MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER– 2023 EXAMINATION
MODEL ANSWER - ONLY FOR THE USE OF RAC ASSESSORS
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English
+ Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022.
Hence if the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner shall
consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model answer.

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. No. Scheme
1 Answer any SIX of the following: 30M
1 a What are nutraceuticals and antioxidants? Give their therapeutic applications of 5M
both
Marking Scheme: Definition of nutraceuticals – 1M; Antioxidants -1M; Therapeutic
applications of each: 1.5M each (0.5M for each application)
Answer:
Nutraceuticals:
Nutraceuticals is defined as a substance which can be considered as food or part of food 1M
which in addition to its normal nutritive value provides health benefits including prevention
and treatment of disease.
Therapeutic applications: (Consider any three applications)
1) Nutraceutical provide several benefits in arthritis, cold and cough, sleeping
disorder, digestion etc.
2) Nutraceuticals are used to prevent certain cancers. 1.5M
3) They are used in osteoporosis, blood pressure, cholesterol control, pain killers, (0.5M
for each
depression and diabetes.
point)
4) Nutraceuticals are also used in the management of diverse clinical conditions such
as Allergy, Eye infection, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinsonism, Cardiovascular
diseases, diabetes, etc.
5) Nutraceuticals are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Antioxidants:
1M
Antioxidants or inhibitors of oxidation are compounds which retard or prevent the oxidation
in general and prolong the life of the oxidisable matter.

Page No: 1 of 19
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER– 2023 EXAMINATION
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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. No. Scheme
Therapeutic applications: (Consider any three applications)
1) Antioxidants are substances that may protect cells from the damage caused by
unstable molecules known as free radicals. 1.5M
2) They prevent heart and liver diseases, some cancers, arthritis, accelerated aging, eye (0.5M
sight deterioration and neurodegenerative diseases. for each
point)
3) Beta- carotene and vitamins are shown to cause antioxidant effects and immune
enhancement.
4) Antioxidants play vital role in life of living system.
5) Antioxidants are abundant in fruits and vegetables and other foods including nuts,
grains and some meats, poultry and fish.
6) Common antioxidants include: Green leafy vegetables, including collard green,
spinach etc. beta-carotene is found sweet potatoes, pumpkins, mangoes etc.
7) Lycopene is a potential antioxidant found in tomatoes, watermelons, guava etc.
8) Some natural antioxidants like Ascorbic acid, tocopherol, Superoxide, adenosine
transferrin is used therapeutically.
9) Vitamin E (Tocopherol) is major radical trapper in lipid membrane and clinically
useful in cardiac damage.
10) Selenium is important dietary anticarcinogen corn oil, wheat germ oil is rich Source
of vitamin.
11) Various plant material like Amla, lemon myrobalan Contain Antioxidant in the form
of Ascorbic acid (Vitamin-C) it prevents formation of oxygen free radical.
1 b Write Biological Source, Chemical Constituents, Commercial Preparations, 5M
therapeutic uses and cosmetic uses of Almond oil.
Marking Scheme:
Biological source:1M; Chemical constituents:1M; Commercial preparation:1M;
Therapeutic uses: 1M; Cosmetic uses of Almond oil: 1M.
Answer:
Almond Oil
Biological Source:
Almond oil is a fixed oil obtained by expression from the seeds of Prunus amygdalus (sweet 1M
almonds) or P. amygdalus var. amara (bitter almonds) belonging to family: Rosaceae.
Chemical Constituents: (Consider any two correct constituents)
• Both varieties of almond contain 40-55% of fixed oil, about 20% of proteins, 1M
mucilage and emulsion.
• The bitter almonds contain in addition 2.5-4.0% of the colourless, crystalline,
cyanogenelic glycoside amygdalin.
• Almond oil consists of a mixture of glycerides of oleic (62-86%), linoleic (17%),
palmitic (5%), myristic (1%), palmitoleic, margaric, stearic and linolenic acid.

Page No: 2 of 19
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER– 2023 EXAMINATION
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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. No. Scheme
1M
Commercial preparation: (Consider any two correct constituents)
It is one of the ingredients of the preparation known as Baidyanath lal tail (Baidyanath
Company), Himcolin gel, Mantat, Tentex Royal (Himalaya Drug Company) and Sage
badam Roghan (Sage Herbals)

Therapeutic uses: (Consider any two correct constituents)

• Almond oil is used as a laxative, emollient, in the preparation of toilet articles and 1M
as a vehicle for oily injections.
• The volatile almond oils are used as flavouring agents.

