, 1989)
dependency [DX Reader version]. Retrieved from
http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index.asp

Real Academia Espaliola. (2001). Diccionario de la lengua espaflola

[Dictionary of the Spanish language] (22nd ed.). Madrid, Spain: Author.
Translation of a book • (Real Academia Espaliola, 2001)
If a non-English reference work is used as the source, give the title in the
original language and, in brackets, the English translation.
Author(s) or corporate author of chapter – family name and initials (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In Editor(s) of book (Ed(s).), Title of book – italicised (Page numbers).
Edition, Place of publication: Publisher.

Chapter in an edited Eisler, H. (1996). Time perception from a psychophysicist’s perspective. In H.

• … (Eisler, 1996).
book Helfrich (Ed.), Time and mind (pp. 65-86). Seattle: Hogrefe and Huber.

Strong, E. K., & Uhrbrock, R. S. (1923). Bibliography on job analysis. In L.

Chapter in an
• Strong and Uhrbrock (1923) shows that … Outhwaite (Series Ed.), Personnel research series: vol. 1. job analysis and the
electronic book
curriculum (pp. 140-146). doi:10.1037/10762-000

Several volumes in a Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology: a study of science (Vols.1-6). New
• … (Koch, 1959-1963) …
multivolume work York: McGraw-Hill.

Entry in a reference/ Woodrow, H. (1951). Time perception. In S. S. Stevens (Ed.), Handbook of

• … up to a number of seconds (Woodrow, 1951).
handbook experimental psychology (pp. 1224-1236). New York: Wiley.

Author(s) of the article – family name and initials (Year of Publication). Title of the article. Title of journal – italicised, Volume(Issue number), Page number(s). doi: DOI3 number

3 The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a system for identifying content objects in the digital environment. DOIs are names assigned to any entity for use on digital networks. Information about a digital object may
change over time, including where to find it, but its DOI will not change. You can usually find the DOI number when you view the article details – either on the summary page after you have done a search or
contained in the full-text document of the article itself.
or Retrieved from URL4

Journal articles with Wang, L. (2011). An information literacy integration model and its
• Wang (2011) expanded on the theory …
page numbers application in higher education. Reference Services Review, 39(4), 3-20.

Sanchez, D., & King-Toler, E. (2007). Addressing disparities consultation and

Online journal article
• … (Sanchez & King-Toler, 2007). outreach strategies for university settings. Consulting Psychology Journal:
with DOI number
Practice and Research, 59(4), 286-295. doi:10.1037/1065-9293.59.4.286

Briscoe, R. (in press). Egocentric spatial representation in action and

Journal article in press • … (Briscoe, in press). perception. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Retrieved from
http://cogprints.org/5780/1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf

Cleren, C., Starkov, A. A., Calingasan, N. Y., Lorenzo, B. J., Chen, J., & Beal, M.
F. (2004). Promethazine protects against the neurodegeneration induced by
Abstract as original
• … (Cleren et al., 2004). MPTP and 3NP in rodents [Abstract]. The Neuroscience Meeting Planner.
source
San Diego: Society for Neuroscience. Retrieved from
http://www.sfn.org/Annual-Meeting

Tani, C., Ohtomo, R., Osaki, M., Kuga, Y., & Ezawa, T. (2009). ATP-dependent
Online-only but proton gradient-independent polyphosphate-synthesizing activity in
supplemental material • … (Tani, Ohtomo, Osaki, Kuga, & Ezawa, 2009). extraradical hyphae of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Polyphosphate
in a journal article concentrations) [Supplemental material]. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology, 75(22), 7044-7050. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01519-09

4 URL is abbreviated for Uniform Resource Locator, which means the Internet address of online resource. You should be careful when copying and pasting URL from the browser as it could happen to be invalid when
you re-open the URL. More details please refer to the APPENDIX.
Author(s) of paper – family name and initials (Year of Publication). Title of paper or poster. Title of published proceedings – in italics. Place of Publication: Publisher, Page
number(s).

Katz, I., Gabayan, K., & Aghajan, H. (2007). A multi-touch surface using
multiple cameras. In J. Blanc-Talon, W. Philips, D. Popescu, & P. Scheunders
Published conference • An article emphasized … (Katz, Gabayan, and Aghajan,
(Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Vol. 4678. Advanced Concepts for
paper 2007)
Intelligent Vision Systems (pp. 97-1 08). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
doi: 10. 1 007/978-3-540-7 4607-2_9

Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., & Lent, R. (2008).
Online published The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National
• Herculano-Houzel et al. (2008) found …
conference paper Academy of Sciences, USA, 105, 12593-12598.
doi:10.1073/pnas.0805417105

Muellbauer, J. (2007, September). Housing, credit, and consumer

Unpublished expenditure. In S. C. Ludvigson (Chair), Housing and consumer behavior.
• … estimating partner change (Muellbauer, 2007), …
conference paper Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas
City, Jackson Hole, WY.