Cosmetic uses: (Consider any two correct constituents)

• Expressed almond oil is an emollient and an ingredient in cosmetics.
1M
• Sweet almond oil may be applied directly to the skin and hair. It may also be easily
incorporated an active ingredient or an excellent carrier in skin and hair care
products as it offers deep penetration and significant moisture retention together
with high nourishing properties.
• It can also be used directly as massage oil.
1 c Give principle in detail about Homeopathic system of medicine. 5M
Marking Scheme: Each principle – 1M. Consider any five principles.
Answer:
Homeopathic system of medicines:
Principle:
Homeopathic medicine system works on the principle of “Similia Similibus Curentur”
It means that like diseases are cured by like medicine. (Means ‘Likes are cured by likes’).
Drugs produce similar symptoms as the disease (in healthy human beings) are administered.
Fundamental principles of Homeopathy:
1) Law of Simillia:
Drug used in the disease (if given to a healthy person) which produces similar symptoms
in a healthy person as found in the diseases. Thus, the symptoms of the disease are to be
matched with the pathogenesis caused by the drug.
2) Individualization-
No two individuals are alike in the world. Two individuals suffering from the same
disease show different responses hence medicine should be different.
3) Law of Simplex:
Single and simple medicine are prescribed at a time. (Combination is not allowed)

Page No: 3 of 19
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER– 2023 EXAMINATION
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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. No. Scheme
4) Law of minimum dose:
Drugs are administered in minimum quantity to prevent any hypersensitivity. Also,
chances of adverse effects are reduced or avoided if minute dosage is used.
5) Drug proving:
Curative power of a drug is judged by its ability to produce disease-like symptoms in a
healthy individual. Thus, exhibition of disease-like symptoms in a healthy individual by
the drug proves its curative power.
6) Drug dynamization or Perennialization –
Potency of drugs can be enhanced by dilution. Dilution removes the unwanted toxic
principles of drugs. Hence no adverse effects (but dynamically more effective)
7) Vital force-
Disease: disharmonious flow of the vital force.
Treatment: restore disordered vital force to normal.
Disease and health are two different quantitative states of this vital force.
1 d Define Laxatives. Give examples of it. Give synonym, Biological Source, Chemical 5M
Constituents of any one drug
Marking Scheme: Definition – 1M; Examples – 1M (Consider any 2 examples); For any
one drugs - Synonym – 1M; Biological Source – 1M; Chemical Constituents – 1M.
Answer:
Laxatives:
1M
• Drugs that loosen the bowels (intestine) OR
• The drugs producing, increasing, and hastening intestinal evacuation. OR
• The drugs which promote defecation
Examples: Aloes, Castor oil, Ispaghula, Senna leaves or Senna fruits 1M
(Synonym – 1M; Biological Source – 1M; Chemical Constituents – 1M for any one drug)
Aloes
• Synonyms – Korpad, Aloe, Musabbar, Kumari. 1M

• Biological Source – Aloe is dried juice of the of the leaves Aloe barbadensis 1M
(Cucrcao aloes), Aloe perryi (Socotrine aloes), hybrides of Aloe ferox & Aloe
africana or Aloe spicata (Cape aloes) belonging to Family Liliaceae.
• Chemical constituents –
1M
o Barbaloin is yellow color, crystalline glycosides, soluble in water, present in
all variety of aloe. It also contains Aloe emodin, resin.
o Isobarbaloin is present in Curaco and cape aloes.
o Cape aloes are characterized by the presence of an amorphous compound,
Beta barbaloin aloinosides A and B, Capaloresinotannol with p-coumaric
acid.
Page No: 4 of 19
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER– 2023 EXAMINATION
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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. No. Scheme
o The resin of curacao variety contains barbaloresinotannol with cinnamic
acid.
OR
Castor oil
• Synonyms – Oleum Ricini, Ricinus oil, Castor bean oil
• Biological source – Castor oil is the fixed oil obtained by cold expression of the
kernels of seeds of Ricinus communis belonging to Family Euphorbiaceae.
• Chemical Constituents –
o It contains Fixed oil mainly triglycerides of Ricinoleic acid, isorecinoleic
acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, isostearic acid.
o The viscosity of castor oil is due to ricinoleic acid.