Paper presentation or Wang, J. (2013, May). Optical properties of grapheme/GaN hybrid structure.
poster session in • … (Wang, 2013 May) … Poster session presented at the Spring Meeting of European Material
conference Research Society, France.
Author(s) – family name and initials (Year and Date of Publication). Title of the article. Title of newspaper or magazine – italicised, pp. Page number(s). Retrieved from URL

Newspaper article in Chai, J. (2012, October 15). What happiness is? China Daily, pp. B1, B3, B5-
• Chai (2011) …
print B7.

Online newspaper McElvoy, A. (2014, January 19). China has half an answer to our maths
• … (McElvoy, 2014) …
article problem. The Times. Retrieved from http://www.thetimes.co.uk

Utah mom buys all of store’s ‘indecent’ t-shirts. (2014, January 19). USA
Newsletter article with Today. Retrieved from
• … (“Utah mom buys”, 2014).
no author http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/01/18/indecent-t-
shirts-utah/5592377/

Author(s) – family name and initials (Year and Date of Publication). Title of the article. Title of magazine – italicised, Volume(Issue number), Page number(s). Retrieved from
URL

Price, M. (2013, December). China and Japan: seven decades of bitterness.

Magazine article • … (Price, 2013).
Monitor on Psychology, 30(5), 20-25.
 Author (Year, Date). Title. Title of magazine – italicised. Retrieved from URL

Online magazine A point of view: why every household should have its own currency. (2014,
• … (“A point of view”, 2014) …
article January). BBCNewsMagazine. Retrieved from
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine

Author of thesis – family name and initials (Year of preparation of thesis). Title of doctoral dissertation or master's thesis – italicised (Doctoral dissertation or Master’s thesis,
Institution issuing degree, Location of institution). Retrieved from URL or Available from Databases.

Suen, Y. W. (2008). Backward inhibition in pathological gamblers (Doctoral

Thesis from a
• … (Suen, 2008) … dissertation, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong). Retrieved
university
from http://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/55143

Author (Year). Title of thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master's

thesis). Name of Institution, Location.
Unpublished
• … (Wang, 2013). Wang, J. (2013). Optical properties of graphene/GaN hybrid structure
dissertation or thesis
(Unpublished master’s thesis). The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong
Kong.

Scott, M. R. (2013). Psychosocial variables as predictors of gaming behaviors

Thesis from a and gaming addiction in the massively multiplayer online game World of
• Scott (2013) …
commercial database Warcraft. (Master’s thesis). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and
Theses Database.
Author(s) of report – individual or organization. (Year of Publication). Title of report – italicised (Report Number (if applicable)). Place of publication: Publisher or Institution.
Retrieved from Agency name: URL – if it is electronic resource.

Report with corporate • … for females (U.S. Department of Health and Human U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2007). Health, United
author Services, 2007). States, 2007. Hyattsville: National Center for Health Statistics.

Spiro, R. J. (1988). Cognitive flexibility theory: advanced knowledge

acquisition in ill-structured domains (Technical Report No. 441). Retrieved
Authored report • … (Spiro, 1988) …
from Institute of Education Sciences:
http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED302821.pdf

Beede, D., Julian, T., Langdon, D., McKittrick, G., Khan, B., & Doms, M.
Issue brief • … (Beede et al., 2011) … (2011). Women in STEM: a gender gap to innovation (ESA Issue Brief No. 04
-11). Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce.

Author(s) of page – individual or organization. (Year, Date of published). Title of page – italicised. Retrieved from URL
 Otto, J. (2012, August 24). Assessing and improving data literacy: a study
Web page with author • … this agreement (Otto, 2012). with urban and regional planning students. Retrieved from
http://unllib.unl.edu/LPP/PNLA%20Quarterly/otto76-4.htm

Web page with no What is the Harvard method? (2010, August 24). Retrieved from:
• … (“What is the Harvard method?”, 2010) …
author http://www2.lse.ac.uk/library/services/training/endnote/whatisharvard.aspx

Beacons of the information society: the Alexandra Proclamation on

Web page with no information literacy and lifelong learning. (n.d.) Retrieved from:
• … (“Beacons of the Information Society,” n.d.) …
date of publication http://www.ifla.org/publications/beacons-of-the-information-society-the-
alexandria-proclamation-on- information-literacy-

Author(s) of item – individual or organization. (Professional name). (Year of publication). Title of item – in italics [type of media]. Retrieved from URL – if it is electronic resource.