OR
Ispaghula
• Synonyms – Isapgol, Isabgol, Spongel seeds
• Biological Source – Isapgol consists of dried seeds of the plant known as Plantago
ovata belonging to Family Plantaginaceae.
• Chemical Constituents –
o Husk and seeds contain mainly Mucilage.
o Chemically it contains pentosan & aldobionic acid.
o The products of hydrolysis are xylose, arabinose, galactouronic acid and
rhmnose.
o Fixed oil & proteins are also present.

OR
Senna Leaves
• Synonyms – Indian senna, Tinnevelly senna
• Biological Source –It consists of dried leaflets of Cassia angustifolia, belonging to
family Leguminosae. It contains not less than 2.0% of hydroxyanthracene
derivaties calculated as sennoside B.
• Chemical Constituents –
o Senna contains Anthraquinone glycosides mainly – Sennoside A, Sennoside
B, Sennoside C, Sennoside D
o Kaempferol, aloe-emodin, isorhamnetin.
o Myricyl alcohol,phytosterol,Salicylic acid, Mucilage, Resin etc.
o Aglycone of senna is Sennidin. It contains Mucilage.

OR

Page No: 5 of 19
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. No. Scheme
Senna Fruit
• Synonyms –senna pods, senna fruits
• Biological Source –It consists of dried pods of Cassia acutifolia belonging
to family – Leguminosae. Fruit contains not less than 1.5% of hydroxyanthracene
derivaties calculated as sennoside B.
• Chemical constituents –
o It contains Sennoside A and Sennoside B
o The pods are superior over leaves because they do not contain more
percentage of glycosides.
1 e Give Biological Source, Chemical Constituents of Vasaka leaves and Rauwolfia. 5M
Marking Scheme:
Biological Source: 1M for each drug; Chemical Constituents: 1.5M each drug.
Answer:
Vasaka leaves
• Biological Source – 1M
Vasaka consists of dried as well as fresh leaves of Adhatoda vasica belonging to
family Acanthaceae. It contains not less than 0.6% of vasicine on dried basis.
• Chemical Constituents –
Vasaka contains Quinazoline alkaloids. They are Vasicine, Vasicinone 1.5M
and Hydroxy vasicine. It also contains Vasakin (Yellow coloring matter), resin,
sugar, mucilage, beta sitisterol and Vitamin C.

Rauwolfia –
• Biological source –
It consists of dried roots of the plant known as Rauwolfia serpentina belonging 1M
to family Apocynaceae. It contains not less than 0.14% of alkaloids calculated as
reserpine.
Chemical constituents:
Main alkaloid – Reserpine 1.5M
Other alkaloids – Ajmalicine, ajmaline, rauwolfinine, rescinnamine, reserpinine,
yohimbine, serpentine & serpentinine.
Also contains oleo-resin, phytosterol, fatty acids, unsaturated alcohol & sugars.
1 f What is the crude drug evaluation? Enlist various types of evaluation of crude drug 5M
and explain in detail about physical evaluation of crude drug.
Marking Scheme:
Definition – 1M; List of types of evaluation of crude drugs – 1M; Physical evaluation of
crude drug – 3M (Consider any three physical evaluation method with explanation).

Page No: 6 of 19
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER– 2023 EXAMINATION
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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. No. Scheme
Answer:
Crude drug evaluation:
Evaluation of a drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and 1M
purity of drugs.
Various types of evaluation of crude drug
1. Organoleptic Evaluation 1M
2. Microscopical Evaluation
3. Chemical Evaluation
4. Physical Evaluation
5. Biological Evaluation
Physical evaluation:
• Physical standards are to be determined for the drugs,wherever possible.
• These are rarely constant for crude drugs, but may help in evaluation, specifically 1M for
with reference to moisture content, specific gravity, density, optical rotation, each
refractive index, melting point, viscosity, and solubility in different solvents. method
(consider
1. Moisture content- any 3
methods
a) The moisture content of a drug will be responsible for decomposition of
for 3
crude drugs either producing chemical change or microbial growth. marks)
b) So, the moisture content of a drug should be determined and controlled.
c) The moisture content is determined by heating a drug at 1050C in
an oven to a constant weight.
d) Crude Drugs with limits of Moisture content:
Drugs Moisture content (%) w/w
(Not more than)
Aloes 10.0
Ergot 08.0
Starch 15.0
2. Viscosity-
a) Viscosity of a liquid is constant at a given temperature and is an index of its
composition.
b) It can be used as a means of standardizing liquid drugs
c) Ex. Pyroxylin kinematic viscosity- 1100-2450 centistokes.
d) Liquid paraffin: kinematic viscosity not less than 64 centistokes.
3. Melting point -
a) In case of pure chemicals or phytochemicals melting points are very sharp
and constant.