Berliner, A. (1959). Notes for a lecture on reminiscences of Wundt and

Lecture notes • (OWL at Purdue University, 2004) Leipzig [Lecture note]. Anna Berliner Memoirs (Box M50). Archives of the
History of American Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, OH.

Tunbridge, D. I. (2003). Volunteer crew of MLO 10 of the ACT bushfire service

patrolling the Mount Franklin Road containment line, Brindabella ranges, on
Digital photograph • … (Tunbridge, 2003) …
the night of 11/12 January 2003 [Digital photograph]. Retrieved from
http://www.nla.gov.au/apps/cdview/?pi=nla.pic-an24954618
 Gilbert, B. (Producer), & Higgins, C. (Screenwriter/ Director). (1980). Nine to
Motion picture • … (Gilbert & Higgins, 1980) …
five [Motion picture]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox.

National Geographic Society (Producer). (2014, February 13). Do you know

where your roses come from? [Video podcast]. Retrieved from
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/culture-places-
• … (National Geographic Society, 2014).
Video podcasts news/140214-ecuador-flowers-vin/.
• … (Schneller, Willis & Harris, 2008).
Schneller, P., Willis, P. (Producer), & Harris, H. (Director). (2008, February
21). Human origins [Video podcast]. Retrieved from
http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/2008/02/21/2169093.htm

Nature News. (2014, February 10). NewsChat [Audio podcast]. Retrieved

Audio podcasts • … (Nature News, 2014) …
from http://www.nature.com/nature/podcast/

Dom. (2011, July 17). Start to finish: Bonjah’s ‘go go chaos’ [Blog post].
Blog posts • … (Dom, 2011) … Retrieved from
http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/homeandhosed/blog/s3259100.htm

ESL4free. (2013, March 2). IELTS reading series two: 30 - texting [Video file].
Retrieved from
Video blog posts • … (ESL4free, 2013) …
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYSB7oHXQFs&list=PLbJGK-
RVV5vsRyxIP6Kxt527x4IHpYqGX

Smith, M. B. (1989, August 12). Interview by C. A. Kiesler [Tape recording].

Recording Interview • … (Smith, 1989) … President's Oral History Project, American Psychological Association. APA
Archives. Washington, DC.
 Sparkman. C. F. (1973}. An oral history with Dr. Colley F.
Sparkman/Interviewer: Orley B. Caudill. [Interview transcript] Mississippi
Oral History Program (Vol. 289), University of Southern Mississippi,
Interviews • … (Sparkman, 1973) … Hattiesburg.
Interviews that are not retrievable should be cited in text as a personal
communication (including month, day, year) and not included in the
reference list (see section on unpublished works).

Issuing body. (Year of Publication). Title of item – in italics [Type of media], Place of Publication: Publisher. Retrieved from URL.

Department of Mines and Energy, Queensland. (1996). Dotswood [Map],

• … reading this map (Department of Mines and Energy,
Map Australia 1:100 000 geological series, sheet 8158, Queensland, Brisbane:
Queensland, 1996) …
Department of Mines and Energy.

China [Topographic map]. (2009). Retrieved from

Maps online • … (“China”, 2009) …
http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/cn.htm.

Jobes, D. J. (2007). Adolescent boys who are suicidal [DVD]. Retrieved from
DVDs • … (Jobes, 2007) …
http://www.apa.org/pubs/videos/4310807.aspx.

Westlife. (2005). You raise me up. On face to face [CD]. London: Universal
Music recording • … “You raise me up” (Westlife, 2005, track 1).
Music Publishing Ltd.
 Yang, F. T. (Executive producer). (2004, June 20). China news [Television
Television programs • … (Yang, 2004) …
program]. Beijing: CCTV Ltd.

Gunton, M. (Executive producer). (2009). Life [Television series]. United

Television series • … (Gunton, 2009) …
Kingdom: BBC Natural History Unit.

Fairfax, F. (Writer), Mulholland, T., & Rich, J. (Directors). (2005). The curse of
Television series Tutankhamun [Television series episode]. In P. Dolling [Executive producer],
• … (Fairfax, Mulholland, & Rich, 2005) …
episode Egypt: red is covering a lost world. United Kingdom: British Broadcasting
Corporation.

Author(s). (Year). Title of work – italicised. Unpublished manuscript [or “Manuscript submitted for publication”, or “Manuscript in preparation”].