Page No: 7 of 19
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. No. Scheme
b) As far as crude drugs are concerned, melting point range has been fixed due
to the mixed chemicals.
Drugs Melting point (0C)
Beeswax 62-65
wool fat 34-40
Cocoa butter 30-33
4. Optical rotation-
a) The ability of substances to rotate the plane of polarised light, is called optical
active.
b) Substances that have the ability to rotate the plane of the polarized light
passing through them are called optically active substances.
c) An enantiomer that rotates plane-polarized light in the positive direction, or
clockwise, is called dextrorotary (+).
d) while the enantiomer that rotates the light in the negative direction, or
anticlockwise, is called laevorotary (-).
e) Normally Optical rotation is determined at 250C using sodium lamp as the
source of light.

Drugs Angle of Optical rotation

Caraway oil +700 to +800
Clove oil 00 to -1.50
Honey +30 to -150

5. Refractive Index:
a) Refractive index is defined as the ratio of the velocity of light in vacuum
to velocity in the substance.
b) Depending upon purity it is constant for liquid and can be considered as one
of the criteria for its standardization.
c) Refractive index a compound varies with wavelength of incident
light temperature and pressure.

Drugs Refractive index

Caraway oil 1.4838 to 1.4858
Clove oil 1.5300 to 1.5310
d) Thus, to prove its acceptability as a drug, the following tests can be applied
to it, wherever possible.

Page No: 8 of 19
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. No. Scheme
6. Ash content
a) The Residue remaining after incineration is the Ash content of the drug
which are the inorganic salt naturally occurring in drug or adhering to it or
deliberately added to it as a form of adulteration.
b) It is one of the criteria to identify purity of the drugs.
c) Acid insoluble ash which is the part of total ash insoluble in dilute
hydrochloric acid and recommended for certain drugs.

Drugs Total Ash

Ginger 06.00
Clove 07.00

7. Extractives
a) The extracts obtained by exhausting crude drugs with different solvents are
approximate measures of their chemical constituents.
b) Various solvents are used according to the type of the constituents to be
analyzed.
c) Water soluble extractive is used for crude drugs containing water-soluble
constituents like glycosides, tannins, mucilage etc.

Drugs Water soluble extractive

not less than
Aloes 25.0
Ginger 10.0
d) Alcohol- soluble extractive is used for crude drugs containing tannins,
glycosides, resins, etc;
Drugs Alcohol soluble extractives
Aloes Not more than 10.0
Ginger Not less than 4.5

e) Ether-soluble extractives are used for drugs containing volatile and non-
volatile ether soluble fractions.
f) Alcohol- insoluble extractive: applicable to some resinous drugs
Drugs Alcohol in soluble extractives
Myrrh Not more than 70.0
Benzoin Not more than 24.0
8. Volatile Oil content:
a) Efficacy of several crude drugs is due to their odorous principles (i.e. volatile
oil)
b) Such drugs are standardized on the basis of their volatile oil contents.
Page No: 9 of 19
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. No. Scheme
Drugs Volatile Oil content not less than

Clove 15.0
Fennel 01.4

9. Foreign organic Matters-

a) The parts of the organ or organs other than those parts of drugs mentioned in
the definition and description of the drug are known as foreign organic
matters.
b) The maximum limit for the foreign organic matter is a given in the
monograph crude drugs.
c) If it exceeds the limit deterioration in quality of the drug takes place
1 g Describe in detail about chemical method of classification of crude drugs with 5M
suitable merits and demerits.
Marking Scheme: Chemical method of classification - 3M; Merits – 1M (0.5M for each
point); Demerits - 1M (0.5M for each point).
Answer:
Chemical classifications:
Here, the crude drugs are divided into different groups according to the chemical nature of
their most important constituent present in the drug towhich the pharmacological/therapeutic
activity of drug is attributed.

Type of Chemical Examples

Alkaloids Vinca, Cinchona, nux-vomica, Ipecac, opium
Glycosides Senna, Digitalis, Liquorice, Aloe
Lipids Castor oil, Peanut oil, Cod liver oil
Volatile oil Eucalyptus, Peppermint, Clove
Tannins Myrobalan, Kino, Catechu
Vitamins Shark liver oil, Cod liver oil
Resins and resin Myrrh Colophony, Benzoin, Asafoetida,
combinations Guggul, Balsam, Tolu
Carbohydrates and Acacia, Agar, Honey, Starch,
derived products

Advantages:
• It is useful for phytochemical studies of crude drugs.
• This type of classification is applicable to crude drugs containing similar type of
chemicals.
• Combination of drugs can be done for more or better therapeutic action.

Page No: 10 of 19
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. No. Scheme
Disadvantages:
• Drugs of different origin are grouped under similar chemical titles.
• This type of classification makes no proper placement of drugs containing two
different types of chemicals.
Eg: Certain drugs are found to contain alkaloids and glycosides (Cinchona), Fixed oil and
volatile oil (Nutmeg) of equal importance together and hence it is difficult to categorize
them properly.
2 Answer any TEN of the following: 30 M
2 a Explain qualitative test for Alkaloids in detail. (Any three) 3M
Marking Scheme: 1M for each test (Consider any three test)
Answer:
1) Mayer’s reagent (Potassium mercuric iodide solution):
When alkaloids are treated with Mayer’s reagent gives cream or pale-yellow precipitate. 1M for
each
2) Dragendorff’s reagent (Potassium bismuth iodide solution): test.
When alkaloids are treated with Dragendorff’s reagent gives brown or reddish-brown Consider
any three
colour or precipitate.
tests.
3) Wagner’s reagent: (Iodine and potassium iodide solution):
When alkaloids are treated with Wagner’s reagent gives brown or reddish-brown colour
or precipitate.
4) Hager’s reagent: (Saturated solution of picric acid):
When alkaloids are treated with Hager’s reagent gives yellow precipitate.
2 b Describe novel drug delivery of herbal formulation with its advantages and 3M
disadvantages.
Marking Scheme:
Description- 1M; Advantages – 1M (Any 2 points), Disadvantages – 1M (Any 2 points)
Answer:
Novel drug delivery of herbal formulation:
Novel drug delivery of herbal formulation approaches technologies, and system which
1M
provide a therapeutic amount of drug to the appropriate site in the body. It may help in
increasing the efficacy and reducing the side effect of variety of novel herbal formulation
like nanoparticle, nanocapsules, liposomes, nanoemulsion, phytosomes, microsphere and
ethosomes.
Advantages:
1M
1) Bioavailability, distribution, pharmacological effect of phytoconstituents can be
(0.5M
increased. for each
2) Release of drug can be targeted at specific site. point)
Page No: 11 of 19
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. No. Scheme
3) Targeted drug delivery avoid accumulation of drug in all tissues and toxicity can be
avoided.

Disadvantages:
1M
1) Unavailability of medicine.
(0.5M
2) Formulation trials are at laboratory level. for each
3) Industrial scale need modernization point)
2 c Five role of medicinal and aromatic plant in national economy. 3M
Marking Scheme: Any five role – 3M.
Answer:
Role of medicinal and aromatic plants in the national economy:
1) Medicinal and aromatic plants form a numerically large group of economically 03
important plants which provide basic raw materials for medicines, perfumes, marks
flavours and cosmetics. for any
five
2) A recent study indicates that the herbal drug market continues to grow at the rate of roles
15% annually.
3) Several hundred genera are used in herbal remedies and in traditional or folklore
medicines throughout the world.
4) The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 80% of the population of
developing countries rely on herbal medicines for their treatment.
5) Medicinal and aromatic plants and their products not only serve as a valuable source
of income for small land holder farmers and entrepreneurs but also earn valuable
foreign exchange by way of export.
6) Medicinal and aromatic plants are a good resource to develop new medicines and
treat the body and mind which is known as naturopathy. They are useful for
improving health and life.
7) Many synthetic medicines are based on plant extracts, which are used to create new
modern medicines.
2 d Write synonym, biological source and chemical constituent of coriander. 3M
Marking Scheme: Synonym - 1M; Biological Source - 1M; Chemical constituents-1M.
Answer:
Synonym:
Dhania, Coriander fruit 1M
Biological Source:
It is dried ripe fruits of plant Coriandrum sativum Linn belonging to family
1M
Umbelliferae. It should contain not less than 0.3 % of volatile oil.
Chemical Constituents:
1M
✓ It contains volatile oil, fixed oil and Protein.