Personal communication may be unpublished lecture notes, letters, memos,

personal interviews, telephone conversations, email or messages from non-

Personal • Bi, X. (personal communication, October 18, 2013) archived discussion groups or bulletin boards, photographs, images, tables

communications • (Yang, L. P., personal communication, October 20, 2013) or data.

Cite personal correspondence in text only. Do not include in the Reference
List.

Wang, J. (2014). Optical properties of graphene/GaN hybrid structure.

Manuscripts • … (Wang, 2014) … Unpublished manuscript. Department of Physics, the University of Hong
Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
 Manuscripts
Deng, Z., & Xu, S. J. (2014). Efficiency of multi-junction solar cells.
submitted for • … (Deng & Xu, 2014) …
Manuscript submitted for publication.
publication

Inventor(s). (Year). Patent number – italicised. Issue place: Issue institution.

• U. S. Patent No. 123,445 (1988)

Smith, I. M. (1988). U. S. Patent No. 123,445. Washington, DC: U. S. Patent
Patents In text, give the patent number and issue date (not application
and Trademark Office.
date) of the patent.

When you want to quote a piece of work that has been referred to in something you have read – this is called ‘secondary referencing’ as you have not read or
accessed the original author’s work. Strictly speaking, you should try and read the original work, but this may be not possible. If you still want to refer to
the work, you must make it clear in your text that you have not read the original but are referring to it from a secondary resource.

For your bibliography, you would include only the source you have read.
 • Wembley (1997, as cited in Olsen, 1999, p.156) argues
Secondary reference that impending fuel shortages … or Olsen, M. (1999) My career. Paris: Gallimard.
• … (Wembley, 1997, as cited in Olsen, 1999, p.156).

A direct quotation is quoted directly word by word from another author’s work, or from your own previously-published work. If the quotation is fewer than
40 words, incorporate it into your paragraph and enclose the quotation in double quotation marks.

If the quotation has 40 or more words, display it in an indented, freestanding block of text, without quotation marks. At the end of a block quotation, cite
the quoted source and the page number in parentheses, after the final punctuation mark.

If you have directly quoted words from a source (in inverted commas, or in an indented paragraph), provide the author, year, and specific page number for
that quotation. (For material without page numbers, give the paragraph number.) Include a complete reference in the reference list.

You should typically avoid citing your own writing from assignments etc. derived from your programme of study. Citation should be derived from
authoritative literature or sources.

If you are simply citing your own professional or academic writing drawn from publications outside your programme of study, such as a contribution to a
journal, book chapter or online contribution (such as a blog post), then you should reference these sources using the normal method mentioned in the earlier
sections of this guide.
If you have any difficulties using any of the reference schemes mentioned above, or any other referencing format which you have been asked to use by your
instructors, please contact your librarian (https://libguides.lib.xjtlu.edu.cn/c.php?g=655374). Remember, it is always helpful to consult the person for
whom you are writing, whether it is a tutor or an editor, as to which style of referencing they want you to use.

This guide is inspired by the following pieces of work and excellent sites:

American Psychology Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychology Association (6th ed.). Washington DC: American Psychology Association.
The University of Queensland. (2009). References/ Bibliography APA. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from https://www.library.uq.edu.au/
University of Southern Queensland. (n. d.) APA referencing guide. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from http://www.usq.edu.au/library/referencing/apa-referencing-guide
Cornell University Library. (2011). APA citation style. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from http://www.library.cornell.edu/resrch/citmanage/apa
Dalhousie University Libraries. (2009) APA Style (6th) quick guide. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from http://www.library.dal.ca/Files/How_do_I/pdf/apa_style6.pdf
The following notes provide some general tips on obtaining a direct link to e-resources.

The most important thing is to make the bibliography functional. If the resource is part of an online collection subscribed by Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool
University, it can be directly accessed on campus or accessed via VPN when off-campus. The link you create should be stable and accessible to the audience
if they access the item on any University campus which has a subscription for the item. They may also be able to access the resource off-campus.

You should take care when simply copying and pasting the URL from the address bar of your Web browser. If the website you are using is available via public
WWW pages then you can probably use the URL of the resource you are viewing. If the site is a subscribed collection then you will probably not be able to
copy and paste the URL, since the URL may contain ‘session’ information and may be invalid when used later. Many systems such as Discover provide tools
to create a stable link to individual e-resources.

If you conduct a search in Discover and choose one of the references to view the Detailed Record, the page will be shown as the first screenshot here. The URL
in Web browser is invalid for you to cite. Discover enable you to get the stable link via ‘permalink’ function in the Tools panel. After you click ‘permalink’,
you will be directed to a new page with a stable link which is derived from the website of the e-journal collection (see the second screenshot).