Page No: 12 of 19
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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. No. Scheme
✓ Volatile oil contains D-linalool (coriandrol), L-borneol, geraniol, pinene.
✓ Leaf of coriander contains vitamin A.
2 e What are cardiotonics? Enlist 2 examples of crude drug of it and name the drug 3M
which gives killer killani test positive.
Marking Scheme: Definition - 1M; Examples -1M (0.5M each); Name of drug gives
keller killani test positive – 1M.
Answer:
1M
Cardiotonic:
These are drugs which provide strength or energy to heart muscle.
Drugs increase force of contraction of cardiac muscles and stimulates the activity of
heart muscles.
1M
Examples: Digitalis, Arjuna

Drug gives Keller killani test positive: Digitalis 1M

2 f Write Biological source, chemical constituent and therapeutic uses of cardamom. 3M

Marking Scheme:
Biological Source – 1M; Chemical constituents - 1M; Uses – 1M (0.5M for each use)
Answer:
Biological Source:
It consists of dried ripe fruit of plant Elettaria cardamomum belonging to family 1M
Zingiberaceae. The seed should contain not less than 4 % of volatile oil.
Chemical Constituents: 1M
It contains Volatile oil, Fixed oil and Protein. Volatile oil contains (cineole)
Eucalyptol, borneol, terpinene.
1M
Uses:
Carminative, Stimulant, aromatic, flavouring agent. It is used in form of compound
tincture.
2 g Give difference between antiseptic and disinfectants. 3M
Marking Scheme: Each point of difference – 1M; Consider any three points on each
side.
Answer:

Antiseptic Disinfectants 03
1) Antiseptic are the chemical sterilizing 1) Disinfectants are the substance which marks
for any
substance which are used to kill is used to destruction or to make a three
pathogenic microbes or for prevention surface free from pathogenic differen
of their growth. organisms. (kill bacteria and their ces
spores)

Page No: 13 of 19
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER– 2023 EXAMINATION
MODEL ANSWER - ONLY FOR THE USE OF RAC ASSESSORS
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. No. Scheme
2) It is used to prevent Sepsis. 2) It is used to sterilize the non- living
things.
3) It is used in lower concentration. 3) It is used in higher concentration.
4) They are non-toxic, hence applied 4) They are toxic, hence not directly
superficially on living tissues. applied to tissues.
5) They are applied to broken skin after 5) They are used for decontaminating
burns and wounds or to intact skin drains and faecal matter and for the
before surgical operation or injection. sterilization of instruments and
apparatus.
6) Example: Neem, Turmeric, Benzoin 6) Example: Neem oil, Pyrethrum
2 h Define sutures and ligatures. Write ideal requirements of sutures. 3M
Marking Scheme: Each definition – 0.5M; Ideal requirements- 2M (0.5M for each
point)
Answer:
Sutures:
0.5M
Sutures are sterile thread like strings or strands specially prepared and sterilized and
used in surgery for sewing, stitching tissues like skin, muscles, tendons etc. by a
needle.
Ligatures:
0.5M
Ligatures are used for tying the tissues and blood vessels without needle.
Ideal Requirements:
2M
1) They should be stored in dry, well-ventilated place at a temperature, not exceeding
0.5M for
25ºc. each
2) It must be sterile before use. point
3) It should not cause irritation.
4) It should have finest possible gauze.
5) It should have adequate strength.
6) If absorbable suture, time of absorption should be known.
7) It is used only single time.
8) It must be non-toxic to tissue.
2 i Define glycosides. Classify glycosides on the basis of linkage. 3M
Marking Scheme: Definition – 1M; Classification – 2M
Answer:
Glycosides 1M
Glycosides are an organic compound obtain from plants and animal source, which on
enzymatic hydrolysis gives one or more sugar moieties along with a non-sugar moiety,

Page No: 14 of 19
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER– 2023 EXAMINATION
MODEL ANSWER - ONLY FOR THE USE OF RAC ASSESSORS
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. No. Scheme
which are attached by glycosidic bond. Sugar moiety is called glycone and non-sugar moiety
is called aglycone.
Classification on basis of linkage 2M

1) C–Glycosides: Carbon atom combines with sugar.

Glycone-OH+HC-Aglycone-----Glycone-C-Aglycone

2) O-glycosides: Oxygen atom combines with sugar.

Glycone-OH+HO-Aglycone-----Glycone-O-Aglycone

3) S-Glycoside: Sulphur atom combine with sugar.

Glycone-OH+HS-Aglycone-----Glycone-S-Aglycone

4) N–Glycosides: In this glycoside nitrogen of NH group combines with sugar.

Glycone-OH+HN-Aglycone-----Glycone-N-Aglycone
2 j Define 'Adulteration'. Describe any two methods of adulteration. 3M
Marking Scheme:
Definition – 1M; Each Method of adulteration – 1M (Consider any 2 methods)
Answer:
1M
✓ Adulteration is defined as debasement of an article or substituting original drugs
partially or fully with other similar looking substance.
OR
✓ The substance which are mixed is free from or inferior in chemical and therapeutic
and chemical properties or addition of low grade or spoiled drugs or entirely different
drugs similar to that of original drugs substituted with an intention of enhancement
of profit.
2M
Methods of adulteration:
1) Substitution with substandard commercial varieties:
The adulterants used may have same morphological appearance to that of original drug
standard variety.
For example- Strychnos nux blanda mixed with original Strychnos nux vomica.

2) Substitution with morphologically same but inferior drug:

If the drug does not have minimum standard quality, then it is called inferior drug. It is
produced due to improper method of cultivation, environmental condition, temperature
etc.
Example- Clove adulterated with Mother Clove.
3) Substitution by artificial manufactured drug:

Page No: 15 of 19
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER– 2023 EXAMINATION
MODEL ANSWER - ONLY FOR THE USE OF RAC ASSESSORS
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. No. Scheme
Substance which are artificially prepared having similarity with original drug. It is used
for costly drug.
Example- Honey is mixed with sugar solution.
4) Replacement with exhausted drug:
Exhausted drug means from which active chemical constituent has been removed. It is
mostly used for volatile oil containing drugs.
Example- Clove, Fennel, Coriander is mixed with exhausted drug.
5) Substitution by organic matter of plant:
The parts of plant are mixed with original drug.
Example -Clove stalk is mix with clove buds.
6) Addition of harmful agent:
The waste collected from market is mix with the drug which may be harmful.
For example, i) Brown stones are mixed with Groundnut seeds.
ii) Limestones are mixed with Asafoetida.
7) Adulteration with powder drug: The drugs in powder form are mixed with
powder adulterant.
Example -Brick powder is mixed with powder of bark.
2 k Define 'Pharmacognosy'. Who coined the term pharmacognosy and when? 3M
Marking Scheme:
Definition: 1M; Name of Scientist who coin term: 1M; When coin the word :1M
Answer:
Definition: 1M
Pharmacognosy is defined as the scientific and systematic study of structural, physical,
chemical and biological characters of crude drugs along with their history, method of
cultivation, collection and preparation for the market.
1M
C.A. Seydler coined the term Pharmacognosy.

Seydler coined the word in 1815. 1M

Page No: 16 of 19
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER– 2023 EXAMINATION
MODEL ANSWER - ONLY FOR THE USE OF RAC ASSESSORS
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. No. Scheme
3 Attempt ALL questions 20 M
Important Instructions: In case, multiple answer options are observed
for the same sub question of question No. 3, the option (Answer)
appearing first in the answer book shall be treated as answer and
assessed accordingly.
3 a Write two chemical constituents of Aloe Vera gel. 1M
Marking Scheme: Any two should be considered for 1M
Answer:
Anthraquinones like rhein, aloin, emodin, minerals and mucilage. It contains amino acids
like leucin, isoleucine, saponin glycosides, vitamin A, C, E, B, Choline, B12 and folic acid.
It also contains aloesone, aloetic acid, chrysophanic acid, chrysamminic acid, galacturonic
acid, choline, coniferyl alcohol.
3 b Spirulina belong to which family. 1M
Marking Scheme- 1M for correct family name.
Answer: Oscillatoriaceae
3 c Define Gutika. 1M
Answer: These are medicine in the form of pills. They contain single or combination of
herbal, minerals or animal drugs.
3 d Silk contains a protein known as _____________ 1M
Answer: Fibroin
3 e Define carminative. 1M
Answer: A carminative, also known as carminativum (plural carminative) is a herb or herbal
preparation intended to either prevent formation of gas or facilitate the expulsion of gas from
the gastro intestinal tract, so as to use to treat flatulence.
3 f Synonym for black pepper is ___________ 1M
Marking Scheme: Anyone should be considered for 1M.
Answer:
Pepper, Common pepper, pepper vine, Kali Mirch, peppercorn
3 g Family of Asafoetida is __________ 1M
Answer: Umbelliferae
3 h Hog Wood is used as synonym for ___________ 1M
Answer: Punarnava
3 i Write two examples of antiseptic crude drug. 1M
Marking Scheme: Consider any two drugs for 1M (0.5M for each).
Answer:
Benzoin, Myrrh, Neem, Turmeric,

Page No: 17 of 19
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER– 2023 EXAMINATION
MODEL ANSWER - ONLY FOR THE USE OF RAC ASSESSORS
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. No. Scheme
3 j Synonym for Ginger is ____________ 1M
Marking Scheme: Anyone should be considered for 1M.
Answer:
Rhizoma, Zingiberis, Zingibere, Sonth, Jamica ginger, Adrak
3 k Give one different between volatile oil and fixed oil. 1M
Marking Scheme: Any one difference should be considered
Answer:
Particulars Volatile oil Fixed oil
Definition Volatile oil is concentrated Fixed oil is non-volatile oil or
hydrophobic liquid consisting of animal or plant origin.
volatile chemical compound
from plant.
Evaporation Evaporate under room Does not evaporate under room
temperature. temperature.

Primary source Leaves, roots, petals and bark Seeds of plants

Extraction Easy Difficult
Composition Derived from terpenes and their Esters of fatty acid with glycerol
oxygenated derivatives.
Saponification Cannot be saponified. Can be saponified
Refractive index Have high refractive index Have low refractive index
3 l Palisade ratio is 1M
i. Average number of palisade cells below each upper epidermal cell.
ii. Total number of Parenchyma cells.
iii. None
iv. Total number of stomata cells.
Answer:
i. Average number of palisade cells below each epidermal cell.
3 m Give significance of Ash value. 1M
Marking scheme – Any one significance – 1M.
Answer:
Ash value is the criteria to judge the purity or identity of the powder drugs.
Ash value represents inorganic salts, naturally occurring in drug or adhering to it or
deliberately added to it as form of adulteration.
3 n Oleoresins are mixture of following two 1M
i. resin and volatile oil
ii. resin and gum
iii. resin and benzoic acid
iv. resin and cinnamic acid
Answer:
i. resin and volatile oil
Page No: 18 of 19
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER– 2023 EXAMINATION
MODEL ANSWER - ONLY FOR THE USE OF RAC ASSESSORS
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY- THEORY Subject Code: 20113
Q. Sub Answers Marking
No. No. Scheme
3 o Name two antimalarial drugs. 1M
Answer:
Cinchona, Artemisia.
3 p Following part of vinca is used as medicine source. 1M
i. Flower
ii. Stem
iii. Root
iv. Entire plant.
Answer:
iv. Entire plant
3 q Family of Hyoscyamus is ____________ 1M
i. Solanaceae
ii. Umbelliferae
iii. Combretaceae
iv. Rubiaceae
Answer:
i. Solanaceae
3 r Lavender oil belongs to which family. 1M
i. Oleaceae
ii. Rosaceae
iii. Liliaceae
iv. Labiate
Answer: Lamiaceae is the family for Lavender oil.
If the students write any option or the correct answer as the question does not provide a
correct option, award 1 mark to such students. (Consider any option or correct answer for
1M)
3 s Give two examples of probiotics. 1M
Marking scheme – One example – 0.5M. Any two examples – 1M.
Answer:
Lactobacillus in Yoghurts and other fermented food, Sour milk, Sour milk, Peppermint oil,
Pomegranate, Apple juice, Sugarcane Juice.
3 t Unani system of medicine based on which theories. 1M
Marking scheme: Each theory – 0.5M
Answer:
Unani system is based on two theories.
i. Hippocratic theory of four humours
ii. Pythagoreans theory of four proximate qualities

Page No: 19 of 